Page last modified 21August 2023
Turkmenistan
Community
Area 488,100 square kilometres (land area 469,930 square kilometres)
Population,
1,204,000 (1950)
1,603,000 (1960)
2,195,000 (1970)
2,877,000 (1980)
3,684,000 (1990)
4,516,000 (2000)
5,087,000 (2010)
5,565,000 (2015)
5,850,000 (2018)
Ethnicity and Religion, % The Russian population has declined considerably since 1991 as their civil rights have been reduced.
|
|
Kazakh |
Russian |
Turkmen |
Uzbek |
Muslim |
|
1959 |
|
|
61.0 |
|
|
|
1970 |
3.2 |
14.5 |
66.0 |
8.3 |
|
|
1979 |
2.9 |
12.6 |
68.4 |
8.5 |
|
|
1989 |
2.5 |
9.5 |
72.0 |
9.0 |
|
|
1995 |
2.0 |
6.7 |
77.0 |
9.2 |
|
|
2000 |
2.0 |
4.0 |
85.0 |
5.0 |
87.0 |
|
2009 |
|
|
|
|
93.1 |
Birth and death rates Below replacement rate = 2.1
|
|
Fertility Rate |
Birth Rate |
Infant Mortality |
Death Rate |
% Aged Under 15 |
% Aged Over 65 |
% Urban |
|
1960 |
6.6 |
45.4 (+29.4) |
|
16.0 |
39.9 |
5.2 |
46.4 |
|
1970 |
6.4 |
40.0 (+28.2) |
82.0 |
11.8 |
44.8 |
4.7 |
47.8 |
|
1980 |
5.2 |
35.0 (+25.0) |
96.1 |
10.0 |
41.6 |
4.3 |
47.1 |
|
1990 |
4.3 |
35.0 (+26.2) |
69.5 |
8.8 |
40.6 |
3.8 |
45.1 |
|
2000 |
2.8 |
23.6 (+15.8) |
65.7 |
7.8 |
36.3 |
4.3 |
45.9 |
|
2010 |
2.8 |
25.4 (+18.3) |
50.2 |
7.2 |
29.5 |
4.1 |
48.4 |
|
2015 |
2.9 |
26.0 (+18.9) |
43.2 |
7.1 |
30.4 |
4.1 |
50.0 |
|
2016 |
|
|
41.8 |
|
30.8 |
4.2 |
50.4 |
|
2017 |
2.8 |
24.6 (+17.5) |
40.6 |
7.1 |
|
|
|
|
2018 |
|
|
39.3 |
|
30.8 |
4.4 |
|
Life expectancy,
54.4 (1960); 51.0 (M), 58.1 (F)
58.4 (1970); 54.9 (M), 62.0 (F)
60.9 (1980); 57.4 (M), 64.5 (F)
62.7 (1990); 59.1 (M), 66.5 (F)
63.6 (2000); 59.6 (M), 67.8 (F)
66.6 (2010); 63.2 (M), 70.2 (F)
67.6 (2015); 64.3 (M), 71.2 (F)
68.2 (2020); 64.7 (M), 71.8 (M)
Population of principal cities,
|
|
ASHGABAT |
Turkmenabat (Chardzhou) |
Turkmenbasy (Krasnovodsk) |
Mary (Merv) |
Balkanabat (Nebit Dag) |
|
1960 |
210,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
1965 |
|
85,000 |
50,000 |
65,000 |
|
|
1980 |
|
140,000 |
55,000 |
72,000 |
67,000 |
|
1986 |
|
|
|
81,000 |
78,000 |
|
1990 |
411,000 |
166,000 |
|
93,000 |
|
|
2009 |
744,000 |
254,000 |
71,000 |
123,000 |
|
|
2011 |
|
|
|
|
120,800 |
|
2012 |
1,031,992 |
|
|
|
|
Wealth; Gross Domestic Product (nominal values), GDP has grown rapidly since 2000 due to gas exports to Russia.�
|
|
GDP, US$ million |
|
GDP per capita, US$ |
GDP per capita % of USA |
|
1987 |
2,330 |
0.05 |
684 |
3.40 |
|
1990 |
3,190 |
0.05 |
866 |
3.62 |
|
1995 |
2,500 |
0.03 |
590 |
1.96 |
|
2000 |
2,900 |
0.03 |
643 |
1.76 |
|
2005 |
8,100 |
0.06 |
1,705 |
3.85 |
|
2010 |
22,600 |
0.15 |
4,440 |
9.18 |
|
2015 |
35,800 |
0.20 |
6,430 |
11.44 |
|
2016 |
36,200 |
0.19 |
6,390 |
11.12 |
GDP by primary sector
|
|
Agriculture % GDP |
Agriculture % employed |
Industry % GDP |
Industry % employed |
Services % GDP |
Services % employed |
|
1993 |
54.8 |
43.8 |
17.7 |
10.4 |
33.6 |
37.0 |
|
2000 |
27.0 |
48.0 |
31.0 |
15.0 |
37.7 |
37.0 |
|
2010 |
7.8 |
48.2 |
24.1 |
14.0 |
68.1 |
37.8 |
|
2016 |
7.5 |
|
45.1 |
|
47.4 |
|
Communications
Language, % Official
= Turkmen
|
|
Kazakh |
Russian |
Turkmen |
Uzbek |
|
1990 |
3.0 |
9.0 |
72.0 |
9.0 |
|
2010 |
1.7 |
12.0 |
72.0 |
9.0 |
Literacy
99.0% (1995)
99.5% (2010); 99.7% (M), 99.3% (F)
99.7% (2015); 99.8% (M), 99.6% (F)
Physical communications � roads
|
|
Roads (km) |
Surfaced (km) |
Motor vehicles |
Cars |
Commercial Vehicles |
|
1955 |
1,300 |
|
|
|
|
|
1980 |
9,900 |
|
|
|
|
|
1988 |
|
|
|
170,600 |
|
|
1990 |
22,600 |
|
|
180,000 |
|
|
1996 |
|
|
|
232,500 |
|
|
1999 |
24,000 |
19,500 |
|
|
|
|
2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008 |
|
|
|
406,000 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
848,000 |
|
|
Railways; A rail link to Iran was opened in 1996; there are plans (2010) to build a further 2,000 kilometres of railway.
Length, kilometres
2,110 (1970)
2,120 (1980)
2,120 (1990)
2,521 (2000)
2,980 (2010)
2,980 (2014)
Electronic communications, The Internet was banned in Turkmenistan under the rule of President Niyazov, and only became publically available there in early 2007.� Private TV satellite dishes were forbidden in Turkmenistan from 2015; until then satellite TV from Russia and Turkey had been popular.
|
|
Telephones (landlines) |
Mobile Telephones |
Radios |
Televisions |
PCs |
Internet Users |
|
1975 |
60,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1980 |
110,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1990 |
220,000 |
|
800,000 |
500,000 |
|
|
|
1995 |
|
|
1,065,000 |
735,000 |
|
|
|
1997 |
|
2,500 |
|
|
|
|
|
2000 |
364,400 |
7,500 |
1,200,000 |
800,000 |
|
2,000 |
|
2005 |
|
|
|
|
348,000 |
|
|
2007 |
|
347,600 |
|
|
|
70,000 |
|
2010 |
520,000 |
3,198,000 |
|
|
|
100,000 |
|
2016 |
665,000 |
8,575,000 |
|
|
|
952,000 |
Tourism: Visitors to Turkmenistan,
218,000 (1995)
300,000 (1998)
3,400 (2000)
11,600 (2005)
8,200 (2007)