events 1900-1912

1/1/1913, Wednesday (-11,815) Film censorship began in Britain.

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25/12/1912, Wednesday (-11,822) Italy sent troops to Albania to suppress unrest there.

23/12/1912, Friday (-11,824) Lord Hardinge, Governor-General of India, was seriously injured in a bomb explosion.

18/12/1912. Wednesday (-11,829) The Piltdown Man was discovered in Sussex, claimed to be the fossilised skull and other remains of the earliest known European man. On 21/11/1953 it was revealed as� a hoax, the skull was that of an orang-utan.

16/12/1912, Monday (-11,831) The Balkan Peace Conference began in London.

12/12/1912, Thursday (-11,835) Conroy Maddox, surrealist painter, was born (died 14/1/2005).

11/12/1912, Wednesday (-11,836) (Aviation) R Garros, France, set a new aviation record of 18,406 feet.

10/12/1912, Tuesday (-11,837) Charles Nash was elected President of General Motors.

9/12/1912, Monday (-11,838)

8/12/1912, Sunday (-11,839) The German Kaiser held a secret meeting with his military chiefs. It was agreed that the Schlieffen Plan, to quickly conquer France before turning east on Russia, should not be delayed much beyond 1914 because after that swifter Russian mobilisation would cause a collapse of the German Eastern Front before France fell. . The Schlieffen Plan, named after Graf Schlieffen, Chief of the German General Staff 1890-1905, was to attack France through Belgium, by-passing the heavily-fortified Franco-German frontier. German troops defending this frontier were to be reduced, possibly even allowing for French advances into Germany here. However the German advance through Belgium would then swing eastwards to the south west of Paris and come round to hit the French Army in the rear. Schlieffen allowed for ten German divisions to hold the Russian front until France could be crushed (six weeks allowed for this task); also for a British Expeditionary Force of 100,000 to assist the French.

7/12/1912, Saturday (-11,840) (Astronomy) Sir George Howard Darwin, English astronomer, was born in Cambridge.

6/12/1912, Friday (-11,841) (Egypt) �Archaeologists found a bus of Nefertiti near the River Nile.

5/12/1912, Thursday (-11,842) Italy, Germany and Austria renewed their Triple alliance for a further six years.

4/12/1912. Wednesday (-11,843) Turkey concluded an armistice with Bulgaria and Serbia; Greece also ceased fighting.

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30/11/1912, Saturday (-11,847) Bulgaria and Turkey signed an armistice.

28/11/1912. Thursday (-11,849) Albanian independence was proclaimed and confirmed in London on 20/12/1912 in principle and the new state�s borders were confirmed on 29/7/1913. However these borders included less than half of the ethnic Albanians.

27/11/1912. Wednesday (-11,850) France and Spain agreed on their respective spheres of influence in Morocco.

23/11/1912, Saturday (-11,854)

21/11/1912, Thursday (-11,856) Eleanor Powell, actress, was born.

20/11/1912, Wednesday (-11,857) Wilfred Wooller, rugby player, was born.

19/11/1912, Tuesday (-11,858) (Biology) Rumanian-US physiologist George Emil Palade was born in Iasi, Rumania. In 1956 he discovered the that the small bodies within cells now known as ribosomes, are mostly RNA. It was soon afterwards found that this was where the cell manufactures proteins.

18/11/1912. Monday (-11,859) The Serbs occupied Monastir.

16/11/1912. Saturday (-11,861) Suffragettes, who had walked from Edinburgh to London, presented a petition to the Prime Minister.

11-16/11/1912. First International Motor Show, at Olympia.

12/11/1912, Tuesday (-11,865)

8/11/1912. Friday (-11,869) The Greeks occupied Salonika.� This was during the First Balkan War, and ended 482 years of Turkish occupation.

7/11/1912, Thursday (-11,870) The Deutscher Opernhaus (now Deutsche Oper Berlin) opened in Charlottenburg, Berlin.

6/11/1912, Wednesday (-11,871)

5/11/1912, Tuesday (-11,872) (1) The British Board of Film Censors was appointed.

(2) Woodrow Wilson was elected US President, the first Democrat President for 20 years. The Republican vote was split between Roosevelt and Taft, allowing Wilson to win with only 42% of the vote.

(3) Women gained the vote in the US States of Arizona, Kansas and Wisconsin.

(4) The Serbs and Greeks routed the Turkish Army at Monastir. Turkey lost some 20,000 men.

4/11/1912, Monday (-11,873) Austria proposed the creation of an independent Albania.

3/11/1912. Sunday (-11,874) (1) Turkey appealed for mediation in the war with Italy, by the great European powers.

(2) Alfredo Stroessner, President of Paraguay, was born.

2/11/1912, Saturday (-11,875) An explosion on the battleship USS Vermont near Norfolk, Virginia killed 2 and injured 4.

1/11/1912. Friday (-11,876) The Greeks occupied Samothrace.

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31/10/1912, Thursday (-11,877) Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks at Lule Burgas.

28/10/1912, Monday (-11,880) Birth of Sir Richard Doll, British cancer specialist who proved the link between cigarette smoking and cancer.

25/10/1912, Friday (-11,083) Minnie Pearl, comedian, was born.

24/10/1912, Thursday (-11,884) Serbian forces defeated the Turks at Kumanovo.

23/10/1912. Wednesday (-11,885) The Greeks routed the Turks at Sarandaporos.

19/10/1912. Saturday (-11,889) Allied Balkan armies invaded Turkey.

18/10/1912. Friday (-11,890) (Greece-Turkey, Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia) The Ottoman Turks agreed to cede Tripoli and Cyrenaica (now Libya) to Italy, at the Peace of Lausanne.� Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia declared war on Turkey. The Greek Army had been well-equipped under Venizelos, and the Turks were pushed back, to the point where Istanbul itself was threatened; the city was only saved by bad weather making the roads impassable and a cholera outbreak, halting military operations.

17/10/1912, Thursday (-11,891) Pope John Paul I was born.

16/10/1912, Wednesday (-11,892)

15/10/1912, Tuesday (-11,893) Turkey made peace with Italy at Ouchy.

14/10/1912. Monday (-11,894) (1) President Roosevelt was shot and seriously wounded by a demented man in Milwaukee.

(2) The Turks invaded Serbia.� Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria issued ultimatums to Turkey demanding the demobilisation of the Turkish Army in the Balkans.

8/10/1912. Tuesday (-11,900) Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

4/10/1912, Friday (-11,904) 14 died on board the British submarine B2, after it collided with the German liner Amerika.

1/10/1912, Tuesday (-11,907) Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia prepared to fight Turkey.

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30/9/1912, Monday (-11,908) Russia mobilised its forces in response to unrest in the Balkans.

29/9/1912, Sunday (-11,909) British and French forces quelled riots on Samos, after Turkey withdrew troops from there.��

28/9/1912, Saturday (-11,910) A week of rallies and speeches in Ulster ended with a pledge to defeat Home Rule. Sir Edward Carson vowed to fight Home Rule, collecting 471,414 signatures, some people signing in their own blood. See 9/5/1912.

23/9/1912. Monday (-11,915) Mack Sonnett released the first Keystone Cops film.��

21/9/1912, Saturday (-11,917) Ian McGregor, chairman of British Steel and British Coal, was born.

19/9/1912, Thursday (-11,919) The first scheduled international airline service began, when Count Zeppelin�s airships started a regular service between Hamburg, Germany, and Copenhagen, Denmark, and on to Malmo, Sweden.

18/9/1912, Wednesday (-11,920) In Northern Ireland, anti-Home Rule for Ireland demonstrations began at Enniskillen, led by Edward Carson.

17/9/1912, Tuesday (-11,921)

12/9/1912, Thursday (-11,926) Carl Fisher and James Allison announced a plan to build a motor road across the USA from New York to San Francisco, 3,389 miles (5,454 km) long. They hoped to get backing from henry Ford but he declined. Then they decided to name the road after former US President Abraham Lincoln, making it eligible for a Government grant. They secured US$ 1.7 million this way, and the Lincoln Highway was officially designated on 31/10/1913.

11/9/1912, Wednesday (-11,927) The Barbour Clothing Company, making waterproof clothing, was founded.

10/9/1912, Tuesday (-11,928)

5/9/1912, Thursday (-11,933) Composer John Cage was born

4/9/1912, Wednesday (-11,934) The first tube train collision in London, 22 were injured.

3/9/1912, Tuesday (-11,935)

2/9/1912, Monday (-11,936) Professor David Daiches, author and literary critic, was born (died 15/7/2005)

1/9/1912, Sunday (-11,937) French troops quelled an uprising in Morocco.

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30/8/1912, Friday (-31,939) Edward Mills Purcell, US atomic physicist, was born.

27/8/1912. Tuesday (-11,942) Tarzan of the Apes, by Edgar Rice Burroughs, first went into print as a magazine serial.

26/8/1912. Monday (-11,943) (Weather) Britain�s heaviest August rainfall on record occurred at Norwich, where six inches fell in twelve hours. Floods in East Anglia made 10,000 homeless.

23/8/1912, Friday (-11,946) Gene Kelly, US singer and dancer, was born

20/8/1912, Tuesday (-11,949) (Space exploration) US physicist Edward Mills Purcell was born in Taylorville, Illinois. In 1951 he was among the first to observe the 21 cm line caused by hydrogen atoms in space.

19/8/1912. Monday (-11,950) William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, born on 10/4/1829, died aged 83. He was succeeded as leader of the Salvation Army on 21/8/1912 by Mr Bramwell Booth.

18/8/1912, Sunday (-11,951) The Ottoman Empire granted autonomy to its Albanian minority, in the Scutari Vilayet (province), capital Tirana.

17/8/1912, Saturday (-11,952) Britain called on China not to send a military expedition to Tibet.

16/8/1912, Friday (-11,953) Edward Drake, footballer, was born (died 30/5/1995).

15/8/1912, Thursday (-11,954) Eduardo Schaerer became �the 26^th President of Paraguay. He served a full four-year term.

14/8/1912, Wednesday (-11,955) Leopold Demers, Canadian Liberal politician, was born (died 21/11/1990),

13/8/1912, Tuesday (-11,956) In Paris, Dr Gastin Odin discovered a microbe capable of causing cancer.

12/8/1912, Monday (-11,957) Samuel Fuller, US film director, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts (died 1997)

11/8/1912, Sunday (-11,958) In Morocco, Sultan Mulai Hafid abdicated.

10/8/1912, Saturday (-11,959) The Republic of China's provisional government enacted its election law, creating a lower house of Parliament, and limiting voting rights to male citizens aged over 21, had two years residency in their district, and met property and educational restrictions.

9/8/1912. Friday (-11,960) Earthquake in Constantinople, Turkey, killed 6,000.

8/8/1912, Thursday (-11,961) The Pope issued an encyclical about abuse of the indigenous tribes in the Putumayo region of Peru.

7/8/1912. Wednesday (-11,962) Japan and Russia reached agreement on their spheres of influence in Mongolia and Manchuria.

6/8/1912, Tuesday (-11,963) U.S. President Taft asked Congress to fix maximum tolls for the Panama Canal.

5/8/1912, Monday (-11,964) In Chicago, the Progressive Party, nicknamed the "Bull Moose" Party to rival the Republican elephant and Democrat donkey, called itself to order as its founding convention opened at noon.

4/8/1912, Sunday (-11,965) Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat, was born to a wealthy family in Stockholm.� He is famed for saving Jews scheduled for Nazi death camps by giving them Swedish documentation, enabling them to flee to that neutral country. In 1945 he was taken from Budapest as the Soviets occupied the city; he was suspected of espionage and his fate has never been determined.

3/8/1912. Saturday (-11,966) The Ottoman Turks granted Albania limited autonomy.

2/8/1912, Friday (-11,967) Tibetans were routed by Chinese soldiers at Lhasa.

1/8/1912, Thursday (-11,968) The Jungfrau rail tunnel, Switzerland, 7.5 km long, opened.

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31/7/1912, Wednesday (-11,969) Milton Friedman, US economist and Nobel Prize winner in 1976, was born in Brooklyn, New York.

30/7/1912, Tuesday (-11,970) In Japan, Meiji Emperor Mutsuhito died aged 60, after a 45-year reign during which Imperial power was restored to Japan (the Meiji Restoration). He was succeeded by his son, Yoshihito, aged 33, who reigned until 1926.

28/7/1912. Sunday (-11,972) Thomas Wilby began the first trans-Canada journey by car

24/7/1912, Wednesday (-11,976) Emma Cons, British social worker and philanthropist, died at Hever, Kent (born 4/3/1838 in London).

23/7/1912, Tuesday (-11,977) In the US, the �Modesty League� protested against tight dresses.

22//7/1912. Monday (-11,978) To counter the growing German naval threat, the British Admiralty recalled warships from the Mediterranean to begin patrols in the North Sea.

21/7/1912, Sunday (-11,979) Second reading of the Franchise Bill, giving all men over 21 the vote.

18/7/1912, Thursday (-11,982)

17/71912, Wednesday (-11,983) Henri Poincare, mathematician, died.

15/7/1912. Monday (-11,985) National Insurance, or social payments, devised by Lloyd George, began in Britain.

14/7/1912. Sunday (-11,986) Woody Guthrie, US folk singer, was born in Oklahoma.

13/7/1912, Saturday (-11,987) (Aviation) J Vedrines, France, set a new aviation speed record of 106.12 mph.

12/7/1912, Friday (-11,988) 12,000 Ulstermen demonstrated against Home Rule for Ireland.

11/7/1912, Thursday (-11,989) Immingham Docks, Lincolnshire, were opened by King George V. Construction had begun in 1906.

9/7/1912, Tuesday (-11,991)

6/7/1912, Saturday (-11,994) The 5^th Olympic Games opened in Stockholm.

5/7/1912, Friday (-11,995)

3/7/1912, Wednesday (-11,997) The Board of Trade Inquiry into the Titanic disaster found Captain Smith (who went down with his ship) guilty of negligence.

2/7/1912, Tuesday (-11,998) Serbia allied with Greece and Bulgaria against Ottoman Turkey, see 29/5/1912.

1/7/1912, Monday (-11,999) The first Royal Command Performance took place at the Palace Theatre, London, watched by King George V and Queen Mary.

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28/6/1912, Friday (-12,002) The suffragettes began a window-smashing campaign at Post Offices and Labour Exchanges.

26/6/1912, Wednesday (-12,004) The first Alexandra Day.

25/6/1912, Tuesday (-12,005) Asquith was attacked in the Commons over the force-feeding of suffragettes on hunger strike in prison.

24/6/1912, Monday (-12,006)

23/6/1912, Sunday (-12,007) (1) A bridge over the Niagara Falls collapsed, killing 47.

(2) Alan Mathison Turing, British mathematician who invented the Turing Machine, was born. He was the son of Julius and Sara Turing.

22/6/1912, Saturday (-12,008) William Taft was nominated for a 2^nd term as President.

19/6/1912, Wednesday (-12,011) The 8-hour workday became the norm in the USA, having been established in Australia and New Zealand in the 1840s and 50s. Previously the US workday had been commonly 10 hours long, sometime sup to 16 hours.

17/6/1912. Monday (-12,013) Discovery of the production of synthetic rubber on a commercial scale.

16/6/1912. Sunday (-12,014) Enoch Powell was born in Stechford, Birmingham.

14/6/1912, Friday (-12,016) King Frederick VIII of Denmark died after a 6-year reign, aged 69. He was succeeded by his son, 41-year old Christian X, who reigned until 1947.

8/6/1912. Saturday (-12,022) In Los Angeles, Carl Lemmie founded Universal Studios.

6/6/1912, Thursday (-12, 024) A huge volcanic eruption began at Mount Katmai, Alaska, creating the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.

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31/5/1912. Friday (-12,030) (1) The first motor car museum was opened in London, at 175 Oxford Street. The oldest exhibits were an 1861 Crompton steam car and an 1894 Bremer petrol car. In March 1914 the museum moved to the Crystal Palace. However when the First World War broke out the space was needed for storage; some cars were returned to their owners but others were left on open waste ground near Charing Cross Station and allowed to disintegrate.

(2) US marines landed in Cuba to suppress a slave revolt.

30/5/1912, Thursday (-12,031) Wilbur Wright, older of the two Wright Brothers who invented the airplane, died aged 45 �of typhoid fever at Dayton, Ohio. Wilbur had become ill on 4/5/1912 while on a business trip to Boston. On 17/12/1903 Wilbur became the second man to pilot an airplane, after his brother Orville made the first flight.

29/5/1912, Wednesday (-12,032) Greece signed an anti-Ottoman alliance with Bulgaria. Serbia joined the alliance on 2/7/1912.

28/5/1912, Tuesday (-12,033) The Titanic enquiry in the US gave a verdict of negligence.

27/5/1912, Monday (-12,034) Sam Snead, US golfer, was born.

26/5/1912, Sunday (-12,035), The UK was paralysed by a transport strike.

25/5/1912, Saturday (-12,036)

24/5/1912, Friday (-12,037) Joan Hammond, New Zealand soprano singer, was born.

23/5/1912, Thursday (-12,038) Betty Astell, actress, was born (died 27/7/2005).

21/5/1912, Tuesday (-12,040)

16/5/1912, Thursday (-12,045) MPs backed a Bill that would disestablish the Church in Wales, despite opposition by church leaders.

15/5/1912, Wednesday (-12,046) Crown Prince Christian, brother of King Haakon VII of Norway, was proclaimed as King Christian X of Denmark

14/5/1912, Tuesday (-12,047) August Strindberg, playwright, died in Stockholm, Sweden.

11/5/1912, Saturday (-12,050) Phil Silvers, US actor famous for his role as Sergeant Bilko, was born.

9/5/1912, Thursday (-12,052) In Britain the Liberal Government�s plans to give Ireland Home Rule came closer this day when the House of Commons gave the Home Rule Bill a second reading, voting for it by 360 votes to 266. Tory MPs were firmly opposed and the Liberals relied on Irish Nationalist and Labour MPs to get the Bill passed. The Parliament Act, passed in 1911, ensured Conservative opposition in the House of Lords would not block the Bill. Ireland might have Home Rule by 1914. However the Home Rule issue had sharpened divisions between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. Belfast, with its flourishing shipbuilding industry, was now the largest city in Ireland, and both merchants and workers there were opposed to rule from Dublin. Sir Edward Carson, a Dublin-born Protestant, planned to recruit some 80,000 armed volunteers to fight for Ulster to remain in the UK, see 28/9/1912.

8/5/1912, Wednesday (-12,053) Pilot Lieutenant Samson, flying a Short S38, made the first ever take off from a moving ship.� The HMS Hibernia, off Weymouth, was moving at 10 knots.

7/5/1912, Tuesday (-12,054)

5/5/1912. Sunday (-12,056) The first issue of Pravda, meaning Truth, appeared in Russia.

4/5/1912. Saturday (-12,057) The Italians occupied the island of Rhodes, formerly held by the Ottoman Turks.

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30/4/1912, Tuesday (-12,061)

21/4/1912, Sunday (-12,070) Marcel Camus, film director, was born.

20/4/1912, Saturday (-12,071) Bram Stoker, Dublin-born creator of Dracula in 1897, died aged 65 in London.

19/4/1912, Friday (-12,072) The U.S. Hydrographic Office and representatives of the steamship lines agreed that the winter time course of ships would be 270 miles south of the course taken by the Titanic, adding between 9 and 14 hours to the trip. The new route would be 3,080 miles rather than 2,858 miles.

18/4/1912, Thursday (-12,073) The liner Carpathia arrived in New York, carrying survivors of the Titanic disaster.

17/4/1912, Wednesday (-12,074) The Lena massacre: Russian soldiers fired into a crowd of gold miners, who had gone on strike in Siberia to demand a reduction in the workday and improved food and sanitation. According to official figures, 270 miners were killed and another 250 wounded, and the dead were buried in a mass grave.

16/4/1912, Tuesday (-12,075) (1) The Channel was first flown by a woman, Harriet Quimby.

(2) The Daily Herald began publication in London.

15/4/1912. Monday (-12,076) The Titanic, steaming too fast through a sea full of icebergs, sank on her maiden voyage. Of the 2,340 passengers and crew, 1,513 perished in the icy seas; only 732 survived. The first lifeboat to get away was almost empty, occupied only by the director of the line and their friends. Many first class passengers got priority over cheaper �steerage� passengers. However there was also heroism; John Jacob Astor stayed behind after ensuring his bride was on a lifeboat, and the band, who played hymns as the ship sank beneath it. With 16 watertight compartments the Titanic, 270 metres long, was considered �unsinkable� and so only had enough lifeboat places for 1,178. Before she sailed from Southampton on 10/4/1912, an engineer stated �God himself could not sink this ship�. Off Newfoundland, a lookout reported an iceberg, the First Officer ordered a turn to port, and the Titanic missed the berg, but an underwater projection of ice struck her below the waterline, ripping open� five of the sixteen watertight compartments. With this many compartments flooded, the ship began to sink, flooding further compartments. Many passengers could not accept that the ship was sinking, and only 800 only got aboard the lifeboats, and one lifeboat was sucked under as the Titanic sank. However later theories suggest that the real cause was poor rivets, that popped, causing a seam along the ship to split open.

14/4/1912, Sunday (-12,077) China's President Yuan Shih-kai issued a manifesto asking the five separate race groups in the nation to unite through intermarriage.

13/4/1912, Saturday (-12,078) In Britain the Royal Flying Corps, forerunner of the Royal Air Force, was formed.

12/4/1912, Friday (-12,079) Clara Barton (born 25/12/1812 near Oxford, Massachusetts) died at Glen Echo, Maryland. She founded the American Red Cross in 1881, having worked in Europe with the Red Cross there to alleviate the suffering caused by the Franco-Prussian War.

11/4/1912. Thursday (-12,080) Irish Home Rule Bill introduced to the UK Parliament.

10/4/1912, Wednesday (-12,081) Troops were called out to quell riots in Wigan.

9/4/1912. Tuesday (-12,082) (Ireland) Major demonstration by 200,000 people against Irish Home Rule Bill in Belfast.

7/4/1912, Sunday (-12,084) Easter Sunday.

4/4/1912. Thursday (-12,087) (China) A Chinese republic was declared in Tibet.

1/4/1912, Monday (-12,090) (Technology) Pyotr Nicolaievich Lebedev, Russian physicist, died in Moscow.

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31/3/1912. Sunday (-12,091) (Ireland) Major demonstration in Dublin for Irish Home Rule; 100,000 present.

30/3/1912. Saturday (-12,092) By the Treaty of� Fez, Morocco became a French protectorate. This Treaty was terminated on 2/3/1956.

29/3/1912. Friday (-12,093) (Antarctic) Captain Robert Falcon Scott died in his tent in Antarctica, returning from his expedition to the South Pole.

28/3/1912, Thursday (-12,094) In the Boat Race, both Oxford�s and Cambridge�s boats sank. The race was re-run.

27/3/1912. Wednesday (-12,095) British Labour leader and Prime Minister 1976-1979,, James Callaghan, was born in Portsmouth.

26/3/1912, Tuesday (-12,096) Tennessee Williams, US playwright, was born (died 1983).

25/3/1912, Monday (-12,097) The Greek Liberal Party led by Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos won a majority of seats in elections in Greece.

24/3/1912, Sunday (-12,098) (Biology) Biochemist Sidney Walter Fox was born in Los Angeles, California.

23/3/1912, Saturday (-12,099) (Space exploration) Wernher von Braun, German rocket scientist, was born in Wirsitz.

21/3/1912, Thursday (-12,101) (London) The London Museum was opened, in Kensington Palace, by King George V.

17/3/1912, Sunday (-12,105) (Antarctic) Lawrence Oates died heroically during the return journey from the South Pole. On his 32^nd birthday he left the tent, saying, �I am just going outside, and I may be some time�.

16/3/1912, Saturday (-12,106) (USA) Thelma Nixon, wife of America�s 37^th President, was born in Ely, Nevada, as Thelma Ryan.

15/3/1912, Friday (-12,107) Francis Gruber, French painter, was born.

14/3/1912, Thursday (-12,108) Clifford Bastin, footballer, was born (died 3/12/1991)

13/3/1912, Wednesday (-12,109) (Bulgaria, Greece-Turkey, Yugoslavia) Under Russian influence (wanting to undermine Austro-Hungary), Serbia and Bulgaria buried their territorial rivalries for the time being (but see 29/6/1913), and, along with Greece and Montenegro, formed the Balkan League. Originally directed against the large multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire (which contained many ethnic Serbs within its borders), the League redirected its efforts against Ottoman Turkey, ultimately aiming to oust the Turks entirely from all its European territories. Serbia and Bulgaria signed a mutual defence pact. Balkan nationalism was on the rise. The pact also divided northern Macedonia between them. It was assumed that southern Macedonia would be divided between Bulgaria and Greece. On 30/5/1913 the Treaty of London divided up the Balkans amongst the members of the Balkan League, leaving Ottoman Turkey with only a sliver of European territory immediately west of Istanbul.

12/3/1912, Tuesday (-12,110) The Girl Guide movement was founded in America by Juliette Gordon Low.

11/3/1912, Monday (-12,111) Chinese Republican Government established in Lanchow, capital of Kansu Province. This was one of the last areas to see the new Republican administration established.

10/3/1912, Sunday (-12,112)

8/3/1912, Friday (-12,114) The foundation stone of London�s County Hall was laid.

7/3/1912. Thursday (-12,115) Henri Semiet made the first non-stop flight from London to Paris, taking three hours.

6/3/1912, Wednesday (-12,116) The National Biscuit Company (now Nabisco) introduced the Oreo cookie.

5/3/1912, Tuesday (-12,117) British police raided the offices of the Women�s Social and Political Union.

4/3/1912, Monday (-12,118) 96 women were arrested after a suffragette raid on the House of Commons.

3/3/1912, Sunday (-12,119) Mexican General Pascual Orozco, who had helped Francisco I. Madero win the revolution of 1911 and become President of Mexico, declared a revolt against the Madero government after having been denied a major role. Orozco and his followers, the "Orozquistas", then assisted Victoriano Huerta in overthrowing Madero.

2/3/1912, Saturday (-12,120) As rioting broke out in response to the fall of the Manchu Dynasty in China, Beijing was placed under martial law. Foreign troops arrived the next day to protect the citizens of their respective nations.

1/3/1912, Friday (-12,121) (1) Suffragettes smashed windows in the West End of London. Co-ordinated attacks by groups of women with stones or hammers hidden under their muffs saw a trail of destruction emerge within 20 minutes from Oxford Street to The Strand and Piccadilly;� two women also threw stones at 10 Downing Street. 120 were arrested, including Emmeline Pankhurst. Suffragette militancy had increased after they saw the Government grant concessions to striking railworkers and miners, after strikes had escalated into civil disorder.

(2) The first parachute jump from a moving plane was made, over Missouri, USA, by Albert Berry. He jumped at 1500 feet over Jefferson Barracks, St Louis.

