Chronography of events from 1 January 1830 to 31 December 1859
Page last
modified 12/5/2022
(-9999) = Day count to end of World
War Two in Europe (day zero = Tuesday).
Easter Sundays derived from https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm
For dates from 1/1/1860 click here
Jump to:-
1/1/1860, Sunday (-31,173) Spanish General Juan Prim y Prats (1814-70)
scored a major victory over Morocco, and captured Tetuan a month later.
====================================================================================
28/12/1859, Wednesday
(-31,177) Lord Macaulay, English Liberal MP, member of the Supreme Council
of India 1834-38 and campaigner for the abolition of slavery, died.
26/12/1859, Monday
(-31,179) Johann Hausmann, German mineralogist, died (born 22/12/1782).
22/12/1859, Thursday
(-31,183) Jean Leber, French historical writer, died (born 8/5/1780).
21/12/1859, Wednesday
(-31,184) Gustave Kahn, French poet, was born.
19/12/1859, Monday
(-31,186)
16/12/1859, Friday (-31,189)
Wilhelm Grimm, co-author with his brother Jacob of fairy tales, died in Berlin.
15/12/1859, Thursday (-31,190)
Ludwig Zimenof, Polish linguist who created the artificial language
Esperanto, was born in Bialystock.
8/12/1859, Thursday, (-31,197) Thomas de Quincy, English author, died
(born 15/8/1785).
5/12/1859, Monday (-31,200) Admiral Jellicoe, British naval
commander, was born in Southampton, son of a sea captain.
2/12/1859, Friday (-31,203) John Brown,
American anti-slavery campaigner, was hanged for treason at Charlestown, West
Virginia. In 1856 Brown and his sons
murdered five pro-slavery settlers in a raid on Kansas. He wanted to found a
republic in the Appalachians for runaway slaves and abolitionists. On 16/10/1859
Brown and 21 armed men attacked Harpers
Ferry, seized the federal arsenal and occupied the town. Federal troops
under General Lee recaptured the town; wounding Brown and killing 10 of his
men. In the north of the USA Brown was
hailed as a martyr but the south saw him as a traitor.
===================================================================================
28/11/1859, Monday (-31,207) Washington Irvine, US writer, died (born
3/4/1783).
25/11/1859, Friday (-31,210)
The London Irish Volunteer Rifles was formed.
24/11/1859. Thursday (-31,211)
Charles Darwin, born
12/2/1809, published The Origin of the Species.
23/11/1859, Wednesday (-31,212) Billy the Kid, or William
Bonney, was shot dead by Sheriff Pat Garrett.
20/11/1859, Sunday (-31,215)
Mountstuart Elphinstone, Indian statesman, died (born 1779).
12/11/1859, Saturday (-31,223) French acrobat Jules Leotard
performed the first circus trapeze act at the Cirque Napoleon, Paris, wearing
the famous costume named after him.
11/11/1859. Friday (-31,224) The
city of Buenos Aires, which broke away from the Argentine Federation in 1853,
was compelled to rejoin today.
10/11/1859, Thursday (-31,225) A peace treaty signed at
Zurich ended the war between France, allied to Piedmont, and Austria. The
effects of the treaty were crucial in the unification of Italy. Under its
terms, Lombardy passed from Austria to Piedmont, with the exception of the
Quadrilateral forts (see 24/6/1859) which were retained by Austria. Piedmont
compensated France 60 million lire for the cost of the war with Austria. Plebiscites
were held in various territories to determine which State they would join.
7/11/1859, Monday (-31,228) Auguste Keratry, French writer, died (born
28/12/1769).
====================================================================================
23/10/1859, Sunday (-31,243) President
Justo Jose de Urquiza decided to use force against Bartolome Mitre, leader of
independent Buenos Aires (see 1854). This day Urquiza was victorious at the
Battle of Cepeda, against Mitre.
22/10/1859, Saturday (-31,244) Spain
declared war on Morocco, after Muslim attacks on the Spanish enclave of Ceuta.
The Spanish Prime Minister, Leopoldo O�Donnell (1809-67) used the pretext of
damages suffered by Spanish citizens in Ceuta, which he alleged that the
Moroccan Sultan had failed to offer compensation for. O�Donnell took charge of
the war, adssembling a large 40,000-strong army, but his battle� plans were flawed. He landed his army at
disadvantageous locations, became bogged down by the use of poor roads, and
suffered losses from cholera. However see 1/1/1860.
20/10/1859, Thursday (-31,246) John Dewey, US educator, was born in
Burlington, Vermont.
16/10/1859, Sunday (-31,250) John Brown, American slavery
abolitionist, with 21 followers, seized the US armoury at Harper�s Ferry.� He was later hanged for this, see 2/12/1859.
12/10/1859, Wednesday (-31,254) Robert Stephenson, English
railway and civil engineer, died in London.
9/10/1859, Sunday (-31,257) Alfred Dreyfus, French army office noted for
the �Dreyfus Treason Affair�, was born in Alsace to Jewish parents.
5/10/1859, Wednesday (-31,261) Henry
Prince of Battenberg was born (died 20/1/1896).
4/10/1859, Tuesday (-31,262) Death of German publisher
Karl Baedeker, whose travel guides became famous.
3/10/1859, Monday (-31,263) John
Mason, US politician, died (born 18/4/1799).
1/10/1859, Saturday (-31,265) John James, English religious writer, died
(born 6/6/1785).
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24/9/1859, Saturday (-31,272)
17/9/1859, Saturday (-31,279) Frank
Adams, Canadian geologist (died 29/12/1942) was born.
16/9/1859, Friday (-31,280) Lake
Nyasa was discovered by David Livingstone.
15/9/1859. Thursday (-31,281)
Railway engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel
died at Westminster. He was born on 9/4/1806, in Portsmouth.
3/9/1859, Saturday (-31,293) Jean Jaures, French Socialist leader, was
born.
==================================================================================
31/8/1859, Wednesday (-31,296)
28/8/1859, Sunday (-31,299) James
Hunt, English writer, died (born 19/10/1784).
27/8/1859. Saturday (-31,300) The world�s first oil
well was drilled at Titusville, Pennsylvania, by Edwin Drake of Seneca Oil. Oil had been known
in this area for 300 years. It used to seep from the ground and was used for
curing many ailments from blindness to rheumatism, colds, coughs, sprains, and
baldness. It was also skimmed from creeks and used for lighting, although it
gave off a foul smell when burned. Chemists turned the oil into a better
lighting fuel. Drake drilled down 69 feet and got a steady flow of 25 barrels a
day from his well. By the end of the year the well once called �Drake�s Folly�
had produced 2,000 barrels, and other prospectors joined in the search for more
oil.
23/8/1859, Tuesday
(-31,304) The first hotel elevator was installed in the 6 storey building of Fifth
Avenue Hotel, New York.
2/8/1859, Tuesday (-31,325) Horace Mann, US educatiuonalist writer,
died (born 4/5/1796).
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30/7/1859, Saturday (-31,328) Henry Lunn, champion skier, was born (died
18/3/1939).
28/7/1859, Thursday (-31,330) Mary Anderson, US actress, was born in
Sacramento, California.
17/7/1859, Sunday (-31,341) Luis Munoz Rivera was born. He made great
efforts in securing autonomy for Puerto Rico, first from Spain and then from
the USA.
14/7/1859, Thursday (-31,344) Petrus
Borel, French writer, was born in Lyons (died in Algeria 14/7/1859).
13/7/1859, Wednesday (-31,345) Rufus
Choate, US lawyer, died (born 1/10/1799).
12/7/1859.
Tuesday (-31,346) (1)
William Goodale patented the paper bag manufacturing machine.
(2) Robert
Stephenson, engineer, died.
11/7/1859, Monday (-31,347) Big
Ben, Westminster, first starting chiming the hours.
10/7/1859,
Sunday (-31,348) The Treaty of Villafranca was signed,
see 24/6/1859. The war between France (allied with Piedmont) and Austria was
finally concluded by the peace treaty signed at Zurich on 10/11/1859.
8/7/1859, Friday (-31,350) King Oskar I of Sweden died aged 60 after a
15-year reign. He was succeeded by his 33-year-old son who reigned as Charles
XV until 1872.
6/7/1859,
Wednesday (-31,352) Queensland,
Australia, was formed into a separate colony.
5/7/1859,
Tuesday (-31,353) Charles Cagniard de la Tour,
French inventor, died (born 31/3/1777).
3/7/1859, Sunday (-31,355)
1/7/1859,
Friday (-31,357) (1) The port city of Nagasaki was opened to
foreign commerce, according to the provisions of the Treaty of Edo.
(2)
The first mail was transported by balloon. John Wise and three others piloted
their machine the 812 miles between St Louis, Missouri, and Henderson, New York
State, in 19 hours and 40 minutes.
====================================================================================
30/6/1859,
Thursday (-31,358) The great tightrope
walker, Charles Blondin, crossed Niagara Falls in eight minutes.� He traversed a rope 1100 feet long, 160 feet
above the water.� This was the first
crossing of Niagara on a tightrope.
28/6/1859, Tuesday (-31,360) The first dog show in the UK took
place at Newcastle on Tyne Town Hall, with 60 entries split between two
classes, Pointers and Setters.
24/6/1859,
Friday (-31,364) At the Battle of Solferino, Lombardy, Italy, the French under Napoleon III allied
to Piedmont defeated the Austrians. However the victory was costly for the
French. Napoleon III knew that his armies must next face the Austrians at the
�Quadrilateral�, the four fortresses of Legnano, Mantua, Peschiera and Verona,
where the Austrians had retreated northwards to, and opposition to the French
would increase in this region. Within France, the war against Austria was
becoming unpopular as army casualties, and deaths from a typhus epidemic within
the ranks, mounted. The war was expensive to France. There was also the
question of what Britain might do, being opposed to the extension of French
power in Italy. Prussia�s intentions, with its 400,000 strong army, were also
uncertain. Therefore Napoleon, without consulting his Piedmont ally, signed the
Treaty of Villafranca, see 10/7/1859.
18/6/1859,
Saturday (-31,370) Lord Palmerston became Prime
Minister.
12/6/1859,
Sunday (-31,376) (Medical)
Jacob Bell, pharmaceutical chemist, died (born in London 5/3/1810).
11/6/1859, Saturday
(-31,377) Clemens Metternich, Austrian statesman, died.
7/6/1859, Tuesday (-31,381) David Cox, English painter, died (born
29/4/1783).
5/6/1859,
Sunday (-31,383) (Newspapers)
Gamaliel Bailey, US journalist, died (born in New Jersey 3/12/1807).
4/6/1859,
Saturday (-31,384) Battle of Magenta; France defeated
Austrian forces and captured Milan.
2/6/1859,
Thursday (-31,386)
==================================================================================
31/5/1859,
Tuesday (-31,388) Big Ben on the Houses of Parliament
started telling the time.
30/5/1859,
Monday (-31,389)
Battle of Palestro; Austria defeated by Piedmont.
22/5/1859. Sunday (-31,397) Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies, died (born 12/1/1810).
20/5/1859, Friday (-31,399) Italian Wars of independence,
Austria defeated by Piedmont.
19/5/1859, Thursday (-31,400) Dame
Nellie Melba, Australian singer, was born.
18/5/1859, Wednesday (-31,401) (Geology)
Geophysicist Harry Reid was born in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. He showed that
earthquakes were caused when rocks either side of fault lines moved; previous
theories suggested that the earthquakes caused the faults, not the other way
round.
17/5/1859, Tuesday (-31,402)
16/5/1859, Monday (-31,403)
Horace Hutchinson, golfer, was born (died 28/7/1932).
15/5/1859, Sunday (-31,404)
Pierre Curie, French scientist, was born in
Paris. He was the son of a physician.
8/5/1859, Sunday (-31,411) (Italy) The Austrians were defeated by the
Italians at Casale.
5/5/1859, Thursday (-31,414) Charles Leslie, English painter, died
(born 19/10/1794).
3/5/1859, Tuesday (-31,416) France
declared war on Austria.
2/5/1859, Monday (-31,417) Jerome
K Jerome, author, was born at Walsall.
1/5/1859, Sunday (-31,418)
==================================================================================
30/4/1859, Saturday (-31,419) Sergei
Aksakov, Russian writer (born 20/9/1791) died.
29/4/1859, Friday (-31,420) Dionysius
Lardner, Irish scientific writer, died (born 3/4/1793).
28/4/1859, Thursday (-31,421)
27/4/1859, Wednesday (-31,422) George Doane, US religious writer, died
(born 27/5/1799).
26/4/1859, Tuesday (-31,423) The
Austro-Piedmontese war began. Piedmont was backed by France, who was more interested
in weakening Austria than in the ambitions of Piedmont.
25/4/1859. Monday
(-31,424) Construction of
the 100 mile Suez Canal began. Constructed by both Egyptian and French companies, under the direction
of Ferdinand de Lesseps, it opened on 17/11/1869. It was 163 km long and had a
minimum width of 60 metres. In 2000, some 25,000 ships used this canal.
24/4/1859, Sunday (-31,425) Easter
Sunday
23/4/1859, Saturday (-31,426) Austria issued an ultimatum
to Piedmont to disarm. This followed an agreement between France and Piedmont
to ally against Austria. This agreement was strengthening the power of Italy
(see 14/1/1858) and was a significant threat to the southern flank of Austria.
See also 3/5/1859.
22/4/1859, Friday (-31,427)
21/4/1859, Thursday (-31,428) Carl
Nagelsbach, German scholarly writer, died (born 28/3/1806).
20/4/1859, Wednesday (-31,429) Charles Dicken�s novel A Tale of Two Cities was published.
14/4/1859, Thursday (-31,435) Sydney Morgan, British authoress, died.
11/4/1859, Monday (-31,438) In Mexico, Liberal forces under Santos
Degollado were defeated by the Conservatives at Tacubaya.
8/4/1859, Friday (-31,435) Edmund Husserl, philosopher, was born.
==================================================================================
26/3/1859, Saturday (-31,454) Alfred Edward Housmam, poet, was born.
22/3/1859, Tuesday (-31,458) Major earthquake at Quito, 5,000
killed.
10/3/1859, Thursday (-31,461) Kenneth Grahame, children�s writer, was
born.
7/3/1859, Monday (-31,473) The USA�s Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was
upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Ableman v. Booth, which reversed the
Wisconsin Court ruling of 1854.
1/3/1859, Tuesday (-31,479) Kent County Cricket Club was
founded at Maidstone.
=================================================================================
27/2/1859, Sunday (-31,481) Friedrich Bleek, German scholar, died (born
in Holstein 4/7/1793).
21/2/1859, Monday (-31,487) (1) Viscount Palmerston left office as Prime
Minister.
(2) George
Lansbury, British Labour politician and party leader, was born near Lowestoft,
Suffolk.
19/2/1859, Saturday (-31,489) Svante August Arrhenius, Swedish physicist
and chemist, was born near Uppsala.
17/2/1859, Thursday (-31,491)
French forces took Saigon, Vietnam.
15/2/1859, Tuesday (-31,493) (Britain)
Frederick William Hervey, Fifth Earl of Bristol, died (born 2/10/1769).
14/2/1859, Monday (-31,494) (1) Oregon became the 33rd state of the
USA.
(2) The railway reached St Joseph, Missouri River, USA.
13/2/1859, Sunday (-31,495) Sir Edward Walter founded the
Corps of Commissionaires for the employment of ex-soldiers.
10/2/1859, Thursday (-31,498) Alexandre Millerande, French socialist
politician, was born.
5/2/1859, Saturday (-31,503) Alexander Cuza was nominated as Prince of
Walachia by the Assembly at Bucharest See 17/1/1859. This united the two
principalities with Cuza as Prince Alexander John I; however such a union was
forbidden by the Congress of Paris (18/10/1858). The Sultan of Turkey did not
recognise this Union until 23/12/1861, when the State of Romania was formally
proclaimed.
1/2/1859, Tuesday (-31,507) Victor Herbert, cellist and conductor, was
born.
===================================================================================
27/1/1859, Thursday (-31,512) Kaiser Wilhelm II was born in
Potsdam, near Berlin. He was the son of the German Emperor and the grandson of
Queen Victoria.
