events - 1860-1899

1 January 1900, Monday (-16,563) Nigeria became a British protectorate. Previously the area had been under control of the Royal Niger Company. Frederick Legard became High� Commissioner of the territory.

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31 December 1899, Sunday (-16,564) Karl Millocker, Austrian composer, died in Baden Bei Wien (born 29 April 1842 in Vienna)

30 December 1899, Saturday (-16,565) (1) A British missionary was murdered in China, close to Tsinan. As a result the British consul in Shanghai ordered that three Chinese should be beheaded, also one to be strangled, another to serve 10 years in prison, and another to be banished; furthermore, three village elders were to be flogged. This incident illustrates the weakness of the Chinese State at the time against British colonialism.

27 December 1899, Wednesday (-16,568) Harry Escombe, South African politician, died (born 25 July 1838).

25 December 1899, Monday (-16,570) In Britain the school leaving age was raised from eleven to twelve; in 1893 it had been raised from ten to eleven.

23 December 1899, Saturday (-16,572) Dorman Eaton, US lawyer, died (born 27 June 1823).

22 December 1899, Friday (-16,573) Dwight Moody, US evangelist, died (born 5 February 1837).

21 December 1899, Thursday (-16,574) Charles Lamoureux, French violinist, died (born 28 September 1834).

19 December 1899, Tuesday (-16,576)

17 December 1899, Sunday (-16,578) Sir Gerald Graham, British General, died (born 27 June 1831).

16 December 1899, Saturday (-16,579) At the end of a bad week for the British in South Africa, 2,000 men and 12 heavy guns had been lost in battles with the Boers.

15 December 1899, Friday (-16,580) The Boers defeated the British, under Sir Redvers Buller, at the Battle of Colenso.

11 December 1899, Monday (-16,584) The Boers under Piet Cronje defeated the British at Magersfontein.

5 December 1899, Tuesday (-16,590) Sir Henry Tate, of Tate and Lyle fame, founder of the Tate gallery, died aged 80.

2 December 1899, Saturday (-16,593) In Washington, the USA, Britain, and Germany signed a treaty dividing the Samoan Islands between the USA and Germany.

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26 November 1899, Sunday (-16,599) Devon Cricket Club was founded

24 November 1899, Friday (-16,601) (1) US forces finally captured Luzon in the Philippines after nine months of jungle warfare. The US was awarded the Philippines in 1898 but found it hard to subdue the territory. Insurrectionist leader Emilio Aguinaldo wanted independence and declared the Malolos Republic in 1898. Aguinaldo continued a guerrilla war from the mountains.

(2) Last Madhi resistance in Sudan was crushed.

23 November 1899, Thursday (-16,602) (Brazil) Manuel dos Reis Machado was born (died 5 February 1974). In 1932 he set up a School of Capoeira, the martial arts/music culture of Quilombo Black Brazilians.

22 November 1899, Wednesday (-16,603) Hoagy Carmichael, US composer, was born in Bloomington, Indiana (died 28 December 1981 in Palm Springs, California)

21 November 1899, Tuesday (-16,604) Garrett Hobart, US Vice-President, died (born 3 June 1844).

18 November 1899, Saturday (-16,607) Henry Hicks, British geologist, died (born 26 May 1837).

17 November 1899, Friday (-16,608) Sir Richard Moon, English railway administrator, died (born 23 September 1814).

16 November 1899, Thursday (-16,609) Julius Busch, German publicist, died (born 13 February 1821)

15 November 1899, Wednesday (-16,610) Sir Winston Churchill was captured by the Boers whilst working as a reporter for the Morning Post. He was on board an armoured train derailed in an ambush, and had persuaded the engine driver to take the remains of the train back with the wounded, and was captured by a Boer horseman with a rifle; Churchill had lost his pistol helping clear the railway line. He escaped a few weeks later.

14 November 1899, Tuesday (-16,611) Britain concluded an agreement with Germany over the frontier between the Gold Coast and the German colony of Togo.

13 November 1899, Monday (-16.612) Arthur Giry, French historical writer, died (born 29 February 1848).

9 November 1899, Thursday (-16,616) Milton Mesirow, US musician, was born in Chicago (died 5 August 1972 in Paris)

6 November 1899, Monday (-16,619) James Packard produced his first car in Warren Ohio USA. This was the origin of the Packard Motor Company.

4 November 1899, Saturday (-16,621) Sigmund Freud�s book, The Interpretation of Dreams, was published in Switzerland. Although only 600 copies of the book were initially printed, it took 8 years to sell them all.

3 November 1899, Friday (-16,622) Bedfordshire Cricket Club was founded.

2 November 1899, Thursday (-16,623) The Boers under Piet Joubert laid siege to Ladysmith, an important railway junction in Natal. See 28 February 1900.

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30 October 1899, Monday (-16,626) Sir Arthur Blomfield, English architect, died (born 6 March 1829).

27 October 1899, Friday (-16,629) Edward Berthon, English naval inventor, died (born in London 20 February 1813).

24 October 1899, Tuesday (-16,632) Grant Allen, English author, died in Hindhead (born 24 February 1848 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

20 October 1899, Friday (-16,636) Battle at Talana Hill, near Dundee, Natal, in the Boer War

19 October 1898, Thursday (-16,637) Baghdad Railways concession was granted to Deutche Bank again.

18 October 1898, Wednesday (-16,638) The USA took formal possession of Puerto Rico from Spain.

17 October 1899, Tuesday (-16,639) British troops defeated the Boers at Glencoe.

16 October 1899, Monday (-16,640) Milwall beat Tottenham 2 to 1 at the Tottenham ground.

15 October 1899, Sunday (-16,641) The Boers, who surrounded Mafeking on 12 October 1899, laid siege to Kimberley. The siege of Kimberley was lifted by the British on 16 February 1900.

14 October 1899, Saturday (-16,642) Winston Churchill left for South Africa to report for The Morning Post.

13 October 1899, Friday (-16,643) Philip Colomb, English writer, died (born 29 May 1831).

12 October 1899, Thursday (-16,644) The Boers began the siege of Mafeking.� Baden Powell defended the town until it was relieved by Colonel Plumer 217 days later.

11 October 1899, Wednesday (-16,645) The Boer War began. (See 31 May 1902). It was between the British Empire and the Republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. President Kruger of the Orange Free State had sent a telegram to Britain on 9 November 1899 demanding that Britain stop sending troops and arms to South Africa. Troubles had begun in the 1890s with the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Transvaal and this prompted many prospectors to arrive in the area. The Boers called them Uitlanders and President Kruger of the Transvaal taxed them heavily and refused them the vote. He feared that if they had the vote, Cecil Rhodes, Premier of Cape Province, who had considerable mining interests, would gain control of the Transvaal. Kaiser William of Germany expressed support for the Boers in the �Kruger Telegram� of 1896; Britain�s imperial ambitions were making her unpopular abroad at this time.

The Boers had 50,000 men against the British with 15,000 regulars in South Africa and another 10,000 due from India.� The Boers had better knowledge of the terrain, and their horsemen war more mobile than the ponderous British forces, whose fighting was based on Crimean tactics.� However the Boers were to waste their forces in besieging the British in strategically unimportant towns such as Ladysmith, instead of sending the majority of their forces out in to South Africa and depriving the British of naval supplies by capturing the ports.

10 October 1899, Tuesday (-16,646) Billy Ternent, British composer, was born in North Shields (died 23 March 1977 in London)

9 October 1899, Monday (-16,647) The first petrol driven motor bus began operating in London.

5 October 1899, Thursday (-16,651) James Harlan, US politician, died (born 26 August 1820).

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29 September 1899, Friday (-16,657) Billy Butlin, holiday camp owner, was born in South Africa.

28 September 1898, Thursday (-16,658) William Kingsford, English historical writer, died (born 23 December 1819).

24 September 1899, Sunday (-16,662) John Clarke, US actor, died (born 3 September 1833).

21 September 1899, Thursday (-16,665) Frederick Coutts, Salvation Army leader, was born on Kirkcaldy, Scotland.

19 September 1899, Tuesday (-16,667) France finally granted a pardon to Alfred Dreyfus in an attempt to end the controversy over anti-Semitic allegations that threatened the political stability of France. Dreyfus insisted on a total clearing of his name.

13 September 1899, Wednesday (-16,673) The first fatal car accident occurred in the USA. Henry Bliss was hit by an electric taxicab in New York and died the next day

12 September 1889, Tuesday (-16,674) Ronald Poulton, rugby player, was born (died 5 May 1915).

11 September 1899, Monday (-16,675) Jimmie Davis, composer, was born.

6 September 1899, Wednesday (-16,680) The US Secretary of State, John Hay, embarked on an �open door� policy towards China. He also urged the European powers, and Japan, to respect China�s territorial integrity and pursue a policy of free trade with China.

3 September 1899, Sunday (-16,683) Frank MacFarlane, biologist, was born,

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30 August 1899, Wednesday (-16,687) Joachim Menant, French historical writer, died.

27 August 1899, Sunday (-16,690) Emmanuel Hiel, Belgian-Dutch writer, died (born 5/1834).

25 August 1899, Friday (-16,692) Guy Butler, athlete, was born (died 22 February 1981).

22 August 1899, Tuesday (-16,695) Jack Payne, British bandleader, was born in Leamington Spa (died 4 December 1969 in London)

16 August 1899, Wednesday (-16,701) Death of the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, inventor of the Bunsen burner

13 August 1899, Sunday (-16,704) Birth of film director Alfred Hitchcock.� He was born in Leytonstone, London, the son of a greengrocer.

9 August 1899, Wednesday (-16,708) Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, died (born 18 January 1825).

7 August 1899, Monday (-16,710) (1) The guilt of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, condemned and deported for treason in 1894, was confirmed by a court-martial at Rennes.

(2) Alexander Bruce, Scottish religious writer, died (born 31 March 1831).

3 August 1899, Thursday (-16,714) Marjorie Pollard, hockey and cricket champion, was born (died21 March 1982).

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31 July 1899, Monday (-16,717) (USA) Daniel Brinton, US archaeologist, died (born 30 May 1837).

29 July 1899, Saturday (-16,719) At The Hague, a conference of 26 countries established a permanent international court of arbitration.

24 July 1899, Monday (-16,724) Sir Arthur Cotton, irrigation engineer in India, died (born 15 May 1803).

21 July 1899, Friday (-16,727) Robert Ingersoll, US author, died (born 11 August 1833).

17 July 1899, Monday (-16,731) James Cagney, actor, was born.

16 July 1899, Sunday (-16,732) The first Tour de France automobile race was held.

14 July 1899, Friday (-16,734) Billy Hill, US composer, was born in Boston (died 24 December 1940 in Boston)

11 July 1899, Tuesday (-16.737) FIAT was founded this day. 24 cars were produced in 1900, 135 in 1904, and 1,146 cars were made in 1906.

5 July 1899, Wednesday (-16,743) Jean Cocteau, film director, poet, artist, novelist, was born in Maisons-Lafitte, France.

3 July 1898, Monday (-16,745) Donald Healey, rally driver, was born (died 15 January 1988).

1 July 1899, Saturday (-16,747) The first juvenile court sat, at Cork County Court, Chicago.

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21 June 1899, Wednesday (-16,757) Herbert Leo Price, hockey champion, was born (died 18 July 1943).

20 June 1889, Tuesday (-16,758) The Peloritana rail tunnel, Italy, 6.5 km long, opened

15 June 1889, Thursday (-16,763)

11 June 1899, Sunday (-16,767) William Blaikie, theological writer, died (born in Aberdeen 5 February 1820).

7 June 1899, Wednesday (-16,771) Augustin Daly, US playwright, died (born 20 July 1838).

5 June 1899, Monday (-16,773) In South Africa the Bloemfontein Conference ended with Britain and the Boers failing to agree on an extension of the franchise to non-Boer Whites, or Uitlanders, in the Transvaal.

3 June 1899, Saturday (-16,775) Johann Strauss the Younger, Austrian composer, violinist, and conductor, who wrote The Blue Danube waltz, died in Vienna.

2 June 1899, Friday (-16,776) Lotte Reiniger, film animator, was born.

1 June 1899, Thursday (-16,777) Klaus Groth, German poet, died (born 24 April 1819).

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31 May 1899, Wednesday (-16.778)

25 May 1899, Thursday (-16,784) Emilio Castelar, Spanish politician, died (born 8 September 1832).

24 May 1899, Wednesday (-16,785) William Esher, English Judge, died (born 13 August 1817).

23 May 1899, Tuesday (-16,786)

22 May 1899, Monday (-16,787) Binnie Hale, British actress, was born in Liverpool (died 10 January 1984 in London)

17 May 1899, Wednesday (-16,792) Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone of the Victoria and Albert Museum.

16 May 1899, Tuesday (-16,793) Sir Frederick McCoy, British palaeontologist, died.

13 May 1899, Saturday (-16,796) All fighting in Samoa now ceased as a tripartite, US-UK-German commission arrived. A settlement was agreed where all firearms were surrendered, compensation given, the Samoan monarchy was abolished, and western Samoa became German whilst the USA obtained the east. The UK pulled out altogether in exchange for recognition of its rights on Tonga and the Solomon Islands.

10 May 1899, Wednesday (-16,799) Fred Astaire, singer, was born.

6 May 1899, Saturday (-16,803) Friedrich von Hayek, economics writer, was born.

2 May 1899, Tuesday (-16,807) Martin Simson, German politician, died (born 10 October 1810)

1 May 1899, Monday (-16,808) The railway reached Beira, Mozambique, from Zimbabwe.

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29 April 1899, Saturday (-16,810) The 100 kph limit was breached, when C Jenatzky attained 105.85 kph (65.6mph) at Acheres, France, in an electric car.

27 April 1899, Thursday (-16,812)

22 April 1899, Saturday (-16,817) Vladimir Nabakov, writer, was born.

21 April 1899, Friday (-16,818) Heinrich Kiepert, German geographical writer, died (born 31 July 1818).

20 April 1899, Thursday (-16,819) Charles Friedel, French chemist, died (born 12 March 1832).

11 April 1899, Tuesday (-16,828) Lascar Catargiu, Romanian politician, died (born 1823).

9 April 1899, Sunday (-16,830) Stephen Field, US jurist, died (born 4 November 1816).

3 April 1899, Monday (-16,836) David Jack, footballer, was born (died 10 September 1958)

1 April 1899, Saturday (-16,838) (Jewish) Maurice de Hirsch, German Jewish philanthropist, died (born 9 December 1831).

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31 March 1899, Friday (-16,839) US forces captured the capital of the Philippines independence fighters, Malolos.

21 March 1899, Tuesday (-16,849) Britain and France reached agreement on the Fashoda Incident, see 17 July 1898.

18 March 1899, Saturday (-16,852) (USA) Othniel Charles Marsh, US palaeontologist, died in new Haven, Connecticut.

17 March 1899, Friday (-16,853) A merchant ship ran aground in the English Channel and sent the first radio distress call.

16 March 1899, Thursday (-16,854) The London erotic illustrator Aubrey Beardsley died aged 26.

15 March 1899, Wednesday (-16,855) US and UK warships shelled the Samoan capital Apia, as Mataafa�s supporters gained the upper hand. Anglo-US troops now occupied Apia but could not oust Mataafa's supporters from the interior.

12 March 1899, Sunday (-16,858) Mary Keeley, English actress, died.

6 March 1899, Monday (-16,864) The painkiller Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was patented by Felix Hoffman. The active ingredient is derived from willow.

4 March 1899, Saturday (-16,866) Count Gaston de Chasseloup Laubat raised the world land speed record to 57.6 mph (92.96 kph), see 18 December 1898.

1 March 1899, Wednesday (-16,869) Andrew Boyd, Scottish author, died in Bournemouth (born 3 November 1825).

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25 February 1899, Saturday (-16,873) Paul Julius Reuter, German founder of Reuters news agency, died.

22 February 1899, Wednesday (-16,876) Philippines independence fighters under General Antonio Luna (1866-99) attacked US forces at Manila, but were repulsed by US General Arthur MacArthur (1845-1912). Aguinaldo fled to the hills and began guerrilla warfare.

21 February 1899, Tuesday (-16,877) (Britain) Sir George Bowen, British colonial governor, died in Brighton (born 8 September 1811).

20 February 1899, Monday (-16,878) Ernst Lange, German novelist, died (born 21 February 1813).

19 February 1899, Sunday (-16,879)

18 February 1899, Saturday (-16,880) Marius Lie, Norwegian mathematician, died.

17 February 1899, Friday (-16,881) (Britain) Thomas Bridgett, English priest, died (born 20 January 1829).

16 February 1899, Thursday, (-16,882) Francois Faure, President of France, died (born 30 January 1841).

15 February 1899, Wednesday (-16,883) Czar Nicholas II began a process of Russification of Finland. The Finnish Diet was stripped of power.

13 February 1899, Monday (-16,885)

10 February 1899, Friday (-16,888) Cyril Simpson, rackets champion, was born (died 21 December 1981).

9 February 1899, Thursday (-16,889) The Boxer Rebellion gained momentum in China. Lack of rain had caused crops to fail, and Boxer pamphlets blamed the Churches for �standing in the way of Heaven and angering the Gods�. The Boxer publicity blamed �blue-eyed barbarians� for angering the ancestors and said railways, electric wires and ships must be destroyed. Britain, France, Germany and Russia had forced territorial concessions from China. The Boxers, or �society of harmonious fists�, were a secret society, originally formed to promote boxing, who became dedicated to removing foreign influence from China.

6 February 1899, Monday (-16,892) Georg Caprivi, German statesman (born 24 February 1831) died.

5 February 1899, Sunday (-16,893)

4 February 1899, Saturday (-16,894) A rebellion against US rule broke out on the Philippines. The US had backed General Emilio Aguinaldo against Spanish colonial rule (see 10 December 1898), but instead of independence the Philippines came under US rule. Hostilities now began between US troops in The Philippines and loyalists to Aguinaldo, see 20 January 1899.

3 February 1899, Friday (-16,895) Robert John, footballer, was born (died 17 July 1982).

2 February 1899, Thursday (-16,896) The Australian Premier�s Conference agreed to locate the Australian capital between Sydney and Melbourne.

1 February 1899, Wednesday (-16,897)

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31 January 1899, Tuesday (-16,898) (Britain) Charles Berry, English cleric, died (born in Leigh, Lancashire 14 December 1852).

30 January 1899, Monday (-16,899) Harry Bates, British sculptor, died in London (born in Stevenage, Hertfordshire 26/ April 1850).

29 January 1899, Sunday (-16,900) French artist Alfred Sisley died.

27 January 1899, Friday (-16,902) Charles Best, Canadian co-discoverer of insulin for treating diabetes, was born in West Pembroke, Maine.

25 January 1899, Wednesday (-16,904) John Adam Estes, US blues singer, was born in Ripley, Tennessee (died 5 June 1977 in Brownsville, Tennessee)

23 January 1899, Monday (-16,906) Lord Denning, British Judge and Master of the Rolls, was born.

21 January 1899, Saturday (-16,908) Rudi Blesh, US author, was born in Guthrie, Oklahoma (died 25 August 1985 in Gilmarton, New Hampshire).

20 January 1899, Friday (-16,909) Aguinaldo set up the Philippine Republic, under the Malolos Constitution, with himself as President. See 2 April 1899.

19 January 1899. Thursday (-16,910) Britain and Egypt established a condominium over Sudan.

17 January 1899, Tuesday (-16,912) (1) Al Capone, American gangster who operated in Chicago, was born in Naples, Italy.

(2) Nevil Shute, English novelist, was born in Ealing, London.

12 January 1899, Thursday (-16,917) Paul Muller, the Swiss chemist who formulated DDT, was born.

8 January 1899, Sunday (-16,921) Solomon Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan Prime Minister 1956-59, was born in the capital, Colombo.

7 January 1899, Saturday (-16,922) Al Bowlly, South African singer, was born in Maputo, Mozambique (died 17 April 1941 in London).

1 January 1899, Sunday (-16,928) The official date on which US military rule succeeded Spanish rule of Cuba.

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29 December 1898, Thursday (-16,931) Jules Bledsoe, US composer, was born in Waco, Texas (died 14 July 1943 in Hollywood).

26 December 1898, Monday (-16,934) (Chemistry) The new element radium was first identified, as radium chloride, by Marie and Pierre Curie. Pure radium was first prepared by Marie Curie and Andre Louis Debierne in 1911.

20 December 1898, Tuesday (-16,940) Irene Dunne, US actress, was born in Louisville, Kentucky (died 4 September 1990 in Los Angeles)

19 December 1898, Monday (-16,941) Francis Napier, British diplomat, died (born 15 September 1819).

18 December 1898, Sunday (-16,942) At Acheres, near Paris, Count Gaston de Chasseloup Laubat set a land speed record of 39.23 mph (63.13 kph) in a Jeantaud electric car.

15 December 1898, Thursday (-16,945)

13 December 1898, Tuesday (-16,947) Paul Hinschius, German legal writer, died (born 25 December 1835).

12 December 1898, Monday (-16,948) The Treaty of Paris ended the US-Spanish war.

11 December 1898, Sunday (-16,949) Sir William Jenner, English physician, died (born 30 January 1815).

10 December 1898. Saturday (-16,950) The war between Spain and the USA ended. The USA acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and. for a US$20million indemnity, the Philippines. See 4 February 1899.

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30 November 1898, Wednesday (-16,960)

29 November 1898, Tuesday (-16,961) CS Lewis, writer, was born.

28 November 1898, Monday (-16,962) Konrad Meyer, Swiss poet, died (born 11 October 1825).

26 November 1898, Saturday (-16,964) Pete DePaolo, racing car driver, was born.

24 November 1898, Thursday (-16,966) (Biology) George James Allman, British biologist, died in Parkstone, Dorset (born 1812).

21 November 1898, Monday (-16,969) Rene Magritte, painter, was born.

20 November 1898, Sunday (-16,970) (Railways GB) Sir John Fowler, British railway engineer, died (born 15 August 1817).

19 November 1898, Saturday (-16,971) (USA) Don Carlos Buell, US soldier, died (born 23 March 1818).

15 November 1898, Tuesday (-16,975) (Brazil) In Brazil, President Moraes was succeeded by Dr Campos Salles, who had previously been Governor of the State of Sao Paulo.

6 November 1898, Sunday (-16,984) Turkey evacuated its forces from Crete.

1 November 1898, Tuesday (-16,989) New Zealand passed the Old Age Pensions Act. Pensions were paid from March 1899, backdated to January 1899, to men over 65 and women over 60.

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31 October 1898, Monday (-16,990) Helena Faucit, English actress, died (born 1817).

30 October 1898, Sunday (-16,991) (Electrical) Josiah Clark, British electrical engineer, died (born 10 March 1822).

25 October 1898, Tuesday (-16,996)

19 October 1898, Wednesday (-17,002) Harold Frederic, Anglo-US novelist, died (born 19 August 1856).

18 October 1898, Tuesday (-17,003) Lotte Lenya, Austrian actress, was born in Vienna (died 27 November 1981 in New York)

16 October 1898, Sunday (-17,005) John Findlay, Scottish newspaper owner, died (born 21 October 1824).

10 October 1898, Monday (-17,011) Pierre C Puvis de Chavannes, painter, died in Paris aged 73.

8 October 1898, Saturday (-17,013) Clarence Williams, US composer, was born in Planquemines, Louisiana (died 6 November 1965 in Queens, New York)

7 October 1898, Friday (-17,014) (Aviation) Aero club de France was established, to represent the country�s fliers.

1 October 1898, Saturday (-17,020)

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28 September 1898, Wednesday (-17,023) (USA) Thomas Bayard, US statesman, died in Dedham, Massachusetts (born in Wilmington, Delaware, 29 October 1828).

27 September 1898, Tuesday (-17,024) Vincent Youmans, US composer, was born in New York (died 5 April 1946 in Denver)

26 September 1898, Monday (-17,025) George Gershwin, composer, was born.

25 September 1898, Sunday (-17,026) (Biology) Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet, French anthropologist, died at St Germain en Laye.

24 September 1898, Saturday (-17,027) Sir Howard Florey, British pathologist and joint discoverer of penicillin with Sir Ernest Chain, was born in Adelaide, Australia.

23 September 1898, Friday (-17,028)

21 September 1898, Wednesday (-17,030) In China the Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi seized power, and began reversing the reformist policies of her nephew Emperor Guangxu.

20 September 1898, Tuesday (-17,031) Theodor Fontane, German novelist, died (30 December 1819).

13 September 1898, Tuesday (-17,038) The Reverend Hannibal Williston Goodwin finally received a patent for his invention of celluloid film, which he developed to illustrate his sermons over a decade earlier (see 7 May 1888). His estate later sued Eastman Kodak for copyright infringement and won US$ 5 million.

10 September 1898, Saturday (-17,041) Elizabeth, consort of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, was stabbed to death by anarchist Luigi Luccheni.

9 September 1898, Friday (-17,042) Stephane Mallarme, French poet, died (born 18 March 1842).

7 September 1898, Wednesday (-17,044) Robert MacGimsey, US composer, was born (died 13 March 1979)

2 September 1898, Friday (-17,049) Sir Herbert Kitchener led the 25,000-strong British forces to victory over the Mahdists at Omdurman, Sudan, killing 10,000 of the Dervish force, for 500 British deaths, and took Khartoum. This ended 14 years of Dervish rule after the Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, had massacred General Charles Gordon and his entire garrison at Khartoum in 1885.

1 September 1898, Thursday (-17,050) Marilyn Miller, US actress, was born in Evansville, Indiana (died 7 April 1936 in New York)

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31 August 1898, Wednesday (-17,051)

28 August 1898, Sunday (-17,054) The Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company was founded.

27 August 1898, Saturday (-17,055) John Hopkinson, English engineer, died (born 27 July 1849).

26 August 1898, Friday (-17,056) Peggy Guggenheim, art critic, was born.

22 August 1898, Monday (-17,060)

18 August 1898, Thursday (-17,064) Matthew Dawson, jockey, died (born 9 January 1820)

17 August 1898, Wednesday (-17,065) Sir William Fraser, English politician, died (born 10 February 1826).

15 August 1898, Monday (-17,067) Charles Tobias, US composer, was born in New York (died 7 July 1970 in New York)

13 August 1898, Saturday (-17,069) (1) US forces captured Manila, capital of the Philippines

(2) Alfred Hitchcock, film director, was born in Leytonstone.