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29/2/1912, Thursday (-12,122) Military revolt in Beijing.

28/2/1912, Wednesday (-12,123) (Innovation-Military) The Austrian, Gunter Burstyn, patented an armoured vehicle that preceded the Tank. Although it did not have the continuous track that enabled Tanks to traverse trenches and shell-holed ground, it did have front and rear ancillary wheels on long pivots held above ground. These could be lowered to lever the vehicle up and over steep edges.

27/2/1912, Tuesday (-12,124) British poet and writer Lawrence Durrell was born.

20/2/1912, Tuesday (-12,131)

18/2/1912, Sunday (-12,133) The German Kaiser, Wilhelm, declined to meet the Socialist winners of the General Election.

17/2/1912, Saturday (-12,134) Andre Norton, science fiction writer, was born (died 17/3/2005)

16/2/1912, Friday (-12,135) Gwydion Brooke, bassoonist, was born (died 27/3/2005).

15/2/1912, Thursday (-12,136) An attempt by the British Labour Party to institute a Minimum Wage was defeated in the House of Commons.

14/2/1912. Wednesday (-12,137) Arizona became the 48^th state of the USA.

13/2/1912, Tuesday (-12,138) Margaretta Scott, actress, was born (died 15/4/2005).

12/2/1912, Monday (-12,139) The Chinese Manchu dynasty came to an end when the weeping Empress, Dowager Longyu, read out an edict of abdication on behalf of the 5-year-old Chinese boy-Emperor, Pu-Yi. However the Imperial family were allowed to continue to live in the Forbidden City, with a stipend of US$ 4 million a year.

11/2/1912, Sunday (-12.140) The Niger-Chad border was delineated by the Governors-General of French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa.

10/2/1912. Saturday (-12,141) Charles Lister. Lord Joseph Lister, surgeon and discoverer of antiseptics, died aged 84 at Walmer, Kent.

6/2/1912, Tuesday (-12,145) Eva Braun, mistress of Adolf Hitler, was born.

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30/1/1912, Tuesday (-12,152) The UK House of Lords rejected Irish Home Rule Bill.

28/1/1912, Sunday (-12,154) US artist Jackson Pollock was born.

20/1/1912, Saturday (-12,162) Lutske Wester, Dutch speed skater, died (born 1870).

10/1/1912, Wednesday (-12,172) The first flying boat, designed by Glenn Curtis, made its maiden voyage at Hammondsport, New York.

8/1/1912, Monday (-12,174) (South Africa) The Africa National Congress (ANC) was formed in Bloemfontein, South Africa. It was originally known as the South Africa Native National Congress (SANNC), changing its name in 1923. Its aim was to restore the Zulu Nation, which had been reduced to virtual slavery by the British after the war of 1879. Pixley ka Isaka Seme was one of the founders, along with Alfred Mangena, D Montsoia and RW Msimang.

6/1/1912. Saturday (-12,176) (USA) New Mexico became the 47^th State of the USA.

5/1/1912, Friday (-12,177)

4/1/1912, Thursday (-12,178) (Geology) Clarence Edward Dutton, US geologist, died in Eaglewood, New Jersey.

3/1/1912, Wednesday (-12,179) The UK Cabinet was divided over votes for women.� Ulster Unionists said they would ignore Irish Home Rule.

2/1/1912, Tuesday (-12,180)

1/1/1912. Monday (-12,181) (1) The Republic of China was officially proclaimed.

(2) The British Post office took over the National Telephone Company, for the sum of �12,515,264.

(3) Harold �Kim� Philby, the British traitor who spied for Soviet intelligence, was born.

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31/12/1911. Sunday (-12,182) Marie Curie received her second Nobel prize, unprecedented in the history of the award.

29/12/1911, Friday (-12,184) Chinese revolutionary Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) became the first President of the Republic of China.

22/12/1911, Friday (-12,191) A Chinese Republican Government was established in Kaifeng, capital of Honan Province.

14/12/1911. Thursday (-12,199) (1) The Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen beat the British team, led by Captain Scott, to the South Pole. The British relied on motorised transport and ponies, the Norwegians on dog sleds. Captain Scott arrived at the South Pole on 17/1/1912 to find the Norwegians had beaten him to it. Scott set out with 11 men from Cape Evans, Antarctica, on 24/10/1911; his motorised sledges soon broke down, and the ponies had to be shot due to the cold. Therefore the hardest part of Scott�s journey, the part from the final food dump (left for the return journey) to the South Pole, 240 kilometres, and back, had to be done on foot with barely a month�s provision for the five men attempting the journey. On the return journey blizzards slowed Scott�s team, reducing their daily rations.

(2) Miss Eleanor Davies Colley, MB London, became the first woman to be admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons.

13/12/1911, Wednesday (-12,200) The P & O liner Delhi foundered with the Princess Royal on board, but she and most of the other passengers on board were rescued.

12/12/1911, Tuesday (-12,201) King George V was crowned Emperor of India, and founded the city of New Delhi, as new capital to replace Calcutta.

11/12/1911, Monday (-12,202) Naguib Mahfouz, novelist, was born (died 30/8/2006)

10/12/1911, Sunday (-12,203)

7/12/1911, Thursday (-12,206) China abolished men�s pigtails.

6/12/1911. Wednesday (-12,207) Russia announced that Mongolia was a Russian protectorate.

4/12/1911, Monday (-12,209)

2/12/1911, Saturday (-12,211) Chinese Republicans captured Nanking.

1/12/1911, Friday (-12,212) Franz Binder, Austrian footballer, was born.

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29/11/1911, Wednesday (-12,214) US journalist Joseph Pulitzer died.

22/11/1911. Wednesday (-12,221) Chinese Republican Government established in Chengtu, capital of Szechuan Province.

21/11/1911, Tuesday (-12,222) Suffragette riots in Whitehall, London.

19/11/1911, Sunday (-12,224)

16/11/1911, Thursday (-12,227) In China, Prime Minister Yuan Shikai formed a Cabinet.

15/11/1911, Wednesday (-12,228) The Chevrolet car company was founded in Detroit, USA,

14/11/1911, Tuesday (-12,229)

13/11/1911. Monday (-12,230) Bonar Law became leader of the Tory Party, succeeding Arthur James Balfour.

12/11/1911. Sunday (-12,231) Rev. Chad Varah, founder of The Samaritans, was born

11/11/1911. Saturday (-12,232) The British King and Queen left Britain for the sea voyage to India. On 12/12/1911 there was a splendid ceremony at the Delhi Durbar, at which it was announced that henceforth Delhi would be the capital of India in place of Calcutta.

10/11/1911, Friday (-12,233) The first regular civil airmail service began between Hounslow (London) and Paris. Mail was surcharged at 2s 6d an ounce, of which the airline received b2s. The high price deterred customers, and an average of only 46 letters a day were carried.

9/11/1911, Thursday (-12,234) A squadron of soldiers, the 18^th Hussars, with rifles, patrolled the streets of Tonypandy, south Wales, after clashes between striking miners and the police, in which the police had been stoned.

8/11/1911, Wednesday (-12,235) Arthur Balfour, Conservative leader, resigned.

7/11/1911, Tuesday (-12,236) (Jewish) Walter Schlomo Gross, Jewish journalist, was born.

6/11/1911, Monday (-12,237) The US state of Maine banned alcohol.

5/11/1911. Sunday (-12,238) Italy announced that it had taken from Turkey the territories of Libya, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica. This was taken as a sign of Turkish weakness by the Balkan States.

4/11/1911, Saturday (-12,239) Germany settled the Morocco crisis with France. Germany agreed to allow France a free hand in Morocco, in exchange for territory in the Congo.

3/11/1911, Friday (-12,240) Death of Norman Jay Colman, the first US Secretary of Agriculture (born 16/5/1827).

2/11/1911, Thursday (-12,241) London cab drivers went on strike.

1/11/1911. Wednesday (-12,242) (1) The world�s first air raid. The Italian, Lt Guilio Gavotti, took off from Tripoli and dropped a 2 kg bomb on the Turks at Ain Zara, Tripolitania; he then dropped three more such bombs on Turkish troops at Tagiura. A second air raid on Ain Zara three days later brought a strong protest from the Turks that the Italians were contravening the Geneva Convention, and considerable world-wide discussion ensued on the ethics of air bombardment.

(2) The first edition of Woman�s Weekly was published. See 2/11/1903, Daily Mirror as woman�s newspaper. See also 2/11/1924, first British crossword.

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31/10/1911, Tuesday (-12,243) J.J. Montgomery, 55, American aeronautical engineer, died in a plane crash

30/10/1911, Monday (-12,244) Guided by the Regent, Prince Chun, the Emperor Pu Yi granted China a constitution. This was to combat growing support for the rebel Republican army of Sun Yat Sen.

29/10/1911. Sunday (-12,245) (1) First stone of the Drury Lane Theatre laid.

(2) Joseph Pulitzer, US newspaper publisher who instituted an annual journalism prize, died.

(3) In Honduran Presidential elections, Bonilla was chosen.

28/10/1911, Saturday (-12,246) China's new National Assembly demanded three reforms: a cabinet of ministers without Manchu nobility; an amnesty for persons who committed political offences, and a permanent constitution.

27/10/1911, Friday (-12,247) After a bank robbery in Paris, the three criminals involved made the first ever getaway in a motor car.

26/10/1911, Thursday (-12,248) Mahalia Jackson, gospel singer, was born.

25/10/1911. Wednesday (-12,249) The last horse bus ran in London, from London Bridge station to Moorgate Street.

24/10/1911, Tuesday (-12,250) The advance team for Robert Scott's British Antarctic Expedition, Bernard Day, Tom Lashly, F.J. Hooper and Teddy Evans, set off with food and supplies from Cape Evans. Scott and his party set off on November 1

23/10/1911. Monday (-12,251) (1) First aerial reconnaissance in warfare. The Italian Captain Piazza, during the Italian Turkish war of 1910-11, took off from Tripoli and flew over Turkish troops camped at Aziza.

(2) Winston Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty.

(3) Ford Model T production began at Trafford Park, Manchester, England. By the early 1920s, 41% of all cars registered in Britain were Fords. Ford opened its Dagenham, England, plant in 1923, with deep water access.

22/10/1911, Sunday (-12,252) A Chinese Republican Government was established in Sian, capital of Shansi Province.

20/10/1911. Friday (-12,254) Italy defeated the Turks at Tripoli, Libya.

18/10/1911, Wednesday (-12,256) Wrigleys launched their Spearmint Gum in the UK. They set up a factory in Wembley in 1927, moving to Plymouth in 1970.

13/10/1911, Friday (-12,261) Le Duc Tho, Vietnamese politician, was born.

11/10/1911. Wednesday (-12,263) Earthquake in California killed 700.

10/10/1911, Tuesday (-12,264) The Imperial Manchu Dynasty, which had ruled China since 1644, was forced to abdicate �voluntarily� and a Kuomintang Republic was proclaimed at Wuchang, under Sun Yat-Sen.

9/10/1911, Monday (-12,265) The King George V, Britain�s biggest battleship to date, was launched.

8/10/1911, Sunday (-12,266)

6/10/1911. Friday (-12,268) Barbara Castle, British Labour politician, was born.

5/10/1911, Thursday (-12,269) Italian troops landed at Tripoli, Libya, as Italy invaded the country, taking it from Turkey.

4/10/1911. Wednesday (-12,270) Britain�s first escalators were introduced, connecting the District and Piccadilly lines at Earl�s Court station in London.

1/10/1911, Sunday (-12,273)

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30/9/1911. Saturday (-12,274) Italian troops attacked the Turks in Tripoli harbour.

29/9/1911. Friday (-12,275) (Italy, Greece, N Africa) Italy declared war on Turkey, having been assured of the neutrality of other European countries.� The Italian Navy bombarded Preveza, and Italian forces landed at Tripoli and in Cyrenicia. This was in retaliation for the alleged mistreatment of Italians in Libya. The Italians expected the Arabs to welcome them as liberators from Turkish rule, but instead the Arabs sided with the Turks in resisting Italian rule. In May 1912 Italy invaded some islands off Turkey, including Rhodes, to put further pressure on Turkey. Then Italy had some unexpected good fortune when in 1912 Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece started the Balkan War against Turkey, forcing the Ottomans to surrender Libya to Italy. However Arab resistance continued and despite a permanent Italian garrison of 50,000 troops Italian rule only covered Tripoli and other major towns. At least, though, Italy could now claim to have its own African colony.

26/9/1911, Tuesday (-12,278) Mildred Shay, actress, was born (died 15/10/2005).

24/9/1911, Sunday (-12,280) William Morgan Shuster, an American serving as Persia�s Treasurer-General and financial advisor, was dismissed after Russian demands to oust him. The Persian National Assembly (Majlis) had originally resisted Russian pressure for this move, but a coup in Tehran this day suspended the Majlis and Shuster was dismissed.

19/9/1911, Tuesday (-12,285) British writer William Golding was born.

18/9/1911, Monday (-12,286) A General Strike began in Valencia, Spain.

14/9/1911, Thursday (-12,290) Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin was assassinated when a police double agent shot him at the opera in Kiev; he died on 18/9/1911. He had held the post for 6 years; his predecessor managed only one year, in the turmoil of Russian politics. He was ruthless and simply crushed any opposition, which made him unpopular and he fell out with the Tsar, Nicholas, also his Council of Ministers and the Duma (Parliament).

9/9/1911, Saturday (-12,295) The first experimental airmail service in Britain began, operating between Hendon aerodrome and Windsor, 19 miles . The service was discontinued on 26/9/1911.

6/9/1911. Wednesday (-12,298) The British TUC condemned the use of troops in strikes.

5/9/1911, Tuesday (-12,299) The first adult literacy school in the United States began, when Cora Wilson Stewart, school superintendent for Rowan County, Kentucky, began what she called the Moonlight Schools. The night classes at the county's 50 schools took place so long as the Moon was bright enough for students to safely travel. She had expected that 150 might come; however, 1,200 signed up.

4/9/1911. Monday (-12,300) Flooding along China�s Yangtze River killed 100,000 people.

3/9/1911, Sunday (-12,301)

2/9/1911, Saturday (-12,302) John Peterson, boxer, was born (died 22/11/1990).

1/9/1911, Friday (-12,303) Mary Dees, actress, was born (died 4/8/2005).

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31/8/1911, Thursday (-12,304) the Director of the Louvre art gallery, Paris, was sacked following the theft of the Mona Lisa (22/8/1911). The painting was not recovered until two years later.

30/8/1911, Wednesday (-12,305)

29/8/1911, Tuesday (-12,306) A man believed to be the last indigenous American to make contact with White Americans, called Ishi, last of the Yahi people, was discovered in north-eastern California.

28/8/1911, Monday (-12,307) A heat wave sent the mortality rate in London soaring to 19 per 1,000.

27/8/1911. Sunday (-12,308) At Hamburg the German Kaiser made his �place in the sun� speech, foreshadowing a large increase in the German navy. Britain responded by increasing its navy, although Anglo-German relations remained friendly.

26/8/1911, Saturday (-12,309) A heatwave killed 2,500 children in London.

24/8/1911, Thursday (-12,311)

23/8/1911, Wednesday (-12,312) Violent anti-Semitic riots in Wales.

22/8/1911, Tuesday (-12,313) The Mona Lisa was stolen from The Louvre, Paris.

21/8/1911, Monday (-12,314)

18/8/1911. Friday (-12,317) In the UK, the Official Secrets Bill got Royal Assent.

17-19/8/1911. Railway strike in the UK. Armed troops were called out to assist the police in safeguarding the nation�s food supplies. Food convoys left main railway goods junctions under heavy guard.

16/8/1911, Wednesday (-12,319) E F Schumacher, German economist and statistician, was born (died 1977).

15/8/1911, Tuesday (-12,320)

14/8/1911, Monday (-12,321) South Wales miners ended their strike after 14 months.

13/8/1911, Sunday (-12,322) Rioting broke out in Liverpool after Tom Mann and other trade unionists held mass meetings near St George�s Hall.

12/8/1911, Saturday (-12,323)

10/8/1911, Thursday (-12,325) In the House of Lords Tory peers abstained, thereby allowing passage of the controversial budget delayed from a year ago. MPs salaries were now �400 a year.

9/8/1911, Wednesday (-12,326) (Aviation) Captain Felix, France, set a new aviation record of 10,466 feet.

8/8/1911. Tuesday (-12,327) Violence flared in Liverpool�s streets as a nationwide strike continued. The strike by railwaymen, dockers, and other transport workers threatened a nationwide famine, and warships stood by to help merchant ships off Liverpool to unload. 50,000 troops stood by in Liverpool.

7/8/1911, Monday (-12,328)

6/8/1911, Sunday (-12,329) Lucille Ball, US TV actress, was born.

5/8/1911, Saturday (-12,330) The entire Kowloon to Canton railway opened.

4/8/1911, Friday (-12,331)

3/8/1911. Thursday (-12,332) Aeroplanes were put to military use, when Italian planes reconnoitred the Turkish lines near Tripoli.

2/8/1911, Wednesday (-12,333) The Honduran civil war was inconclusive and both sides agreed to an armistice and elections to choose a new President.

1/8/1911. Tuesday (-12,334) Germany began to fortify Heligoland, a small island in the North Sea.

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31/7/1911, Monday (-12,335) The Mason Motor Company was founded in Flint, Michigan, USA.

28/7/1911, Friday (-12,338) The French Chief of Staff resigned over the Dreyfus Affair.

24/7/1911, Monday (-12,342) The lost city of Machu Picchu, Peru, was rediscovered by Hiram Bingham.

21/7/1911, Friday (-12,345) Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer, warned Germany not to threaten British interests in the western Mediterranean, or Gibraltar.� See 1/7/1911.� Germany denied such ambitions, but Britain began preparing for war with Germany.

20/7/1911, Thursday (-12,346) 20 rioters in Wales shot dead by troops.

19/7/1911, Wednesday (-12,347) The Liver Building in Liverpool was opened.

18/7/1911, Tuesday (-12,348) Hermann Adler, British chief rabbi (born 30/5/1839) died.

16/7/1911, Sunday (-12,350) US actress Ginger Rogers was born.

11/7/1911, Tuesday (-12,355) In Paris, 60,000 stonemasons went on strike.

10/7/1911, Monday (-12,356) Russia warned Germany that it supported France in the Morocco crisis.

9/7/1911, Sunday (-12,357) (Astronomy) John Archibald Wheeler was born in Jacksonville, Florida. He coined the term Black Hole to describe an object so massive not even light can escape.

8/7/1911, Saturday (-12,358) (Aviation) M Loridan, France, set a new aviation altitude record of 10.,423 feet.

7/7/1911, Friday (-12,359) In Washington, DC, the USA, Russia, the UK and Japan signed the Convention on the International Protection of Fur Seals, prohibiting hunting of the endangered animals in the North Pacific Ocean. In the first six years afterwards, the fur seal population increased by 30%.

6/7/1911, Thursday (-12,360) Laverne Andrews, singer, was born.

5/7/1911. Wednesday (-12,361) (France) Birth of Georges Pompidou, in Montboudif, Auvergne. He was French President from 1969 until his death in 1974.

4/7/1911, Tuesday (-12,362) (Aviation) The first air cargo was delivered; a box of Osram lamps.

3/7/1911, Monday (-12,363) Joseph Hardstaff, cricketer, was born (died 1/1/1990).

2/7/1911, Sunday (-12,364) Diego Fabbri, Italian playwright, was born in Forl�.

1/7/1911, Saturday (-12,365) (1) The Shops Act provided for a half-day holiday for shop workers.

(2) (Morocco, France-Germany) Germany sent the gunboat Panther to Agadir, Morocco, to protect German commercial interests there from French expansion in Morocco.� Britain was concerned about Germany�s ambitions in Africa so close to Gibraltar.� See 21/7/1911.

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30/6/1911, Friday (-12,366) In London, the population of Barnet was 11,335; in 1901 it had been 3,375.

28/6/1911, Wednesday (-12,368) Japan signed a commercial treaty with France.

24/6/1911, Saturday (-12,372) Argentinean racing driver Juan Fangio was born.

23/6/1911. Friday (-12,373) Coronation of King George V.

22/6/1911, Thursday (-12,374) Liverpool�s Liver Clock, called �Great George�, began showing the time.

21/6/1911, Wednesday (-12,375) The ship RMS Olympic completed its first transatlantic trip, arriving in New York after a voyage of 5 days, 16 hours and 42 minutes.

20/6/1911, Tuesday (-12,376) Britain�s first trolley bus ran, in Leeds.

19/6/1911, Monday (-12,377)

17/6/1911. Saturday (-12,379) In the UK, 60,000 women demonstrated for women�s suffrage, marching through London to a meeting at the Albert Hall.

16/6/1911. Friday (-12,380) The French army occupied Fez, in Morocco.

15/6/1911, Thursday (-12,381) (1) The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company was established. This later became IBM., see 14/2/1924.

(2) Henry Leland, founder of Cadillac, heard that his friend Byron Carter (founder of CarterCar) had been killed when he went to help a stranded motorist and when he restarted the car by crank the crank handle jumped back and broke his jaw. Leland now developed an electric starter for cars, which was standard on Cadillacs from 1912.

14/6/1911, Wednesday (-12,382) Johan Svendsen, Norwegian composer, died aged 70.

13/6/1911, Tuesday (-12,383) First performance of Stravinsky�s ballet, Petrushka.

12/6/1911, Monday (-12,384) (Aviation) A Leblanc, France, set a new aviation speed record of 77.68 mph.

11/6/1911, Sunday (-12,385) Thomas Price, speedway champion, was born.

10/6/1911, Saturday (-12,386) Terence Rattigan, playwright, was born.

9/6/1911, Friday (-12,387) Carry Amelia Nation, US campaigner for abstention from alcohol, died aged 64.

8/6/1911, Thursday (-12,388) The Birkbeck Bank, London, crashed.

7/6/1911. Wednesday (-12,389) A severe earthquake shook Mexico City, killing over 100.

3/6/1911, Saturday (-12,392) Paulette Goddard, actress, was born.

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31/5/1911. Wednesday (-12,396) The Titanic was launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.

30/5/1911, Tuesday (-12,397) The Indianapolis motor race was first held.

29/5/1911, Monday (-12,398) W S Gilbert, English poet and dramatist, died aged 75.

28/5/1911, Sunday (-12,399)

27/5/1911, Saturday (-12,400) Hubert Humphrey, US politician, was born (died 1978).

26/5/1911, Friday (-12,401) The German Reichstag granted the former French territory of Alsace-Lorraine its own legislature and a large measure of autonomy.

25/5/1911, Thursday (-12,402) (1) Mexican dictator Portofirio Diaz was ousted after 45 years rule.

(2) (Aviation) Britain passed the Aerial Navigation Act, giving powers to ban hostile flights.

23/5/1911, Tuesday (-12,404) The New York Public Library opened on 5^th Avenue.

20/5/1911, Saturday (-12,407) Edward Grace, cricketer, died (born 28/11/1841).

18/5/1911. Thursday (-12,409) Composer Gustav Mahler died of heart disease in Austria, aged 51.

17/5/1911, Wednesday (-12,410) Maureen O�Sullivan, actress, was born.

16/5/1911, Tuesday (-12,411) The Victoria Memorial in London was unveiled.

15/5/1911, Monday (-12,412) (1) (USA) After a long legal battle the US Supreme Court ordered that Standard Oil be broken up into 34 smaller companies, including Mobil Oil, Chevron and Exxon. Standard Oil had become a huge monopoly through trust agreements signed by its leader John D Rockerfeller in 1882, that gave it control over 75% of US refining capacity, 90% of US pipelines, and 15% of creude oil products. Standard Oil also had interests in gas, copper, iron, steel, shipping, banks, and railroad companies. The State of Ohio challenged this monopoly in Court , and in 1890 US Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, giving the Federal US Government the power to regulate corporate trusts that extended across State boundaries, In the 1904 Presidential Election Theodore Roosevelt began a trust-busting campaign, culminating in the 1911 Supreme Court decision against Standard Oil.

(2) King George V and his cousin the Kaiser reasserted their friendship.

13/5/1911, Saturday (-12,414)

12/5/1911. Friday (-12,415) Display of military aviation at Hendon. The Festival of Empire opened at Crystal Palace.

11/5/1911, Thursday (-12,416) The Mexican rebel Francisco Madero established a new capital at Ciudad Juarez.

10/5/1911, Wednesday (-12,417)

9/5/1911, Tuesday (-12,418) The British Parliament agreed to Home Rule for Ireland.

8/5/1911, Monday (-12,419) A direct telephone link was established between New York and Denver.

6/5/1911, Saturday (-12,421)

4/5/1911, Thursday (-12,423) Britain�s first airship was wrecked at Aldershot.

3/5/1911, Wednesday (-12,424) In Britain, Lloyd George introduced a National Health Insurance Bill.

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30/4/1911, Sunday (-12,427) Women got the vote in Portugal.

25/4/1911, Tuesday (-12,432) Jack Ruby, killer of Lee Harvey Oswald, was born.

19/4/1911, Wednesday (-12,438) Ursula Moray Williams, children�s writer, was born (died 17/10/2006)

16/4/1911, Sunday (-12,441) Easter Sunday. Guy Burgess, English civil servant who spied for the Russians, was born in Devonport. He died in August 1963 in a Moscow hospital.

8/4/1911, Saturday (-12,449) (Biology) Melvin Calvin was born in St Paul, Minnesota, USA. In 1945 he investigated photosynthesis in plants using carbon-14.

7/4/1911, Friday (-12,450) The House of Commons gave a second reading to a Bill giving copyright during an author�s lifetime and for 50 years after their death.

6/4/1911, Thursday (-12,451) (Biology) Feodor Lynen, medical researcher, was born in Munich., Germany.

5/4/1911, Wednesday (+12,452) Gordon Jones, actor, was born in Alden, Iowa, USA.

4/4/1911, Tuesday (-12,453) (1) The Duke of Marlborough and other former pupils at Eton opposed the abolition of birching at the school.

(2) Massachusetts refused to give women the right to vote.

3/4/1911, Monday (-12,458) Japan and Britain signed a commercial treaty.

2/4/1911, Sunday (-12,459) Myrtle Maclagan, cricketer, was born (died 11/3/1993).

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31/3/1911. Friday (-12,457) UK shop-workers won the fight for a 60-hour week.

28/3/1911, Tuesday (-12,460) Herve de Toulgoet, French entomologist, was born (died 14/9/2009)

26/3/1911, Sunday (-12,462) Tennessee Williams, US playwright, was born in Columbus, Mississippi.

25/3/1911, Saturday (-12,463) 146 employees died in a major fire at the Triangle shirt factory in Manhattan. It was a multi-storey building. Although the owners were held not liable in a� Court case, the incident caused fire prevention measures to be undertaken in all US factories.

24/3/1911. Friday (-12,464) Denmark abolished the death penalty.

21/3/1911, Tuesday (-12,467) Augustus Risman, rugby player, was born (died 17/10/1994).