21/1/1859, Friday (-31,518)
Henry Hallam, English historical writer, died (born 21/1/1859).
20/1/1859, Thursday (-31,519) Elisabeth
Arnim, German authoress, died in Berlin (born 4/4/1785 in Frankfort am Main).
17/1/1859, Monday (-31,522) Alexander Cuza was nominated as Prince of
Moldavia by the Assembly at Jassy. See 5/2/1859.
11/1/1859, Tuesday (-31,528) George Curzon, English statesman, was
born.
9/1/1859, Sunday (-31,530)
Carrie Chapman, suffragette, was born.
1/1/1859, Saturday (-31,538)
====================================================================================
25/12/1858, Saturday (-31,545) James Gadsden, US diplomat, died (born
15/5/1788).
23/12/1858, Serbian Prince Alesandr Karageorgevic was deposed,
aged 52, after a weak 16-year reign. He was succeeded by 79-year-old Milos Obrenovoc,
who had been deposed in 1839, amd now ruled until his death in 1860.
22/12/1858, Wednesday (-31,548) Composer
Puccini was born in Lucca, Italy.
20/12/1858, Monday (-31,550)
17/12/1858, Friday (-31,553) The
Geologists Association, London was formed. The newly constructed railway
cuttings and tunnels had stimulated the science.
16/12/1858, Thursday (-31,554) (Medical)
Physician Richard Bright died in London, England.
9/12/1858, Thursday (-31,561) (Canada)
Robert Baldwin, Canadian statesman, died; born in York (now Toronto), 12/5/1804.
3/12/1858, Friday (-31,567) Joseph Durocher, French geologist, died
(born 31/5/1817).
====================================================================================
25/11/1858, Thursday (-31,575)
Alfred Capus, French author, was born.
24/11/1858, Wednesday (-31,576) (Railways-social,
Britain)
A legal case in Dorset caused the UK
Parliament to standardise time to GMT across the country. A judge in a land
case in Dorset ruled against a man who had failed to turn up for a 10.00 am
case, at 10.06. Two minutes later he turned up and claimed he was on time, by
the station clock of his home town, Carlisle in Cumbria. At that time all towns
set their clocks by their own, local, noon, meaning accurate rail timetables
were problematic. By 1850 the rail companies all used London time, adding to
confusion as provincial clocks often had two minute hands, one for local time,
one for London time. The case was re-tried, and in 1880 Parliament ordered the
entire country to keep Greenwich Mean Time.
23/11/1858, Tuesday (-31,577)
The General Medical Council held its first meeting in London.
16/11/1858, Tuesday (-31,584)
11/11/1858, Thursday (-31,589) Alessandro Moreschi, last castrato
singer, died.
9/11/1858, Tuesday (-31,591) The
New York Symphony Orchestra gave its first concert.
8/11/1858, Monday (-31,592) (Mathematics)
George Peacock, mathematician, died in Ely, England
4/11/1858, Thursday (-31,596) Francis Benson, English actor, was born
in Tunbridge Wells.
1/11/1858, Monday (-31,599)
Queen Victoria was proclaimed ruler of India. The East India Company, formed in 1600 to exploit trade with the East,
but accused of imperial abuse from the early 1700s, was abolished and
administration of India was transferred to the British crown. Misconduct by the
East India Company had been partially curbed by the Regulating Act (1773) and
Pitt�s India Act (1784). The Indian
Mutiny broke the Company�s power, British influence being totally regained with
the conquest of Lucknow in March 1858.
====================================================================================
27/10/1858, Wednesday (-31,604) Theodore Roosevelt, American
Republican and 26th President, was born in New York City, the son of
a port officer. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the
Russo-Japanese war.
13/10/1858, Wednesday (-31,618) John
Brown, Scottish religious writer, died (born 12/7/1784).
12/10/1858, Tuesday (-31,619)
Painter Ando Hiroshige died in Edo, Japan, aged 61.
7/10/1858, Thursday (-31,624) Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia was
certified insane, and his brother, 61-year-old Wilhelm, was made Regent.
====================================================================================
24/9/1858, Friday (-31,637) Allan Steel, cricketer, was born (died
15/6/1914).
16/9/1858, Thursday (-31,645)
Andrew Bonar Law, UK Prime Minister, was born.
12/9/1858, Sunday (-31,649) Fernand Khnopff, Belgian painter, was born.
9/9/1958, Thursday (-31,652) Walter George, athlete, was born (died
4/6/1943).
1/9/1858, Wednesday (-31,660) (Chemistry)
Karl Auer, later Baron von Welsbach, was born in Vienna, Austria. In 1885 he
discovered that what was thought to be one chemical element was in fact two. He
named these neodymium (�new twin) and praseodymium (�green twin�) for the
colour of its spectrum.
===================================================================================
31/8/1858, Tuesday (-31,661) (Vietnam)
French forces under Admiral Rigault de Genouilly attacked the Vietnamese city
of Tourane, to use it as a military base. The city fell to the French on
2/9/1858.
14/8/1858, Saturday (-31,678) George Combe, Scottish phrenologist, died
(born 21/10/1788)
11/8/1858, Wednesday (-31,681)
The summit of the Eiger, in the Swiss Alps, was reached for the first time, by
Charles Barrington of Bray, Ireland.
7/8/1858, Saturday (-31,685) (Canada)
Ottawa was selected as capital of Canada.
5/8/1858, Thursday (-31,687)
The first transatlantic cable was completed, by Sir Charles Tilston Bright
(1832 � 1888), and opened by Queen Victoria and President Buchanan. See
7/9/1866.
4/8/1858, Wednesday (-31,688) Liberal
forces in Mexico, outgunned by the Conservatives who were supported by the
church and the wealthy, established a capital at the Mexican port of Vera Cruz.
The US Government favoured the Liberal faction.
3/8/1858, Tuesday (-31,689) John
Speke, 31, English explorer, discovered Lake Victoria, source of the Nile.
2/8/1858, Monday (-31,690) (1) The Government of India
transferred the East India Company to the British Government.
(2) British Columbia was constituted a British Colony; it
became part of the Dominion of Canada in 1871.
(3) Under the Medical Act, UK
doctors were now required to be registered.
===================================================================================
31/7/1858, Saturday
(-31,692)
30/7/1858, Friday
(-31,693) Charles Bambridge, English footballer, was born (died 8/11/1935).
29/7/1858, Thursday
(-31,694) The Treaty of Edo was signed between Japan and the USA. This
extended US trading rights gained under the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) and
further opened up Japan to Western influence.
28/7/1858. Wednesday (-31,695)
The first use of fingerprinting.
William Herschel, a British civil servant in India, took the entire palm print
of a Bengali hired to surface roads, to ensure that he did not back out of the
contract.
23/7/1858, Friday (-31,700)
In Britain, the Oath of Allegiance was modified so as to allow Jews to sit in
Parliament.
21/7/1858, Wednesday (-31,702) Maria Christina, Queen-Regent of Spain,
widow of Alphonso XII and mother of Alphonso XIII, was born.
14/7/1858, Wednesday (-31,709)
The suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst
was born in Manchester, as Emmeline Goulden.
13/7/1858, Tuesday (-31,710) US
anthropologist Robert Culin was born in Philadelphia (died 8/4/1929)
12/7/1858, Monday (-31,711)
10/7/1858, Saturday (-31,713) (France,
Italy)
Napoleon III of France secretly met Count Cavour at Plombieres. The two agreed
to jointly attack Austria.
9/7/1858, Friday (-31,714)
Framz Boaz, anthropologist, was born,
7/7/1858, Wednesday (-31,716) (Communications)
Work began on laying the first transatlantic cable.
2/7/1858. Friday (-31,721) Czar
Alexander II of Russia ordered all serfs working on imperial land to be freed.
1/7/1858. Thursday (-31,722)
Charles Darwin first presented his
theory of evolution, to the Linnean Society.
====================================================================================
29/6/1858, Tuesday (-31,724) The Treaty of Tientsin ended the
Anglo-Chinese War. China agreed to open up more ports to trade.
24/6/1858, Thursday (-31,729) Jean Laguerre, French politician, was
born.
19/6/1858, Saturday (-31,734) George
Alexander, English actor, was born in Reading.
18/6/1858, Friday (-31,735) Charles Darwin received a
letter from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had formulated a theory of evolution
through survival of the fittest. This was close to Darwin�s ideas in his as yet
unpublished Origin of the Species.
17/6/1858, Thursday (-31,736)
16/6/1858, Wednesday (-31,737)
(1) In a speech at Springfield, Illinois, US Senate
candidate Abraham Lincoln said
the slavery issue had to be
addressed. He declared �a house divided against itself cannot stand�.
(2) Gustav V, King of Sweden from 1907 to 1950, was born
the son of Oscar II.
15/6/1858, Tuesday (-31,738) Christians were massacred in
Jeddah.
12/6/1858, Saturday (-31,241) Sir Henry Johnston, British colonial
administrator, was born.
10/6/1858, Thursday (-31,243) (Biology)
Robert Brown, botanist, died (born 21/12/1773)
3/6/1858, Thursday (-31,750) Edward Moxon, British poet, died.
2/6/1858, Wednesday (-31,751) G B Donati, Italian astronomer,
discovered the comet now named after him.
=====================================================================================
28/5/1858, Friday (-31,756) Russia acquired from China the territory on the left
(north) bank of the middle and upper River Amur, along with the territory on
both sides of the lower Amur. This was under the Treaty of Aigun.
17/5/1858, Monday
(-31,767) Ebenezer Henderson, Scottish religious writer, died (born
17/11/1784).
11/5/1858, Tuesday (-31,773) Minnesota became the 32nd
state of the USA.
4/5/1858, Tuesday (-31,780) Aime
Bonpland, botanist, died (born in La Rochelle 22/8/1773).
3/5/1858, Monday (-31,781) Julien Brizeux, poet, died
(born 12/9/1803)
====================================================================================
28/4/1858, Wednesday (-31,786) Johannes Muller, German anatomist, died.
24/4/1858, Saturday (-31,790) William Gregory, chemistry writer, died
(born 25/12/1803).
17/4/1858, Saturday (-31,797) James
Dunfermline, British statesman, died (born 7/11/1776).
16/4/1858, Friday (-31,798) Johann
Cramer, English composer, died (born 24/2/1771).
10/4/1858, Saturday (-31,804) Big Ben, the bell inside the famous
Westminster clock, was cast in Whitechapel, London. The bell, weighing 13 �
tons, was named after Sir Benjamin Hall, Commissioner for Works, who was a
large tall man nicknamed �Big Ben�.
7/4/1858, Wednesday (-31,807)
Davis Dewey, US economics writer, was born.
6/4/1858, Tuesday (-31,808)
Charles Bennett, US scholarly writer, was born in Providence, Rhode Island.
4/4/1858, Sunday (-31,810) Easter Sunday
=====================================================================================
31/3/1858, Wednesday (-31,814)
China gave in to British and French demands for trade concessions.
20/3/1858, Saturday (-31,825) Johannes Gossner, German preacher and
philanthropist, died (born 14/12/1773).
18/3/1858, Thursday (-31,827) Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine, was born in Paris.
16/3/1858, Tuesday (-31,829) Christian Nees von Esenbeck, botanical
writer, died (born 14/2/1776).
13/3/1858, Saturday (-31,832) Felice Orsini, Italian
revolutionary, was executed for his part in the assassination attempt on
Napoleon III in Paris.
11/3/1858, Thursday (-31,834) (India)
William Hodson, British cavalry leader, was killed during the attack on Begum
Kotee, Lucknow.
===================================================================================
21/2/1858. Sunday (-31,852) (1) The first electric burglar alarm was
installed by Edwin T Holmes of Boston Massachusetts.
(2) Corinth, Greece, was destroyed by an earthquake.
16/2/1858, Tuesday (-31,857) Georg Creuzer, German historical writer, died
(born 10/3/1771).
14/2/1858, Sunday (-31,859) Carl Marr, US artist, was born.
11/2/1858. Thursday (-31,862) At Lourdes, a 14 year old peasant girl, Bernadette Soubirous, claimed
to have seen a vision of a lady surrounded by light in a grotto.
1/2/1858, Monday (-31,872) (Aviation)
Englishman William Dean made the first balloon ascent in Australia, flying for
seven miles over Melbourne.
===================================================================================
31/1/1858, Sunday (-31,873) The
liner Great Eastern, 692 feet long,
with five funnels, built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and John Scott Russell, was
launched at Millwall Docks, London, three months behind schedule.
30/1/1858, Saturday (-31,874)
The Halle Opera in Manchester, England, gave its
first public concert.
28/1/1858, Thursday (-31,876) Herbert Adams, US sculptor (died 21/5/.1945)
was born.
25/1/1858, Monday (-31,879) �The
Wedding March�, by Felix Mendelssohn, became popular at weddings after it was
played at the marriage of Queen Victoria�s daughter, Victoria, to Friedrich of
Prussia.
24/1/1858, Sunday (-31,880)
Constance Naden, English author, was born (died 23/12/1889).
23/1/1858, Saturday (-31,881) Luigi
Lablache, French-Italian singer, died (born 6/12/1794).
22/1/1858, Friday (-31,882) Beatrice Webb, founder member
of the Fabian Society, was born.
19/1/1858, Tuesday (-31,885) Eugene Brieux, French dramatist, was born.
14/1/1858, Thursday (-31,890)
An Italian assassin threw a bomb at French Emperor Napoleon III and Empress
Eugenie as they drove to the Paris Opera. The bomb, thrown by Felici Orsini,
missed its target but killed eight bystanders and injured 100. Orsini planned
the attack in London, causing anti-British sentiment in France. Napoleon III,
now convinced of the magnitude of nationalist sentiment in Italy, invited Count
Cavour to the spa town of Plombieres in the Vosges Mountains where the Plombieres Agreement of July 1858 was
worked out. This Agreement provided that Piedmont would provide 100,000 men
along with 200,000 French to fight Austria. After victory against Austria,
three kingdoms would be set up in Italy. Northern Italy would include Lombardy,
Romagna, Sardinia and Venetia. Central Italy would include Tuscany and the Duchy
of Parma; the Papal lands however would continue under the rule of the Pope.
Thirdly, southern Italy, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, would be ruled by
Luciano Murat, if its current ruler, Ferdinand II, abdicated. A secret
agreement of 24/1/1859 between France and Piedmont provided that both would
respect the sovereignty of the Pope.
12/1/1858, Tuesday (-31,892) Robert Crewe, English statesman, was born.
5/1/1858, Tuesday (-31,899) Joseph Radedtsky, Austrian
Field-Marshal and national hero, died in Milan aged 91.
1/1/1858, Friday (-31,903) (Britain) John
Britton, English antiquary died (born 7/7/1771).
====================================================================================
6/12/1857, Sunday (-31,929)
3/12/1857, Thursday (-31,932) Joseph Conrad, writer, was born.
=====================================================================================
30/11/1857, Monday (-31,935) Bobby Abel, cricketer, was born (died
10/12/1936).
26/11/1857, Thursday (-31,939) The
Legislative Assembly in Victoria, Australia, proclaimed universal� male suffrage, the first in Australia.
25/11/1857, Wednesday (-31,940) (Race
Equality) Anti-slavery campaigner James Birney died in Perth Amboy, New
Jersey (born in Danville, Kentucky 4/2/1792).
24/11/1857, Tuesday (-31,941) (India) Sir Henry Havelock, British soldier,
died in India.
22/11/1857, Sunday (-31,943) George Gissing, English novelist, was born
(died 28/12/1903).
19/11/1857, Thursday (-31,946) Albert Harkness, US scholarly writer, was
born.
2/11/1857, Monday (-31,963) Paul Hervieu, French novelist, was born,
====================================================================================
28/10/1857, Wednesday (-31,968) Louis Cavaignac, French General, died
(born 15/10/1802)
24/10/1857, Saturday (-31,972) A group of Cambridge University Old
Boys formed the first Football Club, in Sheffield.
10/10/1857, Saturday (-31,986) Thomas Crawford, US sculptor, died (born
22/3/1814).
