Page last modified 20 August 2023
Romania
Community
Area square kilometres
119,953 (1881)
294,960 (1939)
244,838 (1940)
195,195 (1941)
238,391 (post-1945 ) (land area 229,891 square kilometres)
Population,
5,500,500 (1881)
5,956,690 (1899)
18,057,208 (1930)
14,280,729 (1930)*
15,872,624 (1948)
17,489,794 (1956)
18,400,000 (1960)
20,250,000 (1970) +10.1%
22,240,000 (1980) +9.8%
23,200,000 (1990) +4.3%
22,443,000 (2000) -3.3%
20,247,000 (2010) -9.8%
18,286,000 (2020) -9.7%
*Within present (post-1945) borders
Ethnicity, % (see Religion below for Jewish ethnicity/faith)
|
|
Bulgaria |
Germany |
Hungary |
Roma |
Romania |
Russia |
Turkey |
Ukraine |
|
1880 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
3.6 |
81.0 |
|
|
|
|
1930 |
2.0 |
4.0 |
8.0 |
1.5 |
92.5 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
|
|
1948 |
|
2.2 |
9.4 |
|
85.7 |
|
|
|
|
1970 |
|
2.0 |
8.0 |
|
88.0 |
|
|
|
|
1992 |
|
0.5 |
7.1 |
1.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
2009 |
|
|
6.5 |
|
|
0.2 |
0.2 |
|
|
2011 |
|
0.2 |
6.1 |
3.3 |
88.9 |
|
|
0.3 |
Religion, %
|
|
Christian Gk Orth. |
Christian Reformed |
Christian R C |
Christian Russ Orth |
Jewish |
Muslim Sunni |
None |
|
1880 |
|
|
|
81.0 |
7.2 |
|
|
|
1900 |
|
|
|
|
4.3 |
0.7 |
|
|
1930 |
9.8 |
|
8.1 |
69.6 |
4.0 |
0.3 |
|
|
1948 |
9.0 |
|
7.0 |
81.0 |
0.9 |
|
|
|
1990 |
3.0 |
|
5.0 |
70.0 |
|
|
|
|
2002 |
|
|
4.7 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
2011 |
0.8 |
3.0 |
4.3 |
81.0 |
|
0.3 |
0.2 |
Birth and death rates Below replacement rate = 2.1
|
|
Fertility Rate |
Birth Rate |
Infant Mortality |
Death Rate |
% Aged Under 15 |
% Aged Over 65 |
% Urban |
|
1900 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
18.8 |
|
1938 |
|
29.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1940 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
19.1 |
|
1950 |
|
25.0 (+13.0) |
101.0 |
12.0 |
28.4 |
5.3 |
25.6 |
|
1960 |
2.3 |
20.6 (+11.9) |
69.0 |
8.7 |
28.9 |
6.8 |
34.2 |
|
1970 |
2.9 |
21.1 (+11.6) |
47.7 |
9.5 |
26.0 |
8.5 |
40.3 |
|
1980 |
2.4 |
18.0 (+7.6) |
28.5 |
10.4 |
26.8 |
10.2 |
46.1 |
|
1990 |
1.8 |
14.0 (+3.4) |
24.5 |
10.6 |
23.7 |
10.4 |
53.2 |
|
2000 |
1.3 |
10.4 (-1.0) |
18.4 |
11.4 |
18.5 |
13.6 |
53.0 |
|
2010 |
1.6 |
10.5 (-2.3) |
9.7 |
12.8 |
15.8 |
15.7 |
53.8 |
|
2015 |
1.6 |
9.3 (-3.9) |
7.8 |
13.2 |
15.4 |
17.0 |
53.9 |
|
2017 |
1.6 |
9.7 (-3.6) |
6.6 |
13.3 |
|
|
|
|
2018 |
|
|
6.1 |
|
15.5 |
18.3 |
54.0 |
Life expectancy,
61.1 (1952); 59.0 (M), 63.0 (F)
65.6 (1960); 63.9 (M), 67.5 (F)
68.1 (1970); 65.9 (M), 70.4 (F)
69.1 (1980); 66.5 (M), 71.8 (F)
69.7 (1990); 66.6 (M), 73.0 (F)
71.2 (2000); 67.7 (M), 74.8 (F)