12 August 1898, Friday (-17,070) The sovereignty of Hawaii was transferred to the USA.

9 August 1898, Tuesday (-17,073)

8 August 1898, Monday (-17,074) London�s Waterloo and City Railway opened.

7 August 1898, Sunday (-17,075) Enrico Cosenz, Italian soldier, died (born 12 January 1812).

6 August 1898, Saturday (-17,076) (Colombia) Colombia and Peru signed a treaty of friendship and extradition of criminals.

3 August 1898, Wednesday (-17,079) Jean Garnier, French architect, died (born 6 November 1825).

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30 July 1898, Saturday (-17,083) William Kellogg invented cornflakes. With his brother, Dr John Kellogg, he had been developing foods to offer patients at their sanatorium.

29 July 1898, Friday (-17,084) (Chemistry) John Alexander Newlands, English chemist, died in London.

28 July 1898, Thursday (-17,085) (1) Puerto Rico surrendered to US forces.

(2) Bismarck died, three years after his wife, at Friedrichsruh.� He was a Prussian politician and founder of the modern state of Germany.

25 July 1898, Monday (-17,088) During the Spanish�American War, the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guanica.

21 July 1898, Thursday (-17,092) William Hunter, Scottish legal writer, died (born 8 May 1844).

18 July 1898, Monday (-17,095) (Chemistry) Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, after samples of radium proved more radioactive than expected. They named the metal after their native Poland to highlight the lack of independence of that nation.

17 July 1898. Sunday (-17,096) Frenchman Captain J Marchand reached Fashoda (now Kodok) in the Nile Valley in an attempt to build a continuous belt of French colonial territory from west to east across Africa. However the British similarly wanted a contiguous territory from north to south. Lord Kitchener, advancing south from Egypt to fight the Mahdi from Sudan, conquered the Sudanese on 2 September 1898 and then learned of �white men flying a strange flag at Fashoda�. The British reached Fashoda on 19 September 1898, under General Kitchener. War between France and Britain seemed imminent, neither side being willing to give way until Lord Salisbury was able to announce on 4 November 1898 that the French would back down. On 21 March 1899 a declaration was made that united all French territories in north, west, and central Africa into one unit whilst giving Fashoda to the British.

16 July 1898, Saturday (-17,097)

15 July 1898, Friday (-17,098) Noel Gay, British composer, was born in Wakefield (died 3 March 1954 in London)

14 July 1898, Thursday (-17,099) Eliza Linton, English novelist, died (born 10 August 1822).

7 July 1898, Thursday (-17,106) The USA formally annexed Hawaii.

4 July 1898, Monday (-17,109) Gertrude Lawrence, British actress, was born in London (died 6 September 1952 in New York)

3 July 1898, Sunday (-17.110) (USA) The US navy destroyed a Spanish fleet attempting to escape the US blockade on the port of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.� On 5 July 1898 US forces captured Santiago itself.

1 July 1898, Friday (-17,112) China leased the New Territories (Hong Kong) to Britain for 99 years.

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27 June 1898, Monday (-17,118) Joshua Slocum became the first man to sail solo around the world. He set out from Boston, USA, in his yacht Spray, in 1895, aged 51, and raised funds by giving lectures at the various ports he called at around the globe. He could not swim. In 1909, aged 65, he set out on a similar voyage from Rhode Island on the same boat, and was never heard of again.

26 June 1898, Sunday (-17,117) Wilhelm Messerschmitt, German aviation engineer and designer, was born in Frankfurt.

25 June 1898, Saturday (-17,118) (Biology) German botanist Ferdinand Julius Cohn died in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland).

24 June 1898, Friday (-17,119) Jose de Elduayen, Spanish politician, died (born 22 June 1823).

23 June 1898, Thursday (-17,120) Emilio Aguinaldo set up a Revolutionary Government of the Philippines, with himself as President.

22 June 1898, Wednesday (-17,121)

21 June 1898, Tuesday (-17,122) Hector Scarone, Uruguayan footballer, was born.

20 June 1898. Monday (-17,123) The US navy seized the island of Guam.

19 June 1898, Sunday (-17,124)

18 June 1898, Saturday (-17,125) (Cartography) Karl Gumbel, publisher of the first geological map of Bavaria in 1858, died (born 11 February 1823).

17 June 1898, Friday (-17,126) Edward Coley Burne-Jones, painter, died in London aged 64.

14 June 1898, Tuesday (-17,129) At a convention in Paris, the boundaries of the British colony of the Gold Coast, (Ghana) were confirmed, as they stand now. Britain abandoned claims to Ouagadougou (present-day capital of Burkina Faso), further north.

12 June 1898, Sunday (-17,131) The Philippines declared independence from Spain. However Spain ceded the Philippines to the USA in return for a payment of US$ 20 million by the Treaty of Paris. Aguinaldo however refused to recognise this Treaty, wanting full independence for The Philippines.

10 June 1898, Friday (-17,133) Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, was first used as a camp by US troops during the Spanish-American War.

9 June 1898, Thursday (-17,134) Formula One racing car driver Luigi Fagoli was born in Osimo, Italy.

7 June 1898, Tuesday (-17,136)

3 June 1898, Friday (-17,140) Samuel Plimsoll, who devised the Plimsoll Line for the safe loading of ships, died in Folkestone, Kent.

2 June 1898, Thursday (-17,141) (Medical) Paul Louis Simond, fighting bubonic plague in India, theorised that fleas transmitted the disease from rats to humans.

====================================================================================

28 May 1899, Saturday (-17,146) Lew Stone, British composer, was born in London (died 13 February 1969 in London)

24 May 1898, Tuesday (-17,150) (Italy) Benedetto Brin, Italian naval engineer who laid the basis for the Italian navy, died (born 17 May 1833).

22 May 1898, Sunday (-17,152) Edward Bellamy, US writer died in Chicopee Falls (born in Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts 25 March 1850).

19 May 1898. Thursday (-17,155) (1) William Ewart Gladstone, born 29 December 1809, four times Liberal Prime Minister, died at Hawarden Castle, north Wales, aged 88.

(2) Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines in 190, and organised resistance forces against the Spanish.

14 May 1898, Saturday (-17,160) Zutty Singleton, US jazz drummer, was born in Bunkei, Louisiana (died 14 July 1975 in New York)

3 May 1898, Tuesday (-17,171) (Jewish) Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel 1969-74, was born.

2 May 1898, Monday (-17,172) Henry Hall, British composer, was born in Peckham, London (died 28 October 1989 in Eastbourne)

1 May 1898. Sunday (-17,173) US forces under George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines.

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30 April 1898, Saturday (-17,174)

25 April 1898, Monday (-17,179) Under the Nishi-Rosen Protocol, Russia and Japan agreed that neither would interfere in Korean internal affairs, although Japan would be allowed to develop its economic interests there.

24 April 1898. Sunday (-17,180) The United States declared war on Spain as a result of the sinking of the battleship Maine in Havana harbour on 15 February 1898. Fighting began in the Philippine Islands at the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May 1898, where Commodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet. The war ended when the USA and Spain signed a peace treaty in Paris on 10 December 1898. As a result Spain lost control over the remains of its empire, including Cuba.

22 April 1898, Friday (-17.182)

20 April 1898, Wednesday (-17,184) The US demanded the withdrawal of Spanish troops from Cuba.

19 April 1898, Tuesday (-17,185) (Biology) Biologist Charles Naudin died.

18 April 1898, Monday (-17,186) Gustave Moreau, painter, died in Paris aged 72

17 April 1898, Sunday (-17,187) Jules Marcou, Swiss-US geologist, died.

15 April 1898, Tuesday (-17,192) Kepa te Rangihiwiwiniu, Maori leader, died.

10 April 1898, Sunday (-17,194) Easter Sunday

9 April 1898, Saturday (-17,195) Paul Robeson, US actor, was born in Princeton, New Jersey (died 23 January 1976 in Philadelphia)

8 April 1898, Friday (-17,196) The Battle of Atbara.

3 April 1898, Sunday (-17,201) Henry Luce, US publisher who founded Time, Life, and Fortune magazines, was born.

1 April 1898, Friday (-17,203) Samuel Davidson, Irish religious writer, died (born 1807).

====================================================================================

28 March 1898, Monday (-17,207) Germany passed an Act allowing for substantial expansion of its navy.

27 March 1898, Sunday (-17,208) Gloria Swanson, American silent-film star, was born.

20 March 1898, Sunday (-17,215)

18 March 1899, Friday (-17,217) Othniel Marsh, US paleontological writer, died (born 29 October 1831).

16 March 1898, Wednesday (-17,219) Aubrey Beardsley, English artist, died in Mentone (born in Brighton 24 August 1872).

15 March 1898, Tuesday (-17,220) Sir Henry Bessemer, inventor of a process for converting cast iron into steel in 1856, died aged 85.

13 March 1898, Sunday (-17,222)

11 March 1898, Friday (-17,224) Miff Mole, US jazz trombonist, was born in Long Island, New York (died 29 April 1961 in New York)

10 March 1898, Thursday (-17,225) William Wavell Wakefield, rugby player, was born (died 12 August 1983).

8 March 1898, Tuesday (-17,227)

6 March 1898, Sunday (-17,229) Felice Cavallotti, Italian politician, died (born 6 November 1842)

5 March 1898, Saturday (-17,230) Zhou Enlai, Chinese Premier, was born.

4 March 1898, Friday (-17,231)

2 March 1898, Wednesday (-17,233) Saiyid Ahmed, Indian educationalist, died at Aligarh (born 1817).

1 March 1898, Tuesday (-17,234) The first Communist Party meeting in Russia; the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party met in Minsk.

====================================================================================

23 February 1898, Wednesday (-17,240) Emile Zola was imprisoned for the publication of his letter, �J�Accuse�, which accused the French Government of anti-Semitism and of wrongly imprisoning Captain Dreyfus. See 13 January 1898.

20 February 1898, Sunday (-17,243) Enzio Ferrari, Italian car manufacturer, was born in Modena.

18 February 1898, Friday (-17,245) Enzo Ferrari, racing car driver and manufacturer, was born.

15 February 1898, Tuesday (-17,248)� The US warship Maine blew up in Havana harbour, Cuba.� Spanish sabotage was suspected.� The USA declared war on Spain on 24 April 1898.

14 February 1898, Monday (-17,249) (Astronomy) Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria.

13 February 1898, Sunday (-17,250) August Potthast, German historian (born 13 August 1824), died.

12 February 1898, Saturday (-17,251) Henry Lindfield of Brighton became the first British motorist to be killed in a car crash. As a result of a steering failure he had a leg amputated, and died of shock.

11 February 1898, Friday (-17,252) Ferdinand Fabre, French novelist, died (born 1830).

10 February 1898, Thursday (-17,253) Bertold Brecht, writer, was born.

3 February 1898, Thursday (-17,260) Lil Armstrong, US jazz pianist, was born in Memphis (died 27 August 1971 in Chicago).

=====================================================================================

30 January 1898, Sunday (-17,264) (Britain) Chichester Carlingford, British statesman, died (born 1/1823).

18 January 1898, Tuesday (-17,276) Henry Liddell, English writer, died (born 6 February 1811).

14 January 1898, Friday (-17,280) Lewis Carroll, author of Alice�s Adventures in Wonderland, died in Guildford, Surrey

13 January 1898, Thursday (-17,281) The Dreyfus affair in France escalated with the famous novelist Emile Zola accusing the French war office of judicial crime in an open letter on the front page of L�Aurore newspaper. Commandant Ferdinand Esterhazy had been acquitted of betrayal of France�s military secrets to Germany even though his handwriting had been identified as that on a note in the German embassy. Moreover, Georges Picquart, the intelligence chief who made the Esterhazy connection, was reposted to Africa. See 23 February 1898.

12 January 1898, Wednesday (-17,282)

11 January 1898, Tuesday (-17,283) In Paris, Major Esterhazy was wrongly acquitted of forging documents used to establish the guilt of French Army Officer Captain Alfred Dreyfus.

10 January 1898, Monday (-17,284) Arthur James Johnston, US composer, was born in New York (died 1 May 1954 in Coorona del Mar, California)

9 January 1898, Sunday (-17,285) Gracie Fields, singer and music hall star, was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, as Gracie Stansfield.

7 January 1898, Friday (-17,287) (Medical) Ernest Hart, medical journalist, died (born 26 January 1835). He raised membership of the British Medical Association from 2,000 to 19,000, and saw the British Medical Journal expand from 20 to 64 pages.

2 January 1898, Sunday (-17,292) Sir Edward Bond, English librarian, died (born in Hanwell 31 December 1815).

1 January 1898, Saturday (-17,293) The boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, Richmond, Manhattan, and The Bronx united to form Greater New York.

=====================================================================================

31 December 1879, Friday (-17,294)

30 December 1897, Thursday (-17,295) Zululand was annexed to Natal.

29 December 1897, Wednesday (-17,296) William Linton, English wood engraver, died.

27 December 1897, Monday (-17,298) Victor Cazelet, squash player, was born (died 4 July 1943).

18 December 1897, Saturday (-17,309) Sir Frank Lockwood, English lawyer, died.

17 December 1897, Friday (-17,308) Alphonse Daudet, French novelist, died (born 13 May 1840).

16 December 1897, Thursday (-17,309)

15 December 1897, Wednesday (-17,310) A peace settlement, the Pact of Biak-na-bato, was agreed between the Spanish colonisers of The Philippines and the independence movement. Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong, having accepted payment of 400,000 Spanish Pesos and promises by Spain to introduce democratic reforms. However Spain reneged on the payment and the promised reforms, see 19 May 1898.

14 December 1897, Tuesday (-17,311) Kurt Schusnigg, Austrian politician, was born.

13 December 1897, Monday (-17,312) Russia occupied Port Arthur.

9 December 1897, Thursday (-17,316) Hermione Gingold, British actress, was born in London (died 24 May 1987 in New York)

4 December 1897, Saturday (-17,321) Greece and Turkey signed a peace treaty.

1 December 1897, Wednesday (-17,324) Cyril Ritchard, Australian actor, was born in Sydney (died 18 December 1977 in Chicago)

===================================================================================

30 November 1897, Tuesday (-17,325) The Vologda to Archangel railway opened.

29 November 1897, Monday (-17,326) James Legge, British scholarly writer on Chinese, died.

25 November 1897, Thursday (-17,230) William Smith, US jazz pianist, was born in Goshen, New York (died 18 April 1973 in New York)

24 November 1897, Wednesday (-17,231)

19 November 1897, Friday (-17,236) Henry Calderwood, Scottish philosophical writer, died (born 10 May 1830).

18 November 1897, Thursday (-17,237) (Technology) Sir Henry Doulton, English inventor, died (born 25 July 1820).

16 November 1897, Tuesday (-17,339)

15 November 1897, Monday (-17,340) British Labour leader Aneurin Bevan was born in Tredegar, Wales.� He was one of 13 children, son of a miner.

14 November 1897, Sunday (-17,341) German forces occupied Qingdao (Tsing-Tao) in China following the murder of several German missionaries. This invasion sparked a rush by other European powers for trade and territorial concessions in China.

9 November 1897, Tuesday (-17,346)

5 November 1897, Friday (-17,350) Warneford Cresswell, footballer, was born (died 20 October 1973).

4 November 1897, Thursday (-17,351) The projected Cape to Cairo Railway reached Bulawayo (now in Zimbabwe).

3 November 1897, Wednesday (-17,352)

2 November 1897, Tuesday (-17,353) The railway from Strome Ferry to Kyle of Lochalsh opened.

1 November 1897, Monday (-17,354) (Geology) Peter Brodie, English geologist, died (born 1815).

===================================================================================

31 October 1897, Sunday (-17,355) Samuel Haughton, Irish scientific writer, died (born 21 December 1821).

30 October 1897, Saturday (-17,356)

29 October 1897, Friday (-17,357) Joseph Goebbels, Nazi political leader and propagandist, was born in Rheydt, son of a factory foreman.

28 October 1897, Thursday (-17,358) Hercules Rosmead, British colonial administrator, died (born 19 December 1824).

24 October 1897, Sunday (-17,362)

20 October 1897, Wednesday (-17,366) The British put down a rebellion by Afghan tribes at the Battle of Durgai.

19 October 1897, Tuesday (-17,367) (1) Henry Sturmey, co-inventor of Sturmey-Archer bicycle gears, completed the first car trip from Land�s End to John O�Groats. It took him ten days, driving a Daimler.

(2) George Pullman, US manufacturer of railway sleeping and dining cars that bear his name, died in Chicago, Illnois, aged 66.

17 October 1897, Sunday (-17,369) Charles Dana, US journalist, died (born 8 August 1819).

11 October 1897, Monday (-17,375) (India) Mohmand tribesmen surrendered to a British punitive attack in Northwest Frontier Province, resultant on earlier raids on British frontier positions.

10 October 1897, Sunday (-17,376) Felix Hoffman, German chemist, invented the painkiller aspirin.

9 October 1897, Saturday (-17,377)

8 October 1897, Friday (-17,378) In America, the Dow Jones company was set up by the financial journalist Charles Henry Dow, 46. He took the price of 12 stocks and averaged their price to create the Dow Jones Index.

7 October 1897, Thursday (-17,379) Francis Newman, English scholarly writer, died (born 27 June 1805).

6 October 1897, Wednesday (-17,380) Sir John Gilbert, English painter, died (born 21 July 1817).

4 October 1897, Monday (-17,382) Pascual Gayangos, Spanish historical writer, died (born 21 June 1809).

2 October 1897, Saturday (-17,384) (Alcohol) Neal Dow, US Temperance campaigner, died (born 20 March 1804).

======================================================================================

27 September 1897, Monday (-17,389) (India) British punitive operations began in the Northwest Frontier area, against Mohmand tribesmen who had harassed British forces, inspired by preaching from the Amir of Afghanistan.

26 September 1897, Sunday (-17,390) Pope Paul V was born in Concessio, as Giovanni Battista Montini.

25 September 1897. Saturday (-17,391) Britain�s first motor bus service began, in Bradford, Yorkshire.

23 September 1897, Thursday (-17,393) Pope Paul VI was born as Giovanni Battista Montini in Concesio, near Brescia, Italy.

21 September 1897, Tuesday (-17,395) (India) British forces attacked by Mohmand tribesmen at Nawagai. The attackers were repulsed and reinforcements under General Elles arrived.

20 September 1897, Monday (-17,396) Karel Bendl, Bohemian composer, died in Prague (born in Prague 16 April 1838).

18 September 1897, Saturday (-17,398) Sammy H Stept, composer, was born in Odessa, Russia (died 2 December 1964 in Los Angeles)

14 September 1897, Tuesday (-17,402) (India) A British punitive expedition into the North West Frontier region of India, against local tribes who had been harassing British forces since the Amir of Afghanistan began rousing anti-Christian sentiments in the region, came under attack and was halted at Nawagai. The commander, Major-general Blood, dug in and awaited reinforcements.

11 September 1897, Saturday (-17,405) Gus Arnheim, US bandleader, was born in Philadelphia (died 19 January 1955 in Los Angeles).

10 September 1897, Friday (-17,406) London taxi driver George Smith was fined �1, at Marlborough Street Court. He was the first Briton to be convicted of drunken driving. The defendant had driven his electric cab onto the pavement and into the front corridor of 165 Bond Street. He was found guilty and fined �1.

9 September 1897, Thursday (-17,407) The Hawaiian Senate approved the US annexation of Hawaii on 16 June 1897. Sugar plantation owners on Hawaii had demanded annexation; however Japan had some 25,000 nationals on Hawaii, and protested at the move.

8 September 1897, Wednesday (-17,408) Jimmie Rodgers, US country and folk singer, was born (died 26 May 1933 in New York)

6 September 1897, Monday (-17,410) Alexander R Armstrong, Australian rugby player, was born.

1 September 1897, Wednesday (-17,415) Boston�s underground railway began operating.

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31 August 1897, Tuesday (-17,416) World Jewish leaders met in Basle, Switzerland to discuss their hopes for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. 200 delegates from all branches of Judaism came, mainly from east and Central Europe.

29 August 1897, Sunday (-17,418) A New York chef, to appeal to Chinese and American tastes, devised Chop Suey, meaning �various things�, the most famous Chinese dish.

25 August 1897, Wednesday (-17,422) Emile Gautier, French historical writer, died (born 8 August 1832).

24 August 1897, Tuesday (-17,423) Fred Rose, US composer, was born in Evansville, Indiana 9died 1 December 1954 in Nashville)

22 August 1897, Sunday (-17,425)

20 August 1897, Friday (-17,427) Sir Ronald Ross discovered that malaria was spread by mosquitoes.

19 August 1897, Thursday (-17,428) The first taxi cabs began operating in the UK.� They were restricted to the City and West End of London.

17 August 1897, Tuesday (-17,430)

13 August 1897, Friday (-17,434) (Innovation) Sir Isaac Holden, British inventor, died (born 7 May 1807).

12 August 1897, Thursday (-17,435) (Astronomy) Otto Struve, Russian-American astronomer, was born in Kharkov, Russia. He discovered thin clouds of dust and gas between stars, suggesting a mechanism for planet formation.

11 August 1897, Wednesday (-17,436) Enid Blyton, author of children�s books, was born in Dulwich.

10 August 1897. Tuesday (-17,437) The Royal Automobile Club was founded, under the name of The Automobile Club of Great Britain.

9 August 1897, Monday (-17,438)

8 August 1897, Sunday (-17,439) (India) Mohmand tribal attack on Shabdakar, British India, inspired by preaching by the Afghan Mullah.

7 August 1897, Saturday (-17,440) The town of Abu Hamid was captured by the British from the Mahdists, Sudan.

6 August 1897, Friday (-17,441) Samuel Laing, British author, died (born 12 October 1810).

4 August 1897, Wednesday (-17,443) Abraham Lyman, US composer, was born in Chicago (died 23 October 1957 in Beverly Hills, California)

3 August 1897, Tuesday (-17,444)

===================================================================================

31 July 1897, Saturday (-47,447) (India) Swati tribal attack on British-India frontier posts, inspired by preaching by an Afghan Mullah

30 July 1897, Friday (-47,448) (Austria) Alfred Arneth, Austrian historian, died (born 10 July 1819).

27 July 1897, Tuesday (-17,451)

26 July 1898, Monday (-17,452) Hubert Fields, US musician, was born in New York (died 24 March 1958 in New York).

24 July 1897, Saturday (-17,454) Amelia Earhart, aviator, was born in Atchison, Kansas.

23 July 1897, Friday (-17,455) Germany and France agreed the border between their colonies of Togo and Dahomey (now Benin).

22 July 1897, Thursday (-17,456)

21 July 1897. Wednesday (-17,457) The Tate Gallery in London was officially opened, on the site of Millbank Prison.

20 July 1897, Tuesday (-17,458) (Biology) Tadeusz Reichstein was born in Wloclawek, Poland. In 1933 he succeeded in synthesising ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

11 July 1897, Sunday (-17,467) The Swedish balloonist S A Andree set off from Spitsbergen with two companions to fly over the North Pole. After a few days all contact with them was lost; their remains were discovered in 1930 on White Island.

7 July 1897, Wednesday (-17,471) (Geology) Samuel Allport, English petrologist, died in Cheltenham (born 23 January 1816 in Birmingham).

===================================================================================

30 June 1897, Wednesday (-17,478) The Shanghai Foot Emancipation Society was founded. It was one of several such organisations dedicated to eliminating the custom of foot-binding which had been practiced on young aristocratic Chinese girls, leaving them in some cases scarcely able to walk. This practice dated from the 10th century AD; in China bound (small) feet were considered a mark of beauty, and also a sign that the woman was wealthy enough not to have to work. It also made her totally dependent upon her husband. As Christianity penetrated China in the 1880s a move to make women equal in status to men began, and to eliminate foot-binding. The Hundred Days Reform in 1898 also aimed to stop this practice. By 1899 some 800,000 Chinese people has joined anti-foot-binding societies. However the practice continued into the 20th century, and in 1949 the Communist administration found it necessary to ban the practice, still underway in remote rural areas. China retains a ban on foot-binding today.

28 June 1897, Monday (-17,480) George Eyston, motor racing champion, was born (died 11 June 1979).

27 June 1897, Sunday (-17,481) Maceo Pinkard, US composer, was born in Bluefield, West Virginia (died 21 July 1062 in New York)

22 June 1897. Tuesday (-17,486) Queen Victoria celebrated her diamond jubilee.

19 June 1897, Saturday (-17,489) Moe Howard, comic actor, was born.

16 June 1897, Wednesday (-17,492) The USA annexed the Hawaiian Islands, see 9 September 1897.

15 June 1897, Tuesday (-17,493) Tirpitz was appointed German Naval Secretary.

14 June 1897, Monday (-17,494)

12 June 1897, Saturday (-17,496) (1) Anthony Eden, Conservative Prime Minister, was born at Windlestone Hall, Bishop Auckland, Durham.� He later became the Earl of Avon.

(2) Carl Elsener took out a patent for the Swiss Army Knife.

(3) A magnitude 8.8 earthquake hit Assam, NE India. 1,542 were killed as a plateau in Shillong district suddenly rose 15 metres, throwing boulders, gravestones and even people into the air.

11 June 1897, Friday (-17,497) Karl Fresenius, German chemist, died (born 28 December 1818).

10 June 1897, Thursday (-17,498) (India) Pathan attack on Indian forces escorting a British frontier officer in the Tochi valley. Anti-Christian sentiment amongst Muslims in the area had been building, inspired by Turkish success against Greece and preaching by the Amir of Afghanistan, but the |British were unaware of this.