18/3/1911, Saturday (-12,470) Italian Prime Minister Luzzatti resigned.

17/3/1911. Friday (-12,471) In Norway, Anna Rogstadt took her place as the country�s first woman MP.

16/3/1911, Thursday (-12,472) Sybille Bedford, writer, was born (died 17/2/2006).

15/3/1911, Wednesday (-12,473)

14/3/1911, Tuesday (-12,474) Akira Yoshizawa, creator of modern origami, was born (died 14/3/2005).

13/3/1911, Monday (-12,475) (USA) L Ron Hubbard, US science fiction writer who founded the scientologists, was born.

12/3/1911, Sunday (-12,476)

10/3/1911. Friday (-12,478) France adopted Greenwich Mean Time as standard time across the country.

9/3/1911, Thursday (-12,479) The British Government announced that five more battleships were to be built.

8/3/1911, Wednesday (-12,480) Britain stated it would not assist France if it was attacked by Germany.

7/3/1911, Tuesday (-12,481) (Atomic) New Zealand physicist Ernest Lord Rutherford (1871-1937) discovered the atomic nucleus. He conducted an experiment in which he fired alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a sheet of gold foil just 0.0004 mm thick, with detectors placed around the sheet, Some particles passed through but some were deflected or even bounced back. This suggested that atoms had a small region of strong central resistance in a much less dense area occupied by the electrons.

3/3/1911, Friday (-12,485) Jean Harlow, actress, was born.

1/3/1911, Wednesday (-12,487) Harry Golombek, chess player, was born (died 7/1/1995).

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28/2/1911, Tuesday (-12,488) Denis Parsons Burkitt, surgeon, was born.

26/2/1911, Sunday (-12,490)

24/2/1911, Friday (-12,492) The Reichstag voted to increase the German Army by half a million men.

23/2/1911, Thursday (-12,493) Quanah Parker, 65, Principal Chief of the Comanche Nation, died.

22/2/1911, Wednesday (-12,494) Canada voted to remain a part of the British Empire.

21/2/1911, Tuesday (-12,495) Japan and the US signed a commercial treaty in Washington.

20/2/1911, Monday (-12,496)

18/2/1911. Saturday (-12,498) The first official airmail flight. Henri Pecquet flew a load of 6,000 letters and cards 5 miles from Allahabad, India, to Naini Junction, where they were transferred to the railway.

17/2/1911, Friday (-12,499) The city of Lakewood, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, was incorporated.

16/2/1911, Thursday (-12,500) The first Monte Carlo car rally started.

11/2/1911, Saturday (-12,505)

6/2/1911. Monday (-12,510) (1) Ronald Reagan, American Republican and 40^th President, was born in Tampico, Illinois.

(2) The Labour Party elected Ramsay MacDonald as its leader, replacing Kier Hardie.

(3) A large part of Constantinople was destroyed in a fire.

5/2/1911, Sunday (-12,511) Revolution in Haiti was suppressed after its leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, was captured by government troops and shot.

4/2/1911, Saturday (-12,512) Rolls Royce adopted the Sprit of Ecstasy statuette on their cars, made in Derby, England.

3/2/1911, Friday (-12,513)

2/2/1911, Thursday (-12,514) Jussi Bjoerling, Swedish operatic singer, was born (died 1960).

1/2/1911, Wednesday (-12,515) HMS Thunderer, the last battleship to be built on the Thames, was launched from the old Thames Ironworks at Silvertown.

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30/1/1911, Monday (-12,517) Jack Besford, swimmer, was born.

28/1/1911, Saturday (-12,519) The first Monte Carlo car rally was run.

26/1/1911, Thursday (-12,521) Glenn H Curtis flew the first successful seaplane.

25/1/1911. Wednesday (-12,522) US troops were sent to Rio Grande in the Mexican Civil War.

23/1/1911, Monday (-12,524) Marie Curie, Nobel prize winner, was refused admission to the all-male French Academy of Sciences. She went on to win a second Nobel prize.

22/1/1911, Sunday (-12,525) Lady Mary Hayley Bell Mills, writer, was born (died 1/12/2005)

21/1/1911. Saturday (-12,526) The first Monte Carlo Rally began. It was won, seven days later, by Henri Rougier from France.

20/1/1911, Friday (-12,527) Ecuador refused to allow the Hague Tribunal to arbitrate in its boundary dispute with Peru.

19/1/1911, Thursday (-12,528)

18/1/1911. Wednesday (-12,529) US pilot Eugene Ely, in a Curtiss aircraft, made the first landing on the deck of a ship; the cruiser Pennsylvania in San Francisco Bay.

17/1/1911, Tuesday (-12,530) An attempt was made on the life of the French Prime Minister, Aristide Briand.

16/1/1911, Monday (-12,531) Major oil find in Borneo.

14/1/1911, Saturday (-12,533)

13/1/1911, Friday (-12,534) Sir John Bjelke Peterson, Australian politician, was born in New Zealand (died 23/4/2005).

12/1/1911, Thursday (-12,535) Thelma Kingsbury, badminton champion, was born.

11/1/1911, Wednesday (-12,536) (1) The Jehovah�s Witnesses released their film, The Photodrama of Creation, in New York. By the end of 1911 nine million people had seen it, mainly in N America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

(2) 18 killed in riots in Bombay, India.

6/1/1911, Friday (-12,541)

3/1/1911. Tuesday (-12,544) The siege of Sydney Street took place when 1,000 police and soldiers besieged three anarchists suspected of killing three policemen at a house in London�s East End. 2 Anarchists were killed as the house caught fire; the ringleader, �Peter the Painter�, escaped.

2/1/1911, Monday (-12,545) US President Taft formally recognised the new Estrada government in Nicaragua and withdrew its marines.

1/1/1911, Sunday (-12,546)

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29/12/1910, Thursday (-12,549) Reginald Doherty, tennis champion, died (born 14/10/1872).

26/12/1910, Monday (-12,552) The London Palladium Theatre opened, specialising in revues and vaudeville.

22/12/1910, Thursday (-12,556) The Fisher Closed Body Company was founded to manufacture enclosed automobile cabs.

20/12/1910. Tuesday (-12,558) Liberals and Tories tied in the UK general election. Liberals and Conservatives got 272 seats each (from 397 Liberal MPs). The Liberals under Herbert Asquith remained in power with the backing of 42 Labour MPs and 84 Irish Nationalists. The Tories lost support because their blocking of the Budget landed Britain with a �10 million debt. If the House of Lords still blocked the Budget, Asquith threatened to create 300 new peers to ensure it passed, a measure reluctantly agreed to by King George V. Reform of the powers of the House of Lords has now become a major political issue. This issue sidelined Liberal policies for home rule for Wales and Scotland. In the event, World War One also delayed home rule for Ireland.

19/12/1910, Monday (-12,559) Jean Genet, novelist, was born.

18/12/1910. Sunday (-12,560) Mr Tom Sopwith won a �4,000 aviation prize by flying from Eastchurch, Sheppey, to Beaumont, Belgium. He covered the 177 miles in 3 � hours.

16/12/1910, Friday (-12,562) US marines forced the Nicaraguan President to resign.

11/12/1910, Sunday (-12,567) In elections for the Greek National Assembly, supporters of Venizelos received 300 seats out of 364.

10/12/1910, Saturday (-12,568) In the UK, the Liberal agenda included Irish Home Rule and abolition of the House of Lords.

9/12/1910, Friday (-12,569) The Turks suppressed an Arab uprising in Palestine.

8/12/1910, Thursday (-12,570) (Aviation) G Legagneux, France, set a new aviation altitude record of 10,171 feet.

5/12/1910, Monday (-12,573) A convoy of barges on the River Volga sank, killing 350 workmen.

3/12/1910. Saturday (-12,575) (1) The first neon lighting was used, at the Paris Motor Show. In 1910, in Britain, an Austin car, �Ascot� model, cost �420. It had 15 horsepower, and the hood, windscreen, windshield, and headlights were extra.

(2) Mary Baker Eddy, American founder of the Christian Scientists, died.

(3) France occupied the Moroccan port of Agadir.

====================================================================================

29/11/1910, Tuesday (-12,579) Sir Hans Singer, economics writer, was born (died 26/2/2006).

27/11/1910, Sunday (-12,581) Pregnant French women were now legally entitled to 8 weeks leave from work.

26/11/1910, Saturday (-12,582) Cyril Cusack, actor, was born.

23/11/1910, Wednesday (-12,585) The American Dr Hawley Crippen was hanged in London�s Pentonville Prison for the murder of his wife, Cora.

20/11/1910, Sunday (-12,588) (Mexico) Francisco Madero began a rebellion against the corrupt and repressive regime of Porfirio Diaz.

19/11/1910, Saturday (-12,589) Alessandro Mussolini, father of the Italian dictator, died, aged 56.

18/11/1910, Friday (-12,590) (Women�s Rights) Black Friday, when 119 suffragettes stormed the House of Commons. Mrs Mary Clarke, sister of Emmeline Pankhurst, and Cecelia Wolsey Haig both died as a result of this incident, The enxt day Winston Churchill ordered that charges against 100 women from this episode be dropped.

17/11/1910, Thursday (-12,591)

15/11/1910, Tuesday (-12,593) Geoffrey Toone, actor, was born (died 1/6/2005).

14/11/1910. Monday (-12,594) (1) There were more than 100 arrests when suffragettes tried to storm the House of Commons.

(2) Pilot Eugene Ely, in a Curtiss biplane, made the first take-off from a ship, the US light cruiser Birmingham, at anchor in Chesapeake Bay.

11/11/1910, Friday (-12,597) Leonidas da Silva, Brazilian footballer, was born.

8/11/1910, Tuesday (-12,600) Fulke Walwyn, champion jockey, was born (died18/2/1991).

7/11/1910, Monday (-12,601) Leo Tolstoy, author of War and Peace and Anna Karenina, died.

2/11/1910, Wednesday (-12,606)

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31/10/1910, Monday (-12,610) (Aviation) R Johnston, USA, set a new aviation altitude record of 9,711 feet.

30/10/1910. Sunday (-12,609) Henri Durant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross in 1863, died.

29/10/1910, Saturday (-12,610) A J Ayer, British philosopher, was born (died 1989).

26/10/1910, Wednesday (-12,613)

23/10/1910, Sunday (-12,616) Vajiravudh (1881-1925) was crowned Rama VI, King of Thailand.

22/10/1910. Saturday (-12,617) American born Dr Hawley Harvey Crippen was convicted at the Old Bailey of poisoning his wife Belle Elmore. The trial began on 18/10/1910. Born in Michigan, USA, Crippen achieved notoriety as a poisoner. He graduated from Michigan University, and married. He then moved to England where he worked as a dentist and medicine salesman. After a party at his home in Holloway, London, on 31/1/1910, he poisoned his wife. The police began inquiries after he brought a young typist, Ethel Le Neve, to live in the house. The couple fled, and the remains of Crippen�s wife Belle were found in the cellar on 14/7/1910. Crippen was caught after the captain of the ocean liner Montrose radioed a message about two suspicious passengers to Scotland Yard. He was arrested on SS Montrose on 31/7/1910, with Ethel dressed as a boy. He was charged on 29/8/1910. This was the first time radio had been used to track down a criminal. Crippen was hanged on 23/11/1910 at Pentonville Prison, still protesting his innocence.

21/10/1910, Friday (-12,618)

20/10/1910, Thursday (-12,619) (Maritime) The Titanic�s sister ship, RMS Olympic, was launched from the Harland and Wolf shipyard in Belfast. She didn�t sink, earning the nickname �Old Reliable�.

19/10/1910, Wednesday (-12,620) (Astronomy) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Indian astronomer, was born in Lahore. In 1931 he predicted that white dwarf stars can only exist if their mass is below 1.4x the Sun, now known as the Chandrasekhar�s Limit.

17/10/1910, Monday (-12,622) Julia Howe, US author, died (born 27/5/1819).

13/10/1910, Thursday (-12,626) Art Tatum, US jazz pianist, was born.

11/10/1910, Tuesday (-12,628) Theodore Roosevelt became the first US President to fly in plane.

3/10/1910, Monday (-12,636) (Portugal) A revolution in Portugal ousted King Manoel II after a 2-year reign. The monarch, set up in 1128, ended. He and his mother left for England, where he died in 1932, and Portugal became a Republic under 67-year-old Teofilo Braga, on 7/10/1910.

2/10/1910, Sunday (-12,637) (Space Exploration) The asteroid Interamnia, seventh largest in the Solar System (300 km in diameter) was discovered by Italian astronomer Vincenzo Cerulli from an observatory in Teramo.

1/10/1910, Saturday (-12,638) (1) (Railway Tunnels) The Ricken rail tunnel, Switzerland, 8.603 km long, opened on the Wattwil-Uznach line.

(2) Bonnie Parker, US outlaw of the Bonnie and Clyde duo, was born in Rowena, Texas.

(3) The line from the tip of Kowloon, Hong Kong, to the Sino-British border opened, see 5/8/1911.

======================================================================================

30/9/1910, Friday (-12,639) US terrorist J.B. McNamara planted a time bomb in a passage beneath the headquarters of the Los Angeles Times newspaper, with 16 sticks of dynamite set to explode after working hours. Two other bombs were placed outside the homes of the Times owner and the secretary of the Merchants and Manufacturers Association. The bomb outside the Times building detonated shortly after 1:00 a.m. on Saturday, triggering an explosion of natural gas lines and setting a fire that killed 20 newspaper employees.

29/9/1910, Thursday (-12,640) US artist Winslow Homer died at his studio in Maine.

23/9/1910, Friday (-12,646) (Aviation) First crossing of the Alps by aeroplane.

19/9/1910, Monday (-12,650) Nellie Halstead, athlete, was born.

17/9/1910, Saturday (-12,652) A London doctor stated that if lunacy kept increasing at the current rate, the sane would be outnumbered by the insane within 40 years.

16/9/1910, Friday (-12,653) (Innovation) Ole Evinrude patented the outboard motor.

14/9/1910, Wednesday (-12,655)

12/9/1910. Monday (-12,657) The world�s first policewoman, Alice Stebbins Wells, formerly a social worker, joined the Los Angeles Police.

11/9/1910, Sunday (-12,658) An attempt to repeal Prohibition laws in Maine failed.

10/9/1910. Saturday (-12,659) William C Durant lost control of General Motors for the first time.

7/9/1910, Wednesday (-12,662) The first pure sample of radium was isolated by Marie Curie.

3/9/1910,� Saturday (-12,666) Samuel Barber, US composer, was born.

2/9/1910, Friday (-12,667) Henri �Le Douanier� Rousseau, French painter, died.

1/9/1910, Thursday (-12,668)

======================================================================================

29/8/1910, Monday (-12,671) Dr Crippen was charged with murder.

28/8/1910. Sunday (-12,672) (Eastern Europe, Turkey)Montenegro declared independence from Turkey under King Nicholas I, 69, who ruled for 9 years.

27/8/1910. Saturday (-12,673) (1) Thomas Edison, in New Jersey, demonstrated talking movie pictures for the first time in his New Jersey laboratory. He used a device that was part phonograph, part camera, to record sounds and pictures simultaneously. He predicted that moving pictures with sound in colour would soon be possible.

(2) Mother Teresa of Calcutta, who dedicated her life to the relief of the poor in India, was born in Skopje (Yugoslavia), of Albanian parents.

26/8/1910, Friday (-12,674) (Medical) William James, US psychologist, was born in Chocorua, new Hampshire.

24/8/1910, Wednesday (-12,676)

23/8/1910, Tuesday (-12,677) Guiseppe Meazza, Italian footballer, was born.

22/8/1910. Monday (-12,678) Japan formally annexed Korea.

21/8/1910, Sunday (-12,679) First meeting of the Greek National Assembly (officially opened by the King on 14/9/1910).

17/8/1910, Wednesday (-12,683)

14/8/1910, Sunday (-12,686) A fire at the World Exhibition, Brussels, destroyed some paintings.

13/8/1910. Saturday (-12,687) Florence Nightingale, born 12/5/1820, died in London aged 90. See 16/3/1908, 29/11/1907, and 4/11/1854.

12/8/1910, Friday (-12,688) Yusof bin Ishak, first President of Singapore 1965�70, was born in Perak State (died 1970)

11/8/1910. Thursday (-12,689) Mr Drexel set a new aviation altitude record, reaching 6,750 feet in a Bleriot monoplane.

3/8/1910. Wednesday (-12,697) Muslim Druzes killed 100 Jews in Palestine.

=====================================================================================

31/7/1910, Sunday (-12,700) The murderer Dr Crippen was arrested aboard the SS Montrose just before docking in Quebec.� He was the first criminal to be captured by the use of wireless.

27/7/1910. Wednesday (-12,704) (Greece) Turkey threatened Greece with war if it accepted Cretan representatives in Parliament.

14/7/1910, Thursday (-12,717) William Hanna, animator, was born.

12/7/1910, Tuesday (-12,719) (Road Travel) Charles Stewart Rolls, aviator and co-founder of Rolls Royce, died at an air crash in Bournemouth.

11/7/1910, Monday (-12,720) (Newspapers) Henry Dexter, founder of American News Company, died.

10/7/1910, Sunday (-12,721) Johann Galle, German astronomer who made the first observation of the planet Neptune, died.

9/7/1910, Saturday (-12,722) (Aviation) Walter Brookins set a� new aviation altitude record of 6,175 feet. By flying over a mile high, he won a prize of US$ 5,000.

8/7/1910, Friday (-12,723) Alexander Burgener, 65, Swiss mountaineer, died in an avalanche

7/7/1910, Thursday (-12,724) (Aviation) H Latham, France set a new aviation altitude record of 4,540 feet.

6/7/1910, Wednesday (-12,725) The city of Redmond, Oregon, was incorporated.

5/7/1910, Tuesday (-12,726) (Railways) The St Moritz to Tirano railway, Italy, opened.

4/7/1910. Monday (-12,727) Russia recognised Japanese occupation of Korea in return for a free hand in Manchuria.

3/7/1910, Sunday (-12,728) (USA) Esau Jenkins, African-American educator was born (died 1972).

2/7/1910, Saturday (-12,729) Frederick Furnivall, English writer, died (born 4/2/1825),

1/7/1910. Friday (-12,730) South Africa became a dominion of the British Empire.

====================================================================================

28/6/1910. Tuesday (-12,733) Westminster Cathedral, Catholic, was consecrated.

24/6/1910, Friday (-12,737) Alfa Romeo became an independent company this day. Italian car designer Guiseppe Merosi was hired by the French company Darraq to design cars for the Italian market but Merosi�s success in Italy ;led him to break away as Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (ALFA) this day. The company became ALFA Romeo after Nicola Romeo bought the company in 1918.

23/6/1910, Thursday (-12,738) Jean Anouilh, French dramatist, was born (died 1987).

22/6/1910, Wednesday (-12,739) Paul Erlich announced his cure for syphilis, Salvarsan.

20/6/1910, Monday (-12,741)

19/6/1910. Sunday (-12,742) Father�s Day was instituted in the USA.

18/6/1910, Saturday (-12,743) The city of Glendale, Arizona, was incorporated.

17/6/1910, Friday (-12,744) The United States Lighthouse Service was created as federal agency to regulate lighthouses throughout the nation. The office of the Commissioner was transferred to the United States Coast Guard in 1935.

16/6/1910, Thursday (-12,745) A cloudburst in Hungary added to existing flood waters, killing 800 people in villages in the Kronstadt district, another 180 in Temesvar and 100 in Moldava.

15/6/1910, Wednesday (-12,746) Captain Scott set out on his ill-fated second expedition to the South Pole, on the ship Terra Nova.

14/6/1910, Tuesday (-12,747) The University of the Philippines Los Ba�os was opened as a college of agriculture, with 50 students taught by Dr. Edwin Copeland.

13/6/1910, Monday (-12,748) Mary Whitehouse, General Secretary of the National Viewers and Listeners Association, was born.

12/6/1910, Sunday (-12,749) Torrential rains caused floods throughout central Europe. The Ahr River overflowed in Germany, killing 200 people around Oberammergau.

11/6/1910, Saturday (-12,750) Jacques Cousteau, French underwater explorer who invented the aqualung, was born in Saint Andre, Gironde, France.

10/6/1910, Friday (-12,751) Sir Charles Hardinge, British Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was appointed as the Viceroy of India, succeeding the Earl of Minto.

9/6/1910, Thursday (-12,752) The first trials of aircraft reconnaissance. During a record-breaking2 � hour, 145 km, flight from Camp de Chalons, Mourmelon, to Vincennes, Captain Marconnet, squeezed between the pilot and the engine, took aerial photographs of the territory below.

7/6/1910, Tuesday (-12,754)

5/6/1910, Sunday (-12,756) Death of American short-story writer O. Henry (real name William Sydney Porter).

4/6/1910, Saturday (-12,757) Christopher Cockerell, who invented the amphibious hovercraft, was born in Cambridge.

3/6/1910, Friday (-12,758) Ecuador and Peru withdrew their troops from the border between the two nations as the first step in the mediation of their dispute.

2/6/1910. Thursday (-12,759) Mr C S Rolls flew from Dover to Calais and back without landing in France, taking 90 minutes for the whole return journey.

1/6/1910, Wednesday (-12,760) The first white settlements on the banks of Alaska's Iditarod River were made when a steamer brought gold prospectors to within 13 km of a gold strike. By August, there were two towns, each with 2,000 people: Iditarod and Flat.

=====================================================================================

31/5/1910. Tuesday (-12,761) (1) The colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony united to form the Union of South Africa, see 31/5/1902.

(2) Lord Baden Powell�s sister, Agnes, announced the formation of the Girl Guides.

(3) Elizabeth Blackwell, English-born American doctor, the first woman to gain an MD degree in 1849, from Geneva College, New York State, died. Despite hostility during her education and career, she succeeded in opening up the field of medicine to women. She retired to Hastings, UK, where she died.

29/5/1910, Sunday (-12,763)

27/5/1910, Friday (-12,765) Robert Koch, German bacteriologist and Nobel Prize Winner who discovered the tuberculosis bacillus, died.

26/5/1910, Thursday (-12,766) Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Editio Saepe. This angered many German Protestants because of its derogatory comments about Luther and the Reformation. On 11/6/1910, after protests by Prussia, the Pope expressed regrets over the encyclical and ordered bishops in Germany to stop circulating it.

24/5/1910, Tuesday (-12,769) In South Africa, L Starr Jameson founded the Unionist Party, on an imperialist ideology.

19/5/1910, Thursday (-12,773) (London) Westminster Court, London, banned cabbies from asking for tips.

18/5/1910. Wednesday (-12,774) (1) The first Air Traffic Conference opened in Paris.

(2) The Earth passed through the tail of Halley�s Comet; some people feared disaster.

17/5/1910, Tuesday (-12,775)

15/5/1910, Sunday (-12,777) Constance Cummings, actress, was born (died 22/11/2005)

14/5/1910, Saturday (-12,778) Britain and Belgium agreed that the western shore of Lake Albert, Africa, was part of the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of Congo).

13/6/1910, Friday (-12,779)

12/5/1910, Thursday (-12,780) Dorothy Hodgkin, British chemist, was born (died 1994).

11/5/1910, Wednesday (-12,781) An explosion at a coal mine in Whitehaven cut off 132 men underground. They had to be abandoned; in fact none of them probably survived the explosion anyway.

10/5/1910, Tuesday (-12,782) In Britain the House of Commons resolved that the House of Lords should have no power to veto money Bills, limited power to postpone other Bills, and that the maximum lifetime of a Parliament should be reduced from seven to five years.

8/5/1910, Sunday (-12,784)

6/5/1910. Friday (-12,786) Accession of King George V, 44, to the British throne. His coronation was on 22/6/1911. He succeeded Edward VII, who died aged 68, from pneumonia. The funeral of Edward VII was on 20/5/1910.

5/5/1910. Thursday (-12,787) (Earthquake) Earthquake in Nicaragua killed 500.

4/5/1910. Wednesday (-12,788) Lloyd George introduced a National Health Insurance Bill.

3/5/1910, Tuesday (-12,789) (Medical) Howard Taylor Ricketts, US pathologist, died in Mexico City from the typhus he caught whilst researching the disease.

1/5/1910, Sunday (-12,791) The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was launched. It was an organisation of African-American Liberals; it published Crisis, edited by W E B Du Bois.

=======================================================================================

28/4/1910. Thursday (-12,794) (Aviation) M Paulham flew from London to Manchester, winning the Daily Mail prize of �10,000 for the first person to accomplish this.

27/4/1910, Wednesday (-12,795) In Britain the �People�s Budget� was passed again� by the Commons; after three hours of debate it was also passed by the Lords, and received Royal Assent.

26/4/1910, Tuesday (-12,796) Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Norwegian writer, died (born 8/12/1832).

25/4/1910, Monday (-12,797) King Albert I opened the World Exhibition in Brussels.

24/4/1910, Sunday (-12,798) Sidney Lee, billiards champion, was born (died 10/11/1988).

23/4/1910, Saturday (-12,799) (Aviation) H Latham, France, set a new aviation speed record of 48.21 mph.

22/4/1910, Friday (-12,800) Norman Steenrod, US mathematician (algebraic topology), was born in Dayton, Ohio (died 1971)

21/4/1910. Thursday (-12,801) Mark Twain, American author, died in Reading, Connecticut, aged 74.

16/4/1910, Saturday (-12,806)

12/4/1910, Tuesday (-12,810) Sir Robert Giffen, Scottish economics writer, died (born 1837)

11/4/1910, Monday (-12,811) (Australia) Labour won the Australian general elections.

8/4/1910, Friday (-12,814)

5/4/1910. Tuesday (-12,817) France banned kissing on its railways, because it caused delays.

(2) (Railways) A Trans-Andean railway from Mendoza, Argentina to Los Andes, Chile was completed.

4/4/1910, Monday (-12,818) The first Commons reading of a Bill to abolish the Lords� power of veto.

3/4/1910, Sunday (-12,819) While in Rome, former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt announced that he would not meet with Pope Leo XIII because of the Vatican's request that Roosevelt not meet first with local Methodists. In March, former Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks declined an audience for the same reason.

2/4/1910. Saturday (-12,820) A German scientist made artificial rubber.

======================================================================================

31/3/1910, Thursday (-12,822) Jean Moreas, French poet, died (born 15/4/1856).

29/3/1910, Tuesday (-12,824) The world�s largest oceanographic museum opened in Monaco.

28/3/1910. Monday (-12,825) The first seaplane took off, from near Marseilles. Called the Hydravion, it was designed by Frenchman Henri Fabre. It flew 1,650 feet.

27/3/1910. Sunday (-12,826) Easter Sunday. Mount Etna in Italy erupted.

26/3/1910, Saturday (-12,827) (Aviation) Plans for Aeropolis, an aerodrome at le Bourget, Paris, were announced.

25/3/1910, Friday (-12,828) Magda Olivero, Italian opera soprano, was born in Saluzzo (died 2014)

24/3/1910, Thursday (-12,829) Noel Murless, horse racing champion, was born (died 9/5/1987).