7/10/1857, Wednesday (-31,989) Louis McLane, US politician, died (born
28/5/1786).
====================================================================================
25/9/1857, Friday (-32,001) The British lifted the siege of Lucknow, ending the Indian Mutiny.
22/9/1857, Tuesday (-32,004) Daniele Manin, Venetian statesman, died (born
13/5/1804).
20/9/1857, Sunday (-32,006) The British recaptured Delhi from
Indian mutineers.
17/9/1857, Thursday (-32,009) (Space
Exploration) Russian physicist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was born in
Izhevsk. In 1985 he proposed the use of liquid-fuelled rockets to propel
vehicles into space.
16/9/1857, Wednesday (-32,010) The tune Jingle Bells by James Pierpoint was copyrighted under its original
title One Horse Open Sleigh. In 1965
it became the first song to be broadcast from space.
15/9/1857, Tuesday (-32,011) William
Howard Taft, American Republican and 27th President, was born in
Cincinnati.
13/9/1857, Sunday (-32,013)
Birth of William Snaveley Hershey, US chocolate manufacturer who built the
world�s largest chocolate factory. He also established the Hershey Foundation,
to promote education.
11/9/1858, Friday (-32,015) The Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah. 135
migrants on the Fancher wagon train were ambushed, and nearly all killed, by
Pahute Indians; however the Indians were acting under instructions from the
Mormon leader, Brigham Young.
8/9/1857, Tuesday (-32,018) Jean Boissonade, French scholarly writer, died
(born in Paris 12/8/1774).
6/9/1857, Sunday (-32,020) (Science)
Johann Salomo Schweigger, physicist, died in Halle, Germany
5/9/1857, Saturday (-32,021) Auguste
Comte, French philosopher and sociologist, founder of Positivism, died.
===================================================================================
30/8/1857, Sunday (-32,027) The first railway in Argentina opened, Parque
to Floresta.
27/8/1857, Thursday (-32,030) Rufus Griswold, US writer, died (born
15/2/1815).
19/8/1857, Wednesday (-32,038)
Edgar D�Abernon, British diplomat, was born.
18/8/1857, Tuesday (-32,039) Work
began on the 7.5 mile Mont Cenis rail tunnel under the Alps, linking France and
Italy.
12/8/1857, Wednesday (-32,045) Sir John Coode, geologist, died (born
7/6/1787)
10/8/1857, Monday (-32,047) John Croker, British author, died (born
20/12/1780).
5/8/1857, Wednesday (-32,052) Charles Blomfield, English cleric, died
(born in Bury St Edmunds 29/5/1786).
===================================================================================
29/7/1857, Wednesday (-32,059) Thomas Dick, Scottish writer on
astronomy, died (born 24/11/1774).
25/7/1857, Saturday (-32,063) Nathaniel Goodwin, US actor, was born.
17/7/1857, Friday (-32,071) In
Spain, education for all children aged from 6 to 9 became compulsory.
16/7/1857, Thursday (-32,072) Pierre
Beranger, French songwriter, died (born in Paris 19/8/1780).
15/7/1857, Wednesday (-32,073) Karl
Czerny, Austrian composer, died (born 21/2/1791).
11/7/1857, Saturday (-32,077) Alfred Binet, psychologist who invented the
IQ test, was born.
9/7/1857, Thursday (-32,079) Robert Blum, US artist, was born in Cincinnatti,
Ohio, (died in New York City 8/6/1903).
4/7/1857, Saturday (-32,084) Sir Henry Lawrence, British colonial
administrator in India, died (born 28/6/1806).
2/7/1857, Thursday (-32,086) The siege of Lucknow began.
===================================================================================
26/6/1857, Friday (-32,092) The first investiture ceremony of
Victoria Crosses took place, in Hyde Park. 67 servicemen were awarded.
8/6/1857, Monday (-32,110) Douglas Jerrold, English writer, died (born
3/1/1803).
4/6/1857, Thursday (-32,114) In the Indian Mutiny, the British
garrison of Kanpur (Cawnpore) in
Uttar Pradesh, northern India, came under siege by Indian rebels against
British rule. After a three-week siege the British, under Sir Hugh Wheeler,
were promised safe passage to Allahabad, on thatched barges. However as they
departed the barges were fired upon, and set ablaze. The survivors were
transferred to a house called the Bibighar, where they were massacred on
15/7/1857 by Indian rebels. 197 died.
2/6/1857, Tuesday (-32,116) Sir Edward Elgar, British composer,
was born in Broadheath, near Worcester, the son of a music seller and organist.
==================================================================================
31/5/1857, Sunday (-32,118) Pope Pius XI was born.
30/5/1857, Saturday (-31,119)
Anti-British mutiny at Oudh, India.
28/5/1857, Thursday (-32,121) Jean Hyde de Neuville, French politician,
died (born 24/1/1776).
24/5/1857, Sunday (-32,125) Richard
Mansfield, US actor, was born (died 30/8/1907).
23/5/1857, Saturday (-32,126) Augustin
Cauchy, mathematician, died (born 21/8/1789)
12/5/1857, Tuesday (-32,137) The New York Infirmary for Women and
Children opened in New York.
10/5/1857. Sunday (-32,139)
Outbreak of the Indian (Sepoy) Mutiny in Meerat. On 6/5/1857, 85 men of the 90-strong
3rd Cavalry Regiment in Meerut had refused to bite off the greased
and of the new cartridges for Lee Enfield rifles, which they claimed contained
both pig and cow fat, so offending both Muslims and Hindus. The British had 24 hours warning of the
mutiny but refused to take the threat seriously. The Indian mutineers
seized Delhi on 11/5/1857.
2/5/1857, Saturday (-32,147) French inventor Felix du
Temple patented designs for an aircraft with a retractable undercarriage.
1/5/1857, Friday
(-32,148) (Nicaragua) Nicaraguan President William Walker
surrendered to the US Navy. He was wanted for confiscating railway property in
Nicaragua belonging to a company owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt. Eventually he
was executed by the USA in 1860.
==================================================================================
27/4/1857, Monday (-32,152) The Longchamps
horseracing track opened in the Bois de Bolougne, Paris.
22/4/1857, Wednesday (-32,157) The Parliament in South Australia first
opened.
20/4/1857, Monday (-32,159) West African Muslim leader Al Hajj Uman besieged the French fort at
Medine, Senegal.
18/4/1857, Saturday (-32,161)
Clarence Darrow, US attorney famous for h9s part in the Scopes �Monkey Trial�,
was born.
12/4/1857, Sunday (-32,167)
Easter Sunday
11/4/1857, Saturday
(-32,168) John Davidson, British writer, was born (died 23/3/1909).
5/4/1857, Sunday
(-32,174) (Bulgaria)
Alexander of Battenberg, First Prince of Bulgaria, was born (died 23/10/1893).
1/4/1857, Wednesday
(-32,178) (Railways)
The railway from Charleston to Memphis, USA, opened.
====================================================================================
26/3/1857, Thursday
(-32,184) John Kemble, English scholarly writer, died.
23/3/1857, Monday
(-32,187) The first passenger lift was installed in a department store,
in the 5-storey building of E V Haughwout and Co on Broadway, New York. The
elevator system cost US$ 300.
21/3/1857, Saturday (-32,189) (Earthquake)
Earthquake in Japan killed 107,000.
20/3/1857, Friday (-32,190) (Geology) Ours Dufrenoy, French geologist, died
(born 5/9/1792).
16/3/1857, Monday (-32,194)
Charles Firth, British historical writer, was born.
8/3/1857, Sunday (-32,202) In
revenge for the killing of several Sioux by a White trader, a band of Sioux
under Chief Inkpaduta this day raided a newly built White settlement near
Spirit Lake, northwestern Iowa. They killed 32 people and took 4 mpore captive.
The Sioux were pursued by troops from Fort Ridgeley, Minnesota, but they failed
to catch them.
7/3/1857, Saturday (-32,203) (Medical)
Julius Wagner von Jauregg was born in Wels, Austria. In 1927 he was awarded the
Nobel prize for his treatment of some forms of paralysis using malaria
inoculation to induce the fever.
6/3/1857, Friday (-32,204) The
United States Supreme Court, in the Dredd Scott Decision, decreed seven to two
that 1) it was unconstitutional for Congress to outlaw slavery in the United
States, and 2) that no slave could claim US citizenship. Dredd Scott was a
slave owned by Elizabeth Blow of Missouri (a slave State), who was subsequently
sold to John Emerson, an army surgeon who took Scott to the free State of
Illinois, and later to Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was outlawed by the
Missouri Compromise of 1820. In 1838 Emerson took Scott back to Missouri. Scott
was in fact set free by his Abolitionist �owners�. The Dredd Scott Decision
only served to inflame the slave/Abolitionist dispute further and probably
hastened on the US Civil War.
5/3/1857, Thursday (-32,205)
4/3/1857, Wednesday (-32,206)
By the Treaty of Paris, Afghanistan�s independence was recognised by Britain
and France, and forced upon Persia.
3/3/1857, Tuesday (-32,207) Britain and France declared war on China,
using the killing of a missionary as a pretext.
=====================================================================================
28/2/1857. Saturday (-32,210) British and French troops ended
their occupation of Piraeus, which began on 26/5/1854.
24/2/1857, Tuesday (-32,214) The first shipment of perforated postage
stamps was received by the US Government.
22/2/1857, Sunday (-32,216) Robert Baden-Powell, British army officer and founder of the Boy
Scouts movement in 1908, was born in London, the son of an Oxford Professor.
18/2/1857, Wednesday (-32,220) Francis Ellesmere, English politician,
died (born 1/1/1800).
16/2/1857, Monday (-32,222) Elisha Kane, US hgeographical writer, died.
12/2/1857, Thursday (-32,226) Robert Peel, cricketer, was born (died
12/8/1941).
7/2/1857, Saturday (-32,231) Alfred Lyttelton, cricketer, was born (died
5/7/1913).
2/2/1857, Monday (-32,236) Charles Davis, US landscape painter, was
born.
=====================================================================================
24/1/1857, Saturday (-32,245) Calcutta (Kolkata) University
was founded.
23/1/1857, Friday (-32,246) (Geology)
Andrija Mohorovicic was born in Volosko, Yugoslavia. In 1909 he discovered the
boundary in the Earth�s crust 30 km down where earthquake waves change. This
Mohorovicic Discontinuity is the boundary between the crust and mantle.
11/1/1857. Sunday (-32,258) Birth of Henry Gordon Selfridge, founder of Britain�s first
large department store. Also on this day was born the champion jockey Fred
Archer.
7/1/1857, Wednesday (-32,262) The London Central Omnibus
Company began running a London bus
service. See 30/8/1860.
1/1/1857, Thursday (-32,268)
===================================================================================
28/12/1856, Sunday (-32,272)
Woodrow Wilson, American Democrat and 28th
President 1913-21, was born in Staunton, Virginia, the son of a Presbyterian
Minister.
23/12/1856, Tuesday (-32,277)
James Buchanan Duke, US industrialist, was born in Durham, North Carolina (died
10/10/1925 in New York).
22/12/1856, Monday (-32,278) Frank B Kellogg, US
politician, was born.
18/12/1856, Thursday (-32,282) Sir Joseph John Thomson,
discoverer of the electron, was born in Cheetham Hill near Manchester.� He was the son of a bookseller.
13/12/1856, Saturday (-32,287) Abbott Lowell, US educationalist writer,
was born.
8/12/1856, Monday (-32,292) (Alcohol) Theobald Mathew, Irish Temperance
preacher, died (born 10/10/1790).
1/12/1856, Monday (-32,299) First
railway in Sweden opened; Gothenburg to Jonsered and Malmo to Lund.
=====================================================================================
29/11/1856, Saturday (-32,301) (Cartography)
Frederick Beechey, English explorer and cartographer, died (born in London
17/2/1796).
23/11/1856, Sunday (-32,307) Joseph Hammer-Purgstall, German orientalist
writer, died (born 9/6/1774).
9/11/1856, Sunday (-32,321) John Clayton, US politician, died (born
24/7/1796).
4/11/1856, Tuesday (-32,326)
Ernest Crosby, US writer, was born (died 1907).
3/11/1856, Monday (-32,327)
Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo, Spanish scholarly writer, was born.
2/11/1856, Sunday (-32,328) Samuel
Hoar, US lawyer, died (born 18/5/1778)
1/11/1856, Saturday (-32,329) Britain
declared war on Persia, after Persia invaded Afghanistan to try and recover
Herat. In 1/1857 Britain seized the port of Bushehr, and Persia sued for peace in
3/1857. Britain made no demands on Persia except that it withdraw from all
Afghan territory.
=====================================================================================
31/10/1856, Friday (-32,330)
29/10/1856, Wednesday (-32,332) (Science) Paul Curie, physicist, was born.
28/10/1856, Tuesday (-32,333) First railway in Portugal opened; Lisbon to
Carregado, 39 km.
27/10/1856, Monday (-32,334)
Kenyon Cox, US painter, was born in Ohio.
24/10/1856, Friday (-32,337) Pieter
Melvill van Carnbee, Dutch cartographer of the East Indies, died (born
20/5/1816).
12/10/1856, Sunday (-32,349) Richard
Guyon, General in the Hungarian Revolutionary Army, died
9/10/1856, Thursday (-32,352) (Geology)
Charles Beecher, UA palaeontologist, was born in Dunkirk, New York (died
14/2/1904).
====================================================================================
28/9/1856, Sunday (-32,363) Franz
Movers, German religious writer, died (born 17/7/1806).
24/9/1856, Wednesday (-32,367) Henry
Hardinge, British colonial Governor-General of India, died (born 30/3/1785).
23/9/1856, Tuesday (-32,368)
William Archer, English writer, was born in Perth.
20/9/1856, Saturday (-32,371) John
Brown, Scottish writer, died (born 23/2/1817).
2/9/1856, Tuesday (-32,389)
Jeremiah Jenks, US economist, was born.
===================================================================================
27/8/1856, Wednesday (-32,395) The first Australian
parliamentary election held by secret ballot took place in Victoria, Australia.
25/8/1856, Monday (-32,397) William
Clarke, cricketer, died (born 24/12/1798)
24/8/1856, Sunday (-32,398) William
Buckland, geologist, died (born 12/3/1784)
21/8/1856, Thursday (-32,401)
19/8/1856, Tuesday (-32,403) (Chemistry)
Charles Frederic Gerhardt, chemist, died
18/8/1856, Monday (-32,404) Condensed
milk was patented.
17/8/1856, Sunday (-32,405) Constant
Prevost, French geologist, born 4/6/1787, died.
15/8/1856, Friday (-32,407) Kier Hardie, Labour leader, was born
near Holytown, Lanarkshire.� He helped
found the Labour Party.
8/8/1856, Friday (-32,414)
Thomas Guthrie, English novelist, was born.
7/8/1856, Thursday (-32,415)
The Ayr to Dalmellington railway opened to passengers.
6/8/1858, Wednesday (-32,416)
4/8/1856, Monday (-32,418)
Isaac Weld, Irish topographical writer, died (born 15/3/1774).
3/8/1856, Sunday (-32,419) London was divided into
postal districts to speed up the mail delivery.
1/8/1856, Friday (-32,421)
===================================================================================
30/7/1856, Wednesday (-32,423)
Viscount Richard Burdon Haldane (British Army) was born.
29/7/1856, Tuesday (-32,424) Robert
Schumann, German composer, died in an asylum near Bonn.
26/7/1856, Saturday (-32,427) George Bernard Shaw, playwright, was born in Dublin. A failed novelist,
he was 36 when his first play, Widower�s Houses, was performed.
12/7/1856, Saturday (-32,441) Natal was made a British colony.
10/7/1856, Thursday (-32,443)
Nikola Tesla was born.� His father,
the Reverend Milutin Tesla, was a Greek Orthodox priest, and his mother Duka
Mandic was the daughter of a priest who made handcraft tools.
9/7/1856, Wednesday (-32,444) (Science)
Amedeo Avogadro, Count of Quarenga, died in Turin, Italy
2/7/1856, Wednesday (-32,451) Thomasine Gyllembourg, Danish writer, died
(born 9/11/1773).