4 June 1897, Friday (-17,504)

===================================================================================

29 May 1897, Saturday (-17,510) Erich Wolfgang Korngold, composer, was born in Brno, Czechoslovakia (died 29 November 1957 in Hollywood)

27 May 1897, Thursday (-17,512) John Cockroft, nuclear physicist, was born in Yorkshire.

26 May 1897, Wednesday (-17,513) Bram Stoker�s Dracula was first published.

24 May 1897, Monday (-17,515)

22 May 1897. Saturday (-17,517) The Prince of Wales opened the Blackwall Tunnel in London.

21 May 1897, Friday (-17,518) Sir Augustus Franks, English antiquary, died (20 March 1826).

20 May 1897, Thursday (-17,519) With Greek troops demoralised and on the retreat, the Czar of Russia appealed to Turkey, and an armistice was arranged.

19 May 1897, Wednesday (-17,520) Oscar Wilde was released from Reading gaol.

18 May 1897, Tuesday (-17,521) John Winterbottom, bassoonist, died in Putney (born 1817)

17 May 1897, Monday (-17,522) Only now did Turkish troops attack Domokos (see 6 May 1897), this delay having given the Greeks time to entrench good defences.

16 May 1897, Sunday (-17,523)

15 May 1897, Saturday (-17,524) (Railways GB) (1) The Tipton to Budleigh Salterton railway opened.

(2) (Ethiopia) Britain and Abyssinia concluded a Treaty of Friendship.

14 May 1897, Friday (-17,525) Sidney Bechet, US jazz musician, was born in New Orleans (died in Paris 14 May 1959).

10 May 1897, Monday (-17,529) William Best, English organist, died in Liverpool (born 13 August 1826 in Carlisle).

7 May 1897, Friday (-17,532) (France) Henri Aumale, French statesman, died in Zucco, Sicily (born 16 January 1822 in Paris).

6 May 1897, Thursday, (-17,533) The Turks drove the Greeks from their defensive positions in front of Pharsala. The Greeks retreated to Domokos.

5 May 1897, Wednesday (-17,534) (Africa) James Bent, explorer of Africa, died in London (born near Leeds 30 March 1852).

4 May 1897, Tuesday (-17,535)

3 May 1897, Monday (-37,536) Edward Goulburn, English religious writer, died (born 11 February 1818).

2 May 1897, Sunday (-37,537) Fred J Coots, US composer, was born in Brooklyn, New York

1 May 1897, Saturday (-37,538)

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28 April 1897, Wednesday (-17,541) Felix Bernard, US composer, was born in Brooklyn, New York (died 20 October 1944 in Hollywood).

27 April 1897, Tuesday (-17,542) Turkish forces only now reached Larissa. Neither side showed great military skill, with political considerations interfering with good strategy.

23 April 1897, Friday (-17,546) Turkish forces reached Deliler. The Greeks could have retreated in good order to Larissa, where a defensible position was available, but instead fled south in disorder towards Pharsala.

20 April 1897, Tuesday (-17,549) The first production car was delivered from Daimler, to a Mr Ernest Estcourt.

19 April 1897, Monday (-17,550) Turkish forces occupied the Meluna Pass, threatening the Greek frontier town of Larissa just 10 miles to the southeast.

18 April 1897, Sunday (-17,551) Easter Sunday; Edhem Pasha, Turkish military leader, began a general advance from his headquarters at Elassona against Greece. Turkish troops began bombarding Arta.

17 April 1897, Saturday (-17,552) (Greece-Turkey) War broke out between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.� Turkey accused Greece of fomenting revolt in Crete.� On 19 May 1897, after several defeats by Turkey and having been forced to withdraw from Crete, Greece signed an armistice with Turkey at Thessaly. Support for Greece by France and the UK saved it from total defeat, but Greece had to pay large war indemnities to Ottoman Turkey, bankrupting the country.

12 April 1897, Monday (-17,557) (Geology) Edward Cope, US palaeontologist, died (born 28 July 1840).

10 April 1897, Saturday (-17,559) Greek irregular troops crossed the frontier into Macedonia, then under Turkish rule, hoping to provoke insurrection there.

6 April 1897, Tuesday (-17,563) Walter Winchell, journalist, was born.

3 April 1897, Saturday (-17,566) Johannes Brahms, German composer, died at his home in Vienna, aged 64.

====================================================================================

31 March 1897, Wednesday (-17,569) Gold was discovered in The Klondike, Canada.

28 March 1897, Sunday (-17,572) The Japanese Yen went on the Gold Standard.

26 March 1897, Friday (-17,574) Louise Groody, US actress, was born in Waco, Texas (died in Canadensis, Pennsylvania, 16 December 1961

11 March 1897, Thursday (-17,389) Henry Drummond, Scottish scholarly writer, died (born 17 August 1851).

7 March 1897, Sunday (-17,393) Gustav Kenncott, mineralogist, died (born 6 January 1818)

4 March 1897, Thursday (-17,396) William McKinley took office as US President.

====================================================================================

22 February 1897, Monday (-17,606) Darius Couch, US soldier, died (born 23 July 1822).

19 February 1897. Friday (-17,609) (1) French tightrope walker Charles Blondin died. He was born on 28 February 1824.

(2) The Women�s Institute organisation was founded at Stoney Creek in Ontario by Mrs Hoodless. The first W I meeting was on 25 September 1897. The W I idea was brought to England by a Mrs Watt during World War One.

17 February 1897, Wednesday (-17,611) In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo�s forces defeated the Spanish under General Camilo at the Battle of Zapoto Bridge.

13 February 1897, Saturday (-17,615) Carl Erhardt, ice hockey player, was born (died 3 May 1988).

11 February 1897, Thursday (-17,617) (Atomic) Hungarian-US physicist Leo Szilard was born in Budapest. In 1939 he researched self-sustaining nuclear reactions.

10 February 1897. Wednesday (-17,618) Greece sent ships and troops to Crete, 4 days after Crete�s proclamation of union with Greece.

9 February 1897, Tuesday (-17,619) Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian aviator, was born.

4 February 1897, Thursday (-17,624) Christians in Canea, Crete, protested over the slow pace of reform by the island�s Turkish Governor, which reforms were intended to safeguard their rights. Turkish troops fired at the demonstrators, many of who took refuge on European naval ships just offshore, and part of the town was burnt down.

2 February 1897, Tuesday (-17,626) Homer Martin, US artist, died (born 18 October 1836).

1 February 1897, Monday (-17,627) Constantin Ettingshausen, scientific writer, died (born 16 June 1826).

====================================================================================

26 January 1897, Tuesday (-17,633) Karl Holsten, German religious writer, died (born 31 March 1825).

21 January 1897, Thursday (-17,638) The Glasgow subway began operating as a cable-drawn system.

13 January 1897, Wednesday (-17,646) Mr and Mrs Bradley Martin, members of New York�s �top 400�, threw an extremely extravagant party in which the ballroom of the Waldorf Astoria was made into a replica of Versailles. This event, in the face of an economic recession, attracted much criticism in the popular press, and the Martins fled to England.

12 January 1897, Tuesday (-17,647) Sir Isaac Pitman, who invented phonetic shorthand in 1837, died in Somerset aged 84.

8 January 1897, Friday (-17,651) Peter Alliss, British golfer, was born (died 31 May 1975).

1 January 1897, Friday (-17,658)

====================================================================================

30 December 1896, Wednesday (-17,660) Philippines independence fighter Jose Rizal was executed by the Spanish

28 December 1896, Monday (-17,662) Horatio Hale, US ethnological writer, died (born 3 May 1817).

27 December 1896, Sunday (-17,663) (Britain) Sir John Brown, Sheffield armour plate manufacturer, died (born 6 December 1816).

12 December 1896, Saturday (-17,678) Guigliemo Marconi gave his first public demonstration of radio, at Tonybee Hall, east London.

10 December 1896, Thursday (-17,680) Alfred Bernhardt Nobel, Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, died in San Remo, Italy. See 14 July 1867.

6 December 1896, Sunday (-17,684) Ira Gershwin, songwriter, was born.

5 December 1896, Saturday (-17,685) Carl Cori, US biochemist, was born in Prague.

4 December 1896, Friday (-17,686) Heavy gales destroyed the chain pier at Brighton.

1 December 1896, Tuesday (-17,689) Ray Henderson, US composer, was born in Buffalo, New York (died 31 December 1970 in Greenwich, Connecticut)

===================================================================================

26 November 1896, Thursday (-17,694) Mathilde Blind, English author, died (born in Mannheim 21 March 1841).

23 November 1896, Monday (-17,697) Ruth Etting, US actress, was born in David City, Nebraska (died 24 September 1978 in Colorado Springs)

21 November 1896, Saturday (-17,699) (Colombia) Colombia and Venezuela signed a treaty of friendship.

16 November 1896, Monday (-17,704) Birth of British fascist leader Oswald Mosley, in London

14 November 1896, Saturday (-17,706) (1) The speed limit for �horseless carriages� was raised from 4mph, or 2mph in towns, to 14 mph.

(2) Mannie Eisenhower, wife of America�s 34^th President, was born in Boone, Iowa, as Mannie Doud.

13 November 1896, Friday (-17,707) The Arnold car, made by Walter Arnold of Peckham, south London, made its first appearance on British roads. This was the first car to have an electric starter; older cars had to be crank-started by hand.

8 November 1896, Sunday (-17,712)

4 November 1896, Wednesday (-17,716) Harry Woods, US composer, was born in North Chelmsford, Massachusetts (died� 13 January 1970 in Phoenix)

3 November 1896, Tuesday (-17,717) (Chemistry) Eugen Baumann, German chemist, died in Frieburg.

2 November 1896, Monday (-17,718) General Accident issued the first motor insurance policies in Britain.

1 November 1896, Sunday (-17,719)

===================================================================================

31 October 1896, Saturday (-17,720) Ethel Walters, US singer, was born in Chester, Pennsylvania (died 1 September 1977 in Chatsworth, California)

30 October 1896, Friday (-17,721) Ruth Gordon, actress, was born.

26 October 1896, Monday (-17,725) Paul Challemel-Lacour, French politician, died (born 19 May 1827).

21 October 1896, Wednesday (-17,730) (London Underground) James Greathead, engineer whose invention, known as the Greathead Shield, was crucial for the construction of the first London tube lines, died in Streatham, south London (born 6 August 1844 in South Africa).

18 October 1896, Sunday (-17,733) Frederick Hollander, composer, was born in London (died in Munich, 18 January 1976)

14 October 1896, Wednesday (-17,737) Bud Flanagan, British comedian, was born in Whitechapel, London (died 20 October 1968 in London)

11 October 1896, Sunday (-17,740) (Britain) Edward Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury, died in Ireland (born in Birmingham 14 July 1829).

9 October 1896, Friday (-17,742) Ferdinand Muller, explorer of Australia, died (born 30 June 1825).

8 October 1896, Thursday (-17,743) George du Maurier, English writer, died (born 1834).

6 October 1896, Tuesday (-17,745) The Treaty of Addis Ababa ended the Ethiopian War. Italy agreed to withdraw its plans for an Italian Protectorate.

3 October 1896, Saturday (-17,748) Queen Victoria became the first British monarch to be captured on moving film, at Balmoral.

====================================================================================

24 September 1896, Thursday (-17,757) F Scott Fitzgerald, US author, was born.

23 September 1896, Wednesday (-17,758) Ivar Aasen, Norwegian philosopher, died in Christiania, (born in Sondmore, 5 August 1813).

22 September 1896, Tuesday (-17,759 Henry Seagrave, motor racing champion, was born (died 13 June 1930).

21/ September 1896, Monday (-17,760) Herbert Kitchener, who took control of the Anglo-Egyptian army in March 1896, with the aim of re-conquering the Sudan, took the town of Dongola.

18 September 1896, Friday (-17,763) (Science) Armand Fizeau, physicist, died (born 23 September 1819)

16 September 1869, Wednesday (-17,765) Thomas Graham, British chemist, died (born 20 December 1805).

14 September 1896, Monday (-17,767) James C Johnson, US composer, was born in Chicago (died 27 February 2981 in New York)

11 September 1896, Friday (-17,770) Francis Child, scholarly writer, died (born 1 February 1825).

10 September 1896, Thursday (-17,771) Elsa Schiaparelli, sportswear designer, was born in Rome.

9 September 1896, Wednesday (-17,772) Surgery was performed on the heart for the first time, at Frankfurt City Hospital, Germany. The 22 year old patient had been stabbed in the heart during a pub brawl and stitches were inserted in the organ.

8 September 1896, Tuesday (-17,773) Howard Dietz, US singer, was born in New York (died 30 July 1983 in New York)

7 September 1896, Monday (-17,774) The first car race in the USA was held, at Cranston Rhode Island.

6 September 1896, Sunday (-17,775) Sir Joseph Crowe, art writer, died (born 25 October 1828).

5 September 1896, Saturday (-17,776) Phil Baxter, US composer, was born in Navarro County Texas (died in Dallas 2 November 1972).

2 September 1896, Wednesday (-17,779) Nathaniel Thompson, cricketer for Australia, died in Sydney (born 21 April 1838 in Birmingham, England).

1 September 1996, Tuesday (-17,780)

=====================================================================================

31 August 1896, Monday (-17,781) Earthquake in Ugo and Rikuchu areas of Japan, 209 killed.

30 August 1896, Sunday (-17,782) Alexis Lobanov-Rostovski, Russian statesman, died (born 30 December 1824).

29 August 1896, Saturday (-17,783) Many Armenians, perhaps 3,000 or more, were being killed in Turkey three days after the Armenians seized the Ottoman Bank in Istanbul, to draw the world�s attention to their fight against Ottoman rule. The Armenian uprising began in 1894, and they hoped to break free of Turkish rule as Bulgaria had done. Some 200,000 Armenians were killed in Anatolia. Britain�s support for Armenia threatened the favoured position it had held for over 40 years in Istanbul. Germany began to manoeuvre to take Britain�s place, eager to secure concessions for its Berlin to Baghdad Railway project.

28 August 1896, Friday (-17,784)

27 August 1896, Thursday (-17,785) The shortest war in history occurred, between Britain and Zanzibar, lasting just 45 minutes.

26 August 1896, Wednesday (-17,786) Christian Armenian Nationalists attacked the ottoman Bank in Constantinople. This provoked a Turkish campaign against the Armenians.

25 August 1896, Tuesday (-17,787)

24 August 1896, Monday (-17,788) Phil Baker, US author, was born in Philadelphia (died 30 November 1963 in Copenhagen).

23 August 1896, Sunday (-17,789) Wendell Woods Hall, US composer, was born in St George, Kansas (died 2 April 1969 in Fairhope, Alaska)

21 August 1896, Friday (-17,791)

19 August 1896, Wednesday (-17,793) Alexander Green, English geologist, died (born 10 October 1832).

18 August 1896, Tuesday (-17,794) (Germany) Richard Avenarius, German philosopher, died in Zurich (born 19 November 1834 in Paris).

17 August 1896. Monday (-17,795) (1) The first pedestrian was killed by a motor vehicle in Britain. A car doing 4 mph killed Mrs Bridget Driscoll of Croydon. She froze in panic as the car approached.

(2) Gold was discovered at Bonanza Creek on the Klondike River in Canada�s Yukon Territory. This led to the great Gold Rush of 1898, in which the city of Dawson grew to over 25,000 people.

16 August 1896, Sunday (-17,796) Sir David MacPherson, Canadian politician, died.

15 August 1896, Saturday (-17,797)

13 August 1896, Thursday (-17,799) John Everett Millais, painter, died in London aged 67.

12 August 1896, Wednesday (-17,800) Sir Harry Lumsden, British soldier, died (born 11 December 1821).

11 August 1896, Tuesday (-17,801)

7 August 1896, Friday (-17,805) Ernesto Leucona, Cuban composer, was born (died 29 November 1963)

6 August 1896, Thursday (-17,806) Madagascar was proclaimed a French colony.

1 August 1896, Saturday (-17,811) Sir William Grove, electrical innovator, died (born 11 July 1811).

====================================================================================

28 July 1896, Tuesday (-17,815) The City of Miami was incorporated.� It had been a small Indian trading post with two dwellings, a storehouse, and a small fort when the railway was built there in 1896.� On incorporation it had a population of 260.� By 1910 it had a population of 5,471; by 1920, 29,571.

26 July 1896, Sunday (-17,817) Henry Birkin, motor racing champion, was born (died 22 July 1933).

16 July 1896, Thursday (-17,827) Trygve Lie, Norwegian politician and Secretary General at the United Nations, was born in Oslo.

11 July 1896, Saturday (-17,832) Ernst Curtius, German historical writer, died (born 2 September 1814).

9 July 1896, Thursday (-17,834) Heinrich Beyrich, German geologist, died (born in Berlin 31 August 1815).

2 July 1896, Thursday (-17,841) Isaac Hall, US orientalist writer, died (born 12 December 1837).

====================================================================================

29 June 1898, Monday (-17,844) (Railways) Passenger services began on the first railway in Newfoundland, from St Johns to Hall Bay, Construction of the line had begun on 9 August 1881, against considerable local opposition and violence. The line was completed in 1896.

28 June 1896, Sunday (-17,845) Jenny Hill, British music hall singer, died in Brixton, London (born 1848).

26 June 1896. Friday (-17,847) The world�s first permanent cinema opened in New Orleans; admission was 10 cents. Britain�s first cinema opened in Islington on 5 August 1901, and charged between 6d and 3s for entry. However by World War One most cinemas were only charging 3d or 6d. The first drive in cinema opened on 6 June 1933 in Camden, New Jersey, and could hold 400 cars.

22 June 1896, Monday (-17,851) (USA) Benjamin Bristol, US politician, died (born 20 June 1832).

19 June 1896, Friday (-17,854) Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, was born.

15 June 1896, Monday (-17,858) A tsunami created a 100 foot wave that struck Sanriku, Japan, killing thousands along 170 miles of coastline. Earthquake in Sanriku, Japan, killed 27,100.

13 June 1896, Saturday (-17,860) (India) Sir James Browne, British engineer in India, died (born 1839).

11 June 1896, Thursday (-17,862) Sir George Dasent, English writer, died born 22 May 1817).

8 June 1896, Monday (-17,865) Muzaffar ed Din was crowned Shah of Persia.

7 June 1896, Sunday (-17,866) Imre Nagy, Prime Minister of Hungary 1953-55 and 1956, was born.

6 June 1896, Saturday (-17,867) Frenchman Captain J Marchand, who explored the River Niger from sea to source, this day began an expedition to claim French possession of southern Sudan.

5 June 1896, Friday (-17,868)

4 June 1896. Thursday (-17,869) Henry Ford took his Ford automobile for a trial run around the streets of Detroit.

3 June 1896, Wednesday (-17,870) King Edward VII (then Prince of Wales) won the Derby on a horse called Persimmon.

2 June 1896, Tuesday (-17,871) Marconi was granted patent no.12039 for his system of communication using radio waves. The maximum communications range was then about 12 miles.

====================================================================================

31 May 1896, Sunday (-17,873)

30 May 1896, Saturday (-17,874) The first car accident in New York city. Driver Henry Wells hit cyclist Eveylin Thomas.

29 May 1896, Friday (-17,875) Gabriel Daubree, French geologist, died (born 25 June 1814).

26 May 1896, Tuesday (-17,878) In the USA, the Dow Jones Industrial Average shares index was first published.

24 May 1896, Sunday (-17,880) Luigi Menabrea, Italian statesman, died (born 4 September 1809).

18 May 1896, Monday (-17,886) The US Supreme Court ruled, in Plessy v. Ferguson, that facilities for Whites and non-Whites could be segregated if they were �equal�.

12 May 1896, Tuesday (-17,892) Henri Cernuschi, Italian politician, died (born 1821).

11 May 1896, Monday (-17,893) Henry Bunner, US writer, died (born 3 August 1855).

10 May 1896, Sunday (-17,894) Luigi Cossa, Italian economics writer, died.

9 May 1896. Saturday (-17,895) The first Horseless Carriage Show opened to the motor trade, with ten models on show at London�s Imperial Institute.

8 May 1896, Friday (-17,896)

7 May 1896, Thursday (-17.897) Kathleen Godfree, tennis player, was born (died 19 June 1992).

6 May 1896, Wednesday (-17,898) In the US, Samuel Pierpoint Langley succeeded in flying a glider 3,300 feet (one kilometre).

5 May 1896, Tuesday (-17,899) Silas Adams, US politician died (born 1839)

4 May 1896. Monday (-17,900) The Daily Mail was first published, founded by Lord Northcliffe.

3 May 1896, Sunday (-17,901) Alfred Hunt, English painter, died (born 1830).

1 May 1896, Friday (-17,903) Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, was assassinated, aged 65. He was succeeded by his 43-year-old

son, Muzaffar-ed-Din.

====================================================================================

29 April 1896, Wednesday (-17,905) Jean Haureau, French writer, died (born 1812).

20 April 1896, Monday (-17,914) Wop May, aviator, was born.

10 April 1896, Friday (-17,924) Edith Day, US actress, was born in Minneapolis (died 2 May 1971 in London)

6 April 1896, Monday (-17,928) The modern Olympic Games, revived by Pierre de Coubertin, were opened at Athens. The original Olympic Games were first recorded in 776 BC although they had already been played for centuries by then; they were played every four years in honour of the God Zeus.� They were abolished by the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius, to discourage paganism, in AD 394.

5 April 1896, Sunday (-17,929) Easter Sunday. Henri Marion, French philosophical writer, died (born 9 September 1846).

====================================================================================

28 March 1896, Saturday (-17,937) Elizabeth Charles, English author, died (born 2 January 1828).

21 March 1896, Saturday (-17,944) George Denison, English religious writer, died (born 11 December 1805).

12 March 1896, Thursday (-17,953) Jesse Fuller, US blues singer, was born in Jonesboro, Georgia (died 29 January 1976 in Oakland, California)

6 March 1896, Friday, (-17,959) Charles Brady King test-drove a car he had built in Detroit, the first car ever driven in what would become known as Motor City.

1 March 1896. Sunday (-17,964) An Italian force invading Tigre in Ethiopia was crushed by British and Ethiopian forces under Menelik at the Battle of Adowa. 100,000 Ethiopians slaughtered 7,000 Italians. The war was essentially unnecessary for Italy; facing economic depression and anarchy at home, Crispi, the Italian Prime Minister, decided on a �cheap foreign war�. General Baratieri took command of an army of 16,000, and recklessly provoked Ethiopia by occupying northern Tigre. He then lingered there for a year giving the Ethiopians time to muster a large army. Menelik finally lured the Italians into a fight, but the battle was chaotic. Italian orders were misunderstood and brigades became separated, allowing the Ethiopians to cut them down one by one. This defeat ensured that Ethiopia remained independent for another forty years, until avenged by Mussolini.

==================================================================================

29 February 1896, Saturday (-17,965) Ranchhodji Morarji Desai, Indian Prime Minister who was imprisoned with Gandhi, was born.

28 February 1896, Friday (-17,966) (Medical) Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1948 he discovered that cortisone can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

27 February 1896, Thursday (-17,967)

26 February 1896, Wednesday (-17,968) Arsene Houssaye, French novelist, died (born 28 March 1815).

25 March 1896, Tuesday (-17,969) Ida Cox, US blues composer, was born in Toccoa, Georgia (died in Knoxville, Tennessee)

22 February 1896, Saturday (-17,972) Nacio Herb Brown, US composer, was born in Deming, New Mexico (died 28 September 1964 in Beverly Hills, California).

19 February 1896, Wednesday (-17,975) Russia �recognised� Bulgaria as an independent state following the conversion of Crown Prince Boris, son of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, to Orthodox Christianity. De facto, however, Bulgaria remained as part of the Ottoman Empire.

18 February 1896, Tuesday (-17,976) Andre Breton, writer, was born.

5 February 1896, Wednesday (-17,989) Dorset Cricket Club was founded.

1 February 1896, Saturday (-17,993) The opera La Boheme premiered in Turin, Italy.

===================================================================================

29 January 1896, Wednesday (-17,996) Hugh Childers, British politician, died (born 25 June 1827).

28 January 1896, Tuesday (-17,997) Arnold Miller, of East Peckham, became the first motorist charged with speeding, at Tonbridge Magistrates Court. He had driven at over the 2 mph speed limit in a built up area past the window of the local constable�s house just as he was about to have dinner. The constable left his meal, grabbed his helmet, and gave chase on a bicycle, catching up the driver after 5 miles. Miller was driving at about 8 mph, according to witnesses. He was fined 1s plus costs.

25 January 1896, Saturday (-18,000) Frederick Leighton, English painter and sculptor, died.

23 January 1896, Thursday (-18,002) (Spain) Juan Camacho, Spanish statesman, died (born 1824).

20 January 1896, Monday (-18,005) Henry Prince of Battenberg died (born 5 October 1859).

19 January 1896, Sunday (-18,006) The first motor vehicle was operated in Japan. It was a motorcycle made in Germany.

18 January 1896, Saturday (-18,007) British troops took Kumasi and took the Ashante King prisoner in the Fourth Ashante (Ghana) War.

17 January 1896, Friday (-18,008)

15 January 1896, Wednesday (-18,010) Britain and France signed an agreement on their spheres of influence in S.E. Asia. Both countries guaranteed the independence of Siam (Thailand) and Britain recognised the French protectorate of Laos.

14 January 1896, Tuesday (-18,011) John Dos Passos, US writer, was born in Chicago, Illinois.

13 January 1896, Monday (-18,012) (Switzerland) Emilie de Morsier, Swiss social activist, died.

12 January 1896, Sunday (-18,013) Tommy Handley, British comedian, was born in Liverpool.

11 January 1896, Saturday (-18,014) Joao de Deus, Portuguese poet, died (born 8 March 1830).

8 January 1896, Wednesday (-18,017) Baron Colin Blackburn, British judge, died (born 1813).

6 January 1896, Monday (-18,019) (1) Cecil Rhodes was forced to resign as Prime Minister of Cape Colony because of his involvement in the Jameson raid.