23/3/1910, Wednesday (-12,830) Akira Kurosawa, Japanese film maker, was born/

20/3/1910, Sunday (-12,833)

18/3/1910, Friday (-12,835) Harry Houdini made the first successful flight in Australia.

17/3/1910, Thursday (-12,836) James Dear, rackets champion, was born (died 7/11/1981).

15/3/1910, Tuesday (-12,838) Stanley Brogden, rugby player, was born.

11/3/1910, Friday (-12,842) A dam burst in The Rhondda, Wales, sweeping away 500 children; 494 were rescued.

10/3/1910. Thursday (-12,843) (1) D W Griffith made the first Hollywood film. He discovered an obscure location near Los Angeles called Hollywood where the light was very good, for shooting the film Old California; the film industry then took off rapidly here.

(2) The world�s first night aeroplane flight was made, in Argentina by Aubrun.

9/3/1910, Wednesday (-12,844) Madame. Ekaterina Breshkovskaya, 66, sometimes referred to as the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution" was convicted on charges of conspiracy and sentenced to exile in Siberia, but her co-defendant Nikolai Tchaikovsky was acquitted.

8/3/1910. Tuesday (-12,845) The French Baroness de Laroche became the first woman pilot.

7/3/1910, Monday (-12,846) (Electricity) Neon lighting was patented by Georges Claude. Neon was only discovered in 1898.Other gases can be added to give different colours; a trace of argon makes blue light, and adding helium makes white or yellow light.

1/3/1910, Tuesday (-12,852) British actor David Niven was born.

=====================================================================================

25/2/1910, Friday (-12,856) Millicent Fenwick, US diplomat, was born.

23/2/1910. Wednesday (-12,858) The Dalai Lama and several noted Tibetans fled from Lhasa to India, as Chinese troops occupied Tibet.

21/2/1910, Monday (-12,860) Douglas Bader, World War Two fighter pilot and squadron leader, was born in London.

20/2/1910, Sunday (-12,861) Egypt�s Christian PM, Butros Ghali, was assassinated by a Nationalist.

19/2/1910. Saturday (-12,862) Manchester United played their first Football League match at their new stadium, Old Trafford

18/2/1910, Friday (-12,863)

17/2/1910, Thursday (-12,864) Marc Lawrence (Max Goldsmith), actor, was born (died 28/11/2005).

16/2/1910. Wednesday (-12,865) Madame Curie succeeded in isolating one tenth of a milligram of Polonium, which was more radioactive than Radium. She named the element after her native Poland.

15/2/1910, Tuesday (-12,866)

9/2/1910, Wednesday (-12,872) J L Monod, French biochemist, was born (died 1976).

8/2/1910. Tuesday (-12,873) W Boyce founded the Boy Scout movement in America.

5/2/1910, Saturday (-12,876)

2/2/1910, Wednesday (-12,879) The British army was concerned about a possible shortage of horses if war should break out with Germany.

1/2/1910. Tuesday (-12,880) Britain�s first Employment Exchanges were set up. The 80 Exchanges were flooded by people seeking work.� See 1/1/1910.

======================================================================================

31/1/1910. Monday (-12,881) (1) Britain and Russia intervened as political unrest shook Iran.

(2) Dr Hawley Harvey Crippen poisoned his wife Belle Elmore, music hall singer, then cut her in small pieces and buried her in the cellar. See 22/10/1910. Telling suspicious friends of Elmore that she had gone to America, Dr Crippen brought secretary Ethel Le Neuve, 27, into his house as his lover.

(3) China abolished slavery. In 1906 Chou Fu, Viceroy at Nanking, called on the Emperor of China to abolish slavery. At that time all Chinese citizens had to belong to one of four classes. These were 1) the Bannermen (ruling class, 2) Free Chinese subjects, 3) Outcasts, 4) Slaves; there were severe penalties for not fulfilling the duties of their class. Fu�s recommendations were finally accepted in 1910, despite opposition from Manchu nobles. However the former slaves were still compelled to live in their master�s households for the rest of their lives, although as �free labourers�.

29/1/1910, Saturday (-12,883)

27/1/1910, Thursday (-12,885) Thomas Crapper, toilet inventor, died.

26/1/1910. Wednesday (-12,886) Thousands fled their homes in Paris as the Seine flooded. The river rose 8 metres above normal, causing 400 million Francs damage (over Euro 1 billion in 2015 prices).

20/1/1910, Thursday (-12,892) Joy Adamson, writer, was born.

16/1/1910, Sunday (-12,896) Dizzy Dean, baseball player, was born.

15/1/1910. Saturday (-12,897) UK General Election. German rearmament, the power of the Lords, and Irish Home Rule were major issues. The Liberals won with a reduced majority of 275 seats, against Labour with 40, the Irish nationalists with 82, and the Unionists with 273 seats.

11/1/1910, Tuesday (-12,901)

7/1/1910. Friday (-12,905) (Aviation) H Latham, France, set a new aviation altitude record of 3,281 feet.

6/1/1910, Thursday (-12,906) Loretta Young, actress, was born.

5/1/1910, Wednesday (-12,907) Jack Lovelock, athlete, was born.

4/1/1910, Tuesday (-12,908) The first Juvenile Courts in Britain opened in London.

3/1/1910, Monday (-12,909)

1/1/1910, Saturday (-12,911) Britain passed the Labour Exchange Act, see 1/2/1910.

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31/12/1909, Friday (-12,912) (1) Henry Ferguson made the first aeroplane flight from Irish soil, at Hillsborough near Belfast.

(2) New York�s Manhattan Bridge opened; it cost US$ 31 million to build.

30/12/1909, Thursday (-12,913) The first aeroplane flight of over 100 miles was made.

23/12/1909. Thursday (-12,920) Prince Albert took the oath of fidelity of the Belgian constitution and became King Albert I of Belgium. He was born on 8/4/1875 at Brussels.� He died from a fall whilst rock climbing at Namur on 17/2/1934.

21/12/1909, Tuesday (-12,922) Dr Jose Madriz became president of Nicaragua.

20/12/1909, Monday (-12,923) The first cinema opened in Ireland, the Volta in Dublin.

19/12/1909, Sunday (-12,924) Juan Gomez seized power in Venezuela.

18/12/1909, Saturday (-12,925) (Aviation) Albert Kimmerling became the first pilot in South Africa.

17/12/1909, Friday (-12,926) Albert I, 34, succeeded his uncle Leopold II as King of Belgium, who died, aged 74, this day. Leopold II had ruled for nearly 41 years and amassed great personal wealth from his exploitation of the Congo. Albert I ruled until 1934.

16/12/1909, Thursday (-12,927) US marines forced the resignation of President Jose Zelaya of Nicaragua.

15/12/1909, Wednesday (-12,928) (Companies) The first Radisson Hotel was opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The 16 story building was constructed by heiress Edna Dickerson and had 425 rooms. By 2009, there were 420 Radisson hotels worldwide.

14/12/1909, Tuesday (-12,929) Frederick Greenwood, English writer, died (born 4/1830).

13/12/1909, Monday (-12,930) (Marine) Sir Alfred Jones, British ship owner, died (born 1845).

12/12/1909, Sunday (-12,931) Armand Boni, Flemish poet and writer, was born in Antwerp, Belgium (died 1991)

11/12/1909, Saturday (-12,932) Ludwig Mond, British chemist, died (born 7/3/1839).

10/12/1909, Friday (-12,933) Herbert Asquith, British Prime Minister, promised self-rule for Ireland in a speech at the Royal Albert Hall.

9/12/1909, Thursday (-12,934) Douglas Fairbanks Jr, actor, was born

7/12/1909, Tuesday (-12,936) A proclamation was read on the steps of the Royal Exchange, London, announcing the creation of the self-governing Union of South Africa.

1/12/1909, Wednesday (-12,942) (Aviation) H Latham, France, set a new aviation altitude record of 1,486 feet.

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30/11/1909, Tuesday (-12,943) The House of Lords threw out a Budget by Liberal Chancellor Lloyd George they considered too left-wing. Prime Minister Herbert Asquith now faced a General Election. The controversial Budget proposed taxing the highest 10,000 earners with incomes over �5,000 a year in Britain an extra 6d in the � income tax, over and above the rate of 1 shilling 2d in the � paid by all earners above �2,000 a year, a rise from 1 shilling in the �. Unearned income was also to be taxed at 1s 2d in the �. Death duties were to be doubled. The tax money would fund rearmament and old age pensions. The Tories described the Budget as a tax on the propertied classes. On 3/12/1909 King Edward VII dissolved Parliament, and taxes on alcohol, tobacco and cars were suspended as no Budget had been passed. For half a century it had been accepted that the unelected Lords could not veto a money Bill from the elected Commons, but the Tories argued this Bill had too many non-financial measures to come under this rule.

29/11/1909, Monday (-12,944) John Brown, boxer, was born (died 15/3/1971)

28/11/1909, Sunday (-12,945) In France, a law was passed giving pregnant women 8 weeks maternity leave.

23/11/1909, Tuesday (-12,950) (Sea, canal) The New Kings Dock at Swansea opened.

18/11/1909, Thursday (-12,955) Richard Gilder, US poet, died (born 8/2/1844).

16/11/1909, Tuesday (-12,957) The first aviation enterprise in the world was founded. It was the Deutsche Luftschiffahrts AG, better known as DELAG.

14/11/1909. Sunday (-12,959) The US President, William Taft, announced that a naval base would be built on Hawaii at Pearl Harbour to protect the US from attack from Japan.

13/11/1909, Saturday (-12,960) Two bombs were thrown at the Viceroy of India, The Earl of Minto.

8/11/1909, Monday (-12,965) Katherine Hepburn, US actress, was born.

5/11/1909. Friday (-12,968) The first Woolworth store opened in Britain, in Lord Street, Liverpool.

2/11/1909, Tuesday (-12,971) William Frith, English painter, died (born 9/1/1819).

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31/10/1909, Sunday (-12,973) (1) The National University of Ireland, Dublin, came into being.

(2) Queens University, Belfast, came into being.

30/10/1909, Saturday (-12,974) The 5^th Vanderbilt Cup race was held on Long Island, New York, USA.

28/10/1909, Thursday (-12,976) Francis Bacon, Irish-born artist, was born (died 1992).

26/10/1909, Tuesday (-12,978) (1) Ahn Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist and independence activist, shot dead Hirobumi Ito, the Japanese colonial governor of Korea, on a station platform at Harbin.

(2) General Motors purchased Cartercar

22/10/1909. Friday (-12,982) Elise Deroche, who used the self-created title Baronne de la Roche, became the first woman to fly solo.

21/10/1909, Thursday (-12,983) Halley�s Comet was sighted from Cambridge Observatory, UK.

20/10/1909, Wednesday (-12,984)

19/10/1909, Tuesday (-12,985) Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminological writer, died.

18/10/1909, Monday (-12,986) (Aviation) Comte de Lambert, France, set a new aviation altitude record of 984 feet.

16/10/1909, Saturday (-12,988) The first commercial airline began. Count Zeppelin�s Deutsche Luftschiffahrt Aktiengesellschaft, or Delag, flew airships between the major German cities.

13/10/1909, Wednesday (-12,991) Yerren, leader of the anti-clerical party in Spain, was executed.

9/10/1909, Saturday (-12,995) (Britain) Donald Coggan, 101^st Archbishop of Canterbury, was born.

6/10/1909, Wednesday (-12,998) Dudley Buck, US composer, died (born 10/3/1839).

2/10/1909. Saturday (-13,002) The first Rugby match at Twickenham was played � Harlequins versus Richmond.

=======================================================================================

28/9/1909. Tuesday (-13,006) London confirmed that suffragettes were being force-fed.

20/9/1909, Monday (-13,014) The South Africa Act received the Royal Assent.

18/9/1909, Saturday (-13,016) Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana�s first Prime Minister, was born in Ankroful. He was President from independence in 1957 until an army coup sent him into exile in Guinea in 1966.

17/9/1909, Friday (-13,017) Ed Cole, GM executive, was born this day. He developed the small-block V8 engine, and pioneered research into alternative fuels to petrol. He retired from the GM board in 1974.

16/9/1909, Thursday (-13,018)

15/9/1909, Wednesday (-13,019) In 1895 George Selden received a patent for the petrol driven car, meaning he must be paid royalties every time pone was made. He set up the ALAM (Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers) to arrange payments of these royalties. Henry Ford, however, was excluded from the ALAM, because he was disliked by former business partners. Ford built the cars anyway, and was sued by Seldon, who won his case this day. However Ford then appealed, as his cars used a different engine to that in the Seldon patent, and he won the appeal, ending Seldon�s monopoly.

14/9/1909, Tuesday (-13,020) Peter Scott, yachtsman, was born (died 29/8/1989).

11/9/1909, Saturday (-13,023) Halley�s Comet was first observed, at Heidelberg.

9/9/1909, Thursday (-13,025) (Railways) Edward Harriman, US rail magnate who turned the Union Pacific Railway around from near-bankruptcy in 1898, died (born 25/5/1848).

6/9/1909, Monday (-13,028) Severino Minelli, Swiss footballer, was born.

4/9/1909. Saturday (-13,030) The first Boy Scout rally took place at Crystal Palace, south London. The Boy Scout movement was begun in 1908 by Baden Powell; he set up a Scout camp for 20 boys on Brownsea Island in 1908. In 1910 the Scout movement spread to the USA, and became so successful that in 1911 Baden-Powell left the army to develop it; the Scout movement received a Royal Charter in 1912.

=======================================================================================

30/8/1909, Monday (-13,035) Floods in Mexico killed 1,400.

29/8/1909, Sunday (-13,036) (Aviation) H Latham, France, set a new aviation altitude record of 509 feet.

26/8/1909, Thursday (-13,039)

24/8/1909, Tuesday (-13,041) (Aviation) Bleriot set a new aviation speed record of 46.18 mph.

23/8/1909, Monday (-13,042) (Aviation) G Curtiss, USA, set a new aviation speed record of 43.38 mph.

22/8/1909, Sunday (-13,043) 5 US workers died in steel industry riots.

18/8/1909, Wednesday (-13,047) Sir Theodore Martin, British author, died (born 16/9/1816).

16/8/1909, Monday (-13,049) The Conservative leader Arthur Balfour argued that giving equal rights to South African Black people would undermine White civilization.

14/8/1909, Saturday (-13,051) The first motorcycle race at Indianopolis Motor Speedway was held, the second day of the race was cancelled as the gritty surface caused many of the bike tyres to puncture.

8/8/1909, Sunday (-13,057) William Voce, cricketer, was born (died 6/6/1984).

6/8/1909, Friday (-13,059) Adalbert Merx, German scholarly writer, died (born 2/11/1838).

5/8/1909, Thursday (-13,060) Patrick Prendergast, champion jockey, was born (died 20/6/1980).

3/8/1909, Tuesday (-13,062)

2/8/1909. Monday (-13,063) (Aviation) The US military accepted its first heavier-than-air flying machine, built by the Wright Brothers.

1/8/1909, Sunday (-13,064) (Spain) End of the �Tragic Week� in Barcelona; from 26/7/1909 over 100 civilians had been killed and many buildings destroyed in rioting in Barcelona.

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31/7/1909, Saturday (-13,065) The Zion National Park, 24.75 square miles, was established by order of US President William Howard Taft.

30/7/1909, Friday (-13,066) (1) (Britain) Northcote Parkinson, British author, historian and journalist, best known for stating Parkinson�s Law that work expands to fill the time available, was born.

(2) (Earthquake) Earthquake in Mexico; Acapulco destroyed.

29/7/1909, Thursday (-13,067) General Motors purchased Cadillac for US$ 4.5 million.

28/7/1909, Wednesday (-13,068) Martial Law was declared in Spain.

27/7/1909, Tuesday (-13,069) (South Africa) MPs gave the South African Union Bill its second reading, but deplored the fact that the Bill would deny the Black population the right to vote.

26/7/1909, Monday (-13,070) (Spain) A general strike began in Barcelona, lasting until 26/9/1909. There was rioting across Catalonia.

25/7/1909. Sunday (-13,071) (Aviation) Louis Bleriot became the first man to fly across the English Channel.� He flew from Les Barques near Calais to Northfall Meadow near Dover Castle, covering 26 miles in 43 minutes.� Aged 37, born on 1/7/1872 in Cambrai, France, Bleriot won �1,000 for his flight, in a plane designed by himself, a prize awarded by the Daily Mail for the first person to perform this feat. Bleriot died in August 1936.� The British now realised that the Channel was less of a defensive barrier than it used to be.

24/7/1909, Saturday (-13,072) (France) Aristide Briand became French PM.

18/7/1909, Sunday (-13,078) Don Carlos, claimant to the Spanish throne, died (born 30/3/1848).

16/7/1909, Friday (-13,080) (Iran) Ali Kuh Khan, leader of the Bakhtari tribe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtiari_people

deposed Ali Shah, the Shah of Persia. The Russian Army then invaded northern Persia, occupying the city of Tabriz, ostensibly on behalf of the deposed Shah. They antagonised the Bakhtari. Ali Kuh Khan replaced the Shah with his son, 12-year-old Ahmad.

13/7/1909, Tuesday (-13,083) Dorothy Round, tennis champion, was born (died 12/11/1982).

11/7/1909, Sunday (-13,085) Simon Newcomb, US astronomer, died (born 12/3/1835).

8/7/1909, Thursday (-13,088) Gaston Galliffet, French General, died (born 23/1/1830).

7/7/1909, Wednesday (-13,089) (Railway Tunnels) The Tauern rail tunnel, Austria, 8.551 km long, opened on the Bad Gastein-Spittal line.

6/7/1909, Tuesday (-13,090) (Russia) Andrei Gromyko, President of the USSR, was born near Minsk, to a peasant family.

4/7/1909, Sunday (-13,092)

2/7/1909, Friday (-13,094) �Fritz Haber succeeded in sustaining his ammonia production process for 5 hours, proving that it could produce commercial quantities of ammonia.

1/7/1909, Thursday (-13,095) Indian terrorist assassinated Anglo-Indian Sir Curzon Wylie.

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30/6/1909, Wednesday (-13,096)

29/6/1909. Tuesday (-13,097) 120 suffragettes arrested outside the Houses of Parliament, London.

28/6/1909, Monday (-13,098) Jackie Berg, boxer, was born (died 22/4/1991).

27/6/1909, Sunday (-13,099) Daimler introduced their three-point Mercedes logo.

26/6/1909. Saturday (-13,100) King Edward VII opened the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

24/6/1909, Thursday (-13,102) Sarah Jewett, US novelist, died (born 3/9/1849).

20/6/1909, Sunday (-13,106) The German Army adopted the Zeppelin as its first air arm.

18/6/1909, Friday (-13,108) Joan of Arc was beatified by the Pope, 478 years after the English burnt her at the stake in Rouen.

15/6/1909, Tuesday (-13,111) The first motorised hearse was introduced by Crane and Breed in Cincinatti, Ohio, USA

14/6/1909, Monday (-13,112) Burt Ives, musician, was born.

13/6/1909, Sunday (-13,113) Shackleton arrived back in Dover after his Antarctic expedition.

12/6/1909. Saturday (-13,114) Natal voted for union with South Africa.

11/6/1909. Friday (-13,115) Earthquake killed 60 in Provence, France.

10/6/1909, Thursday (-13,116) The SOS distress signal was used for the first time, when the Cunard liner Slavonia was wrecked off the Azores.

9/6/1909, Wednesday (-13,117)

7/6/1909. Monday (-13,119) France joined the arms race by announcing it was to spend �120 million on new naval ships.

6/6/1909, Sunday (-13,120) Isaiah Berlin, Russian-British political philosopher, was born.

5/6/1909, Saturday (-13,121) A manned balloon race was held from the recently-constructed Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana. The winner of the race, judged by the furthest distance travelled, was a balloon that landed 382 miles away in Alabama, over 24 hours after take-off.

4/6/1909, Friday (-13,122)

2/6/1909, Wednesday (-13,124) June MacCloy, actress, was born (died 5/5/2005).

1/6/1909, Tuesday (-13,125) The Seattle World Fair opened.

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30/5/1909, Sunday (-13,127) Benny Goodman, US jazz band leader, was born.

27/5/1909, Thursday (-13,130) (Clothes, Fashion) The first electric washing machine, the Thor was patented by Alva Fisher for the Hurley Washing Machine Company.

26/5/1909, Wednesday (-13,131) Sir Matthew Busby, footballer, was born (died 20/1/1994).

25/5/1909, Tuesday (-13,132) Stewart Morris, yachting champion, was born (died 4/2/1991).

24/5/1909, Monday (-13,133) (Education, University) Bristol University received a Royal Charter.

23/5/1909, Sunday (-13,134) US police broke up a lecture given by the anarchist Emma Goldman.

18/5/1909, Tuesday (-13,139) Frederick Perry, tennis champion, was born (died 2/2/1995).

15/5/1909, Saturday (-13,142) British actor James Mason was born.

8/5/1909, Saturday (-13,149) Friedrich von Holstein, German statesman, died (born 1837)

7/5/1909, Friday (-13,150) Edwin Land, American inventor of the Polaroid lens and the instant camera, was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

4/5/1909, Tuesday (-13,153)

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30/4/1909, Friday (-13,157) (Netherlands) Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, was born to Princess Wilhelmina.

29/4/1909. Thursday (-13,158) A radical budget presented by the Liberal government of Britain, under David Lloyd-George, chancellor of the Exchequer, angered the Tories. It contained provisions for a new �supertax� of 6d in the pound on the 10,000 people in Britain with incomes of over �5,000 a year, to pay for old age pensions and re-armament. The standard rate of income tax remained at 9d in the pound for income up to �2,000 and one shilling per pound for income above that. Luxury taxes on alcohol, tobacco, and petrol also rose. The idea was to shift taxation from the workers as producers of wealth to its possessors, the wealthy bosses.

28/4/1909, Wednesday (-13,159) (Aviation) The Aerial League of Australia held its first meeting.

27/4/1909, Tuesday (-13,160) (Turkey) Mehmed V (1844-1918) succeeded his father, Abdul Hamid II (born 1842, died 1918; Sultan from 1876 � 1909) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

26/4/1909, Monday (-13,161) Marcus Dods, Scottish religious writer, died (born 1834).

25/4/1909, Sunday (-13,162) Jaroslav Doubrava, composer, was born in Chrudim, Czech Republic (died 1960)

24/4/1909, Saturday (-13,163) The Turkish Army coup of 13/4/1909 was suppressed, and its leaders executed.

23/4/1909. Friday (-13,164) Moslem fanatics backed by the sultan massacred at least 30,000 Armenians.

22/4/1909, Thursday (-13,165) In Westminster a Bill was introduced to abolish censorship in plays.

20/4/1909, Tuesday (-13,167)

19/4/1909. Monday (-13,168) Turkey recognised Bulgarian independence. On 27/4/1909, Germany, Austria, and Italy also recognised Bulgarian independence.

18/4/1909, Sunday (-13,169) Joan of Arc was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church; she was canonised in 1920.

17/4/1909, Saturday (-13,170) The first patent for a catalytic converter on a car internal combustion engine was filed by Michel Frenkel, a French chemist. He used a ceramic honeycomb with 30g of platinum; modern convertors use the same principle but with a thinner lighter metal honeycomb and only need 3g of platinum, rhodium or palladium. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are catalysed with extra oxygen into carbon dioxide and water.

13/4/1909, Tuesday (-13,174) Army insurrection in Constantinople. The First Army Corps deposed Hussein Hilmi Pasha. See 24/4/1909.

11/4/1909, Sunday (-13,176) Easter Sunday.

10/4/1909. Saturday (-13,177) British forces landed at Tabriz, Iran, as famine caused fears of unrest.

9/4/1909, Friday (-13,178) The first closed-top double-decker buses ran in Britain, in Widnes. In London there were police restrictions against roofed-in upper decks and such buses did not run there until 2/10/1925.

7/4/1909, Wednesday (-13,180)

6/4/1909.� Tuesday (-13,181) Commander Peary of the USA became the first person to reach the North Pole, with a Black assistant, Matthew Henson, and four Eskimos.. It was his sixth attempt in 15 years.

5/4/1909, Monday (-13,182) The Aerial League of the British Empire was founded, to promote British superiority in the air.

4/4/1909, Sunday (-13,183) The Young Turk, Mahmud Shevket, entered Constantinople, and imposed his will on the National Assembly and the Old Turks.

3/4/1909, Saturday (-13,184) Pascual Cervera, Spanish Admiral, died (born 18/2/1839).

1/4/1909, Thursday (-13,186)

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31/3/1909, Wednesday (-13,187) Serbia formally recognised Austria�s annexation pf Bosnia-Hercegovina.

30/3/1909, Tuesday (-13,188) New York�s Queensboro Bridge opened; it cost US$ 17 million to build.

28/3/1909, Sunday (-13,190)

26/3/1909, Friday (-13,192) Martin Hodgson, rugby player, was born (died 19/7/1991).

25/3/1909, Thursday (-13,193) Egypt imposed press censorship, to control the Nationalists.

24/3/1909, Wednesday (-13,194) Clyde Barrow, one of the Bonnie and Clyde outlaws, was born in Toledo, Texas.

23/3/1909, Tuesday (-13,195) John Davidson, British writer, died (born 11/4/1857).

21/3/1909, Sunday (-13,197) Reginald McKenna, First Lord of the Admiralty, caused dismay in the House of Commons when he stated that the UK Government had underestimated Admiral von Tirpitz�s programme to expand the German navy.

19/3/1909, Friday (-13,199) Britain�s first international aircraft exhibition opened.

18/3/1909, Thursday (-13,200) Henry Longhurst, golfing champion, was born (died 21/7/1978).

17/3/1909, Wednesday (-13,201)

16/3/1909, Tuesday (-13,202) The first meeting of the Port of London Authority.

15/3/1909. Monday (-13,203) The new Selfridges (American-owned) store opened on a 6 acre site in Oxford Street, London.

7/3/1909, Sunday (-13,211) Andre Abegglen, Swiss footballer, was born.

4/3/1909, Thursday (-13,214) William Taft was inaugurated as US President.

===================================================================================

28/2/1909, Sunday (-13,218) Professor Linus Pauling, American chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize winner, was born.

26/2/1909, Friday (-13,220) Artist Emmanuel Poire, pseudonym Caran D�Ache (lead pencil), born 1858, died.

25/2/1909, Thursday (-13,221) (Atomic) Lev Andreevich Artsimovich, Soviet physicist, was born in Moscow. He developed the Tokamak fusion design.

24/2/1909. Wednesday (-13,222) (1) Serbia made demands on Austria for Bosnia-Hercegovina.

(2) Colour films were shown to the public for the first time, in Brighton.

23/2/1909, Tuesday (-13,223)

21/2/1909, Sunday (-13,225) Ferdinand I of Bulgaria visited Russia to obtain the financial aid he needed to pay Ottoman Turkey an indemnity for Bulgarian independence.