===================================================================================
22/6/1856, Sunday (-32,461) Henry Haggard, English novelist was born.
11/6/1856, Wednesday (-32,472) Friedrich Hagen, German scholarly
writer, died (born 19/2/1780).
====================================================================================
27/5/1856, Tuesday (-32,487) At Fort Lane, where the Oregon indigenous
Americans were supposed to formally surrender to the US Army (after attacks by
White settlers on their villages in the Red River area of Oregon through 1855,
to seize their lands), the Indians instead attacked the soldiers. The next day
(28/5) US reinforcements arrived and the Indians fled. However within a month
they had surrendered and were herded into Pacific Coast Reservations.
24/5/1856, Saturday(-32,490) (USA)
Slavery Abolitionist John Brown led a raid on pro-slavery men at Pottawaomie
Creek, Kansas.
21/5/1856, Wednesday (-32,493) The town of Lawrence, Kansas, was sacked
by a pro-slavery mob who wanted to pack the Kansas Legislature with pro-slavers,
inspired by Stephen A Douglas.
6/5/1856, Tuesday
(-32,508) (1) Sigmund Freud,
Austrian pioneer of psychoanalysis, was born in Freiburg, Moravia.
(2) Robert Peary, American Arctic explorer, was born in
Cresson Springs, Pennsylvania.
3/5/1856, Saturday (-32,511) Adolphe Adam, French composer (born
24/7/1803) died.
==================================================================================
25/4/1856, Friday (-32,519) Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, or Lewis
Carroll, met the young Alice Liddell, who was the inspiration for his Alice
books.
24/4/1856, Thursday (-32,520)
Philippe Petain, French Army Marshall, was born in Cuchy a la Tour.
23/4/1856, Wednesday (-32,521)
Arthur Hadley, US economics writer, was born.
22/4/1856, Tuesday
(-32,522) The first railway bridge to cross the Mississippi River opened
between Rock Island, Illinois and Davenport, Iowa. Boat operators on the
Mississippi mounted an unsuccessful legal challenge, claiming that the bridge
was a nuisance.
21/4/1856, Monday (-32,523) The
Adelaide to Port Adelaide railway, Australia, opened.
18/4/1856, Friday (-32,526) Aldershot Camp was publically inaugurated
by Queen Victoria.
15/4/1856, Tuesday (-32,529) Jean Moreas, French poet, was born (died
31/3/1910).
11/4/1856, Friday (-32,533) Arthur Shrewsbury, cricketer, was born
(died 19/5/1903).
6/4/1856, Sunday (-32,538) Adolphe Monod, French religious writer, died
(born 21/1/1802).
==================================================================================
30/3/1856, Sunday (-32,545) (Russia,
Finland)
The Treaty of Paris ended the Crimean War. Russia agreed to demilitarise
the Black Sea, demolishing its naval bases at Sevastopol and three other locations. It also renounced its claim
to protect the Holy Places in Palestine.�
Russia ceded a part of Bessarabia, forcing it back from the Danube River.
The Treaty also stipulated that the Aland
Islands should not be fortified, by the army or navy. This allayed British
fears over threats to its trade in the Baltic, see Russia-1854.
23/3/1856, Sunday (-32,552) Easter Sunday
20/3/1856, Thursday
(-32,555) Frederick Winslow Taylor,
the inventor of modern scientific time-management, was born.
9/3/1856, Sunday
(-32,566) (Chemistry)
Edward Goodrich Acheson was born in Washington, Pennsylvania, USA. In 1891 he
discovered a process for making carborundum (silicon carbide), a material
almost as hard as diamond.
8/3/1856, Saturday
(-32,567) Tom Roberts, painter, was born.
7/3/1856, Friday
(-32,568)
6/3/1856, Thursday
(-32,569) The Maryland Agricultural College, now University of Maryland,
received its Charter.
5/3/1856, Wednesday (-32,570) London�s Covent Garden Opera
House was destroyed by fire.
==================================================================================
27/2/1856, Wednesday (-32,577) Agnes Duclaux, English poet, was born.
24/2/1856, Sunday (-32,580) Nicolas Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician,
died (born 2/11/1793)
22/2/1856, Friday (-32,582) The Sacramento to Folsom railway,
California, 35.4 km, opened.
18/2/1856, Monday (-32,586)
Abdul Mejid, the Ottoman Sultan, issued the Hatt-i-Humayun Edict. This
guaranteed full civic rights for his Christian subjects, abolished torture and
reformed prisons. These reforms were effectively forced upon the Sultan by the
western European Allies.
17/2/1856, Sunday (-32,587) John
Braham, English vocalist, died.
15/2/1856. Friday (-32,589) Birth of Emil Kraepelin, pyschiatrist who
differentiated schizophrenia and ,manic-depressive illness.
7/2/1856, Thursday (-32,597) The Tasmanian Parliament became the first
in the world to pass legislation�
(Electoral Act 1856) providing for elections by a secret ballot.
1/2/1856, Friday (-32,603) Russia agreed to preliminary peace
conditions for ending the Crimean War.
==================================================================================
29/1/1856, Tuesday (-32,606) Queen Victoria instituted the Victoria Cross, Britain�s highest
military decoration. Awarded for conspicuous bravery or great devotion to duty.
The award was backdated to 1854 to cover the Crimean War; on 26/6/1856 62 men were given the Victoria Cross for
deeds during this war. The VC has been awarded 1,354 times since then, to 2002,
but has only been given posthumously since 1920. It has been awarded only 11
times since 1945, the last 2 being in the Falklands War of 1982. The medal is
made of metal from Russian guns captured in the Crimean War.
22/1/1856, Tuesday (-32,613) Walter Gay, US artist, was born.
12/1/1856, Saturday (-32,623) Henry Goulburn, English statesman, died
(born 19/3/1784).
4/1/1856, Friday (-32,631) Pierre David, sculptor, died (born
12/3/1789)
1/1/1856, Tuesday (-32,634)
===================================================================================
31/12/1855, Monday (-32.635) Karl Hermann, German scholarly writer, died
(born 4/8/1804).
26/12/1855, Wednesday (-32,640) August Follen, German poet, died (born
21/1/1794).
20/12/1855, Thursday (-32,646) Thomas Cubitt, English builder, died
(born 25/2/1788).
15/12/1855, Saturday (-32,651) Maurice Bouchor, French poet, was born in
Paris.
==================================================================================
23/11/1855, Friday (-32,673) Mexico enacted the Ley (Law) Juarez,
removing the privelige of clergy to be tried solely by ecclesiastical courts,
and a similar privelige enjoyed by the military was also removed. The clergy
protested, and s9okme church property was confiscated by thye State; this
confiscation was subsequently partially reversed.
17/11/1855, Saturday (-32,679) The
Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovered, on the River Zambezi, a large
waterfall. He called it the Victoria Falls.
16/11/1855, Friday (-32,680)
Josef Lauff, German poet, was born.
11/11/1855, Sunday (-32,685) Earthquake hit Edo (now Tokyo), Japan. 6,700
were killed.
==================================================================================
30/10/1855, Tuesday (-32,697) Lord Desborough, Olympics administrator,
was born (died 9/1/1945).
22/10/1855, Monday (-32,705) Sir William Molesworth, English politician,
died.
17/10/1855, Wednesday
(-32,710) Henry Bessemer
patented a steel-making process.
5/10/1855, Friday (-32,722) Sir Thomas Mitchell, Scottish
explorer of Australia, died (born 16/7/1792).
1/10/1855, Monday (-32,726) (Africa)
Edward Flegel, German explorer of Africa, was born (died 11/9/1886)
===================================================================================
28/9/1855, Friday (-32,729)
George Brush, US painter, was born.
26/9/1855, Wednesday (-32,731) (Railways)
The first railway in New South Wales opened, Sydney to Parramatta.
24/9/1855, Monday (-32,733) General Carrera, provisional
President of Mexico, proved too centralist and was replaced by Alvarez.
18/9/1855, Tuesday (-32,739) Robert Horton, British
divine, was born.
13/9/1855, Thursday (-32,744) Johann
Engelhardt, German religious writer, died (born 12/11/1791).
11/9/1855, Tuesday
(-32,746) During the Crimean War, the Russian Black Sea
port of Sevastopol fell to
Anglo-French forces after an 11 month siege. The Russians demolished the fort
as they abandoned it. However the Allies were unable to occupy the port
facilities before winter set in and British troops faced a second winter in the
Crimea.
3/9/1855, Monday (-32,754) (London)
The last Bartholomews fair was held in London. It was first held on 24/8/1133.
It grew to be a huge national market, the main centre for cloth sales in
England. However by the 1850s it had become a magnet for thieves and muggers,
and the event was disapproved of by the upper classes in London.
====================================================================================
29/8/1855, Wednesday (-32,759) An accident on the Camden and Amboy
Railway near Burlington, New Jersey, USA, killed 21 and injured 75.
18/8/1855, Saturday (-32,770) Abbott Lawrence, US statesman, died (born
16/12/1792).
16/8/1855, Thursday (-32,772) Battle of Chermaia, in the Crimean War; the
Russians were defeated by a combined force of British troops and Piedmontese
soldiers sent by Count Cavour of Savoy.
11/8/1854, Saturday (-32,777) Macedonio Melloni, Italian physicist, died (born
11/4/1798).
3/8/1855, Friday (-32,785) Henry Bunner, US writer, was born (died
11/5/1896).
======================================================================================
30/7/1855, Monday (-32,789) Georg Wilhelm von Seimens, German
industrialist, was born.
21/7/1855, Saturday (-32,798) Daniel Atterbom, Swedish poet, died.
8/7/1855, Sunday (-32,811) Sir
William Edward Parry, British explorer of the Arctic, was born.
7/7/1855, Saturday (-32,812) (Earthquake)
Earthquake in northern Persia killed 40,000 people.
4/7/1855. Wednesday (-32,815) New York became the 13th
state to ban the production or sale of alcoholic beverages.
1/7/1855, Sunday (-32,818) A labourer�s wage was 3s 9d a
week.� More skilled workers such as
bricklayers, carpenters, and masons earned 6s 8d a week, and engineers got 7s
6d a week.� 2lb (0.9 kg) bread cost 4d,
as did 2 to 4 pints of beer (depending on quality).
===================================================================================
30/6/1855, Saturday (-32,819) In
Britain, the Newspaper Stamp Tax was abolished.
29/6/1855, Friday (-32,820) The
Daily Telegraph was first published, in London.�
The first editor was Alfred Bate Richards.
28/6/1855, Thursday (-32,821)
Lord Raglan, British Army officer and commander of the expeditionary force
in the Crimea, died.
24/6/1855, Sunday (-32,825) Johann Flugel, German writer, died (born
22/11/1788).
11/6/1855, Monday (-32,838) The last market for live animals was held
at Smithfield, London. Thereafter live animals were traded further north, at
Copenhagen Fields. Central London Meat Market (Smithfield) was begun in 1862
and opened for meat trading in 1868.
2/6/1855, Saturday (-32,847) Thomas Gaisford, English scholarly writer, died
(born 22/12/1779).
=====================================================================================
30/5/1855, Wednesday (-42,850) Marshall Brooks, athletics (high jump)
was born (died 5/1/1944).
=====================================================================================
30/4/1855, Monday (-32,880) Sir Henry Bishop, composer, died (born in
London 18/11/1786).
18/4/1855, Wednesday (-32,892) (alcoholic drinks) The classification of
the wine estates of Bordeaux, according to quality of wine produced, was
agreed.
16/4/1855, Monday (-32,894) (Internat)
The Declaration of Paris was signed.
11/4/1855, Wednesday (-32,899) London�s first six �pillar boxes�
were installed, and were painted green.
8/4/1855, Sunday (-32,902)
Easter Sunday
2/4/1855, Monday
(-32,908) George Greenough, English geologist, died (born 18/1/1778).
1/4/1855, Sunday
(-32,909) Fred Leslie, English actor, was born (died 7/12/1892).
====================================================================================
31/3/1855, Saturday (-32,910) Charlotte
Bronte, oldest of the three literary sisters, died during pregnancy.
30/3/1855, Friday (-32,911) Afghan leader Dost Mohammed
signed a peace treaty ending 12 years of hostility with Britain. This
agreement, the Treaty of Peshawar, was intended to thwart a Persian occupation
of Afghanistan.
26/3/1855, Monday (-32,915) Jean Lacretelle, historical writer, died (born
3/9/1766).
21/3/1855, Wednesday (-32,920) (Denmark) Trade
between the Faroe Islands and the rest of the world was opened to all. Until
this date this trade had been a monopoly, first of a merchant house in
Copenhagen, then of the Danish Government.
13/3/1855, Tuesday (-32,928) Percival Lowell, US astronomer, was
born in Boston, Massachusetts.
10/3/1855, Saturday (-32,931) (Spain)
Don Carlos, claimant to the Spanish throne, died (born 29/3/1788).
2/3/1855, Friday (-32,939) Tsar Nicholas I of Russia died
during hostilities during the Crimean War.�
His successor, Alexander was more disposed to make peace with Britain,
but negotiations broke down.
=====================================================================================
27/2/1855, Tuesday (-32,942) Jakub Schikaneder, Bohemian painter, was
born (died 15/11/1924).
23/2/1855, Friday (-32,946) (Mathematics)
Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, died in Gottingen, Germany
22/2/1855, Thursday (-32,947) 13 gold diggers were acquitted of rioting
and manslaughter in Melbourne, Australia after fighting broke out at the Eureka
gold mine. In 1854, at the Eureka Stockade, Ballarat, New South Wales, armed
gold prospectors fought with a combined military and police force; 30 gold
miners and 5 policemen died. Miners objected to an expensive licence imposed by
the Australian Government, Public opinion went behind the miners, and juries
refused to convict them, causing the Government to back down over the issue.
21/2/1855, Wednesday
(-32,948)
20/2/1855, Tuesday
(-32,949) Joseph Hume, British politician, died (born 22/1/1777).
19/2/1855, Monday (-32,950) Bread riots broke out in Liverpool.
18/2/1855, Sunday (-32,951) Jean
Jusserand, French author, was born.
11/2/1855, Sunday (-32,958) Kassa Hailu crowned as Tewodros II, Emperor
of Ethiopia.
9/2/1855, Friday (-32,960) Mysterious hoof-prints appeared in
the snow in Devon, as if a two legged creature had walked 100 miles over
fields, walls, and roof-tops. No explanation was ever found.
6/2/1855, Tuesday (-32,963) Whig/Liberal Lord Palmerston became
Prime Minister. He succeeded Lord Aberdeen, who resigned on 20/1/1855.
4/2/1855, Sunday (-32,965) Gottfried Lucke, German religious writer,
died (born 24/8/1791).
1/2/1855, Thursday (-32,968) Claus Harms, German religious writer, died
(born 25/5/1778).
====================================================================================
28/1/1855, Sunday (-32,972)
The 47-mile Panama Railway, linking the
Atlantic and Pacific across the Isthmus of Panama, opened.
25/1/1855, Thursday (-32,975) Gerard de Nerval, French writer, died (born
22/5/1808).
23/1/1855, Tuesday (-32,977) Julius Hare, English religious writer, died
(born 13/9/1795).
19/1/1855, Friday (-32,981) Jean Guerin, French painter, died (born
25/3/1783).
10/1/1855, Wednesday (-32,990) Mary Mitford, English novelist, died.
5/1/1855, Friday (-32,995) King
Camp Gillette, American inventor of the safety razor, was born in Fond du Lac,
Wisconsin.
3/1/1855, Wednesday (-32,997) Janos Maljath, Hungarian historical
writer, died (born 5/10/1786).
1/1/1855, Monday (-32,999)
===================================================================================
31/12/1854, Sunday (-33,000) William Peall, billiards champion, was born
(died 6/6/1952).
23/12/1854, Saturday (-33,008) Earthquake
in Shikoku, Japan, 3,000 killed.
22/12/1854, Friday (-33,009)
Benedict Fogelberg, Swedish sculptor, died (born 8/8/1786).
14/12/1854, Thursday (-33,017) Leonard Faucher, French political writer,
died (born 8/9/1803).