(2) The Daimler Motor Company was incorporated by Harry Lawson.

5 January 1896, Sunday (-18,020) The German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen gave the first demonstration of X rays.

4 January 1896, Saturday (-18,021) Utah became the 45^th state of the USA.

2 January 1896, Thursday (-18,023) The Jameson Raid, into the Boer colony of Transvaal to support British settlers, ended in failure.

1 January 1896, Wednesday (-18,024)

====================================================================================

30 December 1895, Monday (-18,026) George Ware, British composer, died in London (born 1829 in London)

29 December 1895, Sunday (-18,027) (Britain, Germany, South Africa) Leander Starr Jameson, an agent of the British South Africa Company, invaded the Boer Republic of Transvaal with 470 men. On 2 January 1896 Jameson surrendered At Doorn Kop after a defeat at Krugersdorp. On 3 January 1896 Kaiser William II sent a telegram to Paul Kruger congratulating him on the defeat of Jameson. This caused outrage in Britain, which saw the telegram as an attempt by Germany to expand its influence in Africa. Britain mocked the German Navy, saying it would be �child�s play� for the British Navy to wipe it out. Wilhelm I now decided on a course of massive expansion of the German Navy, seeing Britain no longer as an ally but a potential threat.

28 December 1895, Saturday (-18,028) Auguste and Louis Lumiere screened the first true motion picture on their new invention, the cinematographe, which gave us the word cinema.

24 December 1895, Tuesday (-18,032) Carl Brisson, Danish actor, was born in Copenhagen (died in Copenhagen 26 September 1958).

22 December 1895, Sunday (-18,034) The physicist Wilhelm Roentgen made a radiograph (X-ray photograph) of his wife�s hand.

17 December 1895, Tuesday (-18,039) Relations between the US and Britain were under severe strain because of a border dispute between Guiana and Venezuela.

16 December 1895, Monday (-18,040) Andy Razaf, US singer, was born in Washington DC (died 3 February 1973 in Hollywood)

14 December 1895, Saturday (-18,042) The future King George VI was born in Sandringham, Norfolk, second son of George V and Mary, see 11 December 1936.

11 December 1895, Wednesday (018,045) Jean Montegut, French writer, died (born 14 June 1825).

8 December 1895, Sunday (-18,048) Theodore la Villemarque, French writer, died (born 6 July 1815).

3 December 1895, Tuesday (-18,053) Anna Freud, psychoanalyst, was born.

====================================================================================

30 November 1895, Saturday (-18,056) China and Russia made a secret treaty so that Russia could build the Trans-Siberian railway through Manchuria to the port of Vladivostock.

29 November 1895, Friday (-18,057) William Tubman, President of Liberia, was born.

28 November 1895, Thursday (-18,058) Jose Iturbi, Spanish pianist and conductor, was born in Valencia, Spain (died 1980).

27 November 1895, Wednesday (-18,059) Alexandre Dumas II, novelist, died (born 27 July 1824)

26 November 1895, Tuesday (-18,060)

24 November 1895, Sunday (-18,062) (France) Saint Hilaire Barthelemy, French politician, was born in Paris (died 24 November 1895).

23 November 1895, Saturday (-18,063) Mauritz de Haas, US painter, died (born 12 December 1832).

22 November 1895, Friday (-18,064) John de Tabley, English poet, died (born 26 April 1835).

8 November 1895, Friday (-18,078) Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X rays, during an experiment at the University of Wurtzburg. He made the first radiograph, or X-ray, of his wife�s hand, on 22 December 1895. In 1896 Emil Grubbe, having noticed the damage that X-ray exposure did to his own skin, experimented with applying rays to cancerous tissue; he treated a woman with breast cancer, but did not publicise the results until several years later.

5 November 1895, Tuesday (-18,081) In the USA, George B Selden received patent 549 160 for his petrol powered car, effectively giving him a monopoly over the US car industry, until later successfully challenged by Henry Ford.

4 November 1895, Monday (-18,082) Eugene Field, US poet, died (born 2 September 1850).

3 November 1895, Sunday (-18,083)

2 November 1895, Saturday (-18,084) (Roads) The first issue of Autocar, a motoring magazine, was published in Britain.

1 November 1895, Friday (-18,085) (Roads) The first motoring association, the American Motor League, was founded in Chicago, Illinois.

===================================================================================

25 October 1895, Friday (-18,092) Sir Charles Halle, English pianist and conductor, died (born 11 April 1819).

22 October 1895, Tuesday (-18,095) Ruggero Bonghi, Italian writer, died (born in Naples 20 March 1828).

17 October 1895, Thursday (-18,100) (Road Travel) �The first motoring offence in the UK resulting in a court summons. John Henry Knight of Farnham was charged with �permitting a locomotive to be at work� in Castle Street Farnham without a licence, and James Pullinger was charged with operating the same �locomotive� during prohibited hours. The prosecution was brought under a Surrey Council by-law requiring all locomotives other than those used in agriculture or road maintenance to be licensed by the Council and to be driven on the public highway only during set hours. The case was heard on 31 October 1895 before R H Combe at Farnham Petty Sessions. The locomotive was a motor vehicle owned by Knight, who watched whilst Pullinger drove it. Both defendants were fined 2s 6d each.

15 October 1895, Tuesday (-18,102) (Road Travel) First UK motor show, at the Agricultural Showground, Tunbridge Wells Kent. Also this day the last turnpike toll was levied on the last remaining stretch of turnpike road in the UK; the Anglesey section of Telford�s Shrewsbury to Holyhead road.

10 October 1895, Thursday (-18,107) (Railway) The Cape Town to Durban railway, South Africa, opened.

8 October 1895, Tuesday (-18,109) (Argentina) Juan Peron, Argentinean general and nationalist dictator, was born in Lobos.

7 October 1895, Monday (-18,110) William Wetmore Story, US poet, died (born 12 February 1819).

6 October 1895, Sunday (-18,111) Sir Henry Wood�s promenade concerts began at Queen�s Hall, London.

4 October 1895, Friday (-18,113) The US Golf Association hosted the first US Open Men�s Golf Championship, on a 9-hole course in Newport, Rhode Island.

2 October 1895, Wednesday (-18,115) Bud Abbott, actor and comedian, was born.

1 October 1895, Tuesday (-18,116) In Constantinople, Muslim Turks massacred Christian Armenians. In response, Russia made plans to take the city.

===================================================================================

30 September 1895, Monday (-18,117) The capital of Madagascar, Tananarive, surrendered to the French.

29 September 1895, Sunday (-18,118)

28 September 1895, Saturday (-18,119) French chemist Louis Pasteur died (see 6 July 1885). He had been born in Dole, France, on 27 December 1822.

27 September 1895, Friday (-18,120) Woolf Barnato, motor racing champion, was born (died 27 July 1948).

24 September 1895, Tuesday (-18,123)

18 September 1895, Wednesday (-18,129) The first chiropractic adjustment was made by Daniel David Palmer, in Iowa, USA.

17 September 1895, Tuesday (-18,130) William McKinney, US bandleader, was born in Cynthia, Kentucky (died 14 October 1969 in Detroit)

11 September 1895, Wednesday (-18,136) Three African Chiefs, Khama of the Ngwato tribe, Bathoen of the Ngwaketse and Sebele of the Kwena, from Bechuanaland (now Botswana) met with the British Prime Minister, Joseph Chamberlain, Their mission was to obtain British protection from the exploitative colonisation of Cecil Rhodes, who was then establishing White economic domination over African lands across much of southern Africa. In fact Rhodes was then preparing for the disastrous Jameson Raid (see 2 January 1896), against Chamberlain�s wishes. This made Chamberlain more sympathetic to the African Chiefs, and British Royal protection was granted to the existing tribal rule in Bechuanaland.

8 September 1895, Sunday (-18.139) Adam Opel, founder of Opel Automobiles, died aged 58.

3 September 1895, Tuesday (-18,144) (1) The first American professional football game was played, at Laitrobe., Pennsylvania. John Brallier, the first player to turn pro, accepted 10$ and expenses to play for the Latrobe YMCA, who won 12-0.

(2) The Duryea Motor Wagon Company was incorporated.

=====================================================================================

29 August 1895, Thursday (-18,149) The Rugby League was formed at a meeting at the George Hotel in Huddersfield.

26 August 1895, Monday (-18,152) A hydroelectric plant designed by Nikola Tesla and built by Westinghouse opened at Niagara Falls.

16 August 1895, Friday (-18,162) Mathieu Geffroy, French historical writer, died (born 1820).

15 August 1895, Thursday (-18,163) A train jumped the rails at Preston, Lancashire, carrying holidaymakers to Blackpool. It was speeding through the station at over 70 kph, on a curve that was supposed to be taken at 20kph, although train drivers regularly went through at 40. The railway companies began to stop competing as to who could run the fastest trains, seeing that a rising accident toll was actually putting people off using the trains. Also such competitiveness often did not help the passengers, who simply arrived hours early at a station where they had to change, then faced a long wait for the next train.

14 August 1895, Wednesday (-18,164) Thomas Hovenden, US artist, died (born 28 December 1840)

13 August 1895, Tuesday (-18,165) Bert Lahr, US actor, was born in New York (died 4 December 1967 in New York)

10 August 1895, Saturday (-18,168) Harry Richman, US composer, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio (died3 November 1972 in Hollywood)

6 August 1895, Tuesday (-18,172) (Weather) Francis W Reichelderfer, US meteorologist, was born.

5 August 1895, Monday (-18,173) Engels died in London, aged 74. He was an immigrant businessman who, along with Marx, founded the political philosophy called communism. Marx was the better of the two at theory but Engels could communicate these ideas better to the public.

4 August 1895, Sunday (-18,174) Bobby Howes, British actor, was born in London (died 27 April 1972 in London)

3 August 1895, Saturday (-18,175)

1 August 1895, Thursday (-18,177) The people of Gutian in Fujian Province, destroyed churches and killed more than ten Australian and British missionaries, including women and children.

===================================================================================

31 July 1895, Wednesday (-18,178) The Basque Nationalist Party was founded by Sabino de Arana Goiri (1865-1903). He did much to revive the Basque language, publishing newspapers, magazines, and books on subjects ranging from grammar to history in this language. He also coined the word Euzkadi for the Basque national people, and designed the first Basque national flag, the Ikurrrina.

30 July 1895, Tuesday (-18,179)

29 July 1895, Monday (-18,180) Joseph Derenbourg, Orientalist writer, died (born 1811).

28 July 1895, Sunday (-18,181) In Poland the Peasant Electoral Committee (Ludowy Komitet Wyborcy) assembled in Rzeszow; from this meeting emerged the Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe). The PSL demanded� universal suffrage, redistribution of land from the gentry, and an end to peasant service obligations to their landlord.

27 July 1895, Saturday (-18,182)

26 July 1895, Friday (-18,183) (Chemistry) Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska married in Sceaux, France. In 1896 Marie began her doctoral thesis on the radioactivity of uranium, and Pierre joined her in this research in 1898.Their daughter, Irene, was born in 1897.

25 July 1895, Thursday (-18,194) Yvonne Printemps, French actress, was born (died 18 January 1977 in Paris)

24 July 1895, Wednesday (-18,185) Robert Graves, writer, was born.

22 July 1895, Monday (-18,187) Heinrich Gneist, German politician, died (born 13 August 1816)

18 July 1895, Thursday (-18,191) Percy Baker, bowls champion, was born (died 3 January 1990)

13 July 1895, Saturday (-18,196) John Carrodus, violinist, died (born 20 January 1836)

12 July 1895, Friday (-18,197) Oscar II Hammerstein, US songwriter, was born in New York (died 23.8/1960 in Doylestown, Pennsylvania)

10 July 1895, Wednesday (-18,799) Carl Orff, composer, was born.

8 July 1895, Monday (-18,201) The opening of the Delagoa Bay railway, from Johannesburg to Maputo Bay, gave the Transvaal access to the sea independent of the British colonies.

4 July 1895, Thursday (-18,205) Irving Caesar, US songwriter, was born in New York

1 July 1895, Monday (-18,208) The pay for a junior civil servant in Britain, aged 17-20, ranged from �70 to �250 per annum, with a possible �100 bonus for efficiency available. In England, a domestic servant was paid �18.80 annually, and received board and lodging worth ca, �12.50 annually with the job. A female Lancashire cotton worker received �37.10 annually (no board and lodging provided).

====================================================================================

29 June 1895, Saturday (-18,210) The foundation stone of Westminster Cathedral, London, was laid.

25 June 1895, Tuesday (-18,214) The Marquess of Salisbury resumed office as Prime Minister.

24 June 1895, Monday (-18,215) Jack Dempsey, world heavyweight boxing champion, was born.

22 June 1895, Saturday (-18,217) Henry Moore, English painter, died (born 7 March 1831).

19 June 1895, Wednesday (-18,220) The 61-mile Kiel Canal between the Baltic and North Sea opened by German Emperor Wilhelm II.

17 June 1895, Monday (-18,222) Sam Wooding, US bandleader, was born in Philadelphia (died 1 August 1985 in New York)

15 June 1895, Saturday (-18,224) Franz Friedrich Richard Genee, Polish composer, died in Baden (born 7 February 1823 in Danzig)

14 June 1895, Friday (-18,225) Cliff Edwards, US singer, was born.

11 June 1895, Tuesday (-18,228) the first pneumatic-tyred car appeared on French roads. This was Edoaurd Michelin�s Peugeot, which was a competitor in the Paris-Bordeaux motor race. This car only came ninth, because it needed 22 inner tube changes, but gave a very smooth ride.

2 June 1895, Sunday (-18,237) Japan took formal possession of Formosa (Taiwan) from China.

1 June 1895, Saturday (-18,238) John Samuel Tucker, rugby player, was born (died 4 January 1973).

====================================================================================

31 May 1895, Friday (-18,239) (Women�s Rights) Emily Faithfull died (born 1835), In 1863 she began publishing a monthly periodical, The Victoria Magazine, campaigning for the right of women to remunerative employment.

30 May 1895, Thursday (-18,240) Maurice Tate, cricketer, was born (died 18 May 1956).

29 May 1895, Wednesday (-18,241) The Japanese landed near Keelung on the northern coast of Taiwan, and in a five-month campaign swept southwards to Tainan.

28 May 1895, Tuesday (-18,242) Walter Gresham, US statesman, died (born 28 May 1895).

26 May 1895, Sunday (-18,244)

25 May 1895, Saturday (-18,245) Oscar Wilde�s second trial ended, and he was sentenced to two year�s hard labour.

24 May 1895, Friday (-18,246) Hugh McCulloch, US financier, died (born 7 December 1808).

23 May 1895, Thursday (-18,247) Franz Neumann, scientific writer, died (born 11 September 1798).

22 May 1895, Wednesday (-18,248)

21 May 1895, Tuesday (-18,249) Franz von Suppe, composer, died in Vienna (born 18 April 1819 in Split)

20 May 1895. Monday (-18,250) The US Supreme court ruled that income tax, introduced in 1894, was unconstitutional.

15 May 1895, Wednesday (-18,255) Joseph Whitaker, who founded Whitaker�s Almanac in 1869, died.

6 May 1895, Monday (-18,264) Rudolph Valentino, actor, was born.

2 May 1895, Thursday (-18,268) Lorenz Milton Hart, US songwriter, was born in New York (died 22 November 1943 in New York)

===================================================================================

30 April 1895, Tuesday (-18,270) Gustav Freytag, German novelist, died (born 13 July 1816)

26 April 1895. Friday (-18,274) At the Old Bailey, the trial of Oscar Wilde for homosexuality, then a crime, began.

25 April 1895, Thursday (-18,275) Stanley Rous, footballer, was born (died 18 July 1986).

23 April 1895, Tuesday (-18,277) (Medical) Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, German physiologist, died in Leipzig, Saxony.

17 April 1895. Wednesday (-18,283) Japan and China signed the peace treaty of Shimonoseki. China recognised the independence of Korea (although Japan did not have to recognise this), and ceded Formosa (Taiwan), the Pescadores Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula, to Japan. China also had to pay a huge indemnity to Japan, and allow Japanese trade in four treaty ports, which would be exempt from Chinese taxation. Rivalry between Japan and China over Korea had started this war; the immediate cause was the assassination of a pro-Japanese politician in Korea, which gave Japan an excuse to send in troops. Japan opened hostilities without declaring war, by sinking a Chinese troopship and machine-gunning the survivors. However on 23 April 1895 Russia, France, and Germany intervened, forcing Japan to hand back the Liaodong Peninsula.

14 April 1895, Sunday (-18,286) Easter Sunday; James Dana, US geologist, died (born 12 February 1813).

11 April 1895, Thursday (-18,289) Julius Meyer, German chemistry writer, died (born 19 August 1830).

6 April 1895, Saturday (-18,294) Oscar Wilde was now arrested for the crime of homosexuality (see 5 April 1895). He was sentenced to 2 years hard labour.

5 April 1895, Friday (-18,295) Oscar Wilde sued the Marquess of Queensberry for libel at the Old Bailey. The Marquess was alleged to have left a note at Mr Wilde�s club accusing him of sodomy. The Marquess, keen on boxing, was annoyed that his son, Alfred, had an intimate relationship with Mr Wilde. Oscar Wilde lost his case.

3 April 1895, Wednesday (-18,297) A 16,000 strong British army defeated some 12,000 Chitral tribesmen in the Malakand Pass, NorthWest Frontier region.

1 April 1895, Monday (-18,299) Alberta Hunter, US blues singer, was born in Memphis (died 17 October 1984 in New York)

===================================================================================

31 March 1895, Sunday (-18,300) Sir George Chesney, British General, died (born 30 April 1830).

30 March 1895, Saturday (-18,301) (Britain) Frederick Alcester, British Admiral, died (born 12 April 1821).

28 March 1895, Thursday (-18,303) Sir Patrick Grant, British Field Marshal, died (born 11 September 1804).

26 March 1895, Tuesday (-18,305) Jimmy McMullan, footballer, was born (died 28 November 1964).

25 March 1895, Monday (-18,396) James Seed, footballer, was born (died 16 July 1966).

24 March 1895, Sunday (-18,397) Sir William Martin, English Admiral, died

22 March 1895, Friday (-18,309) The first demonstration of celluloid cinema film was given in Paris by Auguste and Louis Lumiere.

17 March 1895, Sunday (-18,314) Berkshire Cricket Club was founded.

16 March 1895, Saturday (-18,315) Corney Grain, British author, died in London (born 1844)

15 March 1895, Friday (-18,316) Bridget Clary, aged 27, was burnt to death for witchcraft at Battyradhen, County Tipperary.

13 March 1895, Wednesday (-18,318) Robert Dale, English religious writer, died (born 1 December 1829).

11 March 1895, Monday (-18,320) Albert Jenkins, rugby player, was born (died 7 October 1953).

6 March 1895, Wednesday (-18,325) Henry Lazarus, British clarinettist, died (born 1 January 1815).

3 March 1895, Sunday (-18,328) Sir Geoffrey Hornby, British Admiral, died (born 20 February 1825).

2 March 1895, Saturday (-18,329) Stuart Blackie, Scottish writer, died in Edinburgh (born in Glasgow 28 July 1809).

=====================================================================================

28 February 1895, Thursday (-18,331)

25 February 1895, Monday (-18,334) (Britain) Henry Aberdare, British statesman and educationalist (born 16 April 1815) died in London).

24 February 1895, Sunday (-18,335) A Cuban revolt against Spanish colonial rule began.

23 February 1895, Saturday (-18,336) Samuel Horton, US economics writer, died (born 16 January 1844).

19 February 1895, Thursday (-18,338)

19 February 1895, Tuesday (-18,340) John Hulke, British geologist, died (born 6 November 1830).

18 February 1895, Monday (-18,341) (Austria) Friedrich Albert, Austrian Field Marshal, died (born 3 August 1817 in Vienna).

17 February 1895, Sunday (-18,342) The ballet Swan Lake by Tchaikovsky was first performed in full length at St Petersburg, Russia.

14 February 1895, Thursday (-18,345) Oscar Wilde�s final play, The Importance of Being Earnest, opened in London.

11 February 1895, Monday (-18,348) Charles Gayarre, US historical writer, died (born 9 January 1805).

9 February 1895, Wednesday (-18,350) Volleyball was invented by William Morgan at the Holyoke YMCA. It was introduced to Europe by US troops during World War One.

7 February 1895, Thursday (-18,352) Irving Aaronson, composer, was born in New York, USA (died 10 May 1963).

6 February 1895, Wednesday (-18,353) Babe Ruth, baseball player, was born

3 February 1895, Sunday (-18,356) Cecil Kershaw, rugby player, was born (died 1 November 1972).

1 February 1895, Friday (-18,358) John Ford, film director, was born.

====================================================================================

31 January 1895, Thursday (-18,359) Ebenezer Hoar, US politician, died (born 21 February 1816).

29 January 1895, Tuesday (-18,361)

28 January 1895, Monday (-18,362) Francois Canrobert, French military leader (born 27 June 1809) died.

27 January 1895, Sunday (-18,363) Sir James Cockle, English mathematician, died (born 14 January 1819).

26 January 1895, Saturday (-18,364) (Mathematics) Arthur Cayley, British mathematician, died in Cambridge.

25 January 1895, Friday (-18,365) Wales lost 3 � 0 to Ireland in the first ever hockey international, held at Rhyl in Wales.

24 January 1895, Thursday (-18,366) Lord Randolph Churchill, founder of the British Conservative Party, died.

22 January 1895, Tuesday (-18,368)

20 January 1895, Sunday (-18,370) (Race Equality) Frederick Douglass, US campaigner for Black Equality, died.

19 January 1895, Saturday (-18,371) Moritz Carriere, German historical writer, died (born 5 March 1817)

18 January 1895, Friday (-18,372)

17 January 1895, Thursday (-18,373) Francois Felix Faure became President of France.

16 January 1895, Wednesday (-18,374) Irene Bordoni, singer, was born in Corsica (died 10 March 1953 in New York).

15 January 1895, Tuesday (-18,375) (Ethiopia) Italian forces defeated the Ethiopians at Senafe, following an Italian victory (13 January 1895) at Koatit. However later in the year the Italian Army pushed too far south, and, lacking support, was defeated at Amba Alagi (7 December 1895) and then at Macalle (23 January 1896).

13 January 1895, Sunday (-18,377) President Jean Casimir Perier of France resigned.

11 January 1895, Friday (-18,379) Thomas Hake, English poet, died (born 10 March 1809).

10 January 1895, Thursday (-18,380) Benjamin Godard, French composer, died (born 18 August 1849).

1 January 1895, Tuesday (-18,389) J Edgar Hoover, American criminologist and founder of the FBI, was born in Washington DC.

====================================================================================

30 December 1894, Sunday (-18,391) Amelia Bloomer, American social reformer, campaigner for temperance and women�s rights, died.

29 December 1894, Saturday (-18,392) Christina Rossetti, English poet, died (born 5 December 1830).

27 December 1894, Thursday (-18,394) (Italy) Former King Francis II of Naples died.

23 December 1894, Sunday (-18,398) Arthur Gilligan, cricketer, was born (died 5 September 1976).

22 December 1894, Saturday (-18,399) The Dreyfus case opened.� Alfred Dreyfus, French artillery officer, was convicted of selling army secrets to Germany, and imprisoned on Devil�s Island.� Later he was pardoned and completely exonerated.

20 December 1894, Thursday (-18,401) Robert Menzies, Australian Prime Minister, was born.

15 December 1894, Saturday (-18,406) John Lord, US historical writer, (died (born 27 December 1810)

14 December 1894, Friday (-18,407) Eugene Debs, President of the American Railway Union, was jailed for 6 months for ignoring an injunction to end the Pullman strike. The strike began on 11 May 1894 when the Pullman Company reduced wages but did not cut rents for workers living in company housing.� The strike turned violent with riots and burning or railroad cars. Attorney-General Richard Olney obtained an injunction to end the strike on the grounds it was obstructing the mail, and when this was ignored federal troops arrived in Chicago to enforce the court order. By 10 July 1894 the strike was broken.

13 December 1894, Thursday (-18,408)

12 December 1894, Wednesday (-18,409) (France) Auguste Burdeau, French politician, died (born 1851).

11 December 1894, Tuesday (-18,410) The first motor show opened in Paris, with nine exhibitors.� It closed on 25 December 1894.

10 December 1894, Monday (-18,411)

8 December 1894, Saturday (-18,413) James Thurber, author, was born in Columbus, Ohio.

7 December 1894, Friday (-18,414) Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and engineer who promoted the Suez Canal, died aged 89.

3 December 1894, Monday (-18,418) Robert Louis Stevenson, who wrote Treasure Island, died.

1 December 1894, Saturday (-18,420) The first motoring journal, La Locomotion Automobile, was published in Paris. According to this publication, cars were unlikely to replace horse drawn traffic and would improve things in cities.

====================================================================================

30 November 1894, Friday (-18,421) William Hall, English legal writer, died (born 22 August 1835).

27 November 1894, Tuesday (-18,424)

25 November 1894, Sunday (-18,426) Jean Duroy, historical writer, died (born 11 September 1811).

24 November 1894, Saturday (-18,427) Herbert Sutcliffe, cricketer, was born (died 22 January 1978).

23 November 1894, Friday (-18,428) Ture Persson, Swedish sprinter, was born.

22 November 1894, Thursday (-18,429) The USA and Japan signed a commercial treaty.

21 November 1894, Wednesday (-18,430) (China-Japan) Japan defeated China at Port Arthur.

19 November 1894, Monday (-18,432)

16 November 1894, Friday (-18,435) James McCosh, philosophical writer, died (born 1 April 1811).

15 November 1894, Thursday (-18,436) (Brazil) In Brazil, General Peixoto was succeeded by Dr Prudente de Moraes Barros. The influence of the military on Brazilian politics was thereafter gradually reduced.

