Page
last modified 19 August 2023
82) Estonia
Community
Area 45,228 square kilometres (land area 42,388 square kilometres)
Population, Census years in bold
300,000 (1850)
323,960 (1870)
379,875 (1890)
413,724 (1897)
1,116,500 (1930)
1,126,413 (1934)
1,122,000 (1939)
1,095,000 (1950)
1,217,000 (1960) +11.1%
1,360,000 (1970) +11.8%
1,474,000 (1980) +8.4%
1,565,000 (1990) +6.2%
1,399,000 (2000) -10.6%
1,332,000 (2010) -4.8%
1,331,000 (2020) -0.1%
Ethnicity, Between the World Wars, Germans left Estonia as Russian influence grew. Russification intensified after World War Two, but Estonian nationalism reasserted itself after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russian bases in Estonia were evacuated in 1994.
|
|
Belarusian |
Estonian |
Finn |
German |
Russian |
Ukrainian |
|
1881 |
|
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
1897 |
|
88.4 |
|
3.9 |
4.4 |
|
|
1934 |
|
88.6 |
|
1.3 |
8.2 |
|
|
1960 |
|
74.6 |
1.4 |
|
20.1 |
|
|
1979 |
1.6 |
64.7 |
|
|
27.9 |
2.5 |
|
1989 |
1.8 |
61.5 |
1.1 |
|
30.3 |
3.1 |
|
2001 |
1.3 |
67.9 |
0.9 |
|
25.6 |
2.1 |
|
2012 |
1.1 |
69.8 |
0.8 |
|
24.8 |
2.0 |
|
2017 |
0.8 |
68.7 |
0.5 |
|
25.1 |
1.7 |
Religion, %
|
|
Christian Lutheran |
Christian Orthodox |
No religion |
|
1939 |
78.0 |
19.0 |
|
|
1990 |
30.0 |
10.0 |
|
|
2000 |
13.6 |
12.8 |
40.2 |
|
2011 |
9.9 |
16.1 |
54.4 |
Birth and death rates Below replacement rate = 2.1
|
|
Fertility Rate |
Birth Rate |
Infant Mortality |
Death Rate |
% Aged Under 15 |
% Aged Over 65 |
% Urban |
|
1897 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
18.4 |
|
1934 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
29.5 |
|
1960 |
2.0 |
16.7 (+6.2) |
|
10.5 |
23.1 |
10.5 |
57.5 |
|
1970 |
2.2 |
15.8 (+4.6) |
21.0 |
11.2 |
22.0 |
11.8 |
64.9 |
|
1980 |
2.0 |
15.0 (+2.7) |
17.7 |
12.3 |
21.6 |
12.5 |
69.7 |
|
1990 |
2.0 |
14.0 (+1.6) |
14.0 |
12.4 |
22.2 |
11.7 |
71.2 |
|
2000 |
1.4 |
9.0 (-4.2) |
8.8 |
13.2 |
17.6 |
15.0 |
69.4 |
|
2010 |
1.7 |
11.5 (-0.5) |
3.6 |
12.0 |
15.1 |
17.5 |
68.1 |
|
2015 |
1.6 |
10.6 (-1.0) |
2.5 |
11.6 |
16.1 |
18.8 |
67.5 |
|
2017 |
1.6 |
10.5 (-1.3) |
2.2 |
11.8 |
|
|
|
|
2018 |
|
|
2.1 |
|
16.4 |
19.6 |
68.9 |
Life expectancy,
67.9 (1960); 64.0 (M), 72.0 (F)
69.9 (1970); 65.7 (M), 74.4 (F)
68.9 (1980); 63.9 (M), 74.1 (F)
69.5 (1990); 64.5 (M), 74.7 (F)
70.4 (2000); 65.1 (M), 76.0 (F)
75.4 (2010); 70.6 (M), 80.5 (F)
78.7 (2020); 74.4 (M), 82.7 (F)
Population of principal cities, 1,000s MA = Metropolitan Area
|
|
Kohtla Jarve |
Narva |
Parnu |
TALLINN (Tver)1 |
Tartu2 |
|
1372 |
|
|
|
3.3 |
|
|
1772 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
1851 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
1881 |
|
|
13 |
46 |
30 |
|
1900 |
|
|
13 |
59 |
42 |
|
1920 |
|
|
18 |
115 |
50 |
|
1934 |
|
24 |
20 |
153 |
59 |
|
1959 |
|
21 |
36 |
216 |
74 |
|
1970 |
|
53 |
50 |
350 |
87 |
|
1985 |
|
78 |
53 |
460 |
109 |
|
1991 |
90 |
88 |
59 |
475 |
115 |
|
1997 |
53 |
75 |
52 |
420 |
102 |
|
2001 |
48 |
69 |
45 |
400 |
101 |
|
2003 |
47 |
68 |
45 |
397 |
101 |
|
2010 |
|
65 |
40 |
399 |
103 |
|
2013 |
|
62 |
|
|
|
|
2017 |
36* |
57 |
52 |
602 MA |
97 |
*Decline from 1990s as main local
industry, oil shale extraction, has shrunk. Many residents of Kohtla-Jarve have
moved to Tallinn or to Russia.