73.5 (2010); 69.8 (M), 77.3 (F)
76.1 (2020); 72.7 (M), 79.6 (F)
Population of principal cities, 1,000s MA = Metropolitan Area
|
|
Brasov |
BUCHAREST1 |
Constanta2 |
Ploesti |
Timisoara |
|
1595 |
|
10 |
|
|
|
|
1650 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
1789 |
|
30 |
|
|
|
|
1866 |
|
142 |
5 |
26 |
33 |
|
1892 |
31 |
196 |
|
|
|
|
1900 |
35 |
282 |
13 |
45 |
53 |
|
1912 |
41 |
340 |
27 |
56 |
73 |
|
1945 |
85 |
985 |
80 |
105 |
108 |
|
1950 |
83 |
1,111 |
107 |
|
133 |
|
1960 |
130 |
1,249 |
145 |
130 |
163 |
|
1968 |
172 |
1,600 |
240 |
154 |
215 |
|
1977 |
257 |
1,807 |
257 |
|
|
|
1984 |
335 |
1,961 |
318 |
232 |
309 |
|
1992 |
324 |
2,350 |
350 |
252 |
|
|
2002 |
285 |
1,926 |
310 |
233 |
318 |
|
2005 |
|
|
312 |
|
309 |
|
2009 |
255 |
1,933 |
|
|
|
|
2011 |
370 MA |
1,883 |
283 |
210 |
319 |
|
2016 |
290 |
2,412 MA |
426 MA |
266 MA |
359 MA |
1Vlad the Impaler built a fortress at Bucharest in the 14th century to resist Ottoman expansion into the Balkans.� Bucharest was the capital of Wallachia from 1665; it became the capital of Romania in 1861. The city�s name may derive from a 15th century shepherd called Bucur.
2Constanta was founded by Greeks in the 7th
century BC, and known as Tomis, Constanta was rebuilt by Constantine the Great in the 4th
century AD, and renamed Constantiniana.� However by the 15th century it had
declined to become just a small fishing village.� Urban growth and industrialisation began
after Bulgaria seized the Dobruja region in 1878, temporarily gaining control
of Constanta.
Wealth; Gross Domestic Product (nominal values)
|
|
GDP, US$ million |
Total GDP, % of USA |
GDP per capita, US$ |
GDP per capita % of USA |
|
1966 |
12,000 |
2.13 |
650 |
15.68 |
|
1975 |
21,010 |
1.28 |
991 |
12.67 |
|
1980 |
34,060 |
1.22 |
1,540 |
12.22 |
|
1985 |
47,600 |
1.13 |
2,101 |
11.50 |
|
1990 |
38,240 |
0.66 |
1,650 |
6.89 |
|
1995 |
35,840 |
0.48 |
1,660 |
5.52 |
|
2000 |
37,856 |
0.38 |
1,670 |
4.58 |
|
2005 |
98,600 |
0.75 |
4,700 |
10.61 |
|
2010 |
161,600 |
1.08 |
8,300 |
17.16 |
|
2015 |
177,500 |
0.98 |
8,950 |
15.92 |
|
2016 |
186,700 |
1.01 |
9,500 |
16.53 |
GDP by primary sector
|
|
Agriculture % GDP |
Agriculture % employed |
Industry % GDP |
Industry % employed |
Services % GDP |
Services % employed |
|
1935 |
|
80.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
1950 |
31.3 |
74.3 |
23.3 |
14.2 |
|
|
|
1960 |
|
67.0 |
|
15.0 |
|
18.0 |
|
1970 |
25.0 |
42.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
1980 |
|
|
36.1 |
36.0 |
|
|
|
1990 |
20.6 |
36.0 |
|
|
|
28.0 |
|
2000 |
15.0 |
|
38.1 |
|
43.4 |
|
|
2010 |
12.8 |
29.7 |
36.0 |
23.2 |
51.2 |