9/12/1854, Saturday (-33,022) Joao
Garrett, Portuguese poet, died (born 1799).
8/12/1854. Friday (-33,023) Pope
Pius IX settled an ancient controversy by declaring that Christ�s mother, Mary,
was free of all sin the moment she was born.
5/12/1854, Tuesday (-33,026)
3/12/1854, Sunday (-33,028) The
Eureka Stockade incident. 150 gold miners, or �diggers�, resisted the military
behind a wooden stockade. See 22//2/1855.
2/12/1854, Saturday (-33,029) Austria
formed a strategic alliance with Britain and France.
====================================================================================
30/11/1854, Thursday (-33,031) The Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps
obtained, from the Egyptian ruler Said Pasha, a 99-year concession to build a
canal between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.
25/11/1854, Saturday (-33,036) John Kitto, English Biblical writer, died (born
4/12/1804).
18/11/1854, Saturday (-33,043) Edward Forbes, British scientific writer, died
(12/2/1815).
12/11/1854, Sunday (-33,049) Charles
Kemble, actor, died
11/11/1854, Saturday (-33,050)
Mussolini�s father, Alessandro, was born in Montemaggiore, close to Predappio.
8/11/1854, Wednesday (-33,053)
6/11/1854, Monday (-33,055) John
Philip Sousa, composer, inventor of the sousaphone (a sort of large tuba), was
born.
5/11/1854, Sunday (-33,056) The
combined English and French armies defeated the Russians at the Battle of Inkerman, in the Crimean
War. British forces now spent their first winter in the Crimea, poorly
supplied. Public opinion in Britain began to turn against the war, outraged by
daily reports in The Times from war
correspondent W H Russell.
4/11/1854, Saturday (-33,057) Florence Nightingale arrived at
Scutari.
3/11/1854, Friday (-33,058) (Biology)
Jokichi Takamine was born in Takaoka, Japan. In 1901 he artificially
synthesised adrenaline.
===================================================================================
31/10/1854, Tuesday (-33,061) (Egypt) Johann
Erman, Egyptologist, was born.
27/10/1854, Friday (-33,065) Sir
William Smith, Scottish founder of the Boys Brigade movement in Glasgow in
1883, was born.
26/10/1854, Thursday (-33,066) US
entrepreneur CW Post was born.
25/10/1854, Wednesday (-33,067) Battle of Balaclava and the Charge
of the Light Brigade, led by Lord Cardigan. The Russians were attacking a
combined force of English, French, and Turks, who were themselves besieging Sevastopol. Of the 607 who rode out,
only 198 returned. In poor visibility, Lord Raglan noted that the Russians, at
the north end of a valley, were attempting to move some guns, and ordered the
Light Brigade to capture them; he was unaware of other Russian artillery along
the valley. However the British and
French won the battle in the end.
22/10/1854, Sunday (-33,070) Milan Obrenovich IV, King of Serbia, was
born.
18/10/1854, Wednesday (-33,074) (Sweden)
Salomon August Andree, Swedish engineer, was born in Grenna.
17/10/1854, Tuesday (-33,075) The
Allies (French and British) laid siege to the Russians at Sevastopol.
16/10/1854, Monday (-33,076) Oscar
Wilde, Irish author and playwright, was born in Dublin, the son of a surgeon.
15/10/1854, Sunday (-33,077)
14/10/1854, Saturday (-33,078) The
first baby show was held, at Springfield, Ohio. There were127 exhibits.
13/10/1854, Friday (-33,079)
William Mitchell, billiards champion, was born.
7/10/1854, Saturday (-33,085) (South Africa)
Christian de Wet, Boer General, was born.
====================================================================================
27/9/1854, Wednesday (-33,095)
The Lady Isabella waterwheel at Laxey, Isle of Man was completed.� It was the largest in the UK, at 72 foot 6
inches in diameter, and was once used for draining a lead mine.
26/9/1854, Tuesday (-33,096) Thomas
Denman, English Judge, died (born 23/7/1779).
20/9/1854, Wednesday (-33,102) The Allies, on the banks of the River
Alma, gained a major victory
over a 40,000 strong Russian force in the Crimean War; 2,000 British casualties
14/9/1854, Thursday (-33,108) Allied French and British troops
landed in the Crimea.
12/9/1854, Tuesday (-33,110) The Flinders Street to Port Melbourne
railway opened, the first steam railway in Australia.
1/9/1854, Friday (-33,121) (Railways)
First railway in Norway opened, Oslo (Christiania) to Eidsvoll, 70 km.
8/8/1854, Tuesday (-33, 145)
Britain and France put forward the Vienna Four Points they considered
essential for a peace settlement with Russia in the Crimean War. These were,
firstly guarantees of the independence of Serbia, secondly free passage for
vessels along the Danube, thirdly a revision of the Straits Convention, and
fourthly that Russia abandoned its claim to a protectorate over the Sultan of
Turkey�s Christian subjects. Russia rejected these terms.
7/8/1854, Monday (-33,146) Charles Dickens� tenth book,
Hard Times, was published in entirety.
4/8/1854. Friday (-33,149) Japan adopted the Hinomaru � a red sun on a
white background � as its official naval flag. The symbol dates back to the
12th century when it was displayed by trhe Samurai on their fans.
2/8/1854, Wednesday (-33,151) Francis Crawford, US author, was born
(died 9/4/1909).
====================================================================================
13/7/1854, Thursday (-33,171) (Egypt)
Abbas I, Khedive of Egypt, was murdered, aged 41. He was succeeded by his
uncle, 32-year old Said Pasha.
12/7/1854, Wednesday (-33,172)
George Eastman, USA photographic pioneer who founded Kodak, was born in
Waterville, New York State. (see 7/5/1888).
10/7/1854, Monday (-33,474)
8/7/1854, Saturday (-33,176) Johann
Gieseler, German church history writer, died (born 3/3/1792).
7/7/1854, Friday (-33,177) George
Ohm, German scientist who pioneered work on electricity, died in Munich
6/7/1854, Thursday (-33,178)
Earthquake
in Yamato, Iga, Ise, area of Japan killed 2,400.
5/7/1854, Wednesday (-33,179)
(USA)
In America, the Republican Party was officially founded.
4/7/1854, Tuesday (-33,180) Karl
Eichhorn, German legal writer, died (born 20/11/1781).
3/7/1854, Monday (-33,181) Leos
Janacek, composer, was born
1/7/1854, Saturday (-33,183) Albert Hart, US historical writer, was
born.
=====================================================================================
26/6/1854, Monday (-33,188) Robert Borden, Canadian politician, was
born in Grand Pre, Nova Scotia.
21/6/1854, Wednesday (-33,193) The first Victoria Cross was
awarded, to Charles Lucas, a 20-year-old Irishman who threw an unexploded
Russian bomb overboard, whilst on HMS Hecla at Bomarsund in the Baltic.
13/6/1854, Tuesday (-33,201) Sir
Charles Parsons, engineer who invented the steam turbine, was born in London.
12/6/1854, Monday (-33,202) (Electrical)
Charles Algernon Parsons was born in London. In 1884 he designed and installed
the first steam turbine generator for electric power.
10/6/1854, Saturday (-33,204) (London)
Queen Victoria opened the Crystal Palace on its new site in Sydenham, south
London.
====================================================================================
30/5/1854, Tuesday (-33,215) (USA)
US Congress adopted the Kansas-Nebraska Act, nullifying the Missouri
Compromise.
29/5/1854, Monday (-33,216) (Railways)
Paddington Station, London, was opened.
26/5/1854, Friday (-33,219) (1) (Greece)
Franco-British forces occupied the port of Piraeus to prevent Greece from
joining the Crimean War with
Russia against Turkey. See 28/2/1857.
(2) A Boston mob attacked a Federal courthouse in a vain
attempt to prevent the return of fugitive slave Anthony Burns. Federal troops
were called in to escort him to Boston Docks in order to return him to his
Southern owner; outraged citizens staged a silent protest along the street.
22/5/1854, Monday (+33,223) The Russian Baltic fort of Gustavfarm was
destroyed by a British fleet (Crimean War), with 1,500 Russian PoWs being
captured.
18/5/1854, Thursday (-33,227) (Railways)
The Port Elliot & Goolwa railway, South Australia, opened. Drawn by horse,
this was the first public railway in Australia, carrying goods and people.
15/5/1854, Monday (-33,230) (Railways)
The Semmering Pass railway, Austria, opened.
==================================================================================
30/4/1854, Sunday (-33,245) (Railways)
The first railway in Brazil opened.
29/4/1854, Saturday (-33,246) (Mathematics)
Jules Henri Poincare, French mathematician, was born in Nantes. In 1895 he
effectively founded the science of topology, although some of its principles
were already known.
26/4/1854, Wednesday
(-33,249) Henry Cockburn, Scottish Judge, died (born 26/10/1779).
24/4/1854, Monday
(-33,251) Elizabeth married Archduke Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria.
19/4/1854, Wednesday (-33,256) Robert
Jameson, Scottish geological writer, died (born 11/7/1774).
16/4/1854, Sunday (-33,259)
Easter Sunday
15/4/1854, Saturday (-33,260) (Chemistry)
Arthur Aikin, English chemist, died in London (born 19/5/1773 in Warrington).
13/4/1854, Thursday (-33,252) Richard Ely, US economist, was born.
===================================================================================
31/3/1854. Friday (-33,275) The USA and Japan signed the Treaty
of Kanagawa, opening up the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American
trade.
27/3/1854. Monday (-33,279)
Crimean War began; Britain and France declared war on Russia.� On 12/3/1854 the British and French formally
allied with Turkey. See 30/11/1853. The
ostensible cause of the Crimean War was a dispute between Russia, France, and
Turkey over control of the Christian Holy Places in Turkish-controlled
Palestine. The Turks refused Russia�s demands and Russia marched into the
Turkish vassal states of Wallachia and Serbia. This threatened Russian
occupation of Istanbul and hence Britain�s communications with its Indian
Empire, so Britain entered the war against Russia.
23/3/1854, Thursday (-33,283)
Alfred Milner, British colonial administrator of South Africa, was born.
20/3/1854, Monday (-33,286) (Russia,
Turkey)
Russia sent troops southwards across the Danube, threatening Ottoman Turkey.
Ultimately this posed the threat of Russia on the Mediterranean, putting
communications between Britain and India at risk, and so was unacceptable to
the UK.
15/3/1854,
Wednesday (-33,291)
Emil von Behring, bacteriologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1901 for his work
on immunisation against diphtheria, was born.
14/3/1854, Tuesday (-33,292)
Paul Erlich, bacteriologist, was born in Strehlen, Silesia (now Poland); died
20/8/1915.
12/3/1854, Sunday (-33,294) Britain
and France made an alliance with Ottoman Turkey.
==================================================================================
28/2/1854, Tuesday (-33,306) The
United States Republican Party was formed, in Ripon, Wisconsin.
27/2/1854, Monday (-33,307) Hugues
Lannenais, French political writer, died (born 19/6/1782)
22/2/1854, Wednesday (-33,312) The Chicago and Rock Island Railroad was
completed to Rock Island, Illinois.
17/2/1854, Friday (-33,317) Britain signed the Convention of
Bloemfontein, agreeing to withdraw from territory in South Africa north of the
Orange River. This left the Orange Free State for Boer settlers.
13/2/1854, Monday (-33,321) Britain�s first public school for
girls, Cheltenham Ladies College, opened.
10/2/1854, Friday (-33,324)
Giovanni Muzzioli, Italian painter, was born (died 5/8/1894).
9/2/1854, Thursday (-33,325)
Richmond Mayo-Smith, US economics writer, was born (died 11/11/1901).
6/2/1854, Monday (-33,328) Russia broke off diplomatic relations with
Britain and France.
1/2/1854, Tuesday (-33,334) New York�s Astor Libraty opened, with
80,000 books.
==================================================================================
16/1/1854, Monday (-33,349) Charles Gaudichaud, French botanist, died
(born 4/9/1789).
13/1/1854, Friday (-33,352) The accordion was patented by Anthony Faas.
9/1/1854, Monday (-33,356) Lady Randolph Churchill, mother of Winston
Churchill, was born.
8/1/1854, Sunday (-33,357) William
Beresford, British General, died in Kent (born 2/10/1768)
3/1/1854, Tuesday (-33,362) An Anglo-French squadron entered
the Black Sea, and insisted that the Russian fleet withdraw from attacking
Turkey.
1/1/1854, Sunday (-33,364)
=================================================================================
30/12/1853, Friday (-33,366) The Gadsden Purchase was agreed with
Mexico. The USA paid Mexico US$10 million, and received a tract of land south
of the Gila River. This was arranged by James Gadsden, aged 65.
27/12/1853, Tuesday (-33,369)
William Jay, religious writer, died (born 6/5/1769).
26/12/1853, Monday (-33,370) Rene
Bazin, French novelist, was born in Angers.
23/12/1853, Friday (-33,372) Giacomo Puccini, composer, was born.
21/12/1853, Wednesday (-33,375)
16/12/1853, Friday (-33,380) Santa
Anna made himself Dictator of Mexico.
15/12/1853, Thursday (-33,381) Georg
Grotefrend, German writer, died (born 9/6/1775).
13/12/1853, Tuesday (-33,383)
11/12/1853, Sunday (-33,385) John
Murphy, US landscape painter, was born.
10/12/1853, Saturday (-33,386) Tommaso
Grossi, Lombard poet and novelist, died (born 20/7/1791).
===================================================================================
30/11/1853, Wednesday (-33,396) The Russians destroyed a Turkish fleet at Sinope. On 3/1/1854 British
and French fleets entered the Black Sea to protect Ottoman Turkish coasts and
shipping. See 4/10/1853, and 23/3/1854.
16/11/1853, Wednesday (-33,410)
Henry lewis, US geologist, was born (died 21/7/1888).
15/11/1853, Tuesday (-33,411)
Maria II of Portugal died, aged 34. She was succeeded by her 16-year-old son,
Pedro V.
5/11/1853, Saturday (-33,421) Janos Garay, Hungarian poet, died (born
10/10/1812).
==================================================================================
21/10/1853, Friday (-33,436) Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm.
10/10/1853, Monday (-33,447) Pierre Fontaine, French architect, died
(born 20/9/1762).
6/10/1853, Thursday (-33,451) Simon Greanleaf, US legal writer, died
(born 5/12/1783).
4/10/1853, Tuesday (-33,453) (Russia,
Turkey)
The Russians refused to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, and Turkey declared war on Russia. On
23/10/1853 the Turks, under Omar Pasha, crossed the Danube into Wallachia. See
30/11/1853.
2/10/1853, Sunday (-33,455) (Science)
Dominique Arago, physicist, died in Paris (born 26/2/1786 in Estagel,
Perpignan)
=====================================================================================
24/9/1853,
Saturday (-33,463) Britain�s first provincial
newspaper, the Northern Daily Times, was founded in Liverpool.
23/9/1853,
Friday (-33,464) The British fleet was
ordered to Istanbul.
22/9/1853,
Thursday (-33,465)
21/9/1853,
Wednesday (-33,466) (1)
(Thailand)
Phra Paramindr Maha Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, eldest son of King Maha
Mongkut, was born (died 1910).
(2) (Chemistry)
Heike Kammerlingh was born in Groningen, Netherlands. In 1908 he liquefied
helium.
20/9/1853,
Tuesday (-33,467)
Elisha Graves Otis opened a factory in New York State for the production of the
first modern lifts.
15/9/1853,
Thursday (-33,472)
13/9/1853,
Tuesday (-33,474) (Medical)
Bacteriologist Hans Christian Joachim Gram was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. In
1884 he developed a dye that could distinguish between two classes of bacteria,
those that took up the dye and those that didn�t. The groups react differently
to antibiotics.
12/9/1853, Monday (-33,475) Charles Dickens� ninth book,
Bleak House, was published in entirety.
7/9/1853, Wednesday (-33,480) (China)
Shanghai fell to rebels as the Taiping Rebellion continued.
5/9/1853, Monday (-33,482) (Railways)
The Waterford to Tramore railway opened.
2/9/1853, Friday (-33,485) Wilhelm Ostwald, chemist, was born.