13 November 1894, Tuesday (-18,438) Bennie Moten, US composer, was born in Kansas City, Missouri (died 2 April 1935 in Kansas City)

12 November 1894, Monday (-18,439) Cornwall Cricket Club was founded.

4 November 1894, Sunday (-18,447) First turbine ship launched

3 November 1894, Saturday (-18,448) Max Darewski, British composer, was born in Manchester (died 26 September 1929 in London)

1 November 1894, Thursday (-18,450) Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, died (24/10).� Nicolas II became Tsar of Russia.

====================================================================================

27 October 1894, Saturday (-18,457) Alphons Czibulka, Hungarian composer, died in Vienna (born 14 May 1842 in Szepes Varallya)

26 October 1894, Friday (-18,456) Prince Chlodwig Hohenlohe succeeded Leo von Caprivi as Imperial German Chancellor.

24 October 1894, Wednesday (-18,458) Ted Lewis, boxer, was born (died 20 October 1970).

22 October 1894, Monday (-18,460) Earthquake in Shonai, Japan, killed 726.

20 October 1894, Saturday (-18,462) Jean Challamel, French historical writer, died (born 18 March 1818)

19 October 1894, Friday (-18,463) James Darmesteter, French author, died (born 28 March 1849).

17 October 1894, Wednesday (-18,465)

15 October 1894, Monday (-18,467) Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish army officer, was arrested for betraying military secrets to Germany. A French agent had discovered evidence of betrayal of French secrets in the German embassy. Suspicion fell on Dreyfus; he was ordered to take a handwriting test, his hand shook, and he was arrested. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on Devils Island. Aged 34, Dreyfus was an unlikely spy. Cold, serious, punctilious in his duties, he had no money problems because his father was a wealthy textile manufacturer. He was however Jewish and so was disliked by the militant Catholics who dominated the officer corps. Anti-Semitism was growing in France. At his court-martial evidence was thin and his lawyers were barred from court.

14 October 1894, Sunday (-18,468) e e cummings, poet, was born.

9 October 1894, Tuesday (-18,473) Henry Grey, British statesman, died (born 28 December 1802).

7 October 1894. Sunday (-18,475) Andrew Curtin, US politician, died (born 22 April 1817).

6 October 1894, Saturday (-18,476) Sir Rupert Kettle, English County Court Judge and industrial dispute arbiter, died (born 9 January 1817).

=====================================================================================

28 September 1894, Friday (-18,484) The first Marks and Spencer store opened, as a Penny Bazaar at Cheetham Hill, Manchester.

22 September 1894, Saturday (-18,490) Dave Dreyer, US composer, was born in New York.

18 September 1894, Tuesday (-18,494) The Blackpool Tower opened. It is a 500 foot high replica of the Eiffel Tower.

15 September 1894, Saturday (-18,497) Jean Renoir, film director, was born.

13 September 1894, Thursday (-18,499) French composer Alexis Chabrier died (born 18 January 1841).

9 September 1894, Sunday (-18,503) (Egypt) Heinrich Brugsch, German Egyptologist, died (born 18 February 1827).

8 September 1894, Saturday (-18,504) (Biology) Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz died (born 31/8.1821) He researched the relationship between nerve cells and nerve fibres.

5 September 1894, Wednesday (-18.507) Sir Edward Inglefield, British Admiral, died (born 27 March 1820).

1 September 1894, Saturday (-18,511) First use of postcards with adhesive stamps in Britain

=====================================================================================

27 August 1894, Monday (-18,516) In the USA, the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act made income tax a law.

24 August 1894, Friday (-18,519) Elisha Scott, footballer, was born (died 16 May 1959).

15 August 1894, Wednesday (-18,528) Harry Akst, US composer, was born in New York (died 31 March 1963 in Hollywood).

14 August 1894, Tuesday (-18,529) Ada Beatrice Smith, US singer, was born in Alderson, West Virginia (died 31 January 1984 in New York)

13 August 1894, Monday (-18,530) (Chemistry) Argon was first discovered by British chemists Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey. It was the first Noble Gas found. Atmospheric Nitrogen was found to be slightly denser, by 0.47%, than Nitrogen obtained from chemical reactions; this margin was beyond experimental error. Therefore atmospheric Nitrogen had to contain some other gas. Removing Oxygen from the air (by passing over hot metallic Copper) and then also removing the Nitrogen (by passing over hot Magnesium) left an inert gas, which was termed �Argon� meaning un-reactive. Subsequently, 120 tons of air was liquefied and from the Argon so obtained, the other inert gases Krypton, Xenon and Neon were discovered.

7 August 1894, Tuesday (-18,536) The West Highland Railway opened from Craigendoran to Fort William.

5 August 1894, Sunday (-18,538) Giovanni Muzzioli, Italian painter, died (born 10 February 1854).

3 August 1894, Friday (-18,540) George Innes, US landscape painter, died (born 1 May 1825).

2 August 1894. Thursday (-18,541) Death Duties were introduced in Britain.

1 August 1894. Wednesday (-18,542) (China) War was formally declared between China and Japan.

====================================================================================

30 July 1894, Monday (-18,544) (Railway Tunnels) The Cataldo rail tunnel, Italy, 5.1.41 km long, opened on the Agropoli-Supri-Naples-Reggio line.

27 July 1894, Friday (-18,547) (China) Korea declared war on China.

26 July 1894, Thursday (-18,548) Aldous Huxley, novelist, was born.

25 July 1894, Wednesday (-18,549) Japanese forces sank the Kowshing, a British ship carrying Chinese forces to Korea.

22 July 1894. Sunday (-18,552) The first automobile race took place, between Paris and Rouen.

19 July 1894, Thursday (-18,555) Khwaja Nazimuddin, Prime Minister of Pakistan from 16 October 1951, was born in Dhaka, Bengal.

18 July 1894, Wednesday (-18,556) Charles Leconte, French poet, died (born 22 October 1818).

17 July 1894. Tuesday (-18,557) (Ethiopia), Italian forces under Colonel Baratieri captured Kassala.

14 July 1894, Saturday (-18,560) Ted Koehler, US musician, was born in Washington DC (died 17 January 1973 in Santa Monica, California)

10 July 1894, Tuesday (-18,564) James McHugh, US composer, was born in Boston (died 23 May 1969 in Beverly Hills, California)

5 July 1894, Saturday (-18,569) Sir Austin Layard, British author, died.

4 July 1894, Friday (-18,570) The Republic of Hawaii was declared with 50-year old Judge Sanford Dole as President.

====================================================================================

30 June 1894. Saturday (-18,574) London�s Tower Bridge was officially opened to traffic.� Sir Horace Jones and J Wolfe Barry designed it.

28 June 1894, Thursday (-18,576) (Arts) Alice DG Miller, US screenwriter, was born (died 24 July 1985).

25 June 1894, Monday (-18,579) Hermann Julius Oberth, designer of the V2 flying rocket bombs that plagued London at the end of World War two, was born.

24 June 1894, Sunday (-18,580) The President of France, Marie Francois Carnot, was stabbed to death at Lyons by an Italian anarchist.

23 June 1894. Saturday (-18,581) King Edward VIII was born at White Lodge, Richmond, Surrey, the eldest son of George V and Queen Mary.

22 June 1894, Friday (-18,582) Dahomey became a French colony.

20 June 1894, Wednesday (-15,584)

18 June 1894, Monday (-18,586) The Turchino rail tunnel, Italy, 6.9 km long, opened.

17 June 1894, Sunday (-18,587) William Hart, US painter, died.

16 June 1894, Saturday (-18,588)

15 June 1894, Friday (-18,589) Robert Russell Bennett, US composer, was born in Kansas City (died in New York, 17 August 1981).

14 June 1894, Thursday (-18,590) John Coleridge, Lord Chief Justice of England, died (born 3 December 1820).

11 June 1894, Monday (-18,593) Don Madrazo, Spanish painter died.

5 June 1894, Tuesday (-18,599) Edward Capern, English poet, died (born 21 January 1819).

4 June 1894, Monday (-18,600) Wilhelm Freund, German scholarly writer, died (born 27 January 1806).

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31 May 1894, Thursday (-18,604) Fred Allen, US actor, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts (died 17 March 1956 in New York).

29 May 1894, Tuesday (-18,606) Beatrice Lillie, Canadian actress, was born in Toronto (died 20 January 1989 in Henley on Thames)

23 May 1894, Wednesday (-18,612) Brian Hodgson, British writer on Buddhism, died (born 1 February 1800)

21 May 1894. Monday (-18,614) The Manchester Ship Canal, which had taken 25 years to build, was officially opened by Queen Victoria (see 1 January 1894). The Queen travelled by rain from Windsor, leaving at 11.10 a.m. and travelling on the Great Western Railway via Reading, Oxford, and Wolverhampton, which she made by 2pm.Continuing via Stafford and Crewe, Queen Victoria arrived at London Road Station, Manchester, at about 4 p.m. The Queen then travelled along the canal by boat.

15 May 1894, Tuesday (-18,620) Stanley Lupino, British actor, was born in London (died 10 June 1942 in London)

14 May 1894, Monday (-18,621) Henry Morley, British writer, died (born 15 September 1822).

13 May 1894, Sunday (-18,622) Asgeir Asgeirsson, President of Iceland, was born.

12 May 1894, Saturday (-18,623) The Congo Treaty, between Britain and Belgium, gave Britain a lease on a corridor between Lakes Tanganyika and Albert. In return Belgium was given a lease on lands west of the upper Nile and north of the Congo-Nile link. This alarmed both France and Germany. Germany interrupted the British aim of a contiguous territorial belt from Cairo to the Cape, and France forced Belgium to cede the lands in the northern area of their lease.

11 May 1894, Friday (-18,624) Martha Graham, choreographer, was born.

10 May 1894, Thursday (-18,625) Dimitri Tiomkin, composer, was born in St Petersburg, Russia (died 11 November 1979 in London)

8 May 1894, Tuesday (-18,627)

1 May 1894, Tuesday (-18,634) David Coxey, who led a march of 100,000 unemployed to the capital, Washington, to demand economic reform, was arrested.

====================================================================================

29 April 1894, Sunday (-18,636) Augusta Drane, English writer, died (born 29 December 1823).

26 April 1894, Thursday (-18,639) Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler�s deputy, was born in Alexandria, Egypt.

23 April 1894, Monday (-18,642) Charles Edward Davenport, US composer, was born in Anniston, Alabama (died 3 December 1955 in Cleveland)

17 April 1894, Tuesday (-18,648) Nikita Kruschev, Soviet leader, was born in Kalinovka, near Kursk.

16 April 1894, Monday (-18,649) President Peixoto of Brazil managed, with great difficulty, to defeat the rebels, using warships ordered in from abroad; rebel activity in Rio Grande do Sol (see 8/1893) until August 1895, stopping only when Peixoto died.

15 April 1894, Sunday (-18,650) The Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac died (born 24 April 1817). He researched on atomic weights and isotopes, and explored the chemistry of the rare earths.

14 April 1894, Saturday (-18,651) Edison�s kinetoscope, or moving pictures, were shown to the public for the first time.

13 April 1894, Friday (-18,652) David Field, US lawyer, died (born 13 February 1805).

12 April 1894, Thursday (-18,653) Francisco Craveiro Lopes, 12th President of Portugal (1951-58), was born in Lisbon.

11 April 1894, Wednesday (-18,654) Britain established a protectorate over Uganda.

10 April 1894, Tuesday (-18.655) Charles Bowen, English Judge, died (born in Gloucestershire 1 January 1835).

6 April 1894, Friday (-18,659)

5 April 1894, Thursday (-18,660) Chesney Allen, British comedian, was born in Brighton (died n13 November 1982 in London)

2 April 1894, Monday (-18,663) (Medical) Charles Brown-Sequard, neurologist, died (born 8 April 1817)

1 April 1894, Sunday (-18,664) Henri le Caron, British secret agent, died (born 26 September 1841).

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31 March 1894, Saturday (-18,665)

30 March 1894, Friday (-18,666) Tommy Green, champion walker, was born (died 29 March 1975).

29 March 1894, Thursday (-18,667) James Hannen, English Judge, died (born 1821).

28 March 1894, Wednesday (-18,668) George Curtis, US lawyer, died (born 28 November 1812).

27 March 1894, Tuesday (-18,669)

25 March 1894, Sunday (-18,671) Easter Sunday

24 March 1894, Saturday (-18,672) Verney Cameron, English explorer of Africa and author (born 1 July 1844) died.

23 March 1894, Friday (-18,673) Arthur Grimsdell, footballer, was born (died 12 March 1963).

20 March 1894, Tuesday (-18,676) Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian nationalist patriot, died in exile in Turin (born 19 September 1802). His son Ferenc returned to Budapest to campaign for Hungarian independence from Austria.

17 March 1894, Saturday (-18.679) (USA) The USA and China signed a Chinese Exclusion Treaty, whereby China consented to the exclusion of Chinese labourers from migration to the USA. This year the US established an Immigration Bureau, and a group of Boston citizens formed an Immigration Restriction League, which campaigned for literacy tests for immigrants to the US. This was aimed against Chinese, Slavs and Latin-Americans.

15 March 1894, Thursday (-18,681) Germany and France signed a treaty outlining their spheres of influence in tropical Africa

13 March 1894, Tuesday (-18,683) The world�s first professional striptease performance took place at the Divan Fayanou Music Hall, Paris. It consisted of a woman getting ready for bed.

12 March 1894, Monday (-18,684) Coca Cola was sold in bottles for the first time.

11 March 1894, Sunday (-18,685) John Selby, cricketer for England, died in Nottingham (born 1 July 1894 in Nottoingham)

10 March 1894, Saturday (-18,686) Paul Jablochkov, Russian electrical engineer, died (born 14 September 1847).

6 March 1894, Tuesday (-18,690)

3 March 1894, Saturday (-18,693) Gladstone resigned after splitting his party over the issue of Irish Home Rule. He was succeeded by Lord Rosebery as Prime Minister.

2 March 1894, Friday (-18,694) (USA) Jubal Anderson Early, US Confederate General (born 3 November 1816 in Franklin County, Virginia) died in Lynchburg, Virginia.

====================================================================================

22 February 1894, Thursday (-18,702)

19 February 1894, Monday (-18,705) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri, Spanish composer, died in Madrid (born 3 August 1823 in Madrid).

14 February 1894, Wednesday (-18,710) Jack Benny, actor, was born.

13 February 1894, Tuesday (-18,711) Auguste and Louis Lumiere patented the Cinematographe, a combination film projector and camera.

11 February 1894, Sunday (-18,713)

10 February 1894, Saturday (-18,714) (1) Harold Macmillan, Lord Stockton, British Conservative Prime Minister, was born in London.

(2) Germany signed a commercial treaty with Russia.

9 February 1894, Friday (-18,715) Adolphe Saxe, the Belgian musical instrument maker who invented the Saxophone, died in Paris.

8 February 1894, Thursday (-18,716) Robert Ballantyne, writer, died in Rome (born in Edinburgh 24 April 1825).

6 February 1894, Tuesday (-18,718) Albert Billroth, surgeon, died (born in Rugen 26 April 1829).

3 February 1894, Saturday (-18,721) George Childs, US publisher, died (born 12 May 1829).

1 February 1894, Thursday (-18,723) Herman Hupfeld, US composer, was born in Montclair, New Jersey (died 8 June 1951 in Montclair)

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31 January 1894, Wednesday (-18,724) Isham Jones, US composer, was born in Coalton, Ohio (died 19 October 1956 in Florida)

30 January 1894, Tuesday (-18,725) Charles King of Detroit received a patent for the pneumatic hammer.

23 January 1894, Tuesday (-18,732) King Lobengula of Matabeleland was killed.

9 January 1894, Tuesday (-18,746) The first battery-powered telephone switchboard was installed in Lexington, Massachusetts.

8 January 1894, Monday (-18,747) Peter Forchhammer, German archaeological writer, died (born 23 October 1801).

6 January 1894, Saturday (-18,749)

4 January 1894, Thursday (-18,751) (France, Russia) Russia and France signed a treaty of mutual defence. Despite huge differences between their political systems, both countries felt threatened by encirclement. France felt threatened by a rare entente between Germany and Britain. Russia saw itself threatened to the south and east by the British Empire in central and eastern Asia.

3 January 1894, Wednesday (-18,752) (1) (Italy) The Italian government ordered the dissolution of the Fasci, and the arrest of their ringleaders. Over 1,000 people were deported to Italian islands, often without trial. The Fasci were small alliances, groups of radical or socialist academics and peasants, and some anarchists, local gentry and Mafiosi. The name derived from the fasces, or bundle, of sticks used in ancient Rome. Starting in Sicily in 1893 the Fasci agitated for political ends, with strikes and riots, alarming the larger landowners.

(2) Elizabeth Peabody, American educator and founder in 1960 of the first kindergarten in the US, died aged 89.

1 January 1894, Monday (-18,754) (Canals) The 35 mile Manchester Ship Canal opened.� Its official opening by Queen Victoria was on 21 May 1894.

======================================================================================

30 December 1893, Saturday (-18,756) (Africa) Sir Samuel Baker, explorer of Africa, died in Sandford Orleigh (born in London 8 June 1821).

27 December 1893, Wednesday (-18,759) Charles Merivale, English historical writer, died (born 8 March 1808).
26 December 1893, Tuesday (-18,760) (China) Mao Tse Tung, Chinese Communist leader, was born in Hunan.� He was the son of a peasant farmer.

24 December 1893, Sunday (-18,762) Harry Warren, US composer, was born in Brooklyn, New York (died 22 September 1981 in Los Angeles)

22 December 1893, Friday (-18,764) William Lloyd, English writer, died (born 11 March 1813).

21 December 1893, Thursday (-18,765) (Ethiopia) Italian forces under Colonel Arimondi captured Agordat.

18 December 1893, Monday (-18,768) The Chateau Frontenac Hotel opened in Quebec after 18 months construction, with 170 bedrooms.

16 December 1893, Saturday (-18,770) Karl Michelet, German philosophical writer, died (born 4 December 1801).

12 December 1893, Tuesday (-18,774) The French advanced down the valley of the Niger from Kayes in Senegal and captured Timbuktu, capital of Mali.

10 December 1893, Sunday (-18,776) Lew Brown, US singer, was born in Odessa (died in New York 5 February 1958).

2 December 1893, Saturday (-18,784) William Gaxton, US actor, was born in San Francisco (died 2 February 1963 in New York)

======================================================================================

28 November 1893, Tuesday (-18,788) (Women�s Rights, New Zealand) Women first voted in New Zealand, at the General Election, see 19 September 1893.

19 November 1893, Sunday (-18,797) The first newspaper colour supplement produced; a 4-page section of the New York World.

18 November 1893, Saturday (-18,798) Charles Deems, US religious writer, died (born 4 December 1820).

16 November 1893, Thursday (-18,800) Robert Kelly, footballer, was born (died 22 September 1969).

14 November 1893, Tuesday (-18,802) (Railways) The railway from Chicla to Oroya opened.

13 November 1893, Monday (-18,803) The Boer republic of the Transvaal annexed the African State of Swaziland.

12 November 1893, Sunday (-18,804) The Durand Agreement, defining the border between Afghanistan and India, was signed.

11 November 1893, Saturday (-18,805) King Lobengula of the Matabele abandoned his capital Bulawayo and fled into exile, where he died in 1894.

6 November 1893. Monday (-18,810) (1) The Totley rail tunnel, UK, 6 km long, opened.

(2) Composer Peter Illich Tchaikovsky, born.7 May 1840, died of cholera, after drinking infected water.

(3) Edsel Ford, US car executive, only child of Henry Ford, was born in Detroit.

4 November 1893. Saturday (-18,812) The British defeated the Matabele in Zimbabwe and occupied the capital, Bulawayo.

2 November 1895, Thursday (-18,814) Jack Dempsey, boxer, died (born 15 December 1862)

======================================================================================

31 October 1893, Tuesday (-18,816) US Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 and the USA returned to the Gold Standard. Silver prices collapsed.

28 October 1893, Saturday (-18,819) The British Royal Navy�s first destroyer, HMS Havoc, underwent sea trials.

23 October 1893, Monday (-18,824) Forces of the British South African Company under James Starr suppressed a revolt by the Matabele people in what is now southern and western Zimbabwe.

22 October 1893, Sunday (-18,825) Dhuleep Singh, Maharajah of Lahore, died (born 2/1837).

20 October 1893, Friday (-18,827)

18 October 1893, Wednesday (-18,829) Lucy Stone, American campaigner for women�s rights, died.

17 October 1893, Tuesday (-18,830) Marie MacMahon, French President, died (born 13 July 1808).

14 October 1893, Saturday (-18,833) Lilian Gish, actress, was born.

9 October 1893, Monday (-18,838) Sir George Elvey, composer, died (born 27 March 1816)

6 October 1893, Friday (-18,841) Ford Brown, English painter, died (born 16 April 1821).

3 October 1893. Tuesday (-18,844) Siam (Thailand) gave up all its territory east of the Mekong Rover, and recognised Laos as a French protectorate

2 October 1893, Monday (-18,845) David James, English actor, died (born 1839).

1 October 1893, Sunday (-18,846) Henry Crosskey, English geologist, died (born 7 December 1826).

======================================================================================

25 September 1893, Monday (-18,852) Albert Moore, English painter, died (born 4 September 1841).

23 September 1893, Saturday (-18,854) Thomas Hawkesley, English engineer, died (born 12 July 1807).

20 September 1893, Wednesday (-18,857) Charles and Frank Duryea built the first gasoline-powered car in the USA, and took it for a drive in Springfield, Massachusetts.

19 September 1893. Tuesday (-18,858) (Women�s Rights, New Zealand) New Zealand became the first country to allow women the vote. The Women�s Christian Temperance Union had been pressing for this for 8 years, and had presented three petitions to the House of Representatives. Each time the number of signatures rose, until a record 31,872 names swayed the House. Despite an unscrupulous liquor lobby, the WCTU won and intended to press for women�s votes in other countries.� See 28 November 1893

18 September 1893. Monday (-18,859) (Railways) In the USA, the Great Northern Pacific Railway opened. This was the most northerly of the USA�s rail routes between the Mississippi River and the Pacific.

16 September 1893, Saturday (-18,861) Some 2.4 million hectares of land in North Oklahoma, formerly owned by the Cherokee People, were declared open to White settlement.

12 September 1893, Tuesday (-18,865) (Railways) The Killorglin to Valentia Harbour line opened.

7 September 1893, Thursday (-18,870) (1) The Featherstone Massacre. In Yorkshire, striking miners campaigning for a living wage were fired upon; soldiers killed 2 and wounded 16.

(2) Leslie Hore-Belisha, British Liberal politician, was born in Devonport.

1 September 1893, Friday (-18,876) Second Irish Home Rule Bill passed in the Commons, but rejected on 8 September 1893 by the Lords

=====================================================================================

31 August 1893, Thursday (-18,877) Leslie Bridgewater, British composer, was born in Halesowen, Worcestershire (died� 19 March 1975 in Hong Kong).

28 August 1893, Monday (-18,880) Samuel Irving, footballer, was born (died 17 January 1969).

22 August 1893, Tuesday (-18,886) Ernst II, Duke of Saxe Coburg Gotha, died (born 21 June 1818).

19 August 1893, Saturday (-18,889) Julien Havet, French historical writer, died (born 4 April 1853).

17 August 1893, Thursday (-18,891) Actress Mae West was born.

16 August 1893, Wednesday (-18,892) (Medical) Jean Charcot, French physician, died (born 29 November 1825).

15 August 1893, Tuesday (-18,893) John Hatfield, champion swimmer, was born (died 30 March 1965).

14 August 1893. Monday (-18,894) The world�s first car registration plates were introduced, in France. French drivers also were required to have driving licences from this date, for which the passing of a driving test was needed; French tests also began from 14 August 1893. See 13 March 1935 for British tests. From 10 March 1899 French motorists had to carry a driving licence in card form at all times. See 14 January 1903 for the UK

12 August 1893, Saturday (-18,896) Sir Edward Hamley, British military writer, died (born 27 April 1824).

6 August 1893, Sunday (-18,902) The 3 � mile Corinth Canal opened in Greece. Cut up to 300 feet deep, it took ten years to build.

======================================================================================

31 July 1893, Monday (-18,908) In Ireland the Gaelic Language League was founded use of the Irish language.

13 July 1893, Thursday (-18,926) Germany passed a bill to substantially increase the size of its army.

11 July 1893, Tuesday (-18,928) Kokichi Mikimoto harvested the first cultured pearl at his pearl farm, after 5 years work. The pearl was imperfect; it took another 10 years to create a perfectly spherical one.

10 July 1893, Monday (-18,929) Henry Nettleship, English scholarly writer, died.

9 July 1893, Sunday (-18,930)

7 July 1893, Friday (-18,932) Miroslav Krleza, writer, was born.

6 July 1893, Thursday (-18,933) Henri Maupassant, French novelist, died (born 5 August 1850).

======================================================================================

30 June 1893, Friday (-18,939) (Companies) Anthony Drexel, US banker, died (born 13 September 1826).

26 June 1893, Monday (-18,943) Sir Charles Norrie, Governotr-General of New Zealand from 1952, was born.

23 June 1893, Friday (-18,946) Sir William Fox, New Zealand statesman, died (born 9 June 1812).

17 June 1893, Saturday (-18,952) Thomas Mozley, English writer, died.

14 June 1893, Wednesday (-18,955) Jakob Frohschammer, German scholarly writer, died (born 6 January 1821).

13 June 1893, Tuesday (-18,956) The first women�s golf championship was held, at Britain�s Royal Lytham course.

6 June 1893, Tuesday (-18,963) Karl Hefele, German religious writer, died (born 15 March 1809).

======================================================================================

21 May 1893, Sunday (-18,979) Arthur Carr, cricketer, was born (died 7 February 1963).

11 May 1893, Thursday (-18,989) (USA) Samuel Armstrong, US soldier and philanthropist, died in Hampton, Virginia (born 30 January 1839 in Maui, Hawaii)

10 May 1893, Wednesday (-18,990) (1) The British colony of Natal, South Africa, became self-governing.

(2) France formally declared the Ivory Coast to be a colony.