20/2/1909, Saturday (-13,226) The Hudson Motor Company was founded. Its first factory was in Detroit, Michigan.

17/2/1909. Wednesday (-13,229) (1) A Royal Commission on Britain�s Poor Laws said no more children should live in workhouses. In urban areas, up to a third of older people also died in Poor Law institutions, which included children�s homes, infirmaries and lunatic asylums as well as workhouses. The Old Age Pension, which started on 1/1/1909, should ease the financial destitution of poorer older people.

(2) Geronimo, the last Apache chief to surrender, died at his ranch on an Oklahoma reservation, aged 90.

13/2/1909, Saturday (-13,233) (Turkey) In Turkey, Kiamil Pasha, 76-year-old Ottoman Grand Vizier, was deposed and replaced by Hussein Hilmi Pasha.

12/2/1909, Friday (-13,234) Bernabe Ferreyra, Argentinean footballer, was born.

11/2/1909, Thursday (-13,235) Joseph Mankiewicz, film director, was born.

10/2/1909, Wednesday (-13,236)

9/2/1909. Tuesday (-13,237) In London a court ruled that a woman could not have a divorce even if her husband had deserted her.

8/2/1909, Monday (-13,238) The UK Government announced that six more Dreadnought battleships were to be built for the Navy.

3/2/1909, Wednesday (-13,243) French philosopher Simone Weil was born.

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25/1/1909, Monday (-13,252) Leone Kingsbury, badminton champion, was born.

22/1/1909, Friday (-13,255) U Thant, diplomat and Secretary General to the United Nations, was born in Pantanaw, Burma.

21/1/1909. Thursday (-13,256) Tennessee adopted alcohol prohibition.

18/1/1909. Monday (-13,259) New Zealand brewers abolished barmaids and banned women from buying alcohol in bars.

16/1/1909. Saturday (-13,261) The magnetic south pole was found by Sir Ernest Shackleton, who was knighted later the same year.

15/1/1909, Friday (-13,262) Gianroberto Bugatti, son of the car designer Ettore Bugatti, was born this day in Germany. This day also his father founded Automobiles E Bugatti. Aged 23, Gianroberto (Jean) designed several Bugatti models. He was killed in a car accident on 11/8/1939.

14/1/1909, Thursday (-13,263) Joseph Losey, US film director, was born (died 1984).

13/1/1909, Wednesday (-13,264)

12/1/1909. Tuesday (-13,265) Turkey accepted Austria�s offer of 2.5 million Turkish Pounds for Bosnia-Hercegovina.

11/1/1909. Monday (-13,266) Four murderers were publicly guillotined in northern France.

9/1/1909, Saturday (-13,264) The Badger 4-Wheel Drive Auto Company was founded.

5/1/1909. Tuesday (-13,272) (1) Hindus and Moslems rioted in Calcutta.

(2) The Colombian Government formally recognised Panamanian independence.

3/1/1909, Sunday (-13,274) Victor Borge, musician, was born.

1/1/1909. Friday (-13,276) In Britain, men and women over 70 began to draw Old Age Pensions.� The rate was 5 shillings (25p) a week.� See 7/5/1908.

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31/12/1908, Thursday (-13,277) (1) Wilbur Wright set a new aeroplane flight duration time of 2 hours 20 minutes.

(2) Simon Wiesenthal, noted hunter of Nazi war criminals, was born; he died in 2005.

30/12/1908, Wednesday (-13,278)

29/12/1908, Tuesday (-13,279) Dr Magnus Pyke, nutritional scientist, was born.

28/12/1908. Monday (-13,280) An earthquake killed more than 75,000 people in Messina, Sicily, over half the population. This was the most violent earthquake ever recorded in Europe.

24/12/1908, Thursday (-13,284) In Paris, President Armand Fallieres opened the first international aviation show.

22/12/1908. Tuesday (-13,286) In New York, Katie Mulcaney became the first woman arrested under a new law prohibiting women from smoking in public.

21/12/1908, Monday (-13,287) The Port of London Authority was constituted.

20/12/1908, Sunday (-13,288)

19/12/1908, Saturday (-13,289) (Aviation) Port Aviation, the world�s first aerodrome, wad completed, 12 miles from Paris.

18/12/1908, Friday (-13,290) Wilbur Wright became the first man to attain the height of 360 feet in a plane.

17/12/1908, Thursday (-13,291) Birth of US chemist Willard Frank Libby, who developed radio-carbon dating.

14/12/1908, Monday (-13,294)

11/12/1908, Friday (-13,297) Elliott Carter, US composer, was born.

10/12/1908. Thursday (-13,298) (1) Ernest Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on radioactivity and the atom.

(2) In Britain, the National Farmers Union was founded.

9/12/1908, Wednesday (-13,299) Germany introduced restrictions on the hours that women and children could work in factories.

7/12/1908, Monday (-13,301) (Military) Major explosion at the Dum Dum arsenal in India, killing some 50 Indian workmen. It was here in around 1898 that �Dum Dum� bullets were first manufactured by the British. They have a hollow nose and so expand on impact, causing a more serious wound than ordinary bullets. These bullets were used by the Russians against Japan in 1904/5, and after protests by Japan the Second Hague Convention subsequently banned their use. This convention was signed by most States, but not the UK or USA.

2/12/1908. Wednesday (-13,306) In China, the child emperor Pu Yi succeeded to the throne, aged 2. His father, the Regent Prince Chun, held the real power.� Pu Yi was forced to abdicate in 1912 aged 5 as Republican forces gained strength in China.

1/12/1908, Tuesday (-13,307) Italy demanded that Austria pay compensation for the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, see 7/10/1908.

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29/11/1908, Sunday (-13,309)

28/11/1908. Saturday (-13,310) The Court of Appeal in Britain ruled that Unions could not use their funds for political purposes. Many Labour MPs depended on sponsorship by the Unions.

27/11/1908, Friday (-13,311) Jean Gaudry, French geological writer, died (born 16/9/1827).

26/11/1908, Thursday (-13,312) Charles (Lord) Forte, hotelier, was born.� He opened Newport Pagnell services on the M1 in 1959, and died in 2007.

25/11/1908, Wednesday (-13,313) (Christian) The Christian Science Monitor began publication at Boston, USA.

23/11/1908, Monday (-13,315)

20/11/1908, Friday (-13,318) Joe McAvoy, boxer, was born (died 20/11/1971).

19/11/1908, Thursday (-13,319) A court in St Petersburg was adjourned when the prosecuting council refused to deal with Russia�s first female barrister.

18/11/1908, Wednesday (-13,320) Imogene Coca, American actress, was born (died 2001)

17/11/1908, Tuesday (-13,321) Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, Canadian politician, died (born 5/12/1829).

16/11/1908, Monday (-13,322) (Christian) Soeur Emmanuelle, French nun who gave much aid to the poor in Egypt and Turkey, was born (died 2008)

15/11/1908. Sunday (-13,323) (1) Death of the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi, at 37 years of age. Her suspicious demise (she was not unhealthy) greatly reduced the chances of a smooth transition to a constitutional monarchy in China.

(2) Austria sent troops to the Serbian frontier.

14/11/1908, Saturday (-13,324) Joseph McCarthy, US politician and lawyer noted for his purge against Communists, was born in Grand Chute, Wisconsin.

13/11/1908, Friday (-13,325) C Vann Woodward, US historian, was born (died 1992).

12/11/1908, Thursday (-13,326) General Motors purchased Oldsmobile.

11/11/1908, Wednesday (-13,327)

9/11/1908, Monday (-13,329) Britain�s first woman Mayor, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, was elected, at Aldeburgh, Suffolk.

8/11/1908, Sunday (-13,330) (Electrical) William Edward Ayrton, English electrical physicist, (born 14/9/1847 in London) died in London.

7/11/1908, Saturday (-13,331) The British Navy launched its biggest battleship to date, the HMS Collingwood.

6/11/1908, Friday (-13,332) A cotton workers strike in Lancashire ended after seven weeks with the workers accepting a pay cut.

5/11/1908, Thursday (-13,333) The Cullinan Diamond was cut for Queen Alexandra, Britain.

4/11/1908, Wednesday (-13,334) Sir Joseph Rotblat, scientist who helped develop the atomic bomb, was born (died 29/8/2005)

3/11/1908. Tuesday (-13,335) William Howard Taft, Republican candidate, was elected 27^th President of the USA.

1/11/1908, Sunday (-13,337) Edward Caird, British religious writer, died (born 22/3/1835).

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28/10/1908, Wednesday (-13,341) Enver Hoxha, Stalinist dictator of Yugoslavia from the end of World War Two till his death in 1985, was born.� He declared the country atheist in 1967.

25/10/1908, Sunday (-13,344) Lewis Campbell, British classical scholar (born 3/9/1830) died.

24/10/1908. Saturday (-13,345) The suffragettes Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel were jailed.

23/10/1908, Friday (-13,346) (Science) Pavel E Cherenkov, physicist, was born in St Petersburg, Russia.

21/10/1908. Wednesday (-13,348) (1) The Prime Minister of Britain, Herbert Asquith, announced emergency measures to deal with unemployment.� The jobless were to be recruited into the Post Office, the dockyards, and the Army Special Reserve.

(2) (Aviation, Women�s Rights) Over London the suffragettes made the first ever leaflet raid, hiring an airship and throwing out leaflets demanding �Votes for Women!�.

16/10/1908, Friday (-13,353) (1) The first powered aeroplane flight in Britain, at Farnborough, piloted by the American Samuel Franklin Cody. He flew 1,390 feet in 27 seconds.

(2) A new harbour at Dover was opened as part of a national system of defence.

15/10/1908, Thursday (-13,354) The Royal College of Surgeons decided to allow women to obtain the Licence in Dental Surgery.

14/10/1908, Wednesday (-13,355) (USA) George Harold Brown, US engineer, was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

13/10/1908, Tuesday (-13,356) Daniel Gilman, US educational writer, died (born 6/7/1831)

12/10/1908, Monday (-13,357) (Electricity) London hosted an international conference to agree on standardised electrical units, with 18 countries attending.

10/10/1908, Saturday (-13,359)

9/10/1908, Friday (-13,360) Jacques Tati, French comedian who created Monsieur Hulot�s Holiday, was born.

8/10/1908. Thursday (-13,361) The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth Grahame�s children�s book, was published. It was still in print in 2001.

7/10/1908. Wednesday (-13,362) (East Europe, Greece-Turkey) Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, taking advantage of instability within the Ottoman Empire. Though formally part of the Ottoman Empire, its Serb-Croat population favoured union with Serbia. Other European countries were shocked at Austria�s move. Serbia was especially angry that Serbs in the region had not got autonomy. However Russia agreed with Austria not to oppose this annexation in return for Austria supporting the opening of the Dardanelles to Russian warships. Turkey accepted cash compensation for the loss of Bosnia and Hercegovina on 12/1/1909. See 1/12/1908.

6/10/1908. Tuesday (-13,363) Crete declared itself independent of Turkey and joined Greece.

5/10/1908. Monday (-13,364) (East Europe, Greece-Turkey) Prince Ferdinand declared Bulgaria independent of Ottoman Turkey; Bulgaria had been under Ottoman rule since the late 1300s.� Russia wanted Turkey weak so as not to block its plans for expansion.

1/10/1908, Thursday (-13,368) Ford opened a sales office in Paris, France.

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29/9/1908. Tuesday (-13,370) In Switzerland, the international conference on worker�s rights banned night shifts for children under 14.

27/9/1908, Sunday (-13,372) Eddie Hapgood, English footballer, was born.

24/9/1908, Thursday (-13,375) Persons over 70 in Britain began applying for pensions, see 1/1/1909.

20/9/1908, Sunday (-13,377) Pablo de Sarasate, violinist and composer, died

18/9/1908, Friday (-13,381) (Railways) The railway from Oroya to Huanco opened.

17/9/1908. Thursday (-13,382) (Aviation) The first plane crash fatality occurred when a passenger of Orville Wright died.� The fatality was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, of the US signal corps, and the accident happened near Fort Meyer, Virginia, when a propeller broke in mid-flight and the plane plunged 150 foot to the ground.

16/9/1908. Wednesday (-13,383) William C Durant founded General Motors this day as a holding company. Initially GM held only the Buick Motor Company, of which Durant was the owner. However GM soon acquired a number of other car manufacturers, including Cadillac, Cartercar, Oakland, Oldsmobile and Reliance Motor Truck Company. Oakland later became Pontiac. Durant tried to acquire Ford, the purchase price of US$ 8 million being approved by the GM Board, but Durant could not get financing for the purchase as GM already was already significantly in debt from other purchases. This led to Durant�s removal from the Board, however he later regained control as part of a deal to have GM purchase Chevrolet, a company he co-founded in 1911. GM in 2017 owned the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling brands.

15/9/1908, Tuesday (-13,384) John Collins, English literary critic, died (born 26/3/1848).

14/9/1908, Monday (-13,385) Clayton Moore, actor, was born in Chicago, Illinois.

13/9.1908, Sunday (-13,386) (Germany) In Germany the Social Democrats staged a rally at Nuremberg.

12/9/1908, Saturday (-13,387) (Britain) Winston Churchill married Clementine Hosier.

11/9/1908, Friday (-13,388) Everhardus Jacobus van Romondt, Netherlands Antilles Government Mminister, was born in Willemstad, Cura�ao (died 1960)

10/9/1908, Thursday (-13,389) Raymond Harry Warnow Scott, US composer, was born in Brooklyn, New York.

9/9/1908, Wednesday (-13,390) Cesare Pavese, poet and novelist, was born.

8/9/1908, Tuesday (-13,391) Emrys Lloyd, champion fencer, was born (died 28/6/1987).

7/9/1908, Monday (-13,392) (Britain) Frederick Blayes, English classical scholar, died in Southsea (born Hampton Court Green 29/9/1818).

5/9/1908, Saturday (-13,394)

1/9/1908, Tuesday (-13,398) (Railways) The Hejaz railway opened between Damascus and Medina � see railways, Saudi Arabia, 1864, for more details.

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31/8/1908, Monday (-13,399) (Railways) The Haifa to Derraa railway opened. It closed in 1949.

27/8/1908, Thursday (-13,403) (USA) Lyndon Baines Johnson, American Democrat and 36^th President, was born in Johnson City, Texas.

25/8/1908, Tuesday (-13,405) Henri Becquerel, French scientist who studied radioactivity, died (born 1852).

23/8/1908, Sunday (-13,407) The Battle of Marrakesh. Abd-al-Aziz IV, Sultan of Morocco, was defeated by his elder brother, Mulay Hafid, who had been proclaimed Sultan in May.

19/8/1908, Wednesday (-13,411) King Leopold II of Belgium, under pressure from other European monarchs, handed over control of the Belgian Congo (Congo Free State), later known as Zaire, to the Belgian State. Leopold had ruled the region autocratically for 24 years. The region had been explored by Henry Stanley, the expedition financed by a European consortium headed by King Leopold. This consortium sought to make financial gains from the Congo�s agricultural and mineral wealth, including ivory, rubber and palm oil. Trade agreements were made with the Congo�s tribal leaders and by 1884 Leopold claimed the colony as a personal possession. The rest of Europe consented to this claim. However by the 1890s Leopold saw fit to treat the Congo�s inhabitants as he liked; slavery was introduced, many brutalities were committed and under his rule the Congo population fell to 8 million, an estimated drop of 70%. The Brussels parliament agreed to pay Leopold 120 million Francs for the territory, and it became the Belgian Congo until independence in 1960.

18/8/1908, Tuesday (-13,412) (Biology) English plant pathologist Frederick Charles Bawden was born in North Tawton.

17/8/1908, Monday (-13,413)

15/8/1908, Saturday (-13,415) Winston Churchill announced his engagement to Clementine Hosier.

14/8/1908, Friday (-13,416) (1) An airship blew up over London, killing one person.

(2) The first international beauty contest was held at the Pier Hippodrome, Folkestone, Kent. Contestants included six English, three French, one Irish, and one Austrian.

12/8/1908, Wednesday (-13,418) (Price, Roads, USA) The Model T Ford began rolling off the production line. Priced at US$ 825, the cost was kept low by mass production using standardised parts. Instead of one man assembling an entire car, each worker preformed just one task as the car moved along a conveyor belt. By this production line method, the time to assemble a car was cut from 14 hours to 2. To motivate his workforce, Henry Ford raised wages from US$ 2.34 for a 9 hour day to US$ 5 for an 8 hour day. Productivity improvements meant Ford could reduce the car�s price to US$ 300. Over 15 million Model Ts were built and by the time production ceased in 1927 half the cars in the US were Fords.

10/8/1908, Monday (-13,420) Louise Moulton, US poet, died.

6/8/1908, Thursday (-13,424) The British Admiralty stated that the new battleships being built by the Germans would be the most heavily armed in the world.

5/8/1908, Wednesday (-13,425) Harold Holt, Australian Prime Minister 1966-7 who backed US intervention in Vietnam and sent Australian troops there, was born.

4/8/1908, Tuesday (-13,426) (USA) William Boyd Allison, US legislator, died in Dubuque, Iowa (born 2/3/1829 in Perry, Ohio).

1/8/1908, Saturday (-13,429)

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26/7/1908, Sunday (-13,435) (1) The Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI, was established in Washington DC. Before this date the US Department of Justice often called on Secret Service �operatives� to help in its investigations. These operatives were well trained and dedicated but expensive. They reported not to the Attorney General but to the chief of the Secret Service. Bonaparte created a special agents force, to report not to the chief of the Secret Service but to the Chief Examiner, Stanley Finch, later head of the FBI. This force of 34 agents later became a permanent part of the Department of Justice.

(2) Salvadore Allende, President of Chile 1970-3, was born.

25/7/1908, Saturday (-13,436) William Bowes, cricketer, was born (died 5/9/1987).

24/7/1908, Friday (-13,437) Sultan Abdulhamid II, ruler of the Ottoman Empire, was forced to implement reforms by the Young Turk (Jonturkler) Movement. This included the reinstatement of the 1876 constitution and the recall of Parliament, both suspended under the Sultan�s autocratic rule. The Young Turk Movement began in 1889 when a group of medical students at the Istanbul Academy started a campaign to overthrow the Sultan. The Movement spread to other colleges, and the authorities tried to suppress it; they exiled many Young Turks to Paris, where they continued to plan for a revolution.

22/7/1908, Wednesday (-13,439) Brothers Fred and Charles Fisher founded the car body company Fisher Body in Detroit, Michigan.� Prior to this they had built horse drawn carriages. They supplied Cadillac.

16/7/1908, Thursday (-13,445) Fire at Moorgate tube station.

13/7/1908, Monday (-13,448) (1) An explosion 1,000 x greater than Hiroshima flattened 80 million trees over 800 square miles near the River Tungaska, Siberia.� It is thought to have been a meteor or comet.

(2) The 4^th Olympic games opened at the newly-built White City stadium in west London. The Games were originally scheduled for Rome, but Italy was facing financial issues, including costs arising from a 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius (7/4/1906).� The Finnish team made a political point by refusing to carry the Russian flag; the Olympic Committee refused to allow them to carry their own flag, so they marched flagless. Also some athletes with Irish Republican sympathies refused to compete in the British team.

10/7/1908, Friday (-13,451) (1) The British announced the deployment of a new torpedo, with a four mile range and a speed of four knots.

(2) Britain passed the Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act, giving non-contributory pensions for those over 70. See 1/1/1909.

9/7/1908, Thursday (-13,452) (Sea and Canal) (1) The Royal Edward Dock, Avonmouth, Bristol opened.

(2) Rolls Royce opened its factory in Derby, England.

8/7/1908. Wednesday (-13,453) The German Navy was catching up in strength with the British, according to the 'World Navy List'.

7/7/1908, Tuesday (-13,454)

6/7/1908, Monday (-13,457) Joel Chandler Harris, US writer, died aged 60.

5/7/1908, Sunday (-13,456) Jonas Lie, Norwegian novelist, died (born 6/11/1833).

4/7/1908, Saturday (-13,457)

3/7/1908, Friday (-13,458) In Ottoman Turkey, Major Ahmed Niyazi revolted against the provincial authorities, under the autocratic rule of Sultan Abdulhamid II. The rebellion quickly spread to other army divisions, forcing concessions by the Sultan.

2/7/1908, Thursday (-13,459) Thurgood Marshall, US lawyer, was born (died 1993)

======================================================================================

30/6/1908. Tuesday (-13,461) (Women�s� Rights) Suffragettes attempted to present a petition to the UK Prime Minister. When he refused, windows at his residence were broken.

25/6/1908, Thursday (-13,466) The railway from Guayaquil, on the Pacific,� to Quito fully opened. Construction began in 1871.

24/6/1908, Wednesday (-13,467) Grover Cleveland, American Democrat, �22^nd and 24^th President, between 1865 and 1897, died in Princeton, New Jersey.

23/6/1908, Tuesday (-13,468) Mohammed Ali Shah of Persia mounted a successful coup with the help of the Cossack brigade; he then imposed martial law in Tehran.

22/6/1908, Monday (-13,469) Six Black people accused of murder were lynched in the USA.

21/6/1908, Sunday (-13,470) (1) A crowd of 230,000 in Hyde Park demonstrated for votes for women.

(2) Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer, died at Lyubensk.

17/6/1908, Wednesday (-13,474) Edward Phelps, rowing champion, was born (died 1/11/1983).

14/6/1908, Sunday (-13,477) A fourth German naval Bill authorised expenditure on four more large naval vessels.

13/6/1908, Saturday (-13,478) (Women�s� Rights) Suffragettes staged a march from The Embankment to the Albert Hall.

12/6/1908. Friday (-13,479) London's Rotherhithe Tunnel opened.� It runs between Rotherhithe and Stepney.

11/6/1908, Thursday (-13,480) (Poland) Georg Adler, Polish economist, died.

10/6/1908, Wednesday (-13,481) The Gravehals rail tunnel, Norway, 5.5 km long, opened.

9/6/1908, Tuesday (-13,482) King Edward VII of Britain met Tsar Nicholas II of Russia at Reval, Russia. The Tsar agreed to introduce social reform in Macedonia (which was still nominally under Ottoman Turkish control).

8/6/1908, Monday (-13,483) Margherita Carioso, soprano singer, was born (died 10/1/2005).

6/6/1908. Saturday (+13,485) France passed a law decreeing that divorce was automatic after three year�s separation.

4/6/1908. Thursday (-13,487) An attempt was made to assassinate Major Alfred Dreyfus.

2/6/1908, Tuesday (-13,489) (Britain) Sir Redvers Buller, British General, died (born 1839).

1/6/1908, Monday (-13,490) Louis Frechette, French Canadian poet, died (born 16/11/1839).

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31/5/1908, Sunday (-13,491) Sir John Evans, British archaeological writer, died (born 17/11/1823).

30/5/1908, Saturday (-13,492) Bernard Fitz Alan Howard, 16^th Duke of Norfolk, British statesman, was born.

28/5/1908, Thursday (-13,494) Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond, was born in London.

26/5/1908. Tuesday (-13,496) (1) Significant oil fields were found in Persia (Iran), the first oil strike in the Middle East.

(2) The US State of North Carolina introduced Prohibition, banning alcohol.

24/5/1908, Sunday (-13,498) Tom Morris, golfer, died (born 17/6/1821)).

23/5/1908, Saturday (-13,499) Famine in Uganda killed 4,000.

22/5/1908, Friday (-13,500) W G Hoskins, English historian, was born (died 1992)

20/5/1908, Wednesday (-13,502) US actor James Stewart was born.

16/5/1908, Saturday (-13,506) The UK launched its first diesel submarine, called D-1, from Barrow in Furness.

15/5/1908, Friday (-13,507) Monet destroyed some of his own paintings, then worth �20,000, because he was not happy with them.

14/5/1908, Thursday (-13,508) The Franco-British exhibition opened on 200 acres of land at Wood Lane, north of Shepherd�s Bush, London. The site, called White City, was served by an extension of the Central Line from Shepherds Bush. The Prince of Wales opened the exhibition, which was also used for the 1908 Olympic Games.

13/5/1908, Wednesday (-13.509) Eugen Kapp, Estonian composer, was born.

12/5/1908, Tuesday (-13,510) Wireless Radio Broadcasting was patented by Nathan B Stubblefield.

11/5/1908, Monday (-13,511) The foundation stone of the Liver Building, Liverpool, was laid.

10/5/1908. Sunday (-13,512) Mother�s Day was first celebrated in the USA.

9/5/1908, Saturday (-13,513) The first motor race for women was held at Brooklands.

8/5/1908, Friday (-13,514) Ludovic Halevy, French author, died (born 1/1/1834).

7/5/1908. Thursday (-13,515) Old Age Pensions were introduced in Britain, at 5 shillings (25p) a week, by Prime Minister Asquith, for people over 70.� A married couple would get 7 shillings 6d. Only those earning under ten shillings a week �were eligible. See 1/1/1909.� At this time, renting a single room cost 2s 6d a week, a half cwt (25kg) of coal cost 6d, 4 loaves of bread cost 6d, a quarter lb (110g) of tea cost 6d, a quart of milk cost 3d, a half lb of sugar cost 1d, 7lbs of potatoes cost 3d, 1lb of cheese cost 2d, and a half lb of meat cost 3d.� Total cost, 5 shillings.

6/5/1908, Wednesday (-13,516) Necil Kazım Akses, Turkish classical composer, was born in Istanbul, Turkey (died 1999)

5/5/1908, Tuesday (-13,517) Albert Lapparent, French geologist died.

1/5/1908, Friday (-13,521)

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29/4/1908, Wednesday (-13,523) Jack Williamson, science fiction writer, was born (died 10/11/2006)

28/4/1908, Tuesday (-13,524) Oskar Schindler, Austrian-German industrialist who saved many Jews from death, was born.

27/4/1908, Monday (-13,525) The First International Congress of Psychoanalysis opened in Salzburg.

25/4/1908, Saturday (-13,527) Edward R Murrow, journalist, was born.

22/4/1908, Wednesday (-13,530) Henry Campbell-Bannerman, British politician, died aged 72.

20/4/1908, Monday (-13,532) The first British Motor Cycle Club race was held at Brooklands, England.

19/4/1908, Sunday (-13,533) Easter Sunday.

17/4/1908, Friday (-13,535)

16/4/1908, Thursday (-13,536) The first Oakland car was sold.

15/4/1908, Wednesday (-13,537) French troops in Algeria repelled Moroccan raiders.

13/4/1908, Monday (-13,539) Floods in China killed 2,000.

12/4/1908, Sunday (-13,540) Herbert Asquith was appointed Prime Minister, replacing Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, who had resigned through ill-health. David Lloyd George became Chancellor of the Exchequer.

11/4/1908, Saturday (-13,541) Tel Aviv, Israel, was founded by 60 settlers.

10/4/1908, Friday (-13,542)

9/4/1908, Thursday (-13,543) Victor Vasarely, painter, was born.