===================================================================================
29/8/1853, Monday (-33,489) Sir Charles Napier, British statesman,
died.
24/8/1853, Wednesday (-33,494) Crisps were invented by George Crum, a
chef in the Moon Lake Lodge Hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York State, when his
customers complained that his potato chips were cut too thickly. So he cut the
potatoes wafer-thin. Perople loved the new �Saratoga chips�. Crisps reached the
UK in 1913.
22/8/1853, Monday (-33,496) Karl
Karsten, German mineralogist, died (born 26/11/1782).
21/8/1853, Sunday (-33,497) Charles
Montholon, French soldier, died.
17/8/1853, Wednesday (-33,501) (Britain)
Sir Frederick Adam, British General, died (born 1781).
8/8/1853, Monday (-33,510) A Russian fleet arrived at Nagasaki on a
trading mission.
4/8/1853, Thursday (-33,514) Newspaper
advertisements duty was abolished in Britain.
===================================================================================
23/7/1853, Saturday (-33,526) The Japanese Shogun
Ieoshi died, aged 61. He was succeeded by his brother, Iesada, who agreed to
open two Japanese ports to foreign trade.
14/7/1853, Thursday
(-33,535) The first US World Fair opened in New York. The event was
modelled on London�s 1851 Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace.
8/7/1853,
Friday (-33,541) US Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Japan�s
Edo Bay (now Tokyo) with his �black ships� and demanded that the country open
up to US trade.
He backed up his demand with cannon fire. For 250 years Japan had been a feudal
state run by the Tokugawa shoguns.
5/7/1853,
Tuesday (-33,544) The colonial
administrator Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of Cape Colony 1890-96, was born at
Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, the 7th of 11 children..� His father was a vicar.
====================================================================================
29/6/1853, Wednesday (-33,550) Adrien de Jussieu,
natiuralist, died (born 23/12/1797).
22/6/1853, Wednesday (-33,557)
A Russian Army attacking Turkey, under Prince
Mikhail Gorchakov, invaded Turkey�s Danubian Principalities.
3/6/1853,
Friday (-33,576) Cesare Balbo, Italian writer,
died (born 1/11/1789 in Turin)
====================================================================================
31/5/1853,
Tuesday (-33,579) (Russia,
Turkey)
Tsar Nicholas I of Russia despatched troops to protect Christian minorities in
Ottoman-ruled Moldavia and Wallachia.
21/5/1853,
Saturday (-23,589) Jacques Cavaignac, French politician, was
born (died 25/9/1905).
14/5/1853,
Saturday (-33,596) Thomas Caine, British novelist, was born.
7/5/1853,
Saturday (-33,603) Matthias Castren, Finnish scholarly writer,
died (born 2/12/1813).
6/5/1853,
Friday (-33,604) Cortes Donoso, Spanish
author, died (born 6/5/1809).
4/5/1853, Wednesday (-33,606) Philander Knox, US
politician, was born.
======================================================================================
27/4/1853, Wednesday (-33,613) Francois Lemaitre, French
dramatist, was born.
23/4/1853, Saturday (-33,617) Jules Lemire, French social
reformer, was born.
18/4/1853,
Monday (-33,622) First railway in India
opened; Mumbai to Thana, 30 km. By 1856 rail lines linked Mumbai, Kolkata,
Madras and Nagpur.
13/4/1853,
Wednesday (-33,627) Leopold Gmelin, German
chemist, died (born 1788).
7/4/1853,
Thursday (-33,633) Queen Victoria used chloroform to help her through the
birth of her seventh child, Prince Leopold. This established chloroform as the
favoured anaesthetic in Britain.
4/4/1853,
Monday (-33,636) The customs union
signed by various German states was extended for another 12 years; Austria
remained excluded.
1/4/1853, Friday (-33,639) Manchester, UK, was constituted a city.
=====================================================================================
30/3/1853, Wednesday (-33,641)
The artist Vincemt Van Gogh
was born in the Dutch village of Groot-Zundert. He was the son of a Lutheran
pastor.
29/3/1853,
Tuesday (-33,642)
Elihu Thomson, English inventor who co-founded the General Electric Company
with Thomas Edison, was born.
27/3/1853, Sunday (-33,644) Easter Sunday
25/3/1853, Friday
(-33,646) Muzaffar ed Din, Shah of Persia from 8/6/1896, was born (died
8/1/1907).
19/3/1853, Saturday (-33,652) Taiping (Heavenly Peace) rebels in
China, a Protestant movement, challenged the ruling Manchu Ch�ing dynasty by
taking the city of Nanjing.
17/3/1853, Thursday (-33,654)
Death of Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who coined the term Doppler
effect to explain the apparent change of frequency of a wave when the source is
moving relative to the observer.
14/3/1853,
Monday (-33,657) Julius Haynau, Austrian
general, died (born 1786).
6/3/1853, Sunday (-33,665) Albert Cook, US scholarly writer, was born.
4/3/1853, Friday (-33,667) Pope Pius IX set up five new bishoprics in
The Netherlands, at Breda, Haarlem, s�Hertogenbosh and Roermond, also the
Archbishopric of Utrecht, Until then The Netherlands had had no proper Catholic
hierarchy since the Reformation, and had been classified as a �mission area�.
The imposition of this new hierarchy started the April Movement, an
anti-Catholic protest in which Catholics were harried on the streets and
dismissed from their jobs. The Netherlands Government was forced to resign and
eventually the anti-Catholic protests faded away.
====================================================================================
18/2/1853,
Friday (-33,681) (Railways)
August Belmont, US railway financier, was born in New York.
3/2/1853, Thursday (-33,696) August Kopisch, German
poet, died (born 29/5/1799).
====================================================================================
29/1/1853, Saturday (-33,701) Napoleon III of
France married Eugenie de Montijo in Paris.
26/1/1853, Wednesday
(-33,704) Sylvester Judd, US religious writer, died (born 23/7/1813).
22/1/1853, Saturday (-33,708) The University of
Melbourne, Australia, was established by Act of Incorporation.
21/1/1853, Friday (-33,709) Russell L Hawes patented the
envelope-folding machine.
19/1/1853, Wednesday
(-33,711)
17/1/1853, Monday (-33,713) Thomas Harrison, US artist,
was born.
16/1/1853,
Sunday (-33,714) Andre Michelin, founder of Michelin Tyres, was born born in Paris,
France.
1/1/1853, Saturday (-33,729)
=====================================================================================
31/12/1852, Friday (-33,730) (USA)
Henry Carter Adams, US economist, was born.
18/12/1852, Saturday (-33,743) Horatio
Greenhough, US sculptor, died (born 6/9/1805).
14/12/1852, Tuesday (-33,747) (Britain)
Charles Berry, English cleric, was born in Leigh, Lancashire (died 31/1/1899).
10/12/1852, Friday (-33,751)
Henri Gervex, French Painter, was born.
2/12/1852.
Thursday (-33,759) Louis Napoleon was
proclaimed Emperor of France as Napoleon III.�
The Second French Empire was proclaimed.
====================================================================================
23/11/1852.
Tuesday (-33,768) Britain�s first pillar box was
erected, in St Helier on Jersey.
18/11/1852, Thursday (-33,773) Funeral of Lord Wellington in St
Paul�s Cathedral
10/11/1852, Wednesday (-33,781) Gideon Mantel, English geologist, died.
4/11/1852, Thursday (-33,787)
The building of the new House of Commons, following the fire of 1834, was
completed, to the designs of Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin.
3/11/1852, Wednesday (-33,788)
Hito Mutso, Japanese Emperor� from
1/1867, was born.
2/11/1852, Tuesday (-33,789) The
Dean of Exeter Cathedral ordered that the cathedral clock be advanced 14
minutes to conform with Greenwich mean time. This was a result of the railways
spreading across Britain, and operating on a standard time. Nationwide
standardisation of time had begun when the horse-drawn Irish mail coaches began
running from London to Ireland via Chester and Holyhead; the mail coach guard
carried a watch set to Greenwich time, and was required to inform the innkeepers
along the way of the correct time. In 1830 the Manchester and Liverpool railway
operated on Greenwich Time. But there was resistance to this nationwide time in
the West Country and Wales.
1/11/1852, Monday (-33,790) Dame
Emma Albani, Canadian singer (died 3/4/1930) was born.
=====================================================================================
26/10/1852, Tuesday (-33,796) (Britain) Henry
Elkington, founder of the Birmingham electroplating industry, died.
24/10/1852, Sunday (-33,798) Henry Clinton, English scholarly writer, died
(born 14/1/1781).
22/10/1852, Friday (-33,800) Hans Gagern, German political writer, died
(born 25/1/1766).
15/10/1852, Friday (-33,807) Friedrich
Ludwig Jahn, founder of the gymnastic movement (Turnverein) in Germany, died at
Freyburg aged 74.
14/10/1852, Thursday (-33,808)
(Railways
GB) �Kings Cross Station, London, opened.� The former terminus had been � miles north,
between Copenhagen and Gasworks Tunnels, at Maiden Lane, see 7/8/1850.
13/10/1852, Wednesday (-33,809)
Birth of Lilly Langtry, actress and mistress to King Edward VII
12/10/1852, Tuesday (-33,810)
10/10/1852, The first train ran on the
Rock Island line, 70 km from Chicago to Joliet, Illinois, in 2 hours. In 2/1854
this line reached Rock Island on the Mississippi to link Chicago to this major
waterway. This railway eventually reached Minneapolis-St Paul, Galveston,
Denver, Colorado Springs, Santa Rosa and Memphis
9/10/1852, Saturday (-33,813) (Cartography) Thomas Colby, director of the
Ordnance Survey, who surveyed Ireland, died (born 1/9/1784).
6/10/1852, Wednesday (-33,816)
2/10/1852, Saturday (-33,820) Lord
Ramsay, who discovered the inert gases, was born in Glasgow.
1/10/1852, Friday (-33,821) (Railways)
The Londonderry to Newtown Limavady railway, 18 � miles, opened.
===================================================================================
30/9/1852, Thursday (-33,822)
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, was born.
28/9/1852, Tuesday (-33,824)
Henri Moussan, French chemist, was born (died 20/2/1907).
25/9/1852, Saturday (-33,827) (Aviation)
The Mechanic�s Magazine published
the plans of a heavier-than-air glider capable of carrying a person.
24/9/1852, Friday (-33,828) (Aviation)
The first airship made its maiden flight from the Hippodrome, Paris,
travelling 17 miles to Trappes at 8 mph. It was piloted by Henri Giffard.
However the craft could only travel in calm weather.
23/9/1852, Thursday (-33,829) (Medical)
Surgeon William Halstead was born in New York City. In 1890 he introduced the
practice of wearing sterilised rubber gloves during surgery.
20/9/1852, Monday (-33,832)
William Finden, English line engraver, died (born 1787).
14/9/1852, Tuesday (-33,838) (1) Lord Pugin,
co-designer of the Houses of Parliament with Sir Charles Barry, died at
Ramsgate.
(2) The Duke of Wellington, victor at Waterloo, died at Walmer
Castle, Kent, aged 83, as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.
13/9/1852, Monday (-33,839)
The Newton Stewart to Omagh railway, 9 � miles, opened.
12/9/1852, Sunday (-33,840) Herbert Henry Asquith, British Liberal
and Prime Minister, was born in Morley, Yorkshire. He introduced the Old Age
Pension.
6/9/1852, Monday (-33,846) The
first free public lending library
opened in Manchester.
4/9/1852, Saturday (-33,848) William MacGillivray,
Scottish naturalist writer, died (born 25/1/1796).
2/9/1852, Thursday (-33,850)
Paul Bourget, French novelist, was born in Amiens.
===================================================================================
5/8/1852, Thursday (-33,878)
The re-erection of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, south London.
4/8/1852, Wednesday (-33,879)
The first steamship arrived in Australia, from England.
===================================================================================
17/7/1852, Saturday (-33,897) Argentina recognised the independence of
Paraguay.
10/7/1852, Saturday (-33,904) Rene Exelmans, Marshal of France, died
(born 13/12/1775).
===================================================================================
29/6/1852, Tuesday (-33,915) Henry Clay, US politician, died (born
12/4/1777).
25/6/1852, Friday (-33,919)
Antoni Gaudi, architect, was born.
24/6/1852, Thursday (-33,920)
Viktor Adler, Austrian politician (died 12/11/1918) was born.
21/6/1852, Monday (-33,923) Friedrich Froebel, German
educationalist who founded the Kindergarten system in 1837 at Blankenberg,
died.
12/6/1852, Saturday (-33,932) Xavier de Maistre, French writer, died.
10/6/1852, Thursday (-33,934)
(Railways)
The Wellington Inn to Mullaglass railway, 6 miles, opened.
7/6/1852, Monday (-33,937) Hosea Ballou, US writer, died in Boston (born
in Richmond, New Hampshire, 30/4/1771).
4/6/1852, Friday (-33,940) Lucas Malet, English noivelist, was born.
====================================================================================
28/5/1852, Friday (-33,947) Eugene Burnouf, French writer on the
Orient, died (born 8/4/1801).
3/5/1852, Monday (-33.972) (Railways)
The Tipperary to Clonmel railway, 24 � miles, opened.
1/5/1852, Saturday (-33,974) Calamity Jane, Wild West performer, was
born.
==================================================================================
20/4/1852, Tuesday (-33,985) Bela Edwards, US writer, died (born
4.7.1802).
17/4/1852, Saturday (-33,988) Etienne Gerard, French General, died (born
4/4/1773).
14/4/1852, Wednesday (-33,991) (India) British and Indian forces captured Rangoon.
13/4/1852, Tuesday (-33,992) Frank
Winfield Woolworth, the American
chain store pioneer, was born in
Rodman, Jefferson County, New York State.
12/4/1852, Monday (-33,993) (Mathematics)
Ferdinand Lindemann was born in Hannover, Germany. In 1882 he proved that Pi is
a transcendental number.
11/4/1852, Sunday (-33,994) Easter
Sunday. (India)
The British began bombarding Rangoon, starting the Second Burman War.
5/4/1852, Monday (-34,000) John Keate, who restored discipline and
order at Eton School, died
1/4/1852, Thursday (-34,004) (Arts)
Edwin Austin Abbey, US painter, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
===================================================================================
30/3/1852, Tuesday (-34,006) (Africa)
James Bent, explorer of Africa, was born near Leeds (died in London 5/5/1897).
22/3/1852, Monday (-34,014) Auguste Marmont, Marshal of France, died (born
20/7/1774).
6/3/1852, Saturday (-34,030) Joseph
Deniker, French scientific writer, was born.
5/3/1852, Friday (-34,031) Marie
Gay, French author, died (born 1/7/1776).
1/3/1852, Monday (-34,035) Theophile Delcasse, French statesman, was
born.
===================================================================================
25/2/1852, Wednesday (-34,040) Thomas Moore, Irish poet, died (born
28/5/1779).
21/2/1852, Saturday (-34,044) Nikolia
Gogol, Russian story writer and novelist, died in Moscow.
20/2/1852, Friday
(-34,045) The first through train from the eastern USA reached Chicago on
the Chicago Southeastern Railway. The railway helped make Chicago into a major
grain and meat packing centre.
16/2/1852, Monday (-34,049) Charles Taze Russell, American who organised the start of
modern-day Jehovah�s Witnesses,
was born in Pittsburgh.
14/2/1852, Saturday (-34,051) London�s famous children�s hospital,
in Great Ormond Street, opened. The first patient admitted was Eliza Armstrong.
11/2/1852, Wednesday (-34,054) The first flushing public toilet for women opened in Fleet Street,
London. The cost was 2d. See 2/2/1852.
9/2/1852, Monday (-34,056)
The Strabane to Newton Stewart railway, 9 � miles, opened.
5/2/1852, Thursday (-34,060) Arnail Jaucourt, French politician, died
(born 14/11/1757).
3/2/1852, Tuesday (-34, 062)
Argentina abandoned plans to annex Uruguay after De Rosas, Argentine dictator, was
defeated by a force of Brazilians and Uruguayans at the Battle of Caseros. De Rosas fled to Britain.
2/2/1852, Monday (-34,063) (1)
The first public convenience for men opened in Fleet Street, London. See
11/2/1852.