47.1 |
|
2014 |
|
28.3 |
|
28.9 |
|
42.8 |
|
2016 |
4.4 |
|
34.2 |
|
63.3 |
|
Communications
Language Official;, Romanian.� German and Hungarian (Magyar) also spoken
|
|
German |
Hungarian |
Romanian |
Yiddish |
|
1948 |
2.2 |
9.4 |
85.7 |
0.9 |
|
1956 |
2.2 |
9.0 |
85.7 |
0.5 |
|
1990 |
1.0 |
10.0 |
89.0 |
|
|
2010 |
|
6.2 |
85.0 |
|
Literacy
11.6% (1899)
17.3% (1902)*
89.0% (1950)
94.0% (1990)
97.9% (1995); 98.9% (M), 96.9% (F)
98.2% (2000); 99.1% (M), 97.4% (F)
97.6% (2010); 98.3% (M), 96.9% (F)
98.8% (2015); 99.1% (M), 98.5% (F)
*Urban 42.0%, Rural 11.5%
Physical communications � roads
|
|
Roads (km) |
Motor vehicles |
Cars |
Commercial Vehicles |
|
1945 |
69,060 |
|
|
|
|
1947 |
|
29,000 |
14,609 |
12,000 |
|
1961 |
|
|
|
21,890 |
|
1969 |
153,359 |
|
|
|
|
1988 |
|
1,100,000 |
850,000 |
|
|
1996 |
|
|
2,408,000 |
|
|
2001 |
198,000 |
|
3,225,512 |
|
|
2005 |
199,000 |
3,897,000 |
3,363,800 |
|
|
2010 |
211,250 |
5,028,000 |
4,320,000 |
|
|
2015 |
|
6,600,000 |
5,155,000 |
|
Railways; First railway in Romania opened 1869, Bucharest to Giurgiu.
|
|
Length (km) |
% electrified |
|
1870 |
245 |
|
|
1880 |
1,383 |
|
|
1890 |
2,473 |
|
|
1910 |
3,181 |
|
|
1920 |
3,590 |
|
|
1930 |
11,212 |
|
|
1940 |
11,365 |
|
|
1955 |
12,500 |
|
|
1984 |
11.134 |
28.0 |
|
1994 |
10,887 |
35.5 |
|
2004 |
10,900 |
36.0 |
|
2014 |
11,268 |
29.2 |
Urban
metro systems (kilometres)
Bucharest metro, (opened 1979)
76.5 (2001)
67.3 (2010)
71.4 (2013)
Electronic communications, TV broadcasting began 1955
|
|
Telephones 1,000s |
Mobile Telephones |
Radios 1,000s |
Televisions 1,000s |
PCs |
Internet Users |
|
1938 |
93 |
|
274 |
|
|
|
|
1944 |
99 |
|
295 |
|
|
|
|
1947 |
127 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1950 |
135 |
|
313 |
|
|
|
|
1957 |
|
|
|
28 |
|
|
|
1959 |
190 |
|
688 |
|
|
|
|
1960 |
|
|
2,008 |
|
|
|
|
1962 |
237 |
|
2,372 |
149 |
|
|
|
1968 |
|
|
|
1,200 |
|
|
|
1969 |
596 |
|
3,150 |
|
|
|
|
1975 |
857 |
|
|
2,692 |
|
|
|
1980 |
1,618 |
|
|
3,700 |
|
|
|
1990 |
2,366 |
|
6,645 |
4,500 |
50,000 |
|
|
1993 |
|
800 |
|
|
|
|
|
1995 |
|
9,070 |
6,933 |
5,100 |
300,000 |
16,000 |
|
2000 |
3,899 |
2,500,000 |
7,300 |
|
713,000 |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,800,000 |
|
2004 |
4,390 |
|
5,369 |
5,822 |
2,450,000 |
4,500,000 |
|
2005 |
|
13,354,100 |
|
|
2,750,000 |
|
|
2009 |
5,313 |
|
|
|
|
7,787,000 |
|
2012 |
4,680 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014 |
|
|
|
|
|
11,000,000 |
|
2016 |
4,110 |
22,900,000 |
|
|
|
12,850,000 |
Tourism: Visitors to Romania,
1,432,000 (1990)
5,445,000 (1995)
5,264,000 (2000)
5,839,000 (2005)
7,498,000 (2010)
9,331,000 (2015)