1Tallinn was founded in 1219
2Tartu was founded in 1030
Wealth; Gross Domestic Product (nominal values)
|
|
GDP, US$ million |
Total GDP, % of USA |
GDP per capita, US$ |
GDP per capita % of USA |
|
1990 |
1,860 |
0.03 |
1,185 |
4.95 |
|
1995 |
4,373 |
0.06 |
3,044 |
10.12 |
|
2000 |
5,685 |
0.06 |
4,070 |
11.17 |
|
2005 |
14,000 |
0.11 |
10,338 |
23.33 |
|
2010 |
19,500 |
0.13 |
14,640 |
30.26 |
|
2015 |
22,460 |
0.12 |
17,075 |
30.38 |
|
2016 |
23,136 |
0.12 |
17,575 |
30.58 |
GDP by primary sector
|
|
Agriculture % GDP |
Agriculture % employed |
Industry % GDP |
Industry % employed |
Services % GDP |
Services % employed |
|
1990 |
|
14.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
1995 |
8.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000 |
6.0 |
11.0 |
20.4 |
20.0 |
74.0 |
69.0 |
|
2010 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
28.7 |
22.7 |
68.8 |
74.5 |
|
20165 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
27.9 |
20.2 |
68.7 |
76.7 |
Communications
Language, %, Official;
Estonian
|
|
Belarusian |
Estonian |
Russian |
Ukrainian |
|
1990 |
2.0 |
63.0 |
31.0 |
3.0 |
|
2012 |
|
|
25.0 |
|
Literacy� 99.9% (1985 and later)
Physical communications � roads
|
|
Roads (km) |
Surfaced (km) |
Motor vehicles |
Cars |
Commercial Vehicles |
Railways (km) |
% electric |
|
1938 |
19,872 |
|
|
|
|
1,410 |
|
|
1960 |
|
10,800 |
|
|
|
2.105 |
|
|
1970 |
23,100 |
17,400 |
|
|
|
1,983 |
|
|
1985 |
27,900 |
26,100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1993 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,126 |
11.7 |
|
1997 |
43,835 |
|
|
400,000 |
72,000 |
|
|
|
2000 |
|
|
545,926 |
464,000 |
83,100 |
968 |
13.6 |
|
2004 |
55,592 |
29,075 |
|
|
83,500 |
|
|
|
2007 |
|
|
609,000 |
523,800 |
|
1,196 |
|
|
2009 |
58,034 |
34,936 |
631,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
2011 |
58,412 |
|
662,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
2013 |
|
|
726,000 |
|
|
1,510 |
8.7 |
|
2015 |
|
|
|
660,000 |
|
|
|
Electronic communications, �TV
broadcasts began 1955
|
|
Telephones (landlines) |
Mobile Telephones |
Radios |
Televisions |
PCs |
Internet Users |
|
1938 |
25,055 |
|
55,086 |
|
|
|
|
1975 |
120,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1980 |
200,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1990 |
320,000 |
|
680,000 |
520,000 |
|
|
|
1991 |
|
570 |
|
|
|
|
|
1995 |
|
30,450 |
730,000 |
570,000 |
|
|
|
1996 |
|
|
|
|
100,000 |
|
|
1997 |
|
|
|
|
|
75,000 |
|
2000 |
522,800 |
557,000 |
1,500,000 |
850,000 |
220,000 |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
444,000 |
|
2005 |
|
1,445,300 |
|
|
650,000 |
690,000 |
|
2009 |
492,000 |
|
|
|
|
971,700 |
|
2016 |
370,589 |
1,897,900 |
|
|
|
1,097,000 |
|
2017 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,196,521 |
Tourism: Visitors to Estonia,
530,000 (1995)
1,220,000 (2000)
1,917,000 (2005)
2,372,000 (2010)
2,989,000 (2015)