8/4/1908. Wednesday (-13,544) In the US, President Roosevelt issued an injunction allowing Black people to use the same train carriages as Whites in the South.

7/4/1908, Tuesday (-13,545) Laurie West, TV weatherman, was born (died 16/3/2005)

6/4/1908, Monday (-13,546) Byron Carter, founder of Cartercar, died aged 44 from injuries received when a vehicle�s starter crank kicked back and broke his jaw.

5/4/1908, Sunday (-13,547) (Britain) Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, English Prime Minister, died (born 7/9/1836).

3/4/1908, Friday (-13,549)

2/4/1908, Thursday (-13,550) The destroyer HMS Tiger collided with the cruiser HMS Berwick near the Isle of Wight, killing 35 sailors.

1/4/1908, Wednesday (-13,551) The Territorial Army was officially founded, as the Territorial Force, by Lord Haldane.

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28/3/1908, Saturday (-13,555)

24/3/1908, Tuesday (-13,559) John Colvin, Governor of the North-West Provinces of India, died.

23/3/1908, Monday (-13,560) Birth of US actress Joan Crawford.

22/3/1908, Sunday (-13,561)

21/3/1908, Saturday (-13,562) (1) Frenchman Henri Farman piloted the world�s first passenger flight, over Paris.

(2) Abraham Maslow, US psychologist, was born (died 1970).

20/3/1908, Friday (-13,563) Sir Michael Redgrave, actor, was born.

16/3/1908. Monday (-13,567) Florence Nightingale, aged 87, was awarded the Freedom of the City of London. Born in 1820 to a middle class family in Derbyshire, she became interested in hygienic care for the sick after visiting a German religious hospital in 1850 which specialised in hygiene and care. In 1854 she was disturbed by terrible reports of the conditions in military hospitals there. She took 37 nurses and arrived at the hospital at Scutari, arriving on 4/11/1854. The military did not at first take her seriously, but her determination won through and she reduced the hospital�s death rate from 42% to just 2%. After the Crimean War she trained nurses in London and worked to improve the care for the sick.

12/3/1908, Thursday (-13,571) Edmondo de Amicis, Italian writer, died in Bordighera (born 21/10/1846 in Oneglia).

7/3/1908, Saturday (-13,576) Germany launched its first Dreadnought battleship.

5/3/1908, Thursday (-13,578) Sir Rex Harrison, actor, was born.

4/3/1908. Wednesday (-13,579) The whip was banned as a means of corporal punishment in US schools.

3/3/1908, Tuesday (-13,580)

1/3/1908, Sunday (-13,582) John Adrian, 1^st Marquess of Linlithgow, died.

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29/2/1908, Saturday (-13,583) Onnes, a Dutch scientist in Leyden, announced he had liquefied helium.

28/2/1908, Friday (-13,584) the Shah of Persia survived an assassination attempt.

26/2/1908, Wednesday (-13,586) Johann Kirchhoff, German scholarly writer, died.

24/2/1908. Monday (-13,588) Japan and the USA agreed to limit Japanese migration to the US. President Roosevelt was concerned at working-class migration into the US following an influx of Chinese coolies. Chinese migration began to fall from its peak of 107,000 a year; Japanese migration only began more recently and in 1900 there were only 25,000 Japanese in the whole of the USA.

23/2/1908, Sunday (-13,589) Sir William McMahon, Australian Liberal and 25^th Prime Minister, was born.

22/2/1908, Saturday (-13,590) Birth of actor John Mills.

21/2/1908, Friday (-13,591) Harriet Hosmer, US sculptor, died (born 9/10/1830).

20/2/1908, Thursday (-13,592) The Russian General Stossel was sentenced to death for surrendering to the Japanese.

13/2/1908, Thursday (-13,599) Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was encouraging anti-Semitism.

11/2/1908, Tuesday (-13,601) (Women�s� Rights) Suffragettes attempted to force entry to the House of Commons.

10/2/1908, Monday (-13,602) Mustapha Kamal of Egypt died.

9/2/1908, Sunday (-13,603)

8/2/1908. Saturday (-13,604) Czar Nicholas II ordered Russian troops to the Iranian border after Turkey made incursions into Iran.

7/2/1908, Friday (-13,605) In Britain the Liberal newspaper Tribune ceased publication.

5/2/1908, Wednesday (-13,607) Daisy and Violet Hilton, conjoined twin actresses, were born.

4/2/1908, Tuesday (-13,608)

1/2/1908, Saturday (-13,611) (Portugal) Carlos I, King of Portugal, was assassinated along with his son, Prince Luiz, by soldiers after a failed revolution. He was succeeded by his 18-year old younger son, Manoel II.

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31/1/1908, Friday (-13,612) (Medical) Karl von Voit, physiologist, was born in Munich, Germany.

30/1/1908. Thursday (-13,613) Mohandas Ghandi, who led a campaign against the requirement for all Asian people to register, was released from a South African prison by General Smuts.

28/1/1908, Tuesday (-13,615)

27/1/1908, Monday (-13,616) Austria announced plans to build a railway south towards Salonika, to assist trade and extend Austro-Hungarian political influence.

26/1/1908, Sunday (-13,617) The first Boy Scout troop was registered, in Glasgow.

25/1/1908, Saturday (-13,618) Louise de la Ramee, English novelist (pen name Ramee) died aged 67.

24/1/1908, Friday (-13,619) Edward MacDowell, US composer, died (born 18/12/1861).

23/1/1908, Thursday (-13,620) A 7,000 mile telegraph line from Britain to India began operations.

22/1/1908. Wednesday (-13,621) The British Labour Party decided to adopt Socialism.

20/1/1908, Monday (-13,623)

17/1/1908, Friday (-13,626) (Women�s� Rights) Suffragettes raided 10 Downing Street, London, during a Cabinet meeting.

16/1/1908. Thursday (-13,627) The first issue of Scouting For Boys, Baden-Powell�s fortnightly journal of the scouting movement, was published.

15/1/1908, Wednesday (-13,628) Edward Teller, who invented the Hydrogen Bomb, was born in Budapest.

14/1/1908, Tuesday (-13,629) Holger Drachmann, Danish poet, died (born 9/10/1846).

11/1/1908, Saturday (-13,632) Gandhi was imprisoned in Johannesburg for refusing to register as an Asian.

10/1/1908, Friday (-13,633)

9/1/1908, Thursday (-13,634) Simone de Beauvoir, French feminist writer and philosopher, was born (died 1986).

8/1/1908, Wednesday (-13,635) Count Von Zeppelin announced plans to build an airship capable of carrying 100 people.

7/1/1908, Tuesday (-13,636) Sir Frederick Gibberd, town planner who designed Harlow New Town, was born (died 1984).� He also designed Didcot power station (1968), the Intercontinental Hotel at Hyde Park Corner, London (1975), Liverpool�s Catholic cathedral (1967), and the Regent�s Park Mosque (1977).

6/1/1908, Monday (-13,637) 2,000 textile workers went on strike in Oldham, Lancashire.

5/1/1908, Sunday (-13,638) (Crime) Serious prisoner mutiny at Dartmoor Prison; several warders injured.

3/1/1908, Friday (-13,640)

2/1/1908, Thursday (-13,641) John Knight, English landscape painter, died.

1/1/1908. Wednesday (-13,642) The US state of Georgia introduced prohibition, banning alcohol.

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31/12/1907. Tuesday (-13,643) 167 Duma (Parliament) deputies jailed for treason in Russia. See 14/10/1907.

29/12/1907, Sunday (-13,645)

26/12/1907, Thursday (-13,648) The first session of the Indian National Congress was halted after clashes between moderates and extremists.

25/12/1907, Wednesday (-13,649) Cab Calloway, band leader, was born.

24/12/1907, Tuesday (-13,650)

23/12/1907, Monday (-13,651) Pierre Janssen, French astronomer, died (born 22/2/1824).

22/12/1907, Sunday (-13,652) Dame Peggy Ashcroft, actress, was born.

20/12/1907, Friday (-13,654)

18/12/1907, Wednesday (-13,656) US racing car driver Bill Holland was born.

17/12/1907, Tuesday (-13,657) Lord Kelvin, physicist and inventor, died.

16/12/1907, Monday (-13,658) The US sent a fleet of 16 battleships on a round-the-world tour, to demonstrate the military might of the USA.

15/12/1907, Sunday (-13,659) The new Shah of Persia attempted to depose the new liberal Chief Minister. However, popular protests forced him to reverse this move.

14/12/1907, Saturday (-13,660) In St Petersburg, 38 soldiers were sentenced to life imprisonment for surrendering to the Japanese at Port Arthur.

13/12/1907, Friday (-13,661) The liner Mauretania ran aground at Liverpool.

12/12/1907, Thursday (-13,662) Dinizulu, King of the Zulus, surrendered to the British; a Zulu rebellion had been triggered by the imposition of a poll tax.

11/12/1907, Wednesday (-13,663) Fire destroyed the Parliament buildings at Wellington, New Zealand.

10/12/1907. Tuesday (-13,664) Rudyard Kipling was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, the first time it had been awarded to an English writer.

9/12/1907, Monday (-13,665) (Electrical) Noel Walton Bott, pioneer of wave energy for electrical power, was born. (died 7/6/1996)

8/12/1907, Sunday (-13,666) King Oscar II of Sweden died, aged 78, after a 35-year reign; he also ruled Norway until 1905. His eldest son, Gustav V, 49, became King, and ruled until 1950.

7/12/1907, Saturday (-13,667) The first congress of the Egyptian Nationalist movement, under Mustafa Kamil.

6/12/1907, Friday (-13,668) The USA suffered its worst mine disaster.� 361 died at Monongah, West Virginia.

3/12/1907, Tuesday (-13,671)

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29/11/1907. Friday (-13,675) Florence Nightingale, aged 87, the �Lady with the Lamp�, was presented with the Order of Merit by Edward VII for her work during the Crimean War, see 4/11/1854.

28/11/1907, Thursday (-13,676) Alberto Moravia, Italian novelist, was born (died 1990).

27/11/1907, Wednesday (-13,677) Eric Brook, footballer, was born (died 29/3/1965).

23/11/1907, Saturday (-13,671) The Rockefeller institute was founded, with a US$ 2.5 million gift from John Rockefeller.

18/10/1907, Monday (-13,686) An International Court of Justice at the Hague was first proposed.

17/11/1907, Sunday (-13,687) Sir Francis McClintock, British Arctic explorer, died (born 8/7/1819).

16/11/1907. Saturday (-13,688) (1) Suffragettes shouted down Herbert Asquith, Chancellor of the Exchequer, at a meeting in Warwickshire. An Act was passed in 1907 allowing women to sit as councillors, but they still lacked the vote. Despite divisions within the Women�s Social and Political Union, with some members seeing Mrs Pankhurst as too domineering, the campaign for female suffrage continued unabated.

(2) Oklahoma was admitted as the 46^th State of the USA.

15/11/1907, Friday (-13,689) Moncure Conway, author, died in Paris (born 17/3/1832 in Virginia, USA).

14/11/1907, Thursday (-13,690) The Third Duma met in Russia; it sat until 1912. Elected on a restricted franchise, it suppressed revolutionary activities.

13/11/1907, Wednesday (-13,691) In France, Mr Paul Cornu built a prototype helicopter, or �direct lifter� as he called it. It rose 4 feet into the air and stayed there for 60 seconds.

1/11/1907, Friday (-13,703) The first women councillors were elected in England, in local elections.

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29/10/1907, Tuesday (-13,706) Gerald Massey, English poet, died (born 29/5/1828).

28/10/1907, Monday (-13,707) Thomas Hampson, athlete, was born (died 4/9/1965).

26/10/1907, Saturday (-13,709) The UK�s� Territorial Army was conceived by the Secretary of State for War, Richard Haldane.

24/10/1907, Thursday (-13,711) (Earthquake) Severe earthquake hit Calabria, southern Italy.

21/10/1907, Monday (-13,724) George Bodley, English architect, died in Water Eaton, Oxford (born 1827).

19/10/1907, Saturday (-13,716) Roger Wolfe Kahn, bandleader, was born.

18/10/1907, Friday (-13,717) (1) Plans were announced for an International Court of Justice, to be set up in The Hague.

(2) Wireless telegraphy began between the USA and Ireland.

17/10/1907, Thursday (-13,718)

15/10/1907, Tuesday (-13,720) The US town of Fontanet was almost totally destroyed when its gunpowder factory exploded.

14/10/1907, Monday (-13,721) Third parliament (Duma) formed in St Petersburg. See 31/12/1907.

13/10/1907, Sunday (-13,722)

11/10/1907, Friday (-13,724) The British luxury liner Lusitania broke the record for crossing the Atlantic by 11 hours 46 minutes, making the crossing to New York in just 4 days, 19 hours, and 52 minutes. With 1,200 passengers and 650 crew, she averaged 24 knots.

10/10/1907, Thursday (-13,725) Demonstrations and strikes in Budapest, Hungary, as Parliament opened there, demanding universal adult suffrage.

6/10/1907, Sunday (-13,729) Henry Brampton, English judge, died in London (born in Hitchin 14/9/1817).

4/10/1907, Friday (-13,731) Riots in India were blamed on a visit by UK MP Kier Hardie to the colony

2/10/1907, Wednesday (-13,733) Johann Mojsisovics, geological writer, died (born 18/10/1839).

=======================================================================================

29/9/1907, Sunday (-13,736) Gene Autry, entertainer, was born.

26/9/1907, Thursday (-13,739) New Zealand became a dominion. It had become a colony of Britain in 1840. A series of wars between the British and the native Maoris ended with peace in the 1870s. Full independence was achieved in 1947.

21/9/1907, Saturday (-13,744) (Namibia) Morenga was killed in a brief battle with British forces. He had escaped back into Namibia in 8/1907, causing alarm on both sides of the frontier, but then returned to British-controlled territory. A British task force was sent to arrest him and he died in an exchange of fire in the Kalahari Desert.

15/9/1907, Sunday (-13,750) Fay Wray, actress, was born.

13/9/1907, Friday (-13,752) The British ocean liner Lusitania arrived in New York on her maiden voyage, having crossed the Atlantic in a record 5 days, at average speed 23 knots.

12/9/1907, Thursday (-13,753) Louis Macneice, Irish poet, was born (died 1963).

10/9/1907, Tuesday (-13,755) Britain�s first military airship flew successfully at Farnborough.

7/9/1907, Saturday (-13,758) Bogdan Hasdeu, Romanian scholarly writer, died (born 1836).

6/9/1907, Friday (-13.,759) Donald Hume, badminton champion, was born (died 3/5/1986)

4/9/1907, Wednesday (-13,761) Edward Greig, Norwegian composer, died in Bergen.

======================================================================================

31/8/1907, Saturday (-13,765) (Britain, Russia, France-Germany) The UK and Russia agreed an entente, defining spheres of influence in Persia, Tibet, and Afghanistan.� There was an implicit agreement that Britain would not allow Russia to control the Bosporus, and the entente opened up the London money markets to Russia, allowing it to recover from the Japanese defeat of 1904/5. France was also part of this agreement, forming a Triple Entente to contain the newly unified Prussian-dominated Germany.

30/8/1907, Friday (-13,766) (Computing) John William Mauchly was born in Cincinatti, Ohio. In 1946, along with John Prosper Eckert, he completed ENIAC, the first all-purpose computer.

29/8/1907, Thursday (-13,767) After four years construction, the Quebec Bridge, still being built, collapsed. 75 workers were killed and half the bridge had gone.

13/8/1907, Tuesday (-13,783) (1) An Anglo-Russian agreement recognised Afghanistan as an independent Kingdom; a Republic since 1973.

(2) Two civilians were killed by British troops in Belfast. The docks strike in Belfast had been called by James Larkin the dockworkers union leader in May 1907, in response to pay rates as low as 10 shillings a week, and he had urged mill workers to join the strike. A local magistrate, Major Martin Thackeray, attempted to read the Riot act to a crowd of 500 strikers who were throwing stones at police, but he had to admit he was inaudible. Four soldiers were injured by stones. Unrest grew and on 11/8/1907 a police van was ambushed on Grosvenor Road. A crowd of 2,000 gathered and attacked a barracks. The Government sent in 2,600 soldiers as well as 80 cavalry and 500 police. Some soldiers smashed doors and windows of homes. Whilst stationed to protect workers in the Catholic Falls Road area, soldiers shot dead a woman looking for her child and a man returning from his work.

10/8/1907, Saturday (-13,786)The world�s longest and hardest motor race, from Beijing to Paris, ended with victory by Prince Borghese of Italy, who completed the 8,000 mile course in 62 days. He faced desert, swamps, mountains, a bushfire, and a Belgian policeman who stopped him for speeding.

6/8/1907, Tuesday (-13,790) The Imperial Motor Company was founded in Jackson, Michigan.

4/8/1907, Sunday (-13,792) The French navy bombarded the Moroccan port of Casablanca, after anti-Western demonstrations there.

3/8/1907, Saturday (-13,793) Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II met at Swinemunde to discuss the Baghdad Railway.

2/8/1907, Friday (-13,794) Dr Herbert Tidswell, a Devon GP, spoke out at a meeting of the British Medical Association about the undesirability of allowing children to smoke. He claimed smoking could cause cancer, but other doctors were unconvinced that moderate smoking was dangerous.

=====================================================================================

30/7/1907, Tuesday (-13,797) British troops sent in to quell rioting in Belfast.

28/7/1907, Sunday (-13,799) Russia and Japan agreed to stop culling seals and sea-lions.

27/7/1907, Saturday (-13,800) Molly Phillips, figure skater, was born (died 15/12/1994).

26/7/1907, Friday (-13,801) US author Mark Twain was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Oxford University.

25/7/1907. Thursday (-13,802) (1) Sir Robert Baden-Powell�s experimental camp, to test the feasibility of scouting, was set up on Brownsea Island, near Poole; 20 boys attended. The Boy Scout�s association was created on 29/7/1909.� The camp closed for the winter on 9/8/1907.

(2) Japan made Korea a protectorate. The Korean Emperor Kojong (I T�ae Wang) who had ruled since 1864 abdicated 19/7/1907, aged 55 under pressure from Japan, who was occupying Korea.

21/7/1907, Sunday (-13,814) AD Hope, poet, was born

19/7/1907, Friday (-13,816) Kojong, Emperor of Korea for 43 years, aged 55, abdicated under pressure from the Japanese, who were occupying his country.

15/7/1907, Monday (-13,812) London�s first electric buses began operating, between Victoria and Liverpool Street. Unfortunately the electric bus industry was riddled with swindlers promising false returns to investors, and petrol and diesel buses took over.

14/7/1907, Sunday (-13,813) (Chemistry) Sir William Henry Perkin, English chemist, died in Sudbury, Middlesex.

13/7/1907, Saturday (-13,814)

12/7/1907, Friday (-13,815) Sir Edward �Weary� Dunlop, surgeon who provided medical care to Allied PoWs in Japan during World War Two, was born in Australia.

11/7/1907, Thursday (-13,816) Leonard Harvey, boxer, was born (died 28/11/1976).

8/7/1907, Monday (-13,819) The first of the Ziegfield Follies was performed at the New York Theater, staged by promoter Florence Ziegfield. The revues, of scantily-clad women, ran almost annually on Broadway until 1931.

6/7/1907. Saturday (-13,821) Brooklands motor racing track, near Weybridge, Surrey, opened. It closed in 1939.

4/7/1907, Thursday (-13,823) Ernst Fischer, German philosophical writer, died (born 23/7/1824).

1/7/1907, Monday (-13,826) The US established the world�s first air force.� The aeronautical division of the US Army�s Signal Office was set up under the command of Captain Chandler. The force consisted of one officer, one NCO, and one enlisted man. It had one aircraft, which had to be capable of flying for one hour at 36 mph. The biplane was delivered to Fort Meyer, Virginia, for test flights in August 1908. It crashed in September 1908 and a new Wright Flyer was ordered. This was delivered on 2/8/1909. By 1914 the US air force had just 6 planes.

=====================================================================================

20/6/1907. Thursday (-13,837) Lillian Hellman, US author, was born (died 1984).

17/6/1907, Monday (-13,840) (Road) Brooklands, the world�s first motor racing circuit, opened at Weybridge, Surrey. The circuit is 3.75 miles long.

16/6/1907. Sunday (-13,841) The Russian parliament (Duma) was dissolved by Tsar Nicholas II on grounds of treason after reactionary parties attempted to force concessions. An electoral reform in Russia increased the representation of the propertied classes, and reduced the representation of national minorities.

14/6/1907, Friday (-13,843) (1) Norway gave women the vote (General Elections).

(2) The UK Government announced a Bill to curb the House of Lords.

11/6/1907, Tuesday (-13,846) Clovis Hugues, French poet, died (born 3/11/1851).

7/6/1907, Friday (-13,850) Sir Carl Douglas Aarvold, rugby union player, was born (died 17/3/1991).

6/6/1907. Thursday (-13,851) (1) Persil washing powder went on sale for the first time, in Dusseldorf, Germany.

(2) The British Government said it would never leave India.

5/6/1907, Wednesday (-13,852)

4/6/1907, Tuesday (-13,853) Rosalind Russell, actress, was born.

3/6/1907, Monday (-13,854) In Britain the Irish Council Bill, giving a degree of self-rule to Ireland, was defeated.

2/6/1907, Sunday (-13,855)

1/6/1907, Saturday (-13,856) Sir Frank Whittle, inventor of jet propulsion, was born in Coventry.

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31/5/1907, Friday (-13,857) Taxicabs began running in New York. The word �taxi� derives from the invention of the taximeter, in 1891, which calculated the cost or tax for the journey.

30/5/1907, Thursday (-13,858)

28/5/1907, Tuesday (-13,860) The first Isle of Man TT motorcycle race was held. The average speed of the winner was 38 mph.

27/5/1907, Monday (-13,861) Rachel Louise Carson, marine biologist and US author, author of Silent Spring, was born.

26/5/1907, Sunday, (-13,862) John Wayne, actor, was born.

25/5/1907. Saturday (-13,863) (1) In Finland, the world�s first Parliament with women members opened.

(2) The first 24-hour motor race, the Endurance Derby, was held in Philadelphia. The winning car covered a distance of 791 miles.

23/5/1907, Thursday (-13,865)

22/5/1907, Wednesday (-13,866) Birth of British actor, Laurence Olivier.

21/5/1907, Tuesday (-13,867) Sir Joseph Fayrer, English physician, died (born 6/12/1824).

20/5/1907, Monday (-13,868)

19/5/1907, Sunday (-13,869) (Britain) Sir Benjamin Baker, British engineer, died in Pangbourne, Berkshire (born 1840).

18/5/1907, Saturday (-13,870) John Ingram, Irish scholarly writer, died (born 7/7/1832).

16/5/1907, Thursday (-13,872) (1) Nairobi was chosen as capital of British East Africa (Kenya) because of its location on the Mombasa-Uganda railway.

(2) Spain signed the Cartagena Pact with Britain and France, to counter a perceived German threat to annex the Balearic and Canary Islands.

14/5/1907, Tuesday (-13,874) Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan, was born (died 1974).

13/5/1907, Monday (-13,875) Daphne du Maurier, English novelist, was born in London.

12/5/1907, Sunday (-13,876) Katharine Hepburn, US actress, was born.

6/5/1907, Monday (-13,882) John Watson, writer, died (born 3/11/1850).

4/5/1907, Saturday (-13,884) Denmark made the use of the metric system of weights and measures compulsory, for official use by 1910 and for the general public by 1912.

2/5/1907, Thursday (-13,886) (1) Rioting in Rawalpindi and East Bengal, India.

(2) King Edward VII of Britain met the French President in Paris.

1/5/1907, Wednesday (-13,887) Death of Canadian Neil Brodie, reportedly the �world�s dirtiest man�, who only bathed when legally ordered to do so.

======================================================================================

30/4/1907, Tuesday (-13,888) King Edward VII of Britain visited Rome and The Vatican.

28/4/1907, Sunday (-13,890) Raymond Braine, Belgian footballer, was born.

25/4/1907, Thursday (-13,893) The UK�s Channel Tunnel Bill was defeated because of War Office opposition and lack of popular support.

24/4/1907, Wednesday (-13,894) Winston Churchill, Colonial Under-Secretary, was made a Privy Councillor.

17/4/1907, Wednesday (-13,901) A record all time high of 11,747 immigrants arrived at Ellis Island, New York, this day.

15/4/1907. Monday (-13,903) Japan handed Manchuria back to China under the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese war.

14/4/1907, Sunday (-13,904) Francois Duvalier, Haitian President and dictator, was born.

13/4/1907, Saturday (-13,905) The Rolls Royce Silver Ghost, referred to as 40/50, was unveiled.

8/4/1907, Monday (-13,910) Britain and France� confirmed the independence of Siam (Thailand).

5/4/1907, Friday (-13,913) Malcolm MacColl, religious writer, died.

3/4/1907. Wednesday (-13,915) Russia reported that 20 million people were starving in the worst famine on record.

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31/3/1907, Sunday (-13,918) Easter Sunday.

30/3/1907, Saturday (-13,919) The first commercially produced aircraft was delivered to its purchaser, marking the start of the world�s aviation industry. Paris sculptor Leon Delagrange ordered the biplane from Voisin Freres, Billancourt, France.

29/3/1907, Friday (-13,920) A train derailed near Colton, California; 26 were killed and about 100 injured.

27/3/1907, Wednesday (-13,922) Vauxhall Motors Ltd was registered in Great Britain.

25/3/1907, Monday (-13,924) The British Government killed off a Channel Tunnel Bill.

23/3/1907, Saturday (-13,926) (Medical) Daniele Bovet was born in Neuch�tel, Switzerland. In 1936 he discovered the effectiveness of sulphanilamide in treating streptococci.

22/3/1907, Friday (-13,927) (1) 75 suffragettes jailed in Britain for refusing to pay fines.

(2) Mohandas Ghandi 1869-1948) started a civil disobedience campaign in South Africa.� He was campaigning against a rule that all Indians in South Africa had to be finger-printed and carry an ID certificate at all times.� Ghandi had spoken to the British Colonial Secretary, Winston Churchill, whom assured Ghandi he disagreed with this law. However Transvaal was soon to become self-governing so this reassurance was of little significance.� The Transvaal jailed Ghandi, when he refused to comply with the new rules, but he was soon more of a problem to them inside jail than out.� Jan Smuts, Attorney General for Transvaal, had secret discussions with Ghandi, a compromise was reached, and Ghandi released.

18/3/1907, Monday (-13,931) In Honduras, war broke out with Nicaragua; the battle of Namasigiue opened the war, and this was the first time machine guns were used in conflict in Central America.. Although El Salvador supported Honduras, Nicaragua gained the upper hand, occupied Tegucigalpa, and imposed a President of its choice, the Liberal, Miguel R Davila (died 1927).

15/3/1907, Friday (-13,934) The Finns elected their first woman MP; in Britain, women still had not got the vote.

