Ethnicity and Religion, %

	Egyptian Arab	Christian Coptic	Jewish	Muslim Sunni
1830		7.0
1907	98.5	7.5	0.4	91.8
1927	98.5
1937			0.4	91.4
1947		8.2	0.4	91.4
1970	94.7 (1)		0.0
1990		7.0	0.0	90.0
2001		9.0	0.0
2006	99.6		0.0
2009	98.0		0.0	94.6

(1) 1974, includes 6.1% non-Egyptian Arab and 2% Arab-Berber

Birth and death rates Below replacement rate = 2.1

	Fertility Rate	Birth Rate	Infant Mortality	Death Rate	% Aged Under 15	% Aged Over 65	% Urban
1879							19.1
1917							21.0
1937							24.3
1952		49.0 (+25.0)	200.0	24.0	39.7	3.0	31.8
1962	6.7	45.0 (+26.5)	196.0	18.5	42.5	3.9	38.6
1972	5.5	38.0 (+22.5)	157.0	15.5	41.9	4.3	42.2
1980	5.4	39.0 (+27.0)	113.0	12.0	40.9	4.5	43.9
1990	4.4	32.0 (+23.6)	63.0	8.4	41.0	4.5	43.5
2000	3.3	26.0 (+19.5)	37.0	6.5	36.6	4.9	42.8
2010	3.2	27.1 (+20.9)	24.3	6.2	32.1	4.8	43.0
2015	3.4	27.2 (+21.2)	20.9	6.0	33.1	5.1	43.1
2017	3.4	27.1 (+21.2)	18.7	5.9
2018			18.1		33.8	5.2	42.7

Life expectancy,

Population of principal cities, 1,000s

	Alexandria¹	Aswan²	CAIRO³	MA	Port Said⁴	Suez⁵
200 BC	300
100 BC	750
100 AD	400
600 AD	200
1400			450
1600			400
1800	6		300
1825	25
1840	60
1850	80		250
1882	227		375		17
1890						11
1902	311	15	600			18
1907	332		654
1935					105
1937	686	22	1,312		125	50
1947	928	26	2,100		178
1950	1,037		2,500		192	125
1960	1,513	48	3,346		244	203
1976	2,318	144	5,074		263	194
1984				10,000
1990	3,300	200	6,100	13,300	375	392
2006	4,058	266	7,790		571	495
2010	4,387				604
2012		290				566
2017			9,500	20,440

¹Alexandria was founded in 331 BC by Alexander the Great; the city declined in importance after it was conquered by Rome in 30 BC.� Between 400 and 600 AD it was a seat of Christian learning, until conquered by Muslim Arab forces in 641.� The decline of Alexandria was completed by the discovery of the sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope; the modern revival of Alexandria began when the French occupied Egypt at the end of the 18^th century.

²The first dam on the Nile was completed at Aswan in 1902.� The height of the dam was increased in 1912 and raised again in 1933.� The much larger Aswan High Dam was completed in 1971.

³Cairo was founded by the Arabs in 641 AD; the original urban centre of Egypt was at Memphis, 20 kilometres south of Cairo.

⁴Port Said was founded in 1859, as the northern, Mediterranean, port for the Suez Canal. It was named after the Khedive Said.

⁵Suez is a port at the northern end of the Red Sea; it was of little importance until the Suez Canal was opened in 1869.

Wealth; Gross Domestic Product (nominal values)

	GDP, US$ million	Total GDP, % of USA	GDP per capita, US$	GDP per capita % of USA
1948	2,060	0.92	112	7.34
1958	2,370	0.66
1965	5,112	0.69	165	4.31
1970	7,560	0.73	227	4.33
1975	14,490	0.89	291	3.72
1980	22,370	0.80	529	4.20
1985	34,700	0.82	691	3.78
1990	43,130	0.74	750	3.13
1995	58,730	0.79	944	3.14
2000	99,800	1.00	1,430	3.92
2005	90,000	0.69	1,160	2.62
2010	216,800	1.45	2,600	5.37
2015	332,700	1.84	3,550	6.32
2016	336,300	1.81	3,514	6.11

GDP by primary sector� In recent decades, tourism has provided 12.5% of employment and contributed 11.3% of GDP, but unrest and terrorist attacks since 2010 have cut tourist numbers.

	Agriculture % GDP	Agriculture % employed	Industry % GDP	Industry % employed	Services % GDP	Services % employed
1927		66.4
1937		64.7
1947		57.3
1960		58.0		12.0		30.0
1970		52.0
1980	20.0	48.0	33.0	30.0	47.0	20.0
1990	16.7	42.0	35.0	21.0	54.0	37.0
2000	16.5	32.0	34.8	17.0	48.7	45.8
2010	13.5	37.9			48.6	51.0
2013		29.2		23.5		47.3
2016	11.9		32.9		55.2

Communications

Language, Official; Arabic.� English and French also spoken.

Arabic, 97.0% (1950, 1960)

Literacy

Physical communications � roads and railways, First railway opened 1854, Cairo to Alexandria (construction began 1852). Railway to Suez opened 1858, closed 1868 when Suez Canal opened, and reopened 1934.

	Roads (km)	Surfaced (km)	Motor vehicles	Cars	Commercial Vehicles	Railways (km)	% Electric
1860						464
1870						1,341
1880						1,520
1890						1,547
1900						2,093
1910						2,359
1920						2,697
1930						3,455
1940						3,877
1942				28,675	5,529
1950	13,300			54,933	31,664	4,669
1955			94,900
1958		3,313		57,000	15,500	4,343*
1962				76,000	23,000
1964			115,300			4,446
1976	26,596			283,000	64,000
1984	47,000	16,200		790,000		4.,321
1996				1,354,000	397,000	5,024
2006				2,372,000	1,463,000	5,063	0.8
2009	65,000	47,500	3,940,000			5,085	1.2
2013			5,030,000	7,038,000		5,085	1.2
2014				7,900,000

* also 1,327 km agricultural private light railways

Urban metro systems, kilometres

Cairo Metro, (opened 1987)

Electronic communications, TV broadcasts began 1960

	Telephones (landlines)	Mobile Telephones	Radios	Televisions	PCs	Internet Users
1938	59,922		72,359
1942	77,099		98,456
1947	95,303		108,742
1950	115,500		264,000
1958	196,711		791,228
1960			1,500,000
1962	245,000		1,800,000	100,000
1969	365,000
1975			5,120,000	620,000
1976			5,250,000
1980	410,000
1982			7,000,000	1,850,000
1984			12,000,000	4,000,000
1987		2,627
1990	1,602,000	4,000	17,000,000	5,700,000
1994					194,000
1995		7,400	19,400,000	6,850,000	250,000
1998						61,000
2000	5,483,600	1,360,000	21,900,000	14,000,000	800,000	450,000
2003	7,750,000	4,500,000				2,900,000
2005		13,629,600		18,000,000	2,800,000	3,900,000
2006					3,160,000	5,500,000
2009	10,313,000					20,136,000
2010		70,661,000				20,750,000
2012	8,557,000
2016	6,118,250	97,790,000				37,123,000
2017						37,333,850

Tourism: Visitors to Egypt,