5 May 1893, Friday (-18,995) Panic selling hit the New York Stock exchange. In the ensuing crash, some 500 banks and 15,000 companies went bankrupt.

3 May 1893, Wednesday (-18,997) Golda Meir, Israeli Prime Minister, was born in Kiev, Russia, as Golda Mabovitch, the daughter of a carpenter.

===================================================================================

30 April 1893, Sunday (-19,000) (Germany) Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler�s foreign minister, was born.

29 April 1893, Saturday (-19,001) (Atomic) Physicist Harold Clayton Urey was born in Walkerton, Indiana. In 1932 he discovered deuterium or heavy hydrogen.

27 April 1893, Thursday (-19,003)

24 April 1893, Monday (-19,006) Alan Morton, footballer, was born (died 15 December 1971).

23 April 1893, Sunday (-19,007) Billy Smart, British circus proprietor, was born in London, the son of a fairground owner.

20 April 1893, Friday (-19,010) Joan Miro, painter, was born

18 April 1893, Tuesday (-19,012) Belgium introduced pluralism and universal male suffrage.

7 April 1893, Friday (-19,023) Irene Castle, US actress, was born in new Rochelle, New York.

6 April 1893, Thursday (-19,024) Vicat Cole, English painter, died (born 17 April 1833).

4 April 1893, Tuesday (-19,026) Alphonse Candolle, botanical writer, died (born 28 October 1806).

2 April 1893, Sunday (-19,028) Easter Sunday

1 April 1893, Saturday (-19,029) Cicely Courtneidge, British actress, was born in Sydney (died 29 April 1980 in London)

====================================================================================

29 March 1893, Wednesday (-19,032) (Cartography) John Bartholomew, Scottish cartographer, died in London (born in Edinburgh 25 December 1831).

26 March 1893, Sunday (-19,035) (Railways, Britain) Sir George Findlay, English railway manager, died (born 18 May 1829).

23 February 1893, Thursday (-19,038) Rudolf Diesel received a patent for the diesel engine.

18 March 1893, Saturday (-19,043) Wilfred Owen, poet, was born.

17 March 1893, Friday (-19,044) Jules Ferry, French politician, died (born 5 April 1832).

16 March 1893, Thursday (-19,045) Abel Baer, US composer, was born in Baltimore (died 5 October 1976 in New York).

1 March 1893, Wednesday (-19,060) William Minto, Scottish writer, died (born 10 October 1845).

====================================================================================

23 February 1893, Thursday (-19,066) (Road, Scitech) The diesel engine was patented by Rudolf Deisel.

20 February 1893, Monday (-19,069) Pierre Beauregard, American Confederate General, died

15 February 1893, Wednesday (-19,074) Walter Donaldson, US composer, was born in Brooklyn, New York (died 15 July 1947 in Santa Monica, California)

14 February 1893, Tuesday (-19,075) Perry Bradford, US composer, was born in Montgomery, Alabama (died 20 April 1970 in New York).

13 February 1893, Monday (-19,076) A Home Rule Bill (for Ireland) was introduced to the UK Commons.

12 February 1893, Sunday (-19,077)

10 February 1893, Friday (-19,079) Jimmy Durante, actor, was born.

9 February 1893, Thursday (-19,080) The world�s first public striptease took place at the Moulin Rouge, Paris.

1 February 1893, Wednesday (-19,088) In New Jersey, USA, Thomas Edison opened the world�s first film studio.

=====================================================================================

30 January 1893, Monday (-19,090) Charles Bradlaugh, English politician, died (born in Hoxton, London 26 September 1833).

28 January 1893, Saturday (-19,092) Julius Eichberg, German composer, died (born 13 June 1824).

27 January 1893, Friday (-19,093) James Blaine, US statesman, died in Washington DC (born in Pennsylvania 31 January 1830).

26 January 1893, Thursday (-19,094) Abner Doubleday, US soldier, died (born 26 June 1819).

23 January 1893, Monday (-19,097) Phillips Brooks, US author, died (born 13 December 1835).

17 January 1893. Tuesday (-19,103) (1) US troops landed on Hawaii and annexed it to the USA. The annexation was generally peaceful. The US was concerned about the rise of Japan as a world power, the need for the US to have a Pacific base, the anti-US attitude of the Hawaiian Queen, and demands from Hawaiian sugar growers to sell inside the US tariff area.

16 January 1893, Monday (-19,104) Christino Martos, Spanish politician, died.

(2) Rutherford Hayes, US Republican and 19^th President from 1877 to 1881, died in Fremont, Ohio.

15 January 1893, Sunday (-19,105) Frances Kemble, author, died (born 27 November 1809)

14 January 1893. Saturday (-19,106) The UK Labour Party was founded in Bradford, W Yorks.

13 January 1893, Friday (-19,107)

12 January 1893, Thursday (-19,108) Hermann Goering, German Nazi leader and founder of the Luftwaffe, was born in Rosenbaum, Bavaria.

11 January 1893, Wednesday (-19,109) (USA) Benjamin Butler, US politician, died (born 5 November 1818).

3 January 1893, Tuesday (-19,117) Nikolai Koksharov, Russian geologist, died (born 5 December 1818).

1 January 1893, Sunday (-19,119)

===================================================================================

20 December 1892, Tuesday (-19,131) The pneumatic car tyre was patented in Syracuse, new York, USA by Alexander Brown and George Stillman.

15 December 1892, Thursday (-19,136) Paul Getty, US oil tycoon, was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

14 December 1892, Wednesday (-19,137) John Lemoinne, French journalist, died.

13 December 1892, Tuesday (-19,138)

12 December 1892, Monday (-19,139) Sir John Burke, British genealogical writer, author of Burke�s Peerage, died (born 5 January 1814).

11 December 1892, Sunday (-19,140) William Milligan, Scottish religious writer, died.

7 December 1892, Wednesday (-19,144) Fred Leslie, English actor, died (born 1 April 1855).

4 December 1892, Sunday (-19,147) General Franco, Spanish dictator, was born in El Ferrol.

3 December 1892. Saturday (-19,148) The French imposed a protectorate on Dahomey (Benin) after they captured its capital, Abomey.

2 December 1892, Friday (-19,149) Jay Gould, US financier, died (born 27 May 1836).

===================================================================================

30 November 1892, Wednesday (-19,151) Fenton Hort, English religious writer, died (born 23 April 1828).

28 November 1892, Monday (-19,153) Harry Carroll, US composer, was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey (died in Santa Barbara, California, 26 December 1962)

26 November 1892, Saturday (-19,155) Simone St-Bon, Italian admiral, died (born 20 March 1823).

25 November 1892, Friday (-19,156) Pierre de Coubertin proposed the revival of the Olympic Games.

24 November 1892, Thursday (-19,157) The first railway in the Philippines, from Manila Bay to Gulf of Linguven, 120 miles, opened.

22 November 1892, Tuesday (-19,159) In the Belgian Congo, a revolt of slave owners that began in 5/1892 was suppressed this day by Belgian troops under Baron Francois Dhanis.

17 November 1892, Thursday (-19,164) Behanzin, King of Dahomey,faced by greatly superior French forces, set fire to his capital Abomey then abandoned it to the French.

10 November 1892, Thursday (-19,171) (Panama) In France the Panama Canal scandal became public, and its designer, de Lesseps, was charged with� corruption and incompetence.

6 November 1892, Sunday (-19,175) Aviator Sir John Alcock was born in Manchester. In 1919 he made the first transatlantic flight, with Sir Arthur Whitten-Brown.

5 November 1892, Saturday (-19,176) John Haldane, pioneer in genetic research, was born.

4 November 1892, Friday (-19,177)

3 November 1892, Thursday (-19,178) Herve, French composer, died in Paris (born 30 June 1825 in Houdain, near Arras)

2 November 1892, Wednesday (-19,179) Marie Hervey, French orientalist writer, died (born 1823).

1 November 1892, Thursday (-19,180) Alexander Alekhine, French chess champion, was born in Moscow (died 24 March 1946 in Estoril, Portugal)

====================================================================================

31 October 1892, Monday (-19,181)

28 October 1892, Friday (-19,184) Oliver (Dink) Johnson, US musician, was born in Biloxi, Missouri (died 29 November 1954 in Portland, Oregon)

27 October 1892, Thursday (-19,185) (Colombia) Colombia and Italy signed a treaty of friendship.

26 October 1892, Wednesday (-19,186)

25 October 1892, Tuesday (-19,187) Leo G Carroll, actor, was born.

24 October 1892, Monday (-19,188) Robert Franz, German composer, died (born� 28 June 1815).

23 October 1892, Sunday (-19,189) Gummo Marx, actor and comedian, was born.

21 October 1892, Friday (-19,191) Anne Edgren-Leffler, Swedish author, died (born 1 October 1849).

18 October 1892, Tuesday (-19,194) Telephone services began between New York and Chicago.

12 October 1892, Wednesday (-19,200) The USA introduced an oath of allegiance to Flag and State for its schoolchildren.

11 October 1892, Tuesday (-19,201) Xavier Marmier, French author, died (born 24 June 1809).

6 October 1892. Thursday (-19,206) Alfred Lord Tennyson, poet laureate from 1850, died at Aldworth, Surrey. He was born on 6 August 1809.

4 October 1892, Tuesday (-19,208) Engelbert Dolfuss, Austrian dictator, was born.

====================================================================================

24 September 1892, Saturday (-19,218) Patrick Gilmore, US bandmaster, died (born 1829).

19 September 1892, Monday (-19,223) Fred E Ahlert, US composer, was born in New York (died in New York, 20 October 1953).

17 September 1892, Saturday (-19,225) Rudolf von Jhering, German legal writer, died (born 22 August 1818).

16 September 1892, Friday (-19,226) Edward Neale, British Co-operative promoter, died.

12 September 1892, Monday (-19,230) Alfred A Knopf, publisher, was born.

8 September 1892, Thursday (-19,234) Enrico Cialdini, Italian politician, died (born 10 August 1811).

6 September 1892, Tuesday (-19,236) Maxwell Woosnam, tennis champion and footballer, was born (died 14 July 1965).

4 September 1892, Sunday (-19,238) Darius Milhaud, composer, was born.

1 September 1892, Thursday (-19,241) The Metropolitan Railway was extended from Chalfont to Aylesbury.

===================================================================================

31 August 1892, Wednesday (-19,242) George Curtis, US writer, died (born 24 February 1824).

30 August 1892, Tuesday (-19,243)

25 August 1892, Thursday (-19,245) Richard Nettleship, English philosophical writer, died (born 17 December 1846).

24 August 1892, Wednesday (-19,249) Goodison Park, the home of Everton Football Club, Liverpool, opened.

23 August 1892, Tuesday (-19,250) Manoel Fonseca, First President of Brazil, died

22 August 1892, Monday (-19,251) Percy Fender, cricketer, was born (died 15 June 1985).

21 August 1892, Sunday (-19,252)

19 August 1892, Friday (-19,254) Richard Lipsius, German religious writer, died (born 14 February 1830).

18 August 1892, Thursday (-19,255) In Britain, William Ewart Gladstone formed his fourth Liberal government after his election defeat of the Conservatives under Lord Salisbury.

17 August 1892, Wednesday (-19,256) (1) Mae West, US film actress, was born in Brooklyn, New York.� She was the daughter of a boxer.

(2) Russia and France signed a military convention.

11 August 1892, Thursday (-19,262) (1) The Marquess of Salisbury left office as Prime Minister

(2) Hugh McDaimid, Scottish poet and founder of the Scottish Nationalist Party, was born.

6 August 1892, Saturday (-10,267) William Gillespie, footballer, was born (died 2 July 1981).

3 August 1892, Wednesday (-16,270) Johann Nauck, German scholarly writer, died (born 18 September 1822).

====================================================================================

30 July 1892, Saturday (-19,274) Joseph Hubner, Austrian writer, died (born 26 November 1811).

29 July 1892, Friday (-19,275) William Powell, actor, was born.

23 July 1892, Saturday (-19,281) Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, was born in Harar Province, as Tafari Makonnen. When the Italians invaded in 1936 he went into exile but resumed full authority after Ethiopia was liberated in 1941.

20 July 1892, Wednesday (-19,284) Leon Cladel, French novelist, died (born 13 March 1835).

18 July 1892, Monday (-19,286) Pioneer travel agent Thomas Cook died.

16 July 1892, Saturday (-19,288) John MacGregor, geographical writer, died (born 24 January 1825).

15 July 1892, Friday (-19,289) (Britain) Thomas Cooper, Chartist, died (born 20 March 1805).

12 July 1892, Tuesday (-19,292) (Communications) Cyrus Field, US capitalist who projected the first transatlantic cable, died (born 30 November 1819).

8 July 1892, Friday (-19,296) Russell, J Robinson, US composer, was born in Indianapolis (died 30 September 1963 in Palmdale, California)

6 July 1892, Wednesday (-19,298) Dadabhai Naoroji became Britain�s first non-White MP. He was elected Liberal representative for Central Finsbury, London, by a majority of 3 votes over his Unionist rival.

4 July 1892, Monday (-19,300) James Kier Hardie, standing in the General Election at Holytown, Lanarkshire, became the first Socialist to win a seat in the British Parliament. He was MP for the London docklands area of West Ham. He was elected as an independent socialist but planned to form a Labour party to represent the workers. See 14 January 1893.

2 July 1892, Saturday (-19,302) Jack Hylton, British bandleader, was born in Great Lever, Lancashire (died 29 January 1965 in London)

=====================================================================================

29 June 1892, Wednesday (-19,305) Jean Courcelle-Seneuil, French economics writer, died (born 22 December 1813).

28 June 1892, Tuesday (-19,306) (Britain) Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, British politician, died.

25 June 1892, Saturday (-19,309) Amedee Mouchez, French astronomer, died (born 24 August 1821).

16 June 1892, Thursday (-19,318) Henry George Lupino, British actor, was born in London (died 10 November 1959 in London)

13 June 1892, Monday (-19,321) Basil Rathbone, actor, was born.

12 June 1892, Sunday (-19,322) Johann Erdmann, German philosophical writer, died (born 13 June 1805).

11 June 1892, Saturday (-19,323) The Limelight Department, one of the world�s first film studios, was established in Melbourne, Australia.

10 June 1892, Friday (-19,324) Martin Broones, US composer, was born in New York (died 10 August 1971 in Beverly Hills, California).

6 June 1892, Monday (-19,328) Ted Lewis, US composer, was born in Circleville, Ohio (died 25 August 1971 in New York)

1 June 1892, Wednesday (-29,333) Henry Mallin, boxer, was born (died 8 November 1969).

====================================================================================

29 May 1892, Sunday (-19,336) Jamie Thompson, Australian footballer, was born (died 12 July 1975).

22 May 1892, Friday (-19,338) Dr Washington Sheffield invented the toothpaste tube.

20 May 1892, Friday (-19,345) The last broad gauge train left Paddington at 5.00 pm for Plymouth.� The engine returned to Paddington with the last up train early the next morning.

18 May 1892, Wednesday (-19,347) Ezio Pinza, Italian baritone singer, was born in Rome (died 9 May 1957 in Stamford, Connecticut)

17 May 1892, Tuesday (-19,348) Georg Klapka, Hungarian soldier, died (born 7 April 1820).

16 May 1892, Monday (-19,349) Richard Tauber, compose, was born in Linz, Austria (died 8 January 1948 in London)

12 May 1892, Thursday (-19,353) William James Wilde, boxer, was born (died 10 January 1969).

9 May 1892, Monday (-19,356) George Bramwell, English judge, died (born in London 12 June 1808).

8 May 1892, Sunday (-19,357) (Railways) Gabor Baross, who developed the Austro-Hungarian railway system, died in Hungary (born in Trencsen 6 July 1848).

7 May 1892, Saturday (-19,358) Josip Broz (Marshal Tito), Yugoslav Communist President, was born in Kumrovec, near Klanjec, on the border of Croatia and Slovenia.

6 May 1892, Friday (-19,359) A worker�s uprising began in Lodz, Poland; all workers came out on strike. Order was not restored until 10 May 1893, by which time 217 people had been killed or wounded and 350 arrested.

5 May 1892, Thursday (-19,360) US Congress passed the Geary Chinese Exclusion Act, extending all restrictions on Chinese immigration to the USA for another 10 years, and requiring all existing Chinese immigrants to register or face deportation.

4 May 1892, Wednesday (-19,361)

3 May 1892, Tuesday (-19,362) Broad gauge track construction was abandoned in Britain.

2 May 1892, Monday (-19,363) Baron Mandred von Richtofen, German air ace of World War One, known as the �Red Baron� because he flew a red Fokker, was born in Schweidnitz in Prussia, to aristocratic parents.

====================================================================================

30 April 1892, Saturday (-19,365)

28 April 1892, Thursday (-10,367) John Jacob Niles, US composer, was born in Louisville, Kentucky (died 1 May 1980 in Lexington, Kentucky)

25 April 1892, Monday (-19,370) (Railways, Britain) Sir James Joseph Allport, general manager of the Midland Railway from 1853, died in London (born 27 February 1811 in Birmingham). In 1872 he introduced the concept of standard Third Class travel on the railway at one penny per mile on all trains. Subsequently, most other British railways copied this scheme. He also introduced the Pullman carriage to Britain�s railways.

24 April 1892, Sunday (-19,371) Jack Hulbert, British actor, was born in Ely (died 25 March 1978 in London)

23 April 1892, Saturday (-19,372) Edouard Lalo, French composer, died.

19 April 1892, Tuesday (-19,376) Friedrich Bodenstedt, German author, died in Wiesbaden (born in Hanover 22 April 1819).

17 April 1892, Sunday (-19,378) Easter Sunday; Joaquin Jovellar y Soler, Captain-General of Spain, died (born 28 December 1819).

15 April 1892, Friday (-19,380) Amelia Edwards, English writer on Egyptology, died (born 7 June 1831).

13 April 1892, Wednesday (-19,382) Sir Arthur (Bomber) Harris, RAF Marshal was born. He joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1915, and was appointed Commander in Chief of the RAF Bomber Command in 1942. From 1942 on he developed and applied the technique of �saturation bombing� to Axis occupied cities, totally demolishing them.

12 April 1892, Tuesday (-19,383) Johnny Dodds, US jazz clarinettist, was born.

11 April 1892, Monday (-19,384) Karl Caspari, German writer on the Orient, died (born 8 February 1814).

4 April 1892, Monday (-19,391) Tom Jameson, squash champion, was born (died 6 February 1965)

=================================================================================

26 March 1892, Saturday (-19,400) Walt Whitman, poet, died

22 March 1892, Tuesday (-19,404) (Medical) David Agnew, US surgeon died (born 24 November 1818)

16 March 1892, Wednesday (-19,410) Edward Freeman, English historical writer, died (born 2 August 1823)

15 March 1892, Tuesday (-19,411) The world�s first �escalator� was installed at Coney Island, New York. This had a continuous sloping surface. It was called the �Reno inclined elevator�.� The American inventor Charles A Wheeler patented the first escalator with flat steps on 2 August 1892.

12 March 1892, Saturday (-19,414) John Cairns, Scottish religious writer, died (born 23 August 1818).

9 March 1892, Wednesday (-19,417) Vita Sackville West, writer, was born.

4 March 1892, Friday (-19,422) Jean Jurian de la Graviere, French Admiral, died.

2 March 1892, Wednesday (-19,424) (Britain) Sir John Coode, British engineer, died (born 11 November 1816).

1 March 1892, Tuesday (-19,425)

===================================================================================

29 February 1892, Monday (-19,426)

27 February 1892, Saturday (-19,428) (Education-University) Anne Clough, promoter of women�s adult education, died (born 20 January 1820).

20 February 1892, Saturday (-19,435) Hermann Kopp, chemistry writer, died (born 30 October 1817).

17 February 1892, Wednesday (-19,438) James Frederick Hanley, US author, was born in Indiana (died 8 February 1942 in Douglaston, Long Island.

16 February 1892, Tuesday (-19,439) (Biology) Henry Bates, English naturalist, died 16 February 1892 (born in Leicester 8 February 1825).

15 February 1892, Monday (-19,440) Ben Baker, British athletics (high jump) champion, was born (died 10 September 1987)

14 February 1892, Sunday (-19,441)

13 February 1892, Saturday (-19,442) Wilhelm Junker, German explorer of Africa, died (born 6 April 1840).

12 February 1892, Friday (-19,443) Thomas Hunt, US geologist, was born (died 5 September 1826)

11 February 1892, Thursday (-19,444) James Grant, Scottish explorer of eastern Africa in the 1860s, died (born 11 April 1827).

9 February 1892, Tuesday (-19,446) Peggy Wood, US actress, was born in Brooklyn, New York (died 18 March 1978 in Stamford, Conecticut)

7 February 1892, Sunday (-19,448)

5 February 1892, Friday (-19,450) Emilie Flygare, Swedish novelist, died (born 8 August 1807).

3 February 1892, Wednesday (-19,452) Sir Morell MacKenzie, British physician, died (born 7 July 1837).

2 February 1892, Tuesday (-19,453) Clarence Gaskill, US author, was born in Philadelphia (died 29 April 1947 in Fort Hill, new York)

===================================================================================

31 January 1892, Sunday (-19,455) Eddie Cantor, US comedian, was born in New York (died 10 October 1964 in Hollywood)

26 January 1892, Tuesday (-19,460)

24 January 1892, Sunday (-19,462) (France) Henri Baudrillart, French economist, died in Paris (born in Paris 28 November 1821).

21 January 1892, Thursday (-19,465) (Astronomy) John Couch Adams, English astronomer associated with the discovery of the planet Neptune, died.

20 January 1892, Wednesday (-19,466) The game of basketball, devised by Canadian doctor James Naismith, was first played at the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts.

18 January 1892, Monday (-19,468) Oliver Hardy, comedian in the Laurel and Hardy duo, was born in Atlanta, Georgia.

14 January 1892, Thursday (-19,472) Henry Manning, clergyman and writer, died.

8 January 1892, Friday (-19,478) Phyllis Monkman, British comedienne, was born in London (died 2 December 1976 in London)

7 January 1892, Thursday (-19,479) (Egypt) Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, died; Abbas II (born 1874) became the Khedive of Egypt (ruled to 1914).

5 January 1892, Tuesday (-19,481)

3 January 1892. Sunday (-19,483) Author JRR Tolkien, creator of The Lord Of The Rings and The Hobbit, was born in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, South Africa. He died in Bournemouth in 1973.

2 January 1892, Saturday (-19,484) Sir George Airy, Astronomer-Royal who modernised the Greenwich Observatory, died at Alnwick, Northumberland.

1 January 1892. Friday (-19,485) New York opened an immigration office on Ellis Island to cope with the flood of immigrants. Many were fleeing political and religious persecution in Russia and Central Europe. Named after Samuel Ellis, who owned the island in the 1770s, the new facility replaced older cramped facilities at The Battery on Manhattan Island.

====================================================================================

31 December 1891, Thursday (-19,486) Samuel Adjai Crowther, African missionary bishop, died.

30 December 1891, Wednesday (-19,487) Antoine Pinay, French statesman, was born

28 December 1891, Monday (-19,489) Alfred Cellier, English composer, died (born 1 December 1844).

26 December 1891, Saturday (-19,491) Henry Miller, writer, was born.

24 December 1891, Thursday (-19,493) Johannes Janssen, German historical writer, died (born 10 April 1829)

22 December 1891, Tuesday (-19,495) Paul Lagarde, German orientalist writer, died (born 2 November 1827).

19 December 1891, Saturday (-19,498) John Morton, English playwright, died (born 3 January 1811).

15 December 1891, Tuesday (-19,502) Alvin Pleasant Carter, collector of Irish and English folk songs, was born in the USA.

12 December 1891, Saturday (-19,505) Charles Freppel, French politician and Bishop, died (born 1 June 1827).

10 December 1891, Thursday (-19,507) Earl Alexander, British Army Commander in North Africa, and Italy in World War II, was born in County Tyrone, Ireland.

9 December 1891, Wednesday (-19,508) Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay, British geologist (born 31 January 1814) died.

5 December 1891, Saturday (-10,512) Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, died.

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24 November 1891, Tuesday (-19,523) Edward Lytton, English poet, died (born 8 November 1831).

21 November 1891, Saturday (-19,526) Charlie Johnson, US bandleader, was born in Philadelphia (died 13 December 1959 in New York)

19 November 1891, Thursday (-19,528) Gregor Csiky, Hungarian dramatist, died (born 8 December 1842).

15 November 1891. Sunday (-19,532) Birth of German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, commander of the Afrika Corps, in Heidenheim, Germany

14 November 1891, Saturday (-19,533) Sir Frederick Banting, Canadian co-discoverer of insulin with McLeod and Best in 1922, was born in Alliston, Ontario.

12 November 1891, Thursday (-19,535) Richard A Whiting, US composer, was born in Peoria, Illinois (died 10 February 1938 in Beverly Hills, California)

10 November 1891, Tuesday (-19,537) Arthur Rimbaud, poet, died

5 November 1891, Thursday (-19,542) Vinton Freedley, US musicals producer, was born in Philadelphia 9died5 June 1969 in new York)

4 November 1891, Wednesday (-19,543) Tony Hart, US comedian, died (born 25 July 1855).

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31 October 1891, Saturday (-19,547)

29 October 1891, Thursday (-19,549) Fanny Brice, singer, was born.

28 October 1891, Wednesday (-19,550) (Earthquake, Japan) A severe earthquake hit Osaka, Japan; 10,000 were killed.

20 October 1891, Tuesday (-19,558) Sir James Chadwick, who discovered the neutron in 1932, was born in Manchester.

8 October 1891. Thursday (-19,570) The first street collection for charity took place in Britain. It was on the streets of Manchester and Salford, for Lifeboat Day.