14/3/1907, Thursday (-13,935) The US President forbade Japanese labourers from entering the USA.

13/3/1907, Wednesday (-13,936) John Holden, marathon runner, was born.

12/3/1907, Tuesday (-13,937) The French battleship Jena exploded at Toulon, killing 118.

11/3/1907, Monday (-13,938) (Bulgaria) The Bulgarian Prime Minister was assassinated by a disaffected youth, who had been dismissed from a post in one of the country�s agricultural posts.

10/3/1907, Sunday (-13,939) Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich, Costa Rican President 1962 to 1966, was born.

9/3/1907, Saturday (-13,940) John Alexander Dowie, Scottish evangelist and faith healer (born 25/5/1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland) died in Chicago, Illinois.

8/3/1907, Friday (-13,941) Keir Hardie�s Women�s Enfranchisement Bill was defeated in the House of Commons.

6/3/1907, Wednesday (-13,943)

5/3/1907, Tuesday (-13,944) Second Parliament (Duma) met in St Petersburg.

4/3/1907, Monday (-13,945) (Atomic) Soviet physicist Vladimir Iosifovich was born in Zhitomir, Ukraine. In 1945 he designed an improved particle accelerator.

2/3/1907, Saturday (-13,947)

1/3/1907, Friday (-13,948) The New York Salvation Army Bureau set up a suicide counselling service.

======================================================================================

28/2/1907, Thursday (-13,949) Britain�s Royal Navy ordered three more Dreadnought warships.

27/2/1907, Wednesday (-13,950) London�s Central Criminal Court (The Old Bailey) was opened on the site of Newgate Prison, by King Edward VII.

26/2/1907. Tuesday (-13,951) President Roosevelt put the US army in charge of building the Panama Canal.

24/2/1907, Sunday (-13,953)

22/2/1907, Friday (-13,955) The first taxi cabs with meters began operating in Britain.

21/2/1907, Thursday (-13,956) W H Auden, English poet, was born.

20/2/1907, Wednesday (-13,957) (Chemistry) Ferdinand Frederic Henri Moissan died, probably as a result of his experiments with fluorine, see 1886.

18/2/1907, Monday (-13,959)

16/2/1907, Saturday (-13,961) Giosue Carducci, Italian poet (born 27/7/1836) died.

15/2/1907, Friday (-13,962) Cesar Romero, actor, was born.

14/2/1907, Thursday (-13,963)

13/2/1907, Wednesday (-13,964) A large crowd of suffragettes stormed the Houses of Parliament as they attempted to hand a petition to the Government. It took a battalion of mounted police five hours to subdue the demonstration; 57 suffragettes were arrested, including Emmeline and Christine Pankhurst, but 15 of them did manage to enter the Commons.

12/2/1907, Tuesday (-13,965) In the UK, the Liberal Government put Home Rule for Ireland on the agenda, along with better public housing.

11/2/1907, Monday (-13,966) (London) Explosion at the chemical research department, Woolwich Arsenal, caused much damage.

10/2/1907, Sunday (-13,967) Death of British journalist Sir William Howard Russell.

7/2/1907, Thursday (-13,970) George Goschen, British statesman, died (born 10/8/1831).

3/2/1907, Sunday (-13,974) James A Michener, novelist, was born.

2/2/1907, Saturday (-13,975) Walter Donaldson, snooker champion, was born (died 24/5/1973).

1/2/1907, Friday (-13,976) Leon Serpollet, steam automobile developer, died aged 48.

======================================================================================

31/1/1907, Thursday (-13,977) The Paris newspaper le Matin issued a challenge, for a motorist to drive from Peking (now Beijing) to Paris. See 10/8/1907.

30/1/1907, Wednesday (-13,978) Henri Murray, French actor, was born.

29/1/1907, Tuesday (-13,979) Charles Curtis became U.S. Senator for Kansas, the first Indigenous American to become a Senator.

28/1/1907, Monday (-13,980) 164 miners died in a pit explosion at Saarbrucken, Germany.

27/1/1907, Sunday (-13,981) Albert Arthur Roberts, English footballer for Southampton, was born..

26/1/1907, Saturday (-13,982) Henry Field, US author, died (born 3/4/1822).

25/1/1907, Friday (-13,983) Rene Pottier, French racing cyclist, died aged 27.

24/1/1907, Thursday (-13,984) Alexander Russell Alger, US soldier and politician (born 27/2/1836 in Lafayette, Ohio) died in Washington DC.

23/1/1907, Wednesday (-13,985) In the UK, Lloyd George advocated reducing the power of the House of Lords.

22/1/1907, Tuesday (-13,986) In London, a strike by music hall artists disrupted theatre performances.

21/1/1907, Monday (-13,987) Toivo Kauppinen, Finnish writer, was born.

20/1/1907, Sunday (-13,988) Agnes Clerke, English astronomer, died (born 10/2/1842).

19/1/1907, Saturday (-13,989) Captain Henry Singleton Pennell, English soldier who received the Victoria Cross, died.

18/1/1907, Friday (-13,990) Hispano-Suiza cars first went on sale in Britain.

17/1/1907, Friday (-13,991) Hispano

16/1/1907, Wednesday (-13,992) Henk Badings, Dutch opera composer, was born in Bandung, Java, Dutch East Indies (died 1987)

15/1/1907, Tuesday (-13,993) Gold dental inlays were first described by William Taggart, who invented them.

14/1/1907. Monday (-13,994) (Earthquake) Major quake hit Kingston, Jamaica. Most of the city was destroyed and over 1,000 died. On 22/1/1907 the islands British Governor rejected an offer of food and medical aid from the US navy.

13/1/1907, Sunday (-13,995) Jeff Morrow, US actor, was born in New York city (died 1993)

12/1/1907, Saturday (-13,906) Adolf Hilgenfeld, German religious writer, died (2/6/1823).

11/1/1907, Friday (-13,997) Pierre Mendes-France, French politician, was born (died 1982)

10/1/1907, Thursday (-13,998) Austria passed a Bill giving the vote to all males aged 24 and over.

9/1/1907, Wednesday (-13,999) Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen of Hanover, died aged 88.

8/1/1907, Tuesday (-14,000) Persian Shah Muzaffar ud-Din died aged 54 after a weak reign of 11 years. He was succeeded by his 35-year-old son who reigned until 1909 as Mohammed Ali.

7/1/1907, Monday (-14,001) Anton Urspruch, German composer, died aged 56.

6/1/1907, Sunday (-14,002) Maria Montessori, Italian educator and humanitarian, opened her first school and day-care centre for working-class children in Rome.

4/1/1907, Friday (-14,004)

3/1/1907, Thursday (-14,005) (Russia) The Prefect of St Petersburg was assassinated at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.

2/1/1907, Wednesday (-14,006) Anti-clerical laws in France forbade the crucifix in schools.

1/1/1907, Tuesday (-14,007) In China, 4 million people were starving due to heavy rains and crop failure.

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30/12/1906, Sunday (-14,009) (India) In India the Muslim League was founded, to call for separate Muslim areas and counter the Pan-Indian ideals of the Indian National Congress. The separate Muslim electoral areas were delivered under the Indian Councils Act of 1909. Ultimately this paved the way for the Partition of India in 1947.

26/12/1906, Wednesday (-14,013) (Science) German physicist Ernst August Friedrich Ruska was born in Heidelberg.

25/12/1906, Tuesday (-14,014) Suffragettes in London�s Holloway Prison refused Christmas meals.

24/12/1906, Monday (-14,015) (Maritime) the first radio programme aimed at seamen was broadcast from the US coast.

19/12/1906. Wednesday (-14,020) (Russia) Birth of Leonid Brezhnev.� He was born in Kamenskoye (now Dneprodzerzhinsk), in the Ukraine.

14/12/1906. Friday (-14,025) The German navy acquired its first submarine, the U1.

13/12/1906, Thursday (-14,026) A revolt of the Centre Party in the German Reichstag opposed spending on colonial wars. Von Bulow dissolved the Reichstag; in subsequent elections the Socialists lost ground.

12/12/1906, Wednesday (-14,027) In South Africa, the Transvaal was given autonomy with White male suffrage.

9/12/1906, Sunday (-14,030) Ferdinand Brunetiere, French writer, died (born 19/7/1849).

6/12/1906, Thursday (-14,033) Self-government was granted to Transvaal and the Orange River Colony.

5/12/1906, Wednesday (-14,034) Russian Admiral Niebogatov went on trial, accused of surrendering ships to the Japanese.

4/12/1906, Tuesday (-14,035) (Medical) Robert Wallace Wilkins was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. In 1950 he developed the use of reserpine for the treatment of high blood pressure.

3/12/1906, Monday (-14,036) (Football) AC Torino football club was founded.

2/12/1906, Sunday (-14,037) (Sound) Hungarian-US physicist Peter Mark Goldmark was born in Budapest. In 1948 he developed the first long-playing record in the USA.

1/12/1906. Saturday (-14,038) The world�s first purpose-built picture palace, the Cinema Omnia Pathe, opened in Paris.

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30/11/1906, Friday (-14,039) (Britain) The Prince of Wales opened the new Cotton Exchange in Liverpool.

29/11/1906, Thursday (-14,040) The car company Lancia was founded by a group of Fiat racing car drivers.

26/11/1906, Monday (-14,043) US President Theodore Roosevelt returned to the USA from Central America, becoming the first American President to travel abroad whilst in office. On his 17-day trip aboard the US battleship Louisiana he visited Puerto Rico then went on to Panama to see how the construction of the Panama Canal was progressing.

22/11/1906, Thursday (-14,049) Stolypin introduced agrarian reforms in Russia.

21/11/1906, Wednesday (-14,048) In Glasgow, a man died when 200,000 gallons of hot whisky burst out of vats.

20/11/1906. Tuesday (-14,049) Charles Rolls and Henry Royce formed the car company Rolls Royce Ltd.

19/11/1906, Monday (-14,050)

18/11/1906, Sunday (-14,051) Alec Issigonis, British car designer, was born (died 1988).

17/11/1906, Saturday (-14,052) Hugh Edwards, Olympic rower, was born (died 21/12/1972).

15/11/1906, Thursday (-14,054) Japan launched what was then the world�s largest battleship, the Satsuma.

12/11/1906, Monday (-14,057) (Aviation) A Santos-Dumas of France set an aviation speed record of 25.65 mph.

11/11/1906, Sunday (-14,058) (Aviation) The first balloon crossing of the Alps. A balloon piloted by Murillo and Cresti lifted off from Milan and passed over Mont Blanc, highest peak of the Alps.

9/11/1906, Friday (-14,060) (Education-Schools) Dorothea Beale died (born 21/3/1831), As Principal of Cheltenham Ladies College (opened 1854) from 1858, she did much to improve its standing, and new buildings were erected there from 1873 onwards.

6/11/1906. Tuesday (-14,063) Sylvia Pankhurst, suffragette, released from prison.

5/11/1906, Monday (-14,064) (Space exploration) Fred Lawrence Whipple was born in Red Oak, Indiana. In 1949 he suggested that comets are �dirty snowballs� consisting of water ice and ammonia ice with rock dust.

4/11/1906, Sunday (-14,065) Arnold Cooke, composer, was born (died 13/8/2005).

2/11/1906. Friday (-14,067) Jewish revolutionary Leon Trotsky was exiled for life to Siberia.

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30/10/1906, Tuesday (-14,070) Gathorne Cranbrook, British statesman, died (born 1/10/1814).

25/10/1906, Thursday (-14,075) Georges Clemenceau became PM in France.

24/10/1906. Wednesday (-14,076) 11 suffragettes were jailed for demonstrating in London, after refusing to pay �10 fines, or even acknowledge the court. Prison achieved martyrdom for the women.

23/10/1906, Tuesday (-14,077) Women suffragettes demonstrated in the outer lobby of the House of Commons. 10 were arrested and charged the following day.

22/10/1906, Monday (-14,078) (1) Painter Paul Cezanne died in Aix en Provence, France (born 19/1/1839).

(2) Elise Deroche became the first woman to fly solo.

20/10/1906, Saturday (-14,080)

18/10/1906, Thursday (-14,082) (Chemistry) Friedrich Konrad Beilstein, Russian chemist, died in St Petersburg.

17/10/1906. Wednesday (-14,083) First transmission of a picture by telegraph.

16/10/1906. Tuesday (-14,084) British New Guinea became part of Australia.

12/10/1906, Friday (-14,088) Hottentot rebellion in Namibia crushed by the Germans.

9/10/1906. Tuesday (-14,091) Death of Joseph Glidden in the USA; he invented barbed wire.

8/10/1906, Monday (-14,092) Karl Nessler demonstrated first 'permanent wave' for hair in London

7/10/1906, Sunday (-14,093) The Shah opened the Persian Assembly.

6/10/1906, Saturday (-14,094) Auguste Himly, French historical writer, died (born 28/3/1823).

5/10/1906. Friday (-14,095) In Russia, 1,000 prisoners a day were being exiled to Siberia.

4/10/1906, Thursday (-14,096) Johannes Post, Dutch WW2 resistance fighter, was born in Hollandscheveld, Drente, Netherlands (died 1944)

3/10/1906. Wednesday (-14,097) SOS was established as an international distress signal, at the Berlin Radio Conference, replacing the earlier CDQ call sign, sometimes wrongly explained as Come Damn Quick.

2/10/1906, Tuesday (-14,098) John Humphreys Whitfield, British scholar of Italian language & literature, was born in Wednesbury, England (died 1995).

1/10/1906, Monday (-14,099) The Karawanken rail tunnel, between Austria and Yugoslavia, 8 km long, opened.

======================================================================================

30/9/1906, Sunday (-14,100) The first international hot air balloon race began from Paris.

29/9/1906, Saturday (-14,101) Following the resignation of President Palma of Cuba, the USA declared a provisional Government toi restore order.

25/9/1906, Tuesday (-14,105) (1) Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer, was born.

(2) Phyllis Pearsall, who pioneered the modern London A-Z in 1936, was born.

23/9/1906, Sunday (-14,107) Charles Smirke, champion jockey, was born (died 20/12/1993).

20/9/1906, Thursday (-14,110) (1) The Mauretania, Atlantic passenger liner, was launched.

(2) In China, an imperial edict ordered the end of the use of heroin within 10 years.

19/9/1906, Wednesday (-14,111) (Medical) Ernst Chain was born in Berlin, Germany. Along with Howard Florey (born Adelaide, Australia, 24/9/1908) he developed, in 1940, the use of penicillin as an antibiotic.

18/9/1906, Tuesday (-14,112) Typhoon hit Hong Kong, killing some 10,000 peopole.

17/9/1906, Monday (-14,113) Senor Pedro Montt, President-elect, took up office in Chile.

13/9/1906, Thursday (-14,117) Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos Dumont made the first flight in Europe. His canvas and bamboo biplane stayed airborne for a 7 metre flight, on the outskirts of Paris.

9/9/1906. Sunday (-14,121) 100 Jews massacred in Siedlce, Poland.

=======================================================================================

30/8/1906, Thursday (-14,131) A new express rail service linking Cork and Waterford with London via the new ports of Rosslare and Fishguard was inaugurated.

28/8/1906, Tuesday (-14,133) John Betjeman, poet, was born (died 1984).

26/8/1906, Sunday (-14,135) Eugen Gura, German singer, died (born 1824).

24/8/1906, Friday (-14,137) Kidney transplants were carried out on dogs, at a medical conference in Toronto, Canada.

16/8/1906. Thursday (-14,143) (Chile, Earthquake) Severe earthquake killed 3,000 in Valparaiso, Chile. 100,000 were left homeless.

15/8/1906, Wednesday (-14,146) �Bloody Wednesday� in Poland. 80 people were killed in terrorist attacks by socialists against Russian occupation of the country. Pilsudsky had visited Japan in 1904 and secured their backing in the fight against Russia; Japan was fighting Russia in the Far East.

13/8/1906, Monday (-14,148) Pearl Craigie, US novelist, died (born 3/11/1867).

9/8/1906,� Thursday (-14,152) The Boer War Commission reported that corruption and incompetence in conducting the war cost Britain over �1 million.

8/8/1906 Wednesday (-14,153) Churchill and others protested at the excessive noise made by motor traffic.

7/8/1906, Tuesday (-14,154) Marcello Caetano, Portuguese Prime Minister, was born.

6/8/1906, Monday (-14,155)

5/8/1906, Sunday (-14,156) John Huston, film director, was born.

4/8/1906, Saturday (-14.157) The Italian liner Silvio was wrecked off Spain; 200 drowned.

1/8/1906, Wednesday (-14,160) The new Belfast City Hall was opened.

======================================================================================

29/7/1906, Sunday (-14,163) Diana Vreeland, fashion editor, was born.

23/7/1906, Monday (-14,169) 1,000 Zulu rebels surrendered to British troops in South Africa.

22/7/1906, Sunday (-14,170) Captain Dreyfus was formally reinstated in the French Army and given the Legion of Honour.

21/7/1906, Saturday (-14,171) In Russia, the Duma (Parliament) was dissolved and martial law set up. The Cadets withdrew to Finland where they issued the Viborg manifesto, calling on Russians to refuse to pay taxes.

20/7/1906, Friday (-14,172) Anton Farber, German actor, was born.

19/7/1906, Thursday (-14,173) (South Africa) Alfred Beit, South African financier, died.

17/7/1906, Tuesday (-14,175)

16/7/1906, Monday (-14,176) Vincent Sherman, film director, was born (died 18/6/2006)

15/7/1906, Sunday (-14,177) A Commons Commission recommended providing school meals, and a separate Ministry for Wales.

12/7/1906, Thursday (-14,180) In France, Captain Dreyfus was rehabilitated after being publicly disgraced 11 years earlier over spying and treason charges.� Dreyfus had been imprisoned on Devil�s Island.

9/7/1906, Monday (-14,183) The Wochein rail tunnel, Yugoslavia, 6.5 km long, opened.

8/7/1906, Sunday (-14,184) Philip Johnson, architect, was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

7/7/1906, Saturday (-14,185) Britain�s first hot air balloon race.

6/7/1906, Friday (-14,186) Christopher Langdell, US legal writer, died (born 22/5/1826).

4/7/1906, Wednesday (-14,188)

3/7/1906, Tuesday (-14,189) George Sanders, actor, was born.

2/7/1906, Monday (-14,190) (Astronomy) German physicist Hans Bethe was born in Strasbourg. In 1938 he proposed that stellar fusion of hydrogen into helium was how the Sun produced energy.

1/7/1906, Sunday (-14,191) (1) A train crash at Salisbury, UK, caused by excessive speed. Speed limits were now rigorously enforced and rail speed record attempts now ceased.

(2) A loaf of bread cost 5d (2p).� A pound of beef cost 8d (3p).� The average weekly wage was 19 shillings (95p).

======================================================================================

29/6/1906, Friday (-14,193) (USA) US Congress passed a Bill creating the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado.

26/6/1906, Tuesday (-14,196) The first Grand Prix took place at Le Mans. The race was over 12 laps of a 65-mile triangular circuit at Le Mans.� The race was won by Hungarian Ference Szisz, driving a Renault at an average speed of 63 mph.

23/6/1906, Saturday (-14,199) A deputation demanding votes for women, representing 500,000 women, met the British Prime Minister.

22/6/1906, Friday (-14,200) US President Roosevelt sued John D Rockerfeller�s Standard Oil Company for operating a monopoly.

21/6/1906. Thursday (-14,201) The Russian Parliament, the Duma, was exiled. On 23/6/1906 it called on Russians to refuse to pay taxes.

20/6/1906, Wednesday (-14,202) Catherine Cookson, British writer, was born.

14/6/1906, Thursday (-14,208) In the UK, a Parliamentary Bill was proposed to ban women from dangerous sports after a woman died in a parachuting accident.

12/6/1906, Tuesday (-14,210) Anti-Semitic riots in Bialystok.

10/6/1906, Sunday (-14,212) In South Africa, Zulu leader Bambaata and 100s of his followers were killed.

7/6/1906. Thursday (-14,215) The Lusitania, the world's biggest liner, was launched in Glasgow.

6/6/1906, Wednesday (-14,216) Paris Metro Line 5 was inaugurated with a first section from Place d'Italie to the Gare d'Orleans (today known as Gare d'Austerlitz).

5/6/1906, Tuesday (-14,217) Germany decided to build more battleships.

4/6/1906, Monday (-14,218) Britain, France and Italy guaranteed the independence of Ethiopia.

3/6/1906, Sunday (-14,219) Walter Robins, cricketer, was born (died 12/12/1968)

2/6/1906, Saturday (-14,220).Betty Uber, badminton champion, was born (died 30/4/1983).

1/6/1906, Friday (-14,221) (Railway Tunnel) The Simplon I rail tunnel, 20.5 km long, linking Switzerland and Italy, opened.

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31/5/1906, Thursday (-14,222) Michael Davitt, dedicated Irish Nationalist, died (born 25/3/1846).

29/5/1906, Tuesday (-14,224)

28/5/1906. Monday (-14,225) (Russia) The Russian government decided to redistribute 25 million acres of land to peasants.

27/5/1906, Sunday (-14,226) Henry Hibbs, footballer, was born (died 23/4/1984).

26/5/1906. Saturday (-14,227) The rebuilt Vauxhall Bridge over the Thames was reopened.

25/5/1906, Friday (-14,228)

24/5/1906. Thursday (-14,229) Czar Nicholas II granted universal male suffrage but refused an amnesty for political prisoners as suggested by the Duma.

23/5/1906, Wednesday (-14,230) Norwegian poet Henry Ibsen died.

22/5/1906, Tuesday (-14,231) The last British troops left the Dominion of Canada.

19/5/1906, Saturday (-14,234) Joao Franco became Prime Minister of Spain, with dictatorial powers.

16/5/1906, Wednesday (-14,237) (Namibia) Morenga was interned by the British. He had been pursued by Germans across the frontier into British-colonised territory and wounded, but he escaped from the Germans. The British classerd him as a political refugee and refused German calls for his extradition.

12/5/1906, �Saturday (-14,241) The Russian Duma and the Tsar disputed over the release of political prisoners.

11/6/1906, Friday (-14,242) Isvolsky became Russian Foreign Secretary.

10/5/1906. Thursday (-14,243) The first Russian Parliament, or Duma, met in St Petersburg. There was deadlock as the Cadet�s party opposed the Fundamental Laws.

9/5/1905, Wednesday (-14,244) The Chinese Government anno8unced that it was taking control of the Imperial Customs Service, removing Robert hart from office, who had been its Inspector-General since 1863.

8/5/1906, Tuesday (-14,245) The US allowed Alaska to elect a delegate to Congress; they arrived in December.

7/5/1906, Monday (-14,246)

6/5/1906, �Sunday (-14,247) (1) British soldiers killed 60 Zulus at Durban.

(2) Tsar Nicholas II promulgated the Fundamental Law of the Russian Empire, reaffirming autocratic rule.

5/5/1906, Saturday (-14,248) In Russia, Count Witte was replaced by the more conservative Ivan Goremykin.

3/5/1906, Thursday (-14,250) Nancy Astor, actress, was born.

====================================================================================

30/4/1906, Monday (-14,253)

28/4/1906, Saturday (-14,255) (Mathematics) Austrian-US mathematician Kurt Godel was born in Brno, Czechoslovakia.

27/4/1906. Friday (-14,256) China reluctantly granted Britain control of Tibet, following the occupation of the capital Lhasa by British troops.

24/4/1906, Tuesday (-14,259) Nazi collaborator William Joyce, or �Lord Haw Haw�, was born in Brooklyn, New York City.

22/4/1906, Sunday (-14,261) Eddie Albert, actor, was born (died 26/5/2005).

21/4/1906, Saturday (-14,262) The Great Fire of San Francisco, started by the earthquake on 18/4/1906, ended.

20/4/1906, Friday (-14,263) An Australian wombat, the oldest known marsupial, died in London Zoo aged 26.

19/4/1906, Thursday (-14,264) Pierre Curie, French scientist who discovered Radium, was run over and killed in Paris.

18/4/1906. Wednesday (-14,265) (Earthquake, USA) Major earthquake hit San Francisco. Over 1,000 people were killed and large fires threatened upmarket homes on Nob Hill, after the water mains were destroyed in the quake. Overall, 3,000 acres of the city were devastated. The fire did more damage than the quake, it took 3 days to bring the blaze under control and 490 blocks were destroyed.

17/4/1906. Tuesday (-14,266) The British Labour Party called for universal female suffrage.

15/4/1906, Sunday (-14,268) Easter Sunday.

13/4/1906, Friday (-14,270) Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright, was born.

11/4/1906, Wednesday (-14,272) (Japan) Having occupied Taiwan since the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, Japan now appointed military commander Sakuma Samata to �control and pacify� the island�s indigenous population. Tribal land was confiscated and entire villages forcibly relocated; resistance was countered by collective punishment. Villages were bombed and hit with nerve gas, And concentration camps set up behind electrified fences.

9/4/1906, Monday (-14,274) The Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell was born in London.

8/4/1906, Sunday (-14,275) D Auguste, the first recorded Alzheimer's victim, died (born 1850).

7/4/1906. Saturday (-14,276) (1) The Conference of Algecieras ended.

(2) Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying the town of Ottaiano. Hundreds died. Over 105 were killed when the church of San Guiseppe collapsed in Naples.� The weight of ash killed many more as roofs collapsed.

6/4/1906, Friday (-14,277) Poet Laureate, John Betjeman, was born in London.

5/4/1906, Thursday (-14,278) Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany dismissed Count Friedrich Holstein, a key advisor in the Foreign Department, ending fears of a German war with France over Morocco.

4/4/1906, Wednesday (-14,279) Elections were held for the first Duma (Parliament) in Russia.

=======================================================================================

25/3/1906, Sunday (-14,291) AJP Taylor, British historical writer, was born (died 1990).

23/3/1906, Friday (-14,291) Thomas Harris, US poet and preacher, died.

21/3/1906, Wednesday (-14,293) John D Rockefeller III, billionaire philanthropist, was born.

20/3/1906. Tuesday (-14,294) Russian army officers were killed by soldiers in a mutiny at Sevastopol, Crimea.

19/3/1906, Monday (-14,295) Adolf Eichmann, German Nazi responsible for the execution of millions of European Jews during World War II, was born in Solingen.

18/3/1906, Sunday (-14,296)

16/3/1906, �Friday (-14,298) Japanese railways were nationalised.

15/3/1906, Thursday (-14,299) Alfred Jones, Canadian politician, died (born 9/1824).

14/3/1906. Wednesday (-14,300) The British Parliament accepted the principle of old age pensions.

13/3/1906, Tuesday (-14,301) Susan B Anthony, American pioneer of women�s suffrage, died aged 86.

11/3/1906, Sunday (-14,303) 1,200 miners died in a pit explosion in northern France.

9/3/1906, Friday (-14,305) David Smith, sculptor, was born (died 1965).

8/3/1906. Thursday (-14,306) The British government stated that the British Empire covered 11.5 million square miles, one fifth of the world�s land area, and had a population of 400 million, a quarter of the world total. The Empire had grown by a third in the last 25 years.