(2) The second Woodhead railway tunnel, between Sheffield and Manchester,
opened.� See 22/12/1845, 3/6/1954.
==================================================================================
29/1/1852, Thursday (-34,067) Frederic Cowen, English composer, was
born.
26/1/1852, Monday (-34,070) (Africa)
Pierre Paul Brazza, French explorer of Africa and founder of the French Congo
(Brazzaville), was born (died 4/9/1905).
19/1/1852, Monday (-34,077) Robert Adamson, Scottish philosopher (died 5/2/1902)
was born.
17/1/1852, Saturday (-34,079)
Britain recognised the independence of the Transvaal Boers.
12/1/1852, Monday (-34,084) Joseph Joffre, French Army Marshall
and Commander in Chief on the Western Front, was born in Rivesaltes.
6/1/1852, Tuesday (-34,090) (1) The railway from Portadown to Mullaglass, 16
� miles, opened.
(2) Louis Braille, who invented the raised-dot system of writing used
by the blind, died.
1/1/1852, Thursday (-34,095)
==================================================================================
31/12/1851, Wednesday (-34,096) Richard Marsh, horse racing champion,
was born (died 20/5/1933).
28/12/1851, Sunday (-34,099) (USA) Perry
Belmont, US politician, was born in New York.
25/12/1851, Thursday (-34,102) (Railways)
First railway in Chile opened. It ran from the port of Caldera to Copiapo, 80.5
km.
24/12/1851, Wednesday (-34,103)
Large fire at the Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA. 35,000 books were
destroyed, including most of Thomas Jefferson;�s personal collection, acquired
in 1815.
19/12/1851, Friday (-34,108) Painter Joseph Turner died in his
house in Chelsea, London, under the assumed name of Booth.
10/12/1851, Wednesday (-34,117) Melvil
Dewey, US librarian who devised a system of library cataloguing, was born in
Adams Centre, New York State.
8/12/1851, Monday (-34,119)
The railway from Cork to Bailinhassig, 10 miles, opened.
3/12/1851, Wednesday (-34,124) Cecil Lawson, English landscape painter,
was born (died 10/6/1882).
==================================================================================
18/11/1851, Tuesday (-34,139) Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, died
(born 5/6/1771).
13/11/1851, Thursday (-34,144) (1) A
telegraphic service between London and Paris was started.
(2) The railway between Moscow and St Petersburg opened.
10/11/1851, Monday (-34,147) (Biology)
Embryologist Francis Balfour was born in Edinburgh (died in Switzerland
19/7/1882).
5/11/1851, Wednesday (-34,152) Charles Dupuy, French statesman, was
born.
3/11/1851, Monday (-34,154) Clovis Hugues, French poet, was born (died
11/6/1907).
1/11/1851, Saturday (-34,156) Thomas Galloway, Scottish mathematician, died
(born 26/2/1796).
==================================================================================
22/10/1851, Wednesday (-34,166) (USA)
Archibald Alexander, US Presbyterian clergyman, died in Princeton, New
Jersey (born 17/4/1772 in Virginia).
21/10/1851, Tuesday (-34,167)
George Ulyett, cricketer, was born (died 18/6/1898).
20/10/1851, Monday (-34,168)
19/10/1851, Sunday (-34,169) (Korea)
Myeongseong, Empress of Korea, was born.
18/10/1851, Saturday (-34,170) Herman
Melville�s work, Moby Dick, was
published in London.
15/10/1851, Wednesday (-34,173) The Great Exhibition at Hyde
Park, London, closed.� It had opened on 1/5/1851. A total of 6 million visitors had attended. The Exhibition made a
profit of �186,000 which was used to buy land in South Kensington where the
Victoria and Albert Museum now stands.
11/10/1851, Saturday (-34,177) (Electricity) Paul Erman, electrical
scientist, died (born 29/2/1764).
10/10/1851, Friday
(-34,178) Melvil Dewey, US librarian, was born.
8/10/1851, Wednesday
(-34,180) George Lee, English musician, died.
4/10/1851, Saturday
(-34,184) Alvarez Godoy, Spanish statesman, died (born 12/5/1767).
2/10/1851, Thursday
(-34,186) Marshal Ferdinand Foch, French General who led the
counteroffensive that defeated Germany in 1918, was born in Tarbes, France.
==================================================================================
30/9/1851, Tuesday
(-34,188) Auguste Molinier, French historical writer, was born (died
19/5/1904).
28/9/1851, Sunday
(-34,190) Henry Jones, English dramatist, was born.
19/9/1851, Friday (-34,199) William Lever, soap maker and
philanthropist, later Lord Leverhulme, was born in Bolton.� He was the son of a grocer.
18/9/1851, Thursday (-34,200) The New York Times was
first published.� It was founded by Henry
Jarvis Raymond.
17/9/1851, Wednesday (-34,201) (Science)
Chemist and physician John Kidd died in Oxford, England.
14/9/1851, Sunday (-34,204) James
Cooper, US novelist, died (born 15/9/1789).
12/9/1851, Friday (-34,206) Francis Clark, religious writer, was born.
11/9/1851, Thursday (-34,207) Sylvester Graham, US writer on dietetics,
died (born 1794).
9/9/1851, Tuesday (-34,209)
7/9/1851, Sunday (-34,211) John Kidd, English scientific
writer, died (born 10/9/1775).
6/9/1851, Saturday (-34,212) Karl Koenig, German
geologist, died.
5/9/1851, Friday
(-34,213) (USA) Thomas Gallaudet, US educator of
the deaf and dumb, died (born 10/12/1787).
==================================================================================
25/8/1851, Monday (-34,224) George Lathrop, US writer,
was born.
17/8/1851, Sunday (-34,232) Henry Drummond, Scottish scholarly writer,
was born (died 11/3/1897).
16/8/1851, Saturday (-34,233) (Railways)
The railway from Laprarie, Quebec, Canada to Rouses Point, New York, USA,
opened.
15/8/1851, Friday (-34,234)
14/8/1851, Thursday (-34,235) Doc Holliday, US Western
gunfighter, was born.
13/8/1851, Wednesday (-34,236) (Education)
Felix Adler, US educationalist (died 24/4/1933) was born.
12/8/1851, Tuesday (-34,237) Isaac Singer of New York,
USA patented his sewing machine.
9/8/1851, Saturday (-34,240) Karl
Gutzlaff, German missionary to China, died (born 8/7/1803).
7/8/1851, Thursday (-34,242) Johann
Gruber, German writer, died (born 29/11/1774).
1/8/1851, Friday (-34,248)
(Railways) The Dublin to Galway railway opened.
=====================================================================================
31/7/1851, Thursday (-34,249) (Railways)
Canada legislated to make the 1676 mm gauge, the �Provincial Gauge�, a pre-condition
of financial aid to any railway, thereby introducing a standard gauge for the
country.
27/7/1851, Sunday (-34,253)
24/7/1851, Thursday (-34,256) In Britain the Window Tax
was abolished.
23/7/1851, Wednesday (-34,257)
Sioux Chieftains ceded all their land in Iowa, as well as some in Minnesota, to
the US Government.
17/7/1851, Thursday (-34,263) John
Lingard, English historical writer, died (born 5/2/1771)
12/7/1851, Saturday (-34,268) Louis
Jacques Mande Daguerre, French pioneer in photography, died.
8/7/1851, Tuesday (-34,272) Sir Arthur John Evans,
British archaeologist who excavated Knossos on Crete, was born.
6/7/1851, Sunday (-34,274) David Moir, Scottish writer,
died (born 5/1/1798).
4/7/1851, Friday
(-34,276) Construction began at St Louis on the Missouri Pacific Railway.
This railway was extended to serve the Mississippi Valley south to Memphis and
New Orleans, and the Missouri Valley west to Kansas City and Pueblo, Colorado.
2/7/1851, Wednesday (-34,278) Gyorgy
Fejer, Hungarian author, died (born 23/4/1766).
======================================================================================
15/6/1851, Sunday (-34,295) The
first factory-produced ice cream was made in the USA by John Fussell. He wanted
to avoid wastage of cream so he froze it; his new food became very popular, and
his factory ice cream cost less than a third of the same amount of handmade ice
cream.
12/6/1851, Thursday (-34,298) Sir Oliver Lodge, English
scientific writer, was born.
3/6/1851, Tuesday
(-34,307) George Adams, US historian (died 26/5/1925) was born.
2/6/1851, Monday (-34,308) The Rockingham to Luffenham railway opened.
====================================================================================
21/5/1851, Wednesday (-34,320) Victor Bourgeois, French
statesman, was born in Paris.
17/5/1851, Saturday (-34,324) First railway in Peru opened. It ran 15 km
from the port of Callao to Lima.
15/5/1851, Thursday (-34,326) The Erie Railway (begun
1832) reached Dunkirk on Lake Erie, linking New York with the Great Lakes and
competing with the 1825 Erie Canal.
7/5/1851, Wednesday (-34,334) Adolf Harnack, German
religious writer, was born.
6/5/1851, Tuesday
(-34,335) Linus Yale patented the Yale lock.
4/5/1851, Sunday (-34,337) Thomas
Dewing, US figure painter, was born.
1/5/1851,
Thursday (-34,340) The Great
Exhibition at the Crystal Palace was opened by Queen Victoria, in Hyde
Park, London. There were 13,000
exhibits from around the world in an 1,840 foot long, 408 foot wide, 108 foot
high steel and glass hall, designed by Joseph Paxton in only 10 days and
prefabricated before being brought to Hyde Park by rail. The hall took 17 weeks
to erect. 6 million people, 17% of the UK population, visited, also mainly on
the new railways across the nation. The exhibition ended on 15/10/1851. After
the Great Exhibition, the Crystal Palace was re-erected at Sydenham where it
stood till destroyed by fire in 1936. Prince Albert conceived the idea of the
Great Exhibition to promote trade between nations and worldwide peace. The
Exhibition was open for 6 months and in that time Queen Victoria visited 41
times. Profits from the event funded the opening of the Royal Albert Hall, the
Science Museum, the Natural History Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum.
====================================================================================
29/4/1851, Tuesday (-34,342) Charles Cottenham, Lord Chancellor of
England, died (born 29/4/1781).
28/4/1851, Monday (-34,343) Sir Edward Codrington , British Admiral,
died (born 1770).
24/4/1851, Thursday (-34,347)
21/4/1851, Monday (-34,350) (Geology)
Charles Barrois, French geologist, was born in Lille.
20/4/1851, Sunday (-34,351)
Easter Sunday
1/4/1851, Tuesday (-34,370) Rama IV (1804-68) took the Thai throne.
=====================================================================================
30/3/1851, Sunday (-34,372) Christian)
In Britain this day, 7.25 million out of a total population of 17 million
reportedly attended Church. This was thought to be a disturbingly small
proportion.
29/3/1851, Saturday (-34,373) Marble
Arch, London, was moved from Buckingham Palace to its present position on
Oxford Street.
28/3/1851, Friday (-34,374)
Gabor Dobrentei, Hungarian writer, died (born 1786).
27/3/1851, Thursday (-34,375) Karl
Dindorf, German scholarly writer, died (2/1/1802).
21/3/1851, Friday (-34,381) The
Yosemite Valley, in California, USA, was discovered by European explorers.
14/3/1851, Friday (-34,388) Ferdinand
Hand, German scholarly writer, died (born 15/2/1786).
13/3/1851, Thursday (-34,389) Karl
Lachmann, German scholarly writer, died (born 4/3/1793).
12/3/1851, Wednesday (-34,390) (Medical)
Bacteriologist Charles Chamberland was born in Chilly le Vignoble, France. He
improved sterilisation techniques and invented filters to trap bacteria, which
led to the discovery of viruses.
11/3/1851, Tuesday (-34,391)
Verdi�s opera Rigoletto was first
performed, in Venice.
9/3/1851, Sunday (-34,393) The
University of Manchester was founded, as Owens College, Manchester.
======================================================================================
18/2/1851, Tuesday (-34,411) Karl Jacobi, German mathematician, died
(born 10/12/1804).
12/2/1851, Wednesday (-34,418) The Australian Gold Rush began,
after Edward Hargreaves discovered gold at Summerhill Creek, 20 miles north of
Bathurst, New South Wales.
8/2/1851, Saturday (-34,422) Nicholas Bexley, English politician, died
in Foots Cray, Kent (born in London 29/4/1766).
3/2/1851, Monday (-34,427) Argentina�s planned annexation of Uruguay
was abandoned following the defeat of Argentine dicatator Juan Manuel de Rosas
this day at the Battle of Caseros. Uruguayan insurgent Justo de Urquiza, aged
51, was backed by Brazil, and Rosas fled to England.
1/2/1851, Saturday (-34,429) Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein, died.
====================================================================================
27/1/1851, Monday (-34,434) (Biology)
John James Audubon, US naturalist, died in New York.
21/1/1851, Tuesday (-34,440) Gustav Lortzing, German composer, died.
16/1/1851, Thursday (-34,445) Friedrich Muffling, Prussian General
Field Marshal, died
1/1/1851, Wednesday (-34,460)
====================================================================================
24/12/1850, Tuesday (-34,468) (France)
Frederic Bastiat, French economist, died in Rome (born in Bayonne 29/6/1801).
21/12/1850, Saturday (-34,471) James Lane Allen, US novelist, was born near
Lexington, Kentucky.
10/12/1850, Tuesday (-34,482) Francois Beudant, French geologist, died (born
in Paris 5/9/1787).
4/12/1850, Wednesday (-34,488)
William Sturgeon, who devised the first electro-magnet, died at Prestwich,
near Manchester.
3/12/1850, Tuesday (-34,489)
George Manson, Scotish water colour painter, was born (died 27/2/1876)
====================================================================================
29/11/1850, Friday (-34,493)
An uprising began in Warsaw against Russian rule.
19/11/1850, Tuesday (-34,503) Alfred Lord Tennyson was appointed Poet Laureate, a post he held
until his death in 1892.
14/11/1850, Thursday (-34,508) (1)
In Kilkenny, Ireland, the Bagenalstown to Laristown Junction railway, 10 �
miles, opened.
(2) Charles Dickens� eighth book, David Copperfield, was
published in entirety.
13/11/1850, Wednesday (-34,509)
The writer Robert Louis Stevenson was born in Edinburgh, at 8 Howard
Place.� His father and grandfather were
lighthouse builders.
3/11/1850, Sunday (-34,519) John Watson, writer, was born (died
6/5/1907).
===================================================================================
15/10/1851, Tuesday (-34,538) Geoirge Moore, US Biblical writer, was
born.
5/10/1850, Saturday (-34,548)
William Gibson, US writer, was born (died 16/7/1896).
4/10/1850, Friday (-34,549) The
bowler hat went on general sale in London.
===================================================================================
18/9/1850, Wednesday (-34,565) (Slavery)
US Congress passed a new Fugitive Slave Act reinforcing the provisions of the
1793 Act, by substituting Federal for State jurisdiction. New York freedman
James Hamlet was arrested in New York as a fugitive from Baltimore, the first
arrest under the new Act, but public indignation secured his release. Chicago
City Council, 21/10/1850, stated it would not uphold the new Act; however New
York, 30/10/1850, said it would enforce it.
9/9/1850, Monday (-34,574)
(USA)
California became the 31st State
of the USA.
6/9/1850, Friday (-34,577) (Brazil)
Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil enacted a law authorising steam navigation on
the River Amazon, The Compania de Navigicao e Commercio do Amazonas was tghen
formed in Rio de Janeiro in 1852 and in 1853 it began operating steamships on
the Amazon.
5/9/1850, Thursday (-34,578) James
Ingram, English writer, died (born 21/12/1774).
2/9/1850, Monday (-34,581) Eugene Field, US poet, was born (died
4/11/1895).
====================================================================================
28/8/1850, Wednesday (-34,586)
The Channel telegraph was laid between Dover and Cap Gris Nez.
27/8/1850, Tuesday (-34,587)
Thomas Kidd, English scholarly writer, died.
26/8/1850, Monday (-34,588) Death of Louis Philippe, the
�citizen king�, who abdicated rather than face a middle-class revolt
22/8/1850, Thursday (-34,592) Nikolaus von Strehlenau, Austrian poet,
died (born 15/8/1802).