7 October 1891, Wednesday (-19,571) Cyril Lowe, rugby player, was born (died 6 February 1983).

6 October 1891, Tuesday (-19,572) (1) Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish politician and campaigner for Home Rule, died in Brighton, Sussex.

(2) Death of W H Smith, the bookseller.

===================================================================================

30 September 1891, Wednesday (-19,578) George Boulanger, French General, committed suicide in Brussels (born in Rennes 29 April 1837).

28 September 1891, Monday (-19,580) Herman Melville, US author, died.

26 September 1891, Saturday (-19,582) David Davies, Welsh religious writer, died (born 11 May 1826).

25 September 1891, Friday (-19,583) The foundation of Blackpool Tower was laid.

22 September 1891, Tuesday (-19,586) Charles Buchan, footballer, was born (died 25 June 1960).

18 September 1891, Friday (-19,590) (Chile) Chilean President Jose Balmaceda (born in Santiago, 1839) committed suicide following the outbreak of the Chilean Civil War.

16 September 1891, Wednesday (-19,592) (1) (Germany) Karl Doenitz, German Admiral, was born in Berlin.

(2) The Sioux national finally formally surrendered to the USA.

9 September 1891, Wednesday (-19,598) Francois Grevy, French President 1879-87, died (born 15 January 1813)

6 September 1891, Sunday (-19,601) Peugeot began marketing cars for public purchase.

3 September 1891, Friday (-19,604) Laddie Cliff, British actor, was born in Bristol (died 8 December 1937 in Montana, Switzerland0)

===================================================================================

28 August 1891, Friday (-16,611) (Chile) Congressional forces now reached La Placilla, south east of Valparaiso, where battle was engaged with Balmacedist forces under Barbosa. The Balmcedist Army was decimated with 941 killed (including Barbosa himself) and 2,402 wounded; the Congressionalists lost over 1800 men. Valparaiso was occupied this day by the Congressionals, and Santiago taken by them soon after. Fighting in Chile now ceased.

24 August 1891, Monday (-16,615) (Chile) Congressional forces, marching south towards Valparaiso after their victory at Concon (21/8), came up against strong Balmacedist defences at Vina del Mar, held by General Barbosa. However the Congressionalist Army now marched inland and around Vina del Mar, see 28 August 1891.

21 August 1891, Friday (-19,618) (Chile) Balmaceda acted quickly in response to the attack on Quinteros and attacked Congressional troops at Concon on the Aconagua River. Congressional troops stormed across the river, losing 1000 killed and wounded. The Balmacedists lost 1600 killed and wounded. However the Congressionalists captured 36 Balmacedist guns, and took 1500 Balmacedist prisoners, most of who then switched sides and joined the Congressionalists, more than making up their losses.

20 August 1891, Thursday (-19,619) (Chile) Quinteros, north of Valparaiso, was successfully occupied by Congressional forces in a surprise attack from the sea. Valparaiso itself was not far out of range of Congressional artillery now.

12 August 1891, Wednesday (-19,627) James Lowell, US author, died

6 August 1891, Thursday (-19,633) The first traveller�s cheque, devised by American Express, was cashed at the Hotel Hauffe, Leipzig, Germany.

4 August 1891, Tuesday (-19,635)

3 August 1891, Monday (-19,636) Leslie Henson, British actor, was born in London (died 2 December 1957 in Harrow)

====================================================================================

31 July 1891, Friday (-19,639) Britain claimed African territory north of the Zambezi, up to the Congo basin, to be in its sphere of influence.

28 July 1891, Tuesday (-19,642)

26 July 1891, Sunday (-19,644) Rajendra Mitra, Indian Orientalist writer, died (born 15 February 1824).

21 July 1891, Tuesday (-19,649)

20 July 1891, Monday (-19,650) (Arts) Pedro Alarcon, Spanish writer, was died in Madrid (born 10 March 1833 in Guadix).

19 July 1891, Sunday (-19,651) Sir Prescott Hewett, British surgeon, died (born 3 July 1812)

16 July 1891, Thursday (-19,654) Blossom Seeley, US entertainer, was born in San Francisco (died 17 April 1974 in new York)

4 July 1891, Saturday (-19,666) Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President of the USA, died (born 27 August 1809).

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23 June 1891, Tuesday (-19,677) (London) The population of the London Borough of Hornsey was 61,097, up from 19,387 in 1871.

20 June 1891, Saturday (-19,680) (Ireland) John A Costello, Prime Minister of Ireland, was born.

18 June 1891, Thursday (-19,682) Conrad K Dober, US composer, was born in New York (died 28 September 1938 in Van Nuys, California)

13 June 1891, Saturday (-19,687) Richard Jones, US composer, was born (died 8 December 1945 in Chicago)

11 June 1891, Thursday (-19,689) (Women�s Rights) Barbara Bodichon, who promoted education and other rights for women, died in Robertsbridge Sussex (born in Watlington, Norfolk 8 April 1827).

10 June 1891, Wednesday (-19,690) Albert Dubin, US singer, was born in Zurich, Switzerland (died 11 February 1945 in New York)

9 June 1891, Tuesday (-19,691) Cole Porter, composer, was born.

8 June 1891, Monday (-19,692) Carlo Curci, Italian theological writer, died (born 1810).

6 June 1891, Saturday (-19,694) (Canada) Sir John Alexander Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada, died

4 June 1891, Thursday (-19,696) Ermo Rapee, composer, was born in Budapest (died 26 June 1945 in New York)

3 June 1891, Wednesday (-19,697) Benson Lossing, US historical writer, died.

2 June 1891, Tuesday (-19,698) Sir John Hawkshaw, British engineer, died (born 1811).

1 June 1891, Monday (-19,699) (Unions) German workers were given the right to form committees to negotiate with employers on terms of employment

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31 May 1891, Sunday (-19,700) Sir Antoine Dorion, Canadian politician, died (born 17 January 1816).

30 May 1891, Saturday (-19,701) Ben Bernie, US bandleader, was born in Bayonne, New Jersey (died 20 October 1943 in Beverly Hills, California).

28 May 1891, Thursday (-19,703) (Sport) The first world weightlifting championships were held at the Cafe Monico in Piccadilly, London.

19 May 1891, Tuesday (-19,712) Harold Wagstaff, rugby player, was born (died 19 July 1939).

16 May 1891, Saturday (-19,715) (Romania) Ion Bratianu, Romanian statesman, died (born 2 June 1821).

15 May 1891, Friday (-19,716) A Papal Encyclical urged employers to fulfil their moral duty to improve conditions for their workers.

14 May 1891, Thursday (-19,717) Grant Clarke, US singer, was born in Akron, Ohio (died 16 May 1931)

11 May 1891, Monday (-19,720) Karl Naegeli, Swiss botanical writer, died (born 27 March 1817).

8 May 1891, Friday (-19,723) (Russia) Helena Blavatsky, Russian theosophist, died in London (born at Ekatirnoslav 31 July 1831).

6 May 1891, Wednesday (-19,725) The Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy was renewed.

5 May 1891, Tuesday (-19,726) (Arts) New York�s Carnegie Hall opened on west 57^th Street. Until 1962 it was the city�s premier concert hall.

3 May 1891, Sunday (-19,728)

2 May 1891, Saturday (-19,729) Douglas Clark, rugby player, was born (died 1 February 1951).

1 May 1891, Friday (-19,730) In a violent clash between striking French workers and French troops, nine workers, including two children, were killed as troops opened fire. 60 more workers were injured. The workers were campaigning for an 8 hour day.

====================================================================================

30 April 1891, Thursday (-10,731) Joseph Leidy, naturalist writer, died (born 9 September 1823).

27 April 1891, Monday (-10,734)

24 April 1891, Friday (-10,737) Helmuth von Moltke, Prussian general, died.

23 April 1891, Thursday (-19,738) (Chile) In the Chilean Civil war, the Balmacedists had now acquired naval torpedo ships previously constructed in Europe. This day these torpederas sank the Congressional ship Blanco Encalada in Caldera Bay, severely weakening their naval forces. The Congressionalists only hope of victory now lay, not in a systematic conquest of Chile as a whole, but in a drastic strike at Balmaceda in the capital Valparaiso itself. See 20 August 1891.

22 April 1891, Wednesday (-19,739) (Geology) Harold Jeffreys, geologist, was born at Fatfield, England. In 1940 he published research on the travel of seismic waves through the Earth.

15 April 1891, Wednesday (-19,746) Thomas Edison publicly demonstrated his �kinetoscope�, or moving picture machine, in New York.

13 April 1891, Monday (-19,748) Charlotte Leitch, golfer, was born (died 16 September 1977)

9 April 1891, Thursday (-19,752) Denmark established a system of old age pensions, for those aged over 60.

8 April 1891, Wednesday (-19,753) Edmond Dehault de Pressense, French cleric (born 7 January 1824), died.

7 April 1891, Tuesday (-19,754) (1) Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish toymaker who invented Lego, was born.

(2) Phineas T Barnum, American circus showman, died aged 80.

5 April 1891, Sunday (-19,756) Arnold Jackson, athlete, was born (died 13 November 1972).

3 April 1891, Friday (-19,758) Edward Rodgerson , English footballer, was born (died 8 January 1962).

2 April 1891, Thursday (-19,759) Max Ernst, artist, was born.

1 April 1891, Wednesday (-19,760) Pauline Craven, French author, died (born 12 April 1808).

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31 March 1891, Tuesday (-19,761) (Railways) The Tralee and Dingle railway opened.

29 March 1891, Sunday (-19,763) Easter Sunday. Georges Pierre Seurat, painter, died.

21 March 1891, Saturday (-19,771) Joseph Johnston, US Confederate General, died.

20 March 1891, Friday (-19,772) Lawrence Barratt, US actor, died born in Paterson, New Jersey 4 April 1838).

19 March 1891, Thursday (-19,773)

18 March 1891, Wednesday (-19,774) The London-Paris telephone link opened.� The first call was between the Prince of Wales and President Carnot. The link opened to the public on 1 April 1891.

17 March 1891, Tuesday (-19,775) The British battleship Amson collided with the passenger ship Utopia in the Bay of Gibraltar during a storm. The Utopia was taking Italian migrants to the USA, and 576 of her passengers and crew drowned.

16 March 1891, Monday (-19,776) A boundary dispute between Colombia and Venezuela was resolved via mediation by Spain.

15 March 1891, Sunday (-19,777) Sir Joseph William Bazalgette, engineer, died

14 March 1891, Saturday (-19,778) The submarine Monarch laid the first telephone cable across the English Channel.

12 March 1891, Thursday (-19,780)

10 March 1891, Tuesday (-19,782) US undertaker Almon Brown Strowger patented the Strowger Switch, enabling automated dialling. He was motivated by the fact that the wife of a rival undertaker worked at the local phone exchange, and was diverting calls for his business to her husband.

9 March 1891, Monday (-19,783) A very heavy blizzard hit the West Country, England, It lasted for four days, and roofs collapsed under the weight of snow, which entirely filled a 90 metre deep valley on Dartmoor. 200 people and huge numbers of livestock froze to death. At sea gales caused the loss of 65 ships and some 220 people drowned. An express train left London at 3pm for Plymouth but hit the snow near Dartmoor and was stuck for days. A farmer noticed the steam engine funnel poking out of the snow and dug through to rescue the passengers who had been without food, water of heat. The train was dug out and eventually reached Plymouth 8 days later. Cold continued, with snow into May, along with frosts , heavy rain and hail. There was a flu epidemic, and snow persisted in Dartmoor even into June.

7 March 1891, Saturday (-19,785) (Chile) Battle of Pozo Almonte, Chilean Civil War; Congressional forces under Del Canto had superior numbers, and the Balmacedists were defeated. Robles himself was killed. Balmacedist forces in northern Chile now began to give up the conflict.

4 March 1891, Wednesday (-19,788) US Congress passed the Copyright Act, to protect authors, composers and artists.

3 March 1891, Tuesday (-19,789) US Congress voted to establish a US Office of Superintendent of Immigration.

2 March 1891, Monday (-19,790)

1 March 1891, Sunday (-19,791)

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28 February 1891, Saturday (-19,792) Giovanni Morelli, Italian art critic, died (born 16 February 1816).

27 February 1891, Friday (-19,793)

26 February 1891, Thursday (-19,794) Fortune du Boisgobey, French fiction writer (born in Granville 11 September 1824) died.

25 February 1891, Wednesday (-19,795) The new Provisional Government of Brazil, having excersised dictatorial powers for a year, now held elections. Manoel Fonseca was elected First President.

24 February 1891, Tuesday (-19,796)

22 February 1891, Sunday (-19,798) Agostino Magliani, Italian financier, died.

21 February 1891, Saturday (-19,799) Karl King, US composer, was born in Painterville, Ohio (died 31 March 1971 in Fort Dodge, Iowa)

19 February 1891, Thursday (-19,801) John White, cricketer, was born (died 2 May 1961).

17 February 1891, Tuesday (-19,803) (Chile) Robles fell back along the railway, called up reinforcements from Iquque, and defeated the Congressional forces at Haura.

16 February 1891, Monday (-19,804) (Chile) In the Chilean Civil War, Iqique fell to Congressional forces.

15 February 1891, Sunday (-19,805) (Chile) Balmacedist forces under Eulojio Robles (who had been expecting reinforcements from Tacna that never came) was defeated at San Francisco.

14 February 1891, Saturday (-19,806) William Sherman, Union Army commander in the American Civil War, died in New York City.

13 February 1891, Friday (-19,807) Grant Wood, US painter, was born in Iowa.

12 February 1891, Thursday (-19,808) Maurice Yvain, French composer, was born in Paris (died 28 July 1965 in Paris)

11 February 1891, Wednesday (-19,809) John Hearne, cricketer, was born (died 14 September 1965).

10 February 1891, Tuesday (-19,810) Sophie Kovalevsky, Russian mathematician, died (born 15 January 1850).

2 February 1891, Monday (-19,818)

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27 January 1891, Tuesday (-19,824) Jervis McEntee, US artist, died (born 14 July 1828).

26 January 1891, Monday (-19,825) (Chile) Congress forces retook the Chilean town of Pisagua. By now some army personnel, along with munitions supplies, had been gained by Congressional forces.

24 January 1891, Saturday (-19,827) Alexander Kennedy, cricketer, was born (died 15 November 1959).

21 January 1891, Wednesday (-19,830) Jean Messonier, French painter, died (born 21 February 1815).

20 January 1891, Tuesday (-19,831) King David Kalalahua of Hawaii died, aged 54, and was succeeded by his 52-year sister, Queen Lydia Liliuokalani. White settlers who now owned 80% of the land in Hawaii, formed a Hawaiian League to oppose the accession of Queen Liliuokalani, and sought annexation to the USA.

19 January 1891, Monday (-19,832)

17 January 1891, Saturday (-19,834) (USA) George Bancroft, US politician, died in Washington (born in Worcester, Massachusetts 3 October 1800).

16 January 1891, Friday (-19,835) Clement Delibes, French composer, died (born 21 February 1836).

15 January 1891, Thursday (-19,836) Buckinghamshire Cricket Club was founded.

11 January 1891, Sunday (-19,840) Baron Georges-Eugene Haussman, the architect who designed the broad straight boulevards of Paris, died in poverty.

7 January 1891, Wednesday (-19,844) Charles Devens, US lawyer, died (born 4 April 1820).

6 January 1891, Tuesday (-19,845) Ted McDonald, Australian cricketer was born in Launceston, Australia (died 1937)

5 January 1891, Monday (-19,846) (Arts) Emma Abbot, US opera singer, died in Salt Lake City.

4 January 1891, Sunday (-19,847) Pierre de Decker, Belgian statesman, died (born 1812).

3 January 1809, Saturday (-19,848)

2 January 1891, Friday (-19,849) Alexander Kinglake, English historical writer, died (born 5 August 1809).

1 January 1891, Thursday (-19,850) (1) In Germany, Bismarck�s pension scheme came into operation. Pension age was 70. The rate was graduated with income, the lowest being 7 pfennings a week for those earning under 300 marks a year (�15).

(2) (Chile) The Chilean Civil War broke out. It was caused by a dispute between the Chilean President and the National Representatives, leading to the President, Jose Balmaceda, attempting to govern and collect taxes on his own authority.

=====================================================================================

29 December 1890, Monday (-19,853) The Battle of Wounded Knee in South Dakota. This was the last major conflict between Indigenous Americans (the Sioux) and US troops.

21 December 1890, Sunday (-19,861) Niels Gade, Danish composer, died (born 22 February 1817).

15 December 1890, Monday (-19,867) Chief Sitting Bull, Sioux leader (born ca.1831), was shot dead in a scuffle with police in South Dakota whilst resisting arrest. He had fled to Canada after his victory over General Custer at Little Bighorn in 1876. He returned to the USA in 1881 and was jailed for 2 years. He performed for several years with Buffalo Bill�s travelling Wild West Show, but the suffering of his people led him to join the new Ghost Dance Movement, dedicated to destroying the Whites and restoring the lost Indian world. The US Government sent troops to suppress the Ghost Dance Movement and arrest its leaders; Sitting Bull was shot in the skirmish.

12 December 1890, Friday (-19,870) Sir Joseph Boehm, British sculptor, died in South Kensington (born in Vienna 4 July 1834).

9 December 1890, Tuesday (-19,873) Richard Church, English religious writer, died (born 25 April 1815).

5 December 1890, Friday (-19,877) Fritz Lang, film director, was born.

3 December 1890, Wednesday (-19,879) William Evans Midwinter, cricketer for Australia, died in Melbourne (born 19 June 1851 in St Briavels, Gloucestershire, England).

2 December 1890, Tuesday (-19,880) Fate Marable, US bandleader, was born in Paducah, Kentucky (died 16 January 1947 in St Louis, Missouri)

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29 November 1890, Saturday (-19,883) In Japan, the Meiji constitution came into effect.

24 November 1890, Monday (-19,888) (USA) August Belmont, US financier, died in New York (born in Prussia 8 December 1816).

23 November 1890, Sunday (-19,889) Death of King William III of the Netherlands (born 1817). He was succeeded by his 10-year-old daughter who ruled as Queen Wilhelmina from 1898. The duchy of Luxembourg separated from the Netherlands because no woman could inherit the ducal title.

22 November 1890, Saturday (-19,890) Charles de Gaulle, French President, was born in Lille (died 1970).

21 November 1890, Friday (-19,891) The Lincoln Judgment, concerning the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, was delivered.

17 November 1890, Monday (-19,895) Irish nationalist John Parnell was cited as co-respondent in a divorce suit brought by William Henry O�Shea, whose wife Katharine had been Parnell�s mistress since 1880. Parnell�s political career was destroyed by the revelation.

13 November 1890, Thursday (-19,899) Henry Dexter US religious writer, died (born 13 August 1821).

11 November 1890, Tuesday (-19,901)

9 November 1890, Sunday (-19,903)

8 November 1890, Saturday (-19,904) Cesar Franck, French composer, died (born 10 December 1822).

7 November 1890, Friday (-19,905) Zanzibar became a German Protectorate.

6 November 1890, Thursday (-19,906) Bentley Collingwood Hillier, British author, was born in Scarborough (died 19 December 1968 in London)

1 November 1890, Saturday (-19,911) The US State of Mississippi adopted a constitutional amendment designed to exclude Black people from voting. They adopted a qualification for voting that included being able to read a section of the constitution and explain it, knowing that many Black people in the State had not received a basic education and so were illiterate.

===================================================================================

28 October 1890, Tuesday (-19,915) The German East Africa Company ceded all its powers and assets to the German government.

20 October 1890, Monday (-19,923) Sir Richard Burton, writer on the Orient, died (born 19 March 1821).

17 October 1899, Friday (-19,926) Maximilian Gagern, German politician, died (born 26 March 1810).

16 October 1890, Thursday (-19,927) Michael Collins, fighter for Irish independence, was born.

15 October 1890, Wednesday (-19,928)

14 October 1890, Tuesday (-19,929) Birth of US President Dwight Eisenhower. He was the 34^th President, who led the US during World War Two, and was known as �Ike�.� He was born in Denison, Texas (died 1969).

13 October 1890, Monday (-19,930) (USA) William Belknap, US politician, died in Washington DC (born in Newburgh, New York, 22 September 1829).

9 October 1890, Thursday (-19,934) Clement Ader, Frenchman, flew his monoplane, the Ecole, 165 feet. However it was not a truly sustained or controllable flight.

6 October 1890, Monday (-19,937) The Mormons in Utah renounced polygamy.

3 October 1890, Friday (-19,940) Joseph Hergenrother, German religious writer, died (born 15 September 1824)

2 October 1890, Thursday (-19,941) Julius Groucho Marx was born (died 1977).

1 October 1890, Wednesday (-19,942) US import duties reached record levels after the protectionist McKinley Tariff act was passed.

===================================================================================

29 September 1890, Monday (-19,944) Jean Karr, French novelist, died (born 24 November 1808).

25 September 1890, Thursday (-19,948)

18 September 1890, Thursday (-19,955) Dion Boucicault, Irish playwright, died in New York (born in Dublin 26 December 1822).

17 September 1890, Wednesday (-19,956) Jules Joffrin, French politician, died (born 16 March 1846).

15 September 1890, Monday (-19,958) Agatha Christie, crime writer, was born in Torquay, Devon, as Agatha Mary Clarissa.� She died on 12 January 1976.

12 September 1890. Friday (-19,961) (Zimbabwe) �The British South Africa Company founded the town of Salisbury, now Harare, after a pioneer march from South Africa.� It was named after the British Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury.

9 September 1890, Tuesday (-19,964) Henry Liddon, English religious writer, died (born 20 August 1829).

====================================================================================

27 August 1890, Wednesday (-19,977) Ray Mann, artist, was born.

26 August 1890, Tuesday (-19,978) (Football), Weymouth football club, Dorset, was founded.

22 August 1890, Friday (-19,982) Duke Kahanamoku, Hawaiian surfer, was born.

15 August 1890, Friday (-19,989) Phyllis Dare, English actress, was born in London (died 27 April 1975 in Brighton)

12 August 1890, Tuesday (-19,992) Alfred Goodman, US composer, was born in Nikopol, Russia (died 20 January 1972 in New York)

11 August 1890, Monday (-19,993) Cardinal Newman (born 1801) died in Birmingham, UK. He was appointed as a Cardinal in 1879, and believed in the romantic vision of the Mediaeval Church.

9 August 1890, Saturday (-19,995) Heligoland was formally transferred from Britain to Germany.

6 August 1890, Wednesday (-19,998) (Capital Punishmnent, USA) In New York�s Auburn prison, the electric chair was used for the first time on the murderer William Kemmler. This method of execution was attacked as constituting �cruel and unusual punishment� but was upheld in the US State and Federal Courts. By 1906 115 murderers had been executed by �electrothanasia�, and the method was had also adopted by the US States of Ohio (1896), Massachusetts (1898), New Jersey (1906), Virginia (1908) and North Carolina (1910).

5 August 1890, Tuesday (-19,999) Britain agreed to recognise Madagascar as a French colony and France recognised Zanzibar as a British protectorate. France gave up claims to the lower Niger and retained the desert territories of the Sahara.

2 August 1890, Saturday (-20,002) Louise Ackermann, French poet (born 30 November 1813) died.

====================================================================================

29 July 1890, Tuesday (-20,006) Vincent Van Gogh, born 30 March 1853, died after prolonged insanity. He went to the spot where he had painted Cornfield with flight of birds and shot himself in the chest, on 27 July 1890, dying 2 days later.

21 July 1890, Monday (-20,014) Lord Rosebery opened Battersea Bridge.

17 July 1890, Thursday (-20,018) Cecil Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony.

15 July 1890, Tuesday (-20,020) Gottfried Keller, German novelist, died (born 19 July 1819).

13 July 1890, Sunday (-20,022) John Fremont, explorer of the US Midwest, died (21 January 1813).

11 July 1890, Friday (-20,024) The first ever elections in Japan; the electorate comprised only 450,000 people. It covered males over 25 who paid at least 15 yen per annum in taxes.

10 July 1890, Thursday (-20,025) Wyoming was admitted as the 44^th state of the USA.

6 July 1890, Sunday (-20,029) Sir Edwin Chadwick, British reformer, died.

3 July 1890, Thursday (-20,032) Idaho became the 43^rd State of the Union.

2 July 1890, Wednesday (-20,033) (1) The US government passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, banning trade monopolies. With more than 90% of the US oil trade in the hands of the Rockefeller family, and sugar, wheat, and alcohol prices also governed by mysterious �trusts�, the US government felt that these trusts threatened the economic structure of the USA. A judge, Mr Justice Harlan, said that these trusts were another form of slavery, as capital became concentrated in the hands of a few.

(2) In Brussels, an International Convention for Suppression of the African Slave Trade was signed.

1 July 1890, Tuesday (-20,034) Britain and Germany signed the Heligoland Treaty, by which Germany gave up claims in East Africa, including Zanzibar, in return for the British island of Heligoland in the Elbe estuary. Germany soon made Heligoland a major naval base for the defence of the newly constructed Kiel Canal.

===================================================================================

21 June 1890, Saturday (-20,044) William Davies, rugby player, was born (died 26 April 1967).

16 June 1890, Monday (-20,049) Stan Laurel, of the Laurel and Hardy duo, was born as Arthur Stanley Jefferson in Ulverston, Lancashire (now Cumbria). Oliver Hardy was born in America on 18 January 1892.

12 June 1890, Thursday (-20,053) Egon Schiele, painter, was born.

2 June 1890, Monday (-20,063) (Marine) Sir George Burns, operator of the Cunard Line from 1838, died (born 10 December 1795).

1 June 1890, Sunday (-20,064) The US Census Bureau began using Herman Hollerith�s tabulating machine to count census returns.� Hollerith�s company eventually became IBM.