7/3/1906. Wednesday (-14,307) Finland extended suffrage to all tax paying men and women aged over 24.

6/3/1906, Tuesday (-14,308) An avalanche at Roger�s Pass in the US buried a train. By the time the train was dug out, 62 people had died.

5/3/1906, Monday (-14,309)

3/3/1906, Saturday (-14,311) The first trials of an aeroplane with tyres took place at Montesson, Seine et Marne, France.

2/3/1906, Friday (-14,312) Tsar Nicholas II ceded some power to the Russian Parliament.

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27/2/1906, Tuesday (-14,315) Samuel Langley, aviation pioneer, died (born 22/8/1834).

20/2/1906, Tuesday (-14,322) Unrest in Natal grew into a major revolt.

19/2/1906. Monday (-14,323) The American, William Kellogg, formed the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company of Michigan to market to the public the breakfast cereal he had invented as a health food for mental patients 8 years earlier with his brother John Kellogg. John, a Seventh Day Adventist, had claimed the new food would curb the sex drive but the latest adverts failed to mention that.

18/2/1906, Sunday (-14,324) Britain launched its first Dreadnought battleship. They were a key part of UK naval strategy in World War One; they were named after a naval ship of Francis Drake�s time.

17/2/1906, Saturday (-14,325) Alice Roosevelt, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, married Ohio Congressman Nicholas Longworth.

16/2/1906, Friday (-14,326) Vera Menchick, chess champion, was born (died 26/6/1944).

15/2/1906, Thursday (-14,327) Yvette Labrousse, winner of Miss France 1930, was born.

14/2/1906, Wednesday (-14,328) 54 were arrested as suffragettes fought police outside the British Parliament.

13/2/1906, Tuesday (-14,329) Albert Gottschalk, Danish painter, died (born 1866).

12/2/1906, Monday (-14,330) Earthquake in Taiwan, 1,228 killed.

11/2/1906, Sunday (-14,331) Anita Garvin, US actress, was born in New York City (died 1994)

10/2/1906, Saturday (-14,332) Britain launched the revolutionary new battleship Dreadnought.� She made every other warship obsolete, outgunning and outranging them all. Her new steam turbine propulsion made her much faster than older ships. This marked the start of a keen naval arms race between Britain and Germany. Germany now realised that the latest class of battleships were too big to pass through the Kiel Canal. The Russo-Japanese War demonstrated the need for such battleship innovation, as naval battles were now fought at long range, using torpedoes, and torpedo boats therefore had to be destroyed at a distance with accurate long-range artillery.

9/2/1906, Friday (-14,333) Paul Laurence Dunbar, poet and novelist (born 27/6/1872 in Dayton, Ohio) died of tuberculosis. Son of a former slave, his poetry did much to describe the everyday lives of Black Americans.

8/2/1906, Thursday (-14,334) Birth of Chester Carlson, who invented the photocopier.

7/2/1906. Wednesday (-14,335) Pu Yi, last Emperor of China, was born in Beijing.

6/2/1906, Tuesday (-14,336) Nin� Gordini Cervi, Italian actress, was born.

5/2/1906, Monday (-14,337) John Carradine, actor, was born.

4/2/1906, Sunday (-14,338) Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian who was part of the group who tried to assassinate Adolf Hitler, was born.

3/2/1906. Saturday (-14,339) Japan decided to double the size of its navy by 1908.

2/2/1906. Friday (-14,340) 530 injured in Paris in dispute over Church property.

1/2/1906, Thursday (-14,341) The Government dropped plans for a fast motor road between London and Brighton.

====================================================================================

31/1/1906, Wednesday (-14,342) (Earthquake) Magnitude 8.9 earthquake hit the Colombia and Ecuador coasts.

29/1/1906, Monday (-14,344) Christian IX of Denmark died, aged 87. He was succeeded by his son, Frederick VIII, aged 62, who ruled until 1912.

27/1/1906. Saturday (-14,346) The River Thames caught fire as oil on the surface ignited.

22/1/1906, Monday (-14,351) George Holyoake, English writer, died (born 13/4/1817).

20/1/1906, Saturday (-14,353) Aristotle Onassis, Greek shipping tycoon, was born in Smyrna, Turkey.

17/1/1906, Wednesday (-14,356) In France, Clement Fallieres was elected president, through the influence of Georges Clemenceau.

16/1/1906. Tuesday (-14,357) The Algecieras Conference � see 28/8/1904.

15/1/1906, Monday (-14,358)

14/1/1906, Sunday (-14,359) Nelson Tarleton, boxer, was born (died 12/1/1956)

13/1/1906, Saturday (-14,360) The first AMCMA (American Motor Car Manufacturer�s Association) exhibition was held in New York City, USA.

12/1/1906, Friday (-14,361) The Liberals won a landslide victory in the British general elections. Labour under Keir Hardie also made gains. The Liberals had 399 seats, up from 184 in the 1900 election. The Conservatives retained 156 seats, down from 402. Labour gained 29 seats; a secret Liberal-Labour pact gave the Labour candidate a free run against the Tories in key constituencies. Labour�s share of the vote was just 4.8%, but this was treble their 1900 share. In December 1905 the new Liberal Government got the Trades Disputes Bill passed by the (Conservative-dominated) House of Lords, reversing the House of Lords ruling in the Taff Vale case (1901), which had meant trades unions were liable for losses to the employer caused by strikes.

9/1/1906, Tuesday (-14,364)

3/1/1906, Wednesday (-14,370) (Astronomy) William Wilson Morgan was born in Bethesda, Tennessee, USA. He first demonstrated that the Milky Way galaxy has a spiral structure, like M31.

2/1/1906. Tuesday (-14,371) (1) New French Darraq racing car set a speed record of 108 mph.

(2) The Sultan of Brunei agreed to hand over administration of Brunei to the British.

1/1/1906, Monday (-14,372) (1) General Von Moltke was made head of the German armed forces.

(2) In Britain the Lunacy Commission reported that on this date 121,979 persons were certified as insane.

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30/12/1905, Saturday (-14,374) A revolt in Moscow was brutally suppressed.

24/12/1905. Sunday (-14,380) The US industrialist Howard Hughes was born.

23/12/1905, Saturday (-14,381) (1) (Australia) Australia passed the Aborigines Act. It provided for the removal of indigenous Australian children aged under 6, and their �integration� into White society through education and work placements � usually menial labour, in practice.

(2) The final of the earliest known beauty contest in Britain was held at Newcastle on Tyne.

22/12/1905, Friday (-14,382)

21/12/1905, Thursday (-14,383) Anthony Powell, English novelist, was born.

20/12/1905, Wednesday (-14,384) Henry Harland, US author, died (born 3/1861 in St Petersburg).

19/12/1905. Tuesday (-14,385) London County Council set up a motorised ambulance service for traffic accident victims.

16/12/1905, Saturday (-14,388) The first civilian motor ambulance was delivered to the South West Ambulance Station of the Metropolitan Asylums Board. Built to order by James and Browne of 395 Oxford Street London for �465, it was used to transport scarlet fever patients from their homes to isolation hospitals, from 11/2/1906.

14/12/1905, Thursday (-14,390) UK Trade Unions called for universal suffrage, an eight hour working day, and old age pensions.

12/12/1905, Tuesday (-14,392) Francois Meurice, French dramatist, died (born 7/2/1818).

11/12/1905, Monday (-14,393) (USA) Edward Atkinson, US economist, died in Boston (born 10/2/1827 in Brookline, Massachusetts).

10/12/1905, Sunday (-14,394) (Women�s Rights) Austrian pacifist and writer Bertha von Suttner became the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

9/12/1905, Saturday (-14,395) In France, the Church and State were legally separated.

8/12/1905, Friday (-14,396) Charles Cushing, American composer, was born in Oakland, California (died 1982)

7/12/1905. Thursday (-14,397) Russian revolutionaries occupied the fortress at Kiev, Ukraine.

6/12/1905, Wednesday (-14,398) Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen landed at Fort Egbert, Alaska, after a 2 � year exploration of America�s arctic coast.

5/12/1905. Tuesday (-14,399) The roof of Charing Cross Station collapsed, killing six people.

4/12/1905, Monday (-14,400) British Prime Minister Arthur Balfour resigned.

3/12/1905, Sunday (-14,401) British troops quelled a riot at Georgetown, British Guyana.

2/12/1905, Saturday (-14,402) Osvaldo Pugliese, Argentine composer, was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina (died 1995)

1/12/1905, Friday (-14,403) 20 Russian army officers and 230 guards were arrested at St Petersburg after a plot to kill the Tsar was uncovered.

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30/11/1905, Thursday (-14,404) (Aviation) The Aero Club of America was formed in New York City.

29/11/1905, Wednesday (-14,405) Marcel Lefebvre, French Roman Catholic Bishop, was born (died 1991)

28/11/1905. Tuesday (-14,406) (1) Austria gained universal suffrage.

(2) Sinn Fein was founded in Dublin by Arthur Griffith.

25/11/1905, Saturday (-14,409) King Haakon VII arrived in Oslo.

23/11/1905, Thursday (-14,411) In Britain, Liberal Party leader Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman proposed Home Rule for Ireland �by instalments�. His speech, at Stirling, Scotland, was attacked by former Liberal leader Lord Roseberry, on 25/11/1905.

19/11/1905, Sunday (-14,415) The British steamer Hilda was wrecked off St Malo killing 128.

18/11/1905. Saturday (-14,416) Prince Carl of Denmark was chosen to be King Haakon VII of Norway.

16/11/1905, Thursday (-14,418) Count Sergei Witte was appointed Prime Minister of Russia.

14/11/1905, Tuesday (-14,420) Robert Whitehead, who invented the naval torpedo in 1866, died in Berkshire.

13/11/1905, Monday (-14,421) Clarence Hearn, Australian footballer, was born (died 1/4/1981).

12/11/1905, Sunday (-14,422) (1) Russia imposed martial law in Poland

(2) In the UK, Queen Alexandra launched an appeal for the unemployed.

10/11/1905, Friday (-14,424) Amidst growing unrest in Russia, all Russian universities were closed. Mutinies broke out in Vladivostok and other cities.

8/11/1905. Wednesday (-14,426) In Odessa, Russia, 1,000 Jews were killed when a mob of 50,000 went on the rampage stabbing Jewish men, women, and children.

7/11/1905, Tuesday (-14,427) (Finland) Russia gave in to the Finnish General Strike, and restored conditions to as pre-1899.

5/11/1905, Sunday (-14,429)

3/11/1905, Friday (-14,431) (Namibia) In Namibia, Hendrik Witboi, Chief of the Hottentots, who had actually helped Germany suppress the Bondelzwart rebellion (10/1903) but who subsequently fell out with the German administrators, died aged 75. His son and successor, Samuel Isaac, now surrendered to the Germans. However a rebel Hottentot faction then emerged under Morenga, who continued guerrilla warfare against the colonisers.

2/11/1902, Thursday (-14,432) (Medical) Rudolf Albert von Kolliker, Swiss anatomist and physiologist, died in Wurzburg, Bavaria.

1/11/1905. Wednesday (-14,433) Police closed George Bernard Shaw�s play, Mrs Warren�s Profession, because of its portrayal of prostitution.

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31/10/1905, Tuesday (-14,434) In New York City, police banned the play Mrs Warren�s Profession, by George Bernard Shaw, after its first performance, because it portrayed prostitution.

30/10/1905. Monday (-14,435) (1) Aspirin went on sale in the UK for the first time.

(2) (Russia) Czar Nicholas II of Russia, on advice from Sergei Yulevitch Witte, issued a decree to turn his country from an absolute aristocracy into a semi-constitutional monarchy in an attempt to quell growing popular unrest, issuing the October Manifesto. However by the end of 1906 Czar Nicholas, with the opposition divided as to the acceptability of his reforms, was able to resume autocratic rule again.

28/10/1905, Saturday (-14,437) Michael Dragomirov, Russian military writer, died (born 8/11/1830).

26/10/1905. Thursday (-14,439) (Scandinavia) Norway and Sweden ended their union. King Oscar II of Sweden formally abdicated the crown of Norway.

25/10/1905, Wednesday (-14,440) (1) (Russia) The first meeting of the Soviet (Council) of Workers Deputies met in St Petersburg. There was widespread disorder across Russia, with a train strike preventing the British Ambassador leaving St Petersburg.

(2) (Britain) Lord Roseberry called for a future Liberal Government to challenge the power of the House of Lords.

24/10/1905, Tuesday (-14,441)

23/10/1905, Monday (-14,442) (Science) Swiss-US physicist Felix Bloch was born in Zurich, In 1927 he proved that some electrons could travel through a crystal array without being scattered.

22/10/1905, Sunday (-14,443) (Astronomy) Karl Jansky was born in Norman, Oklahoma. In 1931 his experiments with an improvised radio aerial led to the birth of radio astronomy. Some radio emissions were found to be coming from the Milky Way.

21/10/1905, Saturday (-14,444) (1) (Russia) A railway strike began in Russia, which became nation-wide by 25/10/1905. By the end of October this had become a general strike across Russia.

(2) (Rail Travel) A 110 km line of gauge 0.75 metres opened from Famagusta (Cyprus) via Nicosia to Morphou. It closed on 31/12/1951.

20/10/1905, Friday (-14,445) Ellery Queen, writer, was born.

18/10/1905, Wednesday (-14,447) (Road traffic) Kingsway and Aldwych, London, opened.

15/10/1905, Sunday (-14,450) CP Snow, English novelist, was born (died 1980)

14/10/1905. Saturday (-14,451) The suffragettes Emmeline Pankhurst and Annie Kenney opted to go to prison for seven days rather than pay a fine for assaulting a policeman. The assault was at a political meeting at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester, where a leading Liberal politician, Sir Edward Grey, was making a speech.

13/10/1905, Friday (-14,452) Sir Henry Irving, the first British actor to receive a knighthood, gave his final performance in Bradford, Yorkshire, before collapsing and dying in the arms of his dresser at the Midland Hotel.

10/10/1905, Tuesday (-14,455)

6/10/1905, Friday (-14,459) Helen Wills, US tennis player, was born.

5/10/1905. Thursday (-14,460) (Aviation) Orville Wright became the first man to fly an aircraft for 38 minutes. He flew in a 24.5 mile circular course at Dayton, Ohio.

3/10/1905, Tuesday (-14,462) Jose Heredia, French poet, died (born 22/11/1842).

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28/9/1905, Thursday (-14,467) (Atomic) Albert Einstein published what is now known as his Special Theory of Relativity. This argued that light travelled at a constant speed for all observers regardless of position or motion, that e = mc2, and that time slowed down as one approached lightspeed.

25/9/1905, Monday (-14,470) Jacques Cavaignac, French politician, died (born 21/5/1853).

19/9/1905, Tuesday (-14,476) (1) Britain and Germany held simultaneous war manoeuvres.

(2) (Children) Doctor Thomas Barnardo, who set up over 112 homes for deprived children from 1867, died aged 60 at Surbiton, SW London.

18/9/1905. Monday (-14,477) Greta Garbo, the Swedish shop-girl who became a famous film star, was born.

16/9/1905, Saturday (-14,479)

15/9/1905, Friday (-14,480) Patrick O�Callaghan, athlete (hammer throwing) was born (died 1/12/1991).

14/9/1906, Thursday (-14,481) George McVeagh, Irish hockey, tennis, cricket and squash player, was born (died 5/6/1968)

13/9/1905, Wednesday (-14,482) Rene Goblet, French politician, died (born 26/11/1828).

12/9/1905, Tuesday (-14,483) Boris Arapov, Russian composer, was born in St. Petersburg, Russia (died 1992)

11/9/1905, Monday (-14,484) Figures were released showing rural lunacy on the rise; this was attributed to the tedium of living in the countryside.

10/9/1905, Sunday (-14,485) Pete Browning, American baseball player, died aged 44.

9/9/1905. Saturday (-14,486) (Earthquake) Severe earthquake killed thousands in Calabria, Italy.

8/9/1905, Friday (-14,487) In Britain, 1,997,000 people now belonged to Trades Unions.

7/9/1905, Thursday (-14,488) John Whitley, British air-marshal was born (died 1997)

6/9/1905, Wednesday (-14,489) Karl Heigel, German novelist, died (born 25/3/1835).

5/9/1905. Tuesday (-14,490) (1) The Treaty of Portsmouth (New Hampshire) was signed, ending the Russo-Japanese war. Japan acquired south Sakhalin from Russia, also the Russian leasehold territories in South Manchuria. Russia also recognised Japanese dominance in Korea, which led to Japan formally annexing Korea as a colony in 1910. Russia refused to pay any indemnities, sparking angry demonstrations in Tokyo (7/9/1905). This Treaty marked the start of Japanese expansion into China, which aroused unease in Washington.

(2) Hundreds died in clashes between Armenians and Tartars.

4/9/1905, Monday (-14,491)) (Africa) Pierre Paul Brazza, French explorer of Africa and founder of the French Congo (Brazzaville), died (born 26/1/1852).

3/9/1905, Sunday (-14,492) (Atomic) Physicist Carl David Anderson was born in New York City, USA. In 1932 he discovered the positron, a positively-charged antimatter version of the electron. This proved correct the 1928 prediction of Paul Dirac (1902-1984), that negative-energy particles corresponding to our positive energy ones should exist.

2/9/1905. Saturday (-14,493) Russia suffered its worst famine since 1891.

1/9/1905, Friday (-14,494)

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30/8/1905, Wednesday (-14,496) (Canada) Alberta was constituted a province of Canada, created out of part of the North West Territories.

29/8/1905. Tuesday (-14,497) Russia and Japan agreed peace. An armistice was arranged for 31/8/1905. A peace treaty was signed between Russia and Japan on 5/9/1905 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA.

25/8/1905, Friday (-14,501) The mutineers from the battleship Potemkin were sentenced. Eight were condemned to death. Heavy taxation, Russia�s defeat by Japan, and the Czar�s opposition to constitutional government were causing resentment.

22/8/1905, Tuesday (-14,504) David Monro, English classical writer, died (born 16/11/1836).

19/8/1905, Saturday (-14,507) Tsar Nicholas II of Russia proposed an Impoerial Duma (parlkiament), which would only be elected on a limited franchise and have only deliberative powers.

13/8/1905, Sunday (-14,513) A referendum in Norway found 80% agreed with the separation from Sweden.

12/8/1905, Saturday (-14,514) Under Russian direction a pogrom of Jews occurred in Bialystock, Poland; 38 were killed and over 200 wounded.

11/8/1905, Friday (-14,515) (Biology) Austrian-American biochemist Erwin Chargaff was born in Czernowitz. He demonstrated in the 1940s that for DNA the number of adenine and thymine bases, and the number of cytosine and guanine bases, were equal. This was an important clue to the structure of DNA.

8/8/1905, Tuesday (-14,518) (Women�s Rights) The Magazine Good House Keeping reported that three out of every four wives had to beg their husbands for more money; the Daily Mail, progressively, asked men to consider how they would feel in this situation.

1/8/1905, Tuesday (-14,525) The founder of the Salvation Army, General William Booth, began a 2,000 mile crusade round Britain.

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31/7/1905. Monday (-14,526) The Russian governor of Sakhalin Island surrendered to the Japanese.

29/7/1905, Saturday (-14,528) Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish Secretary-General of the United Nations, was born in Jonkoping.

24/7/1905, Monday (-14,533) (Germany, Russia) Kaiser William II of Germany and Czar Nicholas II of Russia signed the Treaty of Bjorko at a meeting in Finland. This proposed a mutual defence pact between the two countries if either was attacked by another European power. However the Russian Foreign Office opposed the Treaty because it threatened Russia�s relationship with France, upon whom Russia was dependent for aid. The German Chancellor, Von Bulow also opposed the Treaty, and Franco-German tension over the Morocco crisis left the Treaty dead in the water.

22/7/1905, Saturday (-14,535) Ralph Lingen, British civil servant, died.

18/7/1905, Tuesday (-14,539) (Railways) The first railway in Togo opened; from Lome 45 km to Anecho.

16/7/1905. Sunday (-14,541) Commander Peary of the USA set out on his second expedition to the North Pole.

13/7/1905, Thursday (-14,544) The Niagara Movement was founded in Ontario. It was a US Black organisation calling for more civil rights.

12/7/1905, Wednesday (-14,545) (Britain) In Britain, the Princess of Wales gave birth to a son, Prince John.

11/7/1905, Tuesday (-14,546) 124 miners died in a pit disaster in Glamorgan, south Wales.

10/7/1905, Monday (-14,547) A UK Parliamentary reshuffle meant 22 fewer Irish MPs.

9/7/1905, Sunday (-14,548) (London) Large Labour demonstration in Hyde Park, London.

8/7/1905. Saturday (-14,549) The crew of the battleship Potemkin surrendered to the Romanians after a mutiny. Romania refused to extradite them back to Russia because it said the mutiny was a political act. The mutiny began as the battleship was watching the rioters in the city of Odessa. A sailor complained about bad food and was shot. The crew mutinied, on 27/6/1905, and threw the captain and several officers overboard; the remaining 8 officers joined the mutiny. A steamer laden with coal was seized and the coal transferred to the Potemkin.

6/7/1905, Thursday (-14,551)

4/7/1905, Tuesday (-14,553) Dante Fiorillo, US composer, was born in New York City (died 1970)

3/7/1905. Monday (-14,554) Russian troops killed more than 6,000 people in Odessa to restore order after a general strike.

2/7/1905, Sunday (-14,555) Jean Rene Lacoste, tennis player, was born.

1/7/1905, Saturday (-14,556) The Colonial Office considered a plan to relocate Britain�s �surplus population� in various parts of the Empire.

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30/6/1905, Friday (-14,557) Albert Einstein published his article �On the Electrodyamics of Moving Bodies�. This was the first paper to mention special relativity, which revolutionised modern physics.

29/6/1905. Thursday (-14,558) The inaugural meeting of the Automobile Association took place at the Trocadero Restaurant in London, attended by 50 motorists.

27/6/1905, Tuesday (-14,560) Mutiny on the Russian battleship Potemkin, see 8/7/1905.

23/6/1905, Friday (-14,564) Tsar Nicholas II broke his promise regarding an elected assembly.

21/6/1905, Wednesday (-14,566) Jean Paul-Sartre, French dramatist and novelist, was born in Paris.

20/6/1905, Tuesday (-14,567) Lillian Helman, US writer, was born (died 1984).

19/6/1905. Monday (-14,568) The world�s first all motion picture cinema opened in Pittsburgh. For 10 cents admission

there was a film, Poor But Honest, followed by The Baffled Burglar, accompanied by a melody on the� harp by Madame Durocher.

18/6/1905, Sunday (-14,569) A group of striking textile workers from Lodz, Poland, were fired upon by Cossacks and soldiers, killing five. This led to several days of rioting, in which (official figures) 151 were killed, including 55 Poles, 79 Jews and 17 Germans. The Polish middle classes feared more unrest and over the next year some 33,000 applied for passports to emigrate from Poland.

13/6/1905, Tuesday (-14,574) (Greece) Theodoros Delyanni, Greek statesman, born 1826, was murdered in revenge for the strict measure shad had taken against gambling houses.

7/6/1905. Wednesday (-14,580) Norway declared independence from Sweden (see 4/11/1814).� Since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Norway had been a self-governing subject of the Swedish Crown. In 1905 the provincial parliament voted to cut off relations with Sweden, and a plebiscite backed the move by 386,208 to 184 votes. In 1397 Margaret I succeeded in uniting Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In 1527 Gustav I cancelled that union, and Norway was ruled by Denmark until 1814, when it was ceded to Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel. Calls for Norwegian independence grew, especially after the adoption of universal suffrage in 1898.

6/6/1905, Tuesday (-14,581) Theophile Delcasse, French Foreign Minister since 1898, resigned under pressure from Germany.

4/6/1905, Sunday (-14,583)

3/6/1905. Saturday (-14,584) Cossacks charged at rioting crowds in St Petersburg.

2/6/1905, Friday (-14,585) (Road travel) The Royal Mail horse drawn parcel post coach from London to Brighton was replaced by a faster motor coach service.

1/6/1905, Thursday (-14,586) Emile Delahaye, founder of Delahaye Automobiles, died aged 62.

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27/5/1905. Saturday (-14,591) The Russian fleet was annihilated by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima. Tsar Nicholas II had sent a fleet of 38 ships on an 18-month voyage from the Baltic to the Far East, including 7 battleships and 6 cruisers. This was met in the Tsushima Straits by Admiral Togo who commanded a fleet of similar size. Battle began on the afternoon of the 27 May and recommenced at dawn on the 28^th. All but 3 of the 38 Russian ships were sunk or captured; Japanese losses were just 3 torpedo boats. The Russian fleet was too late to save Port Arthur in any case, which had surrendered to Japan on 2/1/1905. Along with the humiliating defeat at Mukden (10/3/1905) the Tsar now had to accept a humiliating treaty allowing extensive Japanese territorial gains in northern China. The rest of the world now had to accept Japan as a major power, although until 1854 Japan had been a feudal state closed to the rest of the world.

25/5/1905, Thursday (-14,593) Europe�s first flight by a heavier-than-air machine.

24/5/1905, Wednesday (-14,594) Anti-Semitic riots in Warsaw, many Jews killed.

23/5/1906, Tuesday (-14,595) Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian poet, died (born 20/3/1828).

18/5/1905, Thursday (-14,600) Hedley Verity, cricketer, was born (died 31/7/1943).

16/5/1905, Tuesday (-14,602) Bob Hope, US comedian, was born.

15/5/1905, Monday (-14,603) Henry Fonda, actor, was born.

12/5/1905, Friday (-14,606) A Bill to give British women the right to vote failed; it was talked out of time. Under Parliamentary rules, a Bill is lost if MPs are still debating it when the House is due to adjourn.

8/5/1905, Monday (-14,610) In Russia the Union of Unions was formed by Paul Miliukov, demanding Parliamentary reform.

1/5/1905, Monday (-14,617) In talks lasting until the 5^th May, Paul Rouvier, French Prime Minister, failed to settle the Moroccan Question with Germany.

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30/4/1905, Sunday (-14,618) (Russia) Tsar Nicholas II guaranteed freedom of conscience and freedom of worship in Russia.

29/4/1905, Saturday (-14,619) Rudolf Schwartz, Viennese conductor who survived the Nazi concentration camps to become conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, was born.

28/4/1905, Friday (-14,620) Fitzhugh Lee, US cavalry General, died (born 19/11/1835).

26/4/1905, Wednesday (-14,622)

24/4/1905, Monday (-14,624) (Crime, Punishment) China �de-barbarised� its death penalty procedure. By Imperial Edict, the body was no longer cut up and the head exhibited for public view.

23/4/1905, Sunday (-14,625) Easter Sunday.

22/4/1905, Saturday (-14,026)

21/4/1905, Friday (-14,627) The Crete Assembly voted for Union with Greece.

20/4/1905,