====================================================================================

28 May 1890, Wednesday (-20,068) Victor Neszler, German composer, died.

21 May 1890, Wednesday (-24,075) Harry Austin Therney, US composer, was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey (died 22 March 1965 in New York)

19 May 1890, Monday (-20,077) Birth of Ho Chi Minh, President of North Vietnam (died 1969)

12 May 1890, Monday (-20,084) In the UK, the first ever official County Championship cricket match began in Bristol.� Yorkshire beat Gloucestershire by eight wickets.

11 May 1890, Sunday (-20,085) William Applegarth, athletics champion, was born (died 5 December 1958).

7 May 1890, Wednesday (-20,089) James Nasmyth, inventor of the first steam hammer, died in London.

2 May 1890. Friday (-20,094) The Federal territory of Oklahoma was created; it was formerly known as the Indian Territory. On 22 April 1889 the US government, via a single shot fired at noon, had signalled the start of a great race for land by white settlers. An estimated 200,000 people crossed into the land once home to 75,000 Indians, who had to move on. By nightfall 22 April 1889 almost all of Oklahoma�s 2 million acres had been claimed.

====================================================================================

27 April 1890, Sunday (-20,099) William Blades, English writer, died in Sutton, Surrey (was born in Clapham, London 5 December 1824).

14 April 1890, Monday (-20,112) The Pan-American Union was established at the first International Congress of American States.

11 April 1890, Friday (-20,115) Birth of Donna Rachele Mussolini, wife of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (died 1979)

6 April 1890, Sunday (-20,120) Easter Sunday. Birth of Anthony Fokker, Dutch aircraft manufacturer (died 1939).

4 April 1890, Friday (-20,122) Edmond Hebert, French geologist, died (born 12 June 1812).

1 April 1890, Tuesday (-20,125)

====================================================================================

29 March 1890, Saturday (-20,128) Armand Pontmartin, French writer (born 16 July 1811) died.

28 March 1890, Friday (-20,129) Washington State University was established in Pullman, Washington.

27 March 1890, Thursday (-20,130) Spain adopted universal (male) suffrage.

24 February 1890, Monday (-20,133) Marjorie Main, actress, was born.

18 March 1890, Tuesday (-20,139) (Germany) Prince Otto von Bismarck was dismissed from the German Chancellorship by Kaiser Wilhelm II, after 29 years as Germany�s first Chancellor. Bismarck�s foremost achievement had been the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. He had held Germany back from a damaging competitive rush for colonies that would cause conflict with other European powers, and he negotiated the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia that limited the possibility for conflict between them. However when Wilhelm II succeeded his father Kaiser Frederick III, German policy changed. Bismarck was replaced by Leo von Caprivi, who allowed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse. This pushed Russia into closer relations with France, Germany�s enemy. Meanwhile Germany pursued a fruitless attempt to make a friendship treaty with Britain.

9 March 1890, Sunday (-20,148) Molotov, Soviet politician, was born in Kukaida under the surname Skriabin.

8 March 1890, Saturday (-20,149) North Dakota State University was founded in Fargo, North Dakota.

4 March 1890, Tuesday (-20,153) The 1,170 foot Forth Railway Bridge, the longest railway bridge so far built at 1,710 feet, was officially opened by the Prince of Wales.� The bridge was designed and built by Benjamin Walker and John Fowler.� 57 workers were killed during its construction. The bridge used 8 million rivets and 55,000 tons of steel.

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27 February 1890, Thursday (-20,158) Freddie Keppard, US jazz cornetist., was born in New Orleans (died 15 July 1933 in Chicago)

18 February 1890, Tuesday (-20,167) (Hungary) Julius Andrassy, Hungarian statesman, died.

17 February 1890, Monday (-20,168) Christopher Sholes, American inventor of the typewriter, died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

10 February 1890, Monday (-20,175) Boris Pasternak, Russian writer, author of Dr Zhivago, was born in Moscow.

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30 January 1890, Thursday _20,186) Khaireddin, Turkish statesman, died.

29 January 1890, Wednesday (-20,187) Sir William Gull, English physician, died (born 31 December 1816).

25 January 1890, Saturday (-20,191)

22 January 1890, Wednesday (-20,194) Francis Bowen, US philosophical writer, died in Boston, Massachusetts (born in Charlestown, Massachusetts 8 September 1811).

21 January 1890, Tuesday (-20,195) Nathan Marcus Adler, British chief rabbi (born 15 January 1803) died.

20 January 1890, Monday (-20,196) Boris Mikhailovich Kozo-Polyansky, Russian biologist, was born (died 21 April 1957).

18 January 1890, Saturday (-20,198) Death of King Amadeus I of Spain (born 1845)

15 January 1890, Wednesday (-20,201) Tchaikovsky�s Sleeping Beauty was first performed at St Petersburg, Russia.

14 January 1890, Tuesday (-20,202) Johann Dollinger, German religious writer, died (born 28 February 1799).

10 January 1890, Friday (-20,206) Cleopatra�s tomb was discovered.

8 January 1890, Wednesday (-20,208) Charles Pillman, rugby player, was born (died 13 November 1955).

3 January 1890, Friday (-20,213) Karl Hase, German religious writer, died (born 28 August 1800).

1 January 1890, Wednesday (-20,215) The Kingdom of Italy established the colony of Eritrea in Africa.

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31 December 1889, Tuesday (-20,216) Sir Ernest Daryl Lindsay, Australian artist, was born (died 25 December 1976).

28 December 1889, Saturday (-20,219)

17 December 1889, Friday (-20,220) Bunk Johnson, US jazz trumpeter, was born in New Orleans (died 7 July 1949 in New Iberia, Louisiana)

25 December 1889, Wednesday (-20,222) Arthur Kavanagh, Irish politician, died (born 25 March 1831).

24 December 1889, Tuesday (-20,223) Charles MacKay, Scottish writer, died (born 27 March 1814).

23 December 1889, Monday (-20,224) Constance Naden, English author, died (born 24 January 1858).

22 December 1889, Sunday (-20,225) Isaac Hecker, US religious writer, died (born 18 December 1819)

21 December 1889, Saturday (-20,226) Eugene Deslongchamps, writer, died

17 December 1889, Tuesday (-20,231) Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, German historical writer, died (born 5 March 1814)

12 December 1889, Thursday (-20,235) Robert Browning, English poet, died.

10 December 1889, Tuesday (-20,237) Ludwig Anzengruber, Austrian dramatist, died in Vienna (born 29 November 1839 in Vienna)

6 December 1889, Friday (-20,241) Jefferson Davies, US President of the Confederate states, died aged 81.

3 December 1889, Tuesday (-20,244) Charles Handel Rand Marriott, British composer, died in Hastings (born in London 3 November 1831)

2 December 1889, Monday (-20,245) Aloys Karolyi, Austro-Hungarian diplomat, died (born 8 August 1825).

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30 November 1889, Saturday (-20,247) Edgar Adrian, English physiologist, was born. He studied the neurons of the nervous system.

24 November 1889, Sunday (-20,253) Frederic Clay, English composer, died (born 3 August 1838).

23 November 1889, Saturday (-20,254) The first jukebox was installed, in the Palais Royal Saloon in San Francisco.

22 November 1889, Friday (-20,255)

21 November 1889, Thursday (-20,256) Frederic Blachford, British politician, died (born in London 31 January 1811)

20 November 1889, Wednesday (-20,257) Edwin Hiubble, astronomer, was born,

18 November 1889, Monday (-20,259) William Allingham, Irish poet, died in Hampstead, London (born 19 March 1824 in Ballyshannon, Donegal).

15 November 1889, Friday (-20,262) (Brazil) The Brazilian monarchy was overthrown in a military revolt. Dom Pedro was dethroned as Emperor of Brazil, and the First Republic was proclaimed. Pedro II went into exile in Paris. Global demand for coffee was boosting the Brazilian economy.

14 November 1889, Thursday (-20,263) Pandit Nehru, first Prime Minister of India, was born in Allahabad.

13 November 1889, Wednesday (-20,264)

12 November 1889, Tuesday (-20,265) Waterlow Park, Highgate, London, 29 acres, was given as a free gift to London by Sir Sidney Waterlow.

11 November 1889, Monday (-20,266) Washington became the 42^nd State of the Union.

10 November 1889, Sunday (-20,266) Edwin Hatch, English religious writer, died (born 14 September 1835).

9 November 1889, Saturday (-20,267) Claude Rains, actor, was born.

8 November 1889, Friday (-20,269) Montana became the 41^st State of the Union.

2 November 1889, Saturday (-20,275) (1) Suffragettes Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were arrested whilst attempting to vote in the national elections.

(2) North and South Dakota became the 39^th and 40^th States of the Union.

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29 October 1889. �Tuesday (-20,279) Britain granted a charter to the British South Africa Company, under Cecil Rhodes, to colonise Bechuanaland and other parts of southern Africa.

26 October 1889, Saturday (-20,282) Carel Cobet, Dutch scholarly writer, died (born 28 November 1813).

25 October 1889, Friday (-20,283) Guillaume Augier, French dramatist, died in Croissy (born 17 September 1820 in Valence, Drome).

21 October 1889, Monday (-20,287) (Biology) John Ball, Irish politician and naturalist, died in London (born in Dublin 20 August 1818).

19 October 1889, Saturday (-20,289) King Luis I of Portugal died aged 51 (born 1838). He was succeeded by his son, Carlos I, aged 26.

15 October 1889, Tuesday (-20,293) (Railways GB) Sir Daniel Gooch, engineer and railway administrator, died (born 16 August 1816). He turned the Great Western railway around from near bankruptcy in 1866, when he became Chairman of the Board, to healthy profitability in 1889; his last year on the Board.

14 October 1889, Monday (-20,294) Spencer Williams, US composer, was born in New Orleans (died 14 July 1965 in Flushing, New York)

12 October 1889, Saturday (-20,296)

11 October 1889, Friday (-20,297) James Joule, who established the First Law of Thermodynamics, died.

10 October 1889, Thursday (-20,298) Adolf von Henselt, German composer, died (12 May 1814).

8 October 1889, Tuesday (-20,300)

6 October 1889, Sunday (-20,302) The Moulin Rouge cabaret opened in Paris.

5 October 1889, Saturday (-20,303) (Chemistry) Dirk Coster was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In 2923 he discovered, along with Gyorgy Hevesy, the element Hafnium. It was named after the Latin for Copenhagen, where the discovery was made.

2 October 1889, Wednesday (-20,306) the first Pan-American Congress met, in Washington. Its aim was to create closer relations between the States of the Americas.

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29 September 1889, Sunday (-20,309) Louis Faidherbe, French general, died (born 3 June 1818).

26 September 1889, Thursday (-20,312) Frank Crumit, US composer, was born� in Jackson, Ohio (died 7 September 1943 in Longmeadow, Massachusetts)

24 September 1889, Tuesday (-20,314) Daniel Hill, US Confederate soldier, died (born 11 July 1821).

23 September 1889, Monday (-20,315) The Nintendo Company was founded, as a playing card company.

22 September 1889, Sunday (-20,316) Harold Bulwer Farnie, British playwright, died in London.

16 September 1889, Monday (-20,322) (London) The Great London Docks Strike ended (began 15 August 1889).

12 September 1889, Thursday (-20,326) Fustel de Coulanges, French historical writer, died (born 18 March 1830).

10 September 1889, Tuesday (-20,328) Amy Levy, English novelist, died.

6 September 1889, Friday (-20,332) Louis Silvers, US composer, was born in New York (died 26 March 1954 in Hollywood)

5 September 1886, Thursday ((-20,333) Samuel Morley, English politician, died (born 15 October 1809).

2 September 1889, Monday (-20,336) Samuel Austin Allibone, US author, died in Lucerne, Switzerland (born 17 April 1816 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania).

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31 August 1889, Saturday (-20.338) William Wells, boxer, was born (died 11 June 1967)

26 August 1889, Monday (-29,343) In The Philippines, Andres Bonifacio issued a call to fight against the Spanish colonial rulers.

19 August 1889. Monday (-20,350) In London, a strike by 30,000 dock workers began.� The strike ended on 14 September 1889 with victory for the dockworkers. They had won their claim for a pay rise from 5d to 6d an hour � the dockers� tanner, also 8d an hour for overtime.� The strike had major public support, over �50,000 being contributed to the strike fund, whilst dock owners found blackleg labour hard to come by. Even The City supported the strike, being opposed to casualisation of labour which was seen as penalising men who wanted to do an honest day�s work.

15 August 1889, Thursday (-20,354) (Arts) James Albery, English dramatist, died (born 4 May 1838 in London).

13 August 1889, Tuesday (-20,356) The coin operated phone was patented in the USA by William Gray of Hartford, Connecticut.

10 August 1889, Saturday (-20,359) The screw bottle top was patented by Dan Ryelands of Barnsley.

8 August 1889, Thursday (-20,361) (Italy) Benedetto Cairoli, Italian statesman, died (born 28 January 1825).

6 August 1889, Tuesday (-20,363) The Savoy Hotel in London was opened.

5 August 1889, Monday (-20,364) Fanny :Lewald, German author, died.

1 August 1889, Thursday (-20,368)

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31 July 1889, Wednesday (-20,369) Horatius Bonar, Scottish clerical writer, died (born in Edinburgh 19 December 1808).

30 July 1889, Tuesday (-20,370) (Biology) Miles Berkeley, English botanist, died in Sibbertoft (born in Northamptonshire 1 April 1803).

23 July 1889, Tuesday (-20,377)

21 July 1889, Sunday (-20,379) Alexander Johnston, US historical writer, died (born 29 April 1849).

20 July 1889, Saturday (-20,380) The Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport railway, Isle of Wight, opened to passengers (open for goods from 10 September 1888)

18 July 1889, Thursday (-20,382) (Docks) Barry Docks, S Wales, opened; construction had begun in 11/1884, as colliery owners in the South Wales Valleys sought an alternative export route for their coal to Cardiff Docks.

13 July 1889, Saturday (-20,387) Robert Hamerling, Austrian poet, died (born 24 March 1830).

10 July 1889, Wednesday (-20,390) Noble Sissle, US bandleader, was born in Indianapolis (died 17 December 1975 in Tampa, Florida)

8 July 1889, Monday (-20,392) The Wall Street Journal was first published. It was 4 pages long and sold for 2 cents.

7 July 1889, Sunday (-20,393) Giovanni Bottesini, Italian composer, died in Parma (born in Lombardy 24 December 1823).

6 July 1889, Saturday (-20,394)

5 July 1889, Friday (-20,395) Jean Cocteau, poet, was born.

4 July 1889, Thursday (-29,396) Joe Young, Us singer, was born in New York (died 21 April 1839 in New York)

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28 June 1889, Friday (-20,402) Maria Mitchell, US astronomer, died (born 1 August 1818).

26 June 1889, Wednesday (-20,404) (USA) Simon Cameron, US politician, died (born 8 March 1799).

22 June 1889, Saturday (-20,408) Bismarck�s government passed a bill for the welfare payment of old age pensions and sickness insurance.

17 June 1889, Monday (-20,413) John Gilbert, US actor, died (born 27 February 1810).

14 June 1889, Friday (-20,416) (Geology) Henry William Bristow, English geologist, died (born 17 May 1817).

12 June 1889, Wednesday (-20,418) A train crash in Armagh caused 80 deaths and 250 injured. As a result of this accident the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 was passed. This Act made block signalling, continuous brakes and interlocking points compulsory for rail companies.

4 June 1889, Tuesday (-20,426) (Geology) German-US geologist Beno Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany. In 1914 he discovered a discontinuity in the behaviour of earthquake waves at 3,000 km below the earth�s surface. This is the Gutenberg discontinuity, between the mantle and the outer core.

3 June 1889, Monday (-20,427) The first �long-distance� electric power transmission line in the US was completed.� It ran 14 miles from a generator at Williamette Falls to downtown Portland, Oregon.

2 June 1889, Sunday (-20,428)

1 June 1889, Saturday (-20,429) The Orient Express made its first through run from Paris to Constantinople.

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31 May 1889, Friday (-20,430) Britain passed the Naval Defence Act in response to the growing naval power of both Russia and France.

28 May 1889, Tuesday (-20,433)

26 May 1889, Sunday (-20,435) William Batten, rugby player, was born (died 27 January 1959).

25 May 1889, Saturday (-20,436) Igor Sikorsky, American engineer who pioneered the helicopter, was born in Kiev.

24 May 1889, Friday (-20,437) (USA) Laura Bridgman, US blind deaf mute, died (born 21 December 1829).

21 May 1889, Tuesday (-20,440)

20 May 1889, Monday (-20,441) Felix Arndt, US composer, was born in New York (died 16 October 1918 in Harmon on Hudson, New York State).

19 May 1889, Sunday (-20,442) Dr Graham Edgar, developer of the octane car fuel rating system, was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas. He found that iso-octane would not �knock� in a car engine under any operating conditions whereas n-heptane would always �knock�. Mixing the two chemicals created fuels of different qualities, and the octane number on the petrol pump was the percentage of iso-octane in the fuel.

18 May 1889, Saturday (-20,443)

17 May 1889, Friday (-20,444) William Beverley, English painter, died in Hampstead, London (born in Richmond, Surrey).

16 May 1889, Thursday (-20,445) Henry Chandler, scholarly writer, died (born 31 January 1828). 16 May 1889).

8 May 1889, Wednesday (-20,453) Arthur Cumming, figure skater, was born (died 8 May 1914).

6 May 1889, Monday (-20,455) (1) The official opening of the Eiffel Tower, Paris, to the public. It was only intended to stand for 20 years, but soon acquired iconic status.

(2) Purdue University was founded at Lafayette, Indiana.

5 May 1889, Sunday (-20,456) The Netherlands prohibited children under 12 from working except in agriculture, forestry and fishing, and restricted permissible work hours for those aged under 16.

4 May 1889, Saturday (-20,457) The National Portrait Gallery, London, was presented to the nation.

3 May 1889, Friday (-20,458) Charles Lory, French geologist, died (born 30 July 1823).

2 May 1889, Thursday (-20,459) Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, signed a treaty of friendship with Italy, giving Italy full control over the territory of Eritrea.

1 May 1889, Wednesday (-20,460) Asa Briggs Candler of Atlanta bought the exclusive rights to a local drink called Coca Cola.

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30 April 1889, Tuesday (-20,461)

27 April 1889, Saturday (-20,464) (Science) Frederick Barnard, scientist, died in New York City (born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, 5 May 1809)

26 April 1889, Friday (-20,465) Ludwig Wittgenstein, philosopher, was born.

25 April 1889, Thursday (-20,466)

24 April 1889, Wednesday (-20,467) Sir Stafford Cripps, the Labour Chancellor who introduced austerity measures in Britain after the Second World War, was born.

23 April 1889, Tuesday (-20,468) Jules Barbey, French writer, died in Paris (born 2 November 1808).

22 April 1889, Monday (-20,469) The great land rush in the US, see 2 May 1890.

21 April 1889, Sunday (-20,470) Easter Sunday

20 April 1889, Saturday (-20,471) Birth of Adolf Hitler, in Braunau, Austria (died 1945); his father was a customs official who changed his name from Schicklgruber.

19 April 1889, Friday (-20,472) (Astronomy) Warren de la Rue, British astronomer, died in London.

18 April 1889, Thursday (-20,473)

16 April 1889, Tuesday (-20,475) Birth of comedian Sir Charles Chaplin in Kennington, London (died 1977). He was the son of two music hall entertainers.

15 April 1889, Monday (-20,476) (Christian) Joseph de Veuster, missionary to Hawaii, died (born 3 January 1840)

12 April 1889, Friday (-20,479)

11 April 1889, Thursday (-20,480) Nick la Rocca, US jazz musician, was born in New Orleans (died 22 February 1961 in New Orleans)

9 April 1889, Tuesday (-20,482) Michel Chevreul, chemist, died (born 31 August 1786)

8 April 1889, Monday (-20,483) Henry Jupp, cricketer for England, died in Bermondsey, London (born in Dorking, Surrey, 19 November 1841).

6 April 1889, Saturday (-20,485) Benjamin Kennedy, English scholarly writer, died (born 6 November 1804).

4 April 1889, Thursday (-20,487) (Railway Tunnels) The Ronco rail tunnel, Italy, 8.291 km long, opened on the Genoa-Milan line.

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31 March 1889. Sunday (-20,491) (France) The 300 metre Eiffel Tower was completed, in time for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, and opened by Premier Tirard on 6 May 1889.� Many people said it was ugly.

29 March 1889, Thursday (-20,493) Howard Lindsay, US singer, was born in Waterford, New York (died 11 February 1968 in new York)

27 March 1889, Tuesday (-20,495) (Britain) John Bright, British statesman, died (born 16 November 1811).

24 March 1889, Sunday (-20,498) (Medical) Franciscus Cornelia Donders, Dutch physiologist, died in Utrecht.

23 March 1889, Saturday (-20,499) (Islam) The Ahmadiyya Islamic Movement was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in India.

22 March 1889, Friday (-20,500) Stanley Matthews, US jurist, died (born 21 July 1824).

20 March 1889, Wednesday (-20,502) (Cartography) Franz Hauer, geologist, who made the first geological map of Austro-Hungary in 1871, died (born 30 January 1822).

18 March 1889, Monday (-20,504) (Russia) Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria, Russian secret police chief from 1938 and one of the most feared men in the USSR until his execution in 1953, was born.

16 March 1889, Saturday (-20,506) Samuel Hall, English journalist, died (born 9 May 1800).

9 March 1889, Saturday (-20,513) King Yohannes IV was killed in the Battle of Metemma; Sudanese forces, almost routed, rallied and destroyed the Ethiopian Army.

8 March 1889, Friday (-20,514) John Ericsson, Swedish-US inventor and engineer, died in New York City (born in Langbanshyttan, Sweden, 31 July 1803).

6 March 1889, Wednesday (-20,516) King Milan Obrenovic IV of Serbia abdicated aged 34 and went to live in Paris. He was succeeded by his 13-year-old son Alexander I.

4 March 1889, Monday (-20,518) Grover Cleveland, 22^nd US President (1885-1889) was succeeded by Benjamin Harrison (1889�93).

3 March 1889, Sunday (-20,519) Alice Delysia, French actress, was born in Paris (died 10 February 1979)

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22 February 1889, Friday (-20,528) US President Grover Cleveland signed a Bill admitting North and South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, as US States.

15 February 1889, Friday (-20,535) Ernst Dechen, German geologist, died (born 25 March 1800).

12 February 1889, Tuesday (-20,538) Andrew Greenwood, cricketer for England, died in Huddersfield, Yorkshire (born in Yorkshire, 10 August 1847).

11 February 1889. Monday (-20,539) The Meiji Emperor in Japan, dressed for the occasion in a European field-marshal�s uniform, took his seat on a Prussian armchair in the European-looking throne room of the palace of his new capital, Tokyo, and announced a new constitution providing for Japan�s first parliamentary elections. �Meiji� denoted an Age of Brightness and it was hoped this would be the start of Japan as one of the great modern nations of the world. Japanese cities did indeed become more �modern� and European; cinemas and dance halls appeared, frequented by �liberated� young Japanese. However the constitution was based on a Prussian model, tied to the Confucian tradition of respect for authority, and the electorate was very limited; ministers were still picked by the emperor, not parliament. Japan remained a nation where the emperor and the military had most of the real power, leading ultimately to its participation in the Second World War. Some see 1964, when the Olympics were held in Tokyo, as the turning point when the war and US occupation were put behind and Japan became a �western� nation.

10 February 1889, Sunday (-20,540) The Church of England approved the use of the revised Bible.
7 February 1889, Thursday (-20,543)

5 February 1889, Tuesday (-20,545) Elias Hendren, cricketer, was born (died 4 October 1962).

4 February 1889, Monday (-20,546) Joachim Holtzendorff, German legal writer, died (born 14 October 1829).

2 February 1889, Saturday (-20,458)

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31 January 1889, Thursday (-20,550) Josef Gung�l, Hungarian composer, died (born 1 December 1810).

30 January 1889, Wednesday (-20,551) Archduke Rudolph of Austria was found deat at his hunting lodge at Mayerling outside Vienna. He had shot his 17-year-old mistress Baroness Marie Vetser and then himself. He left no direct heir, so his 25-year-old nephew Franz Ferdinand became heir-apparent.

28 January 1889, Monday (-20,553) (Race Equality) Prudence Crandall, campaigner for education for Black people in the US, died (born 3 September 1803)

21 January 1889, Monday (-20,560) Karl Elze, German literary writer, died (born 22 May 1821).

20 January 1889, Sunday (-20,561) Huddie William Ledbetter, US folk and blues singer, was born (died 6 December 1949 in New York)

12 January 1889, Saturday (-20,569) (Britain) Churchill Babington, English archaeologist, died in Suffolk (born in Roecliffe, 11 March 1821).

10 January 1889. Thursday (-20,571) France declared a protectorate over the Ivory Coast.

8 January 1889. Tuesday (-20,573) The first electric computer for data processing was patented by Dr Herman Hollerith in New York. The company Dr Hollerith formed to market his invention became the giant IBM. Charles Babbage had designed and partially built a mechanical �Analytical Engine� between 1821 and 1871. The 1889 computer was designed to compute the results of the 1890 census, using punched cards. The first electronic computer was built secretly at Bletchley Park; it began operations in December 1943 to crack the German Enigma codes. It worked with punched tape and could scan and analyse 5,000 characters a second. In 1946 the US military developed the first all-purpose, i.e. programmable, electronic computer. Called ENIAC, it weighed 30 tons and contained some 18,000 vacuum tubes. It was used for calculating trajectories of artillery shells, accounting for variables like wind velocity, air temperature, and type of shell.

5 January 1889, Saturday (-20,576)

3 January 1889, Thursday (-20,578) King Milan Obrenovich IV promulgated a new more liberal Constitution for Serbica.

2 January 1889, Wednesday (-20,579) Roger Adams, US chemist, was born.

1 January 1889, Tuesday (-20,580) The State of New York adopted the electric chair for capital punishment.

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28 December 1888, Friday (-20,584) Charles Eversley, Speaker of the British House of Commons, died (born 22 February 1794).