18/8/1850, Sunday (-34,596) Honore de Balzac, French writer, died in
Paris.
13/8/1850, Tuesday (-34,601) Philip Marston, English poet, was born (died
13/2/1887).
6/8/1850, Tuesday (-34,608)
Henri Chantavoine, French writer, was born.
5/8/1850, Monday (-34,609)
Henri Maupassant, French novelist, was born (died 6/7/1893).
====================================================================================
25/7/1850, Thursday (-34,620) (Denmark, Germany) Battle of Idstedt; Denmark defeated
Germany.
14/7/1850, Sunday (-34,631) Johann Neander, German religious writer, died
(born 17/1/1789).
9/7/1850, Tuesday (-34,636) Zachary
Taylor, American general and Whig, 12th US President for only 16
months, died in Washington DC.� The
remainder of his term was completed by Millard Fillmore.
8/7/1850, Monday (-34,637) (Britain) Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge,
died (born 24/2/1774).
7/7/1850, Sunday (-34,638) Scottish
explorer, Edward Eyre arrived in Albany, Western Australia, having crossed the
Nullarbor Plain, the first White man to do this.
4/7/1850, Thursday (-34,641) William Kirby, entomological writer, died
(born 19/9/1759).
2/7/1850, Tuesday (-34,643) Sir Robert Peel, British Conservative Prime Minister and founder
of the police force in 1829, died in London due to a riding accident.
=====================================================================================
27/6/1850, Thursday (-34,648) Lafcadio Hearn, writer on Japan, was born
(died 26/9/1904).
24/6/1850, Monday (-34,651) Lord Kitchener, British army
commander and Secretary of State for War in 1914, was born near Ballylongford,
County Kerry, Eire.
22/6/1850, Saturday (-34,653) Ignaz Goldziher, Hungarian Orientalist
writer, was born.
16/6/1850, Sunday (-34,659) Margaret Fuller, US authoress, died (born
23/5/1810).
3/6/1850, Monday (-34,672) Five
Cayuse Amerindians were executed in the USA by the military following raids by
the Cayeuse on White settlements.
2/6/1850, Sunday (-34,673) Jesse
Boot, founder of Boots chemists, was born in Nottingham. As a child he
accompanied his father, a herbalist, into the woods to identify plants for
herbal remedies. Jesse�s father died when Jesse was aged 10, and from age 13 he
helped his mother in their small household soap and cleaning products shop. By
raising sales volume to above �20 a week he was able to secure wholesale
discounts and undercut the established chemists. The dispute with these other
shops only gave him kore publicity and his sales reached �40 a week.
======================================================================================
31/5/1850, Friday (-34,675) France passed a law requiring voters to be
resident in the same place for three years before qualifying for a vote.� This was to exclude migratory workers, who
tended to be radical.
28/5/1850, Tuesday (-34,687) Frederic Maitland, English historical
writer, was born (died 19/12/1906).
25/5/1850, Saturday (-34,681) The first hippopotamus to be
kept in Britain arrived at London Zoo.
24/5/1850, Friday (-34,682) Jane
Porter, English novelist (born 1776) died.
20/5/1850, Monday (-34,686)
The Galston to Newmilns railway opened.
12/5/1850, Sunday (-34,694) Henry Lodge, US author, was born.
10/5/1850, Friday (-34,696) Sir Thomas Lipton, British grocer
and philanthropist, was born in Glasgow.
7/5/1850, Tuesday (-34,699)
Anton Seidl, Hungarian operatic conductor, was born (died 28/3/1898).
6/5/1850, Monday (-34,700) The railway from Belfast to
Newtonards, 13 � miles, opened.
1/5/1850, Wednesday (-34,705) Henri Blainville, French naturalist, died
in Paris (born near Dieppe 12/9/1777).
===================================================================================
26/4/1850, Friday (-34,710) Harry Bates, British sculptor, was born in
Stevenage, Hertfordshire (died in London 30/1/1899).
23/4/1850, Tuesday (-34,713) Sir William Wordsworth, Poet Laureate from 1843, died of pleurisy at midday at
Rydal Mount, Grasmere, aged 80
20/4/1850, Saturday (-34,716) Daniel
French, US sculptor, was born.
19/4/1850, Friday (-34,717) (USA, Britain, Central America, Canals)
The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the USA and UK was signed. It was an
agreement on the terms for building a canal across Nicaragua; under this
treaty, neither party would exercise exclusive control over such a canal or
fortify it. The US and the UK each had territorial interests in Central
America, and were suspicious of each other�s activities in the region.
Ultimately this Treaty was superseded by a similar neutralisation policy
regarding the Panama Canal under the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1902.
16/4/1850, Tuesday (-34,720) Swiss waxworks show proprietor
Madame Marie Tussaud died.
She was born on 1/12/1761 in Strasbourg. She learnt the art of wax modelling
from her uncle, Philippe Curtius. Before the French Revolution Mme Tussaud was
art tutor at Versailles to Louis XVI�s sister, Elizabeth. After a period in
prison she was tasked with making death masks from the heads of those
guillotined, some of whom she recognised as friends. She left Paris in 1802,
along with her waxwork models, and two sons from a failed marriage to a French
engineer, Francois Tussaud. She spent 33 years touring Britain before opening a
permanent display in London.
12/4/1850, Friday (-34,724) Adoniram Judson, US missionary to Burma,
died (born 9/8/1788).
7/4/1850, Sunday (-34,729) William Bowles, English poet, died in
Salisbury (born in Northamptonshire 24/9/1762).
===================================================================================
31/3/1850, Sunday (-34,736)
Easter Sunday
18/3/1850, Monday (-34,749) The
American Express Company was set up in Buffalo, New York.
15/3/1850, Friday (-34,752) In France, the Loi Falloux made provision
for clergy to be able to teach in secondary schools without need for further
qualifications than their religious certificate, whereas lay teachers needed a
university degree. It also made provision for separate girls� schools, and for
adult and apprentice education.
7/3/1850, Thursday (-34,760) Thomas Masaryk, the first
President of Czechoslovakia in 1918, was born in Hodonin, Moravia.
==================================================================================
25/2/1850, Monday (-38,770) Daoguang, Emperor of China, died.
22/2/1850, Friday (-38,773) Sir William Allan, Scottish painter, died.
16/2/1850, Saturday (-34,779) Octave
Mirabeau, French dramatist, was born.
15/2/1850, Friday (-34,780)
Albert Cummins, US politician, was born (died 30/7/1926).
14/2/1850, Thursday (-34,781) The railway from Drogheda to
Navan, 17 miles, opened.
====================================================================================
29/1/1850, Tuesday (-34,797) Sir Ebenezer Howard, who started
the Garden City movement, was born in London.
27/1/1850, Sunday (-34,799) Samuel
Gompers, US trades union leader, was born.
26/1/1850, Saturday (-34,800) Francis
Jeffrey, Scottish writer, died (born 23/10/1773).
24/1/1850, Thursday (-34,802) Charles Craddock, US author, was born.
19/1/1850, Saturday (-34,807)
Augustine Birrell, author, was born near Liverpool.
18/1/1850, Friday (-34,808) Seth
Low, US politician, was born.
17/1/1850, Thursday (-34,809)
15/1/1850, Tuesday (-34,811)
Sophie Kovalevsky, Russian mathematician, was born (died 10/2/1891).
14/1/1850, Monday (-34,812) Louis
Viaud, French author, was born.
3/1/1850, Thursday (-34,823) Work began in Hyde Park, London,
on the glass and iron Crystal Palace,
built for the Great Exhibition.
1/1/1850, Tuesday (-34,825)
===================================================================================
29/12/1849, Saturday (-34,828) (Britain)
William Cunningham, English economist, was born.
26/12/1849, Wednesday (-34,831) Francis Brown, USA Semitic scholar and
writer, was born.
20/12/1849, Thursday (-34,837) Michail Eminescu, Romanian poet, was born
(died 1889).
17/12/1849, Monday (-34,840) Landowner Edward Coke tested a new type of
hat he had ordered to protect his head from low-hanging branches whilst out
hunting; top hats were too easily knocked off. This day he visited the Lockes
hatters shop in St James, London, to test the new bowler hat, named after its
designed, by jumping on it twice. It withstood the test and he bought it.
15/12/1849, Saturday (-34,842) Alfred
East, English painter, was born.
14/12/1849, Friday (-34,843) Konradin
Kreutzer, German composer, died (born 22/11/1780).
12/12/1849, Wednesday (-34,845) Sir Marc Isambard Kingdom Brunel,
builder of the Thames Tunnel from Wapping to Rotherhithe, died in London aged
80.
1/12/1849, Saturday (-34,856) Queen Adelaide, wife of King William
IV, died.
==================================================================================
24/11/1849, Saturday (-34,683) Frances Burnett, novelist, was born.
21/11/1849, Wednesday (-34,686) Francois Granet, French painter, died
(born 17/12/1777).
16/11/1849, Friday (-34,691) Edward Dana, scientific writer, was born.
1/11/1849, Thursday (-34,886)
The Mallow to Cork railway, 19 � miles, opened.
=================================================================================
17/10/1849, Wednesday (-34,901) Frederic Chopin, born 1/3/1810 near Warsaw, Poland, died aged 39 of
tuberculosis in Paris.
14/10/1849, Sunday (-34,904) Edward
Coplestone, English Bishop, died
7/10/1849, Sunday (-34,911) Edgar Allen Poe, US fiction writer,
died aged 40, in Baltimore, Maryland.
5/10/1849, Friday (-34,913) (Hungary)
Count Louis Batthyany, Hungarian statesman, died (born 1806 in Pressburg).
1/10/1849, Monday (-34,917) Anne Edgren-Leffler, Swedish author, was
born (died 21/10/1892).
==================================================================================
26/9/1849, Wednesday (-34,922)
Ivan Pavlov, son of a village priest, was born this day near Ryazan, Russia. He
was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his discovery of conditioned reflexes.
25/9/1849, Tuesday (-34,923)
Johann Strauss the Elder died, aged 45, of scarlet fever.
21/9/1849, Friday (-34,927) Edmund Gosse, English poet, was born.
3/9/1849, Monday (-34,945) Ernst Feuchtersleben, Austrian poet, died
(born 29/4/1806).
==================================================================================
29/8/1849, Wednesday (-34,950) Jean Buchon, French scholarly writer, died
(born 21/5/1791).
24/8/1849, Friday (-34,955) Karl
Marx moved from France to England.
23/8/1849, Thursday (-34,956) William Henley, British poet, was
born (died 11/7/1903)
22/8/1849, Wednesday (-34,957) Amaral, the Portuguese
Governor of Macao, was assassinated for his pro-Chinese policies.
18/8/1849, Saturday (-34,961) Benjamin Godard, French composer, was born
(died 10/1/1895).
13/8/1849, Monday (-34,966) The Hungarian General,
Gorgey, surrendered unconditionally to the Russian Commander in Chief, Field
Marshall Paskevic. The Hungarian leader, Kossuth, who had urged the
continuation of the conflict right up to the end, escaped to Turkey.
12/8/1849, Sunday (-34,967) Albert
Gallatin, US statesman, died (born 29/1/1761).
10/8/1849, Friday (-34,969)
3/8/1849, Friday (-34,976)
William Henley, British poet, was born (died 11/7/1903).
2/8/1849, Thursday (-34,977)
Mohammed Ali, ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, died. Apart from his
military successes, he laid the foundations of a modern educational and
administrative system, and revolutionised the Egyptian economy.
1/8/1849, Wednesday (-34,978) The
Bandon to Ballinhassig railway, Cork, (10 miles), opened. The Standedge rail
tunnel, UK, 5 km long, opened.
======================================================================================
30/7/1849, Monday (-34,980) The railway from Deptford via Blackheath,
Charlton and Woolwich to Gravesend, 21 � miles, opened.
28/7/1849, Saturday (-34,982) Hungary�s Diet passed the
Nationalities Law, granting the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary substantial
rights in the use of their native languages, also regional autonomy. This was a
last-ditch effort by the Diet to win over the loyalty of the peasants and make
them more willing to fight against Austria; a string of Hungarian defeats, and
the entry of Russia on Austria�s side, had demoralised the Hungarian Army and
created a shortage of recruits.
27/7/1849, Friday (-34,983) John
Hopkinson, English engineer, was born (died 27/8/1898).
25/7/1849, Wednesday (-34,984) James Kenney, English dramatist, died.
19/7/1849, Thursday (-34,991)
Sayid Ali Mohammed, founder of the Bahai religion, was executed in Persia by
order of the Shah.
17/7/1849, Tuesday (-34,993) The Woodhouse (Sheffield) to Gainsborough
railway opened.
6/7/1849, Friday (-35,004) Goffredo Mameli, Italian poet, died.
======================================================================================
22/6/1849, Friday (-35,018) Francis Lathrop, US artist, was born (died
18/10/1909).
20/6/1849, Wednesday (-35,020) James Mangan, Irish poet, died (born
1/5/1803).
17/6/1849, Sunday (-35,023) Russian
troops invaded Hungary.
16//6/1849, Saturday (-35,024) Wilhelm
de Wette, German religious writer, died (born 12/1/1780).
15/6/1849, Friday (-35,025) James Knox Polk, American Democrat
and 11th President from 1845 to 1849, died in Nashville, Tennessee.
12/6/1849, Tuesday (-35,028) Angelica Catalani, Italian opera singer,
died (born 1780).
10/6/1849, Sunday (-35,030) (France)
Thomas Bugeaud, Marshal of France, died (born 15/10/1784).
8/6/1849, Friday (-35,032) Julien Dillens, Belgian sculptor, was born
(died 11/1904).
6/6/1849, Wednesday (-35,034) Kossuth entered Budapest in triumph;
however his rule was to last only a few weeks.
4/6/1849, Monday (-35,036) Marguerite Blessington, Irish novelist,
died in Paris (born in County Tipperary 1/9/1789).
======================================================================================
28/5/1849, Monday (-35,043) (1) Anne
Bronte, English novelist, died in Scarborough, Yorkshire, aged 29.
(2) The railway from Newry to Warrenpoint, 5 � miles,
opened.
22/5/1849, Tuesday (-34,049) Maria
Edgeworth, Irish novelist, died (born 1/7/1767).
21/5/1849, Monday (-34,050) Buda Castle was stormed by
Austrian forces.
20/5/1849, Sunday (-34,051)
19/5/1849, Saturday (-34,052) William Hamilton attempted to
assassinate Queen Victoria.
16/5/1849, Wednesday (-34,055) Victor Bruce, 9th earl of
Elgin, was born.
10/5/1849, Thursday (-35,061) In New York, 22 died and 56 were
injured as troops fired on anti-British riots sparked by Irish gangs. The mob,
armed with bricks and clubs, had gathered outside the Astor Place Opera House
to revile the British actor Charles Macready, who had scorned the vulgarity of
Americans.
6/5/1849, Sunday (-35,065) Wyatt Eaton, US portrait painter, was born
(died 7/6/1896).
3/5/1849, Wednesday (-37,260) (Germany) Bernhard,
Prince von Bulow, German Chancellor and Prime Minister of Prussia (1900-09) was
born.
=====================================================================================
29/4/1849, Sunday (-35,072) Alexander Johnston, US historical writetr,
was born (died 21/7/1889).
27/4/1849, Friday (-35,074) Severino Fabriani, Italian writer, died
(born 7/1/1792).
24/4/1849, Tuesday (-35,077) Joseph Gallieni, French soldier, was born.
22/4/1849, Sunday (-35,079) (Denmark)
Schleswig-Holstein troops defeated the Danes at Kolding.
13/4/1849, Friday (-35,088) The
Hungarian Diet proclaimed a Republic, with Lajos Kossuth as President.
12/4/1849, Thursday (-35,089)
Albert Heim, Swiss geologist, was born.
11/4/1849, Wednesday (-35,090)
10/4/1849. Tuesday (-35,091) Walter
Hunt of New York patented the safety
pin. He made it in only three hours, then sold the rights for $400 to
pay off debts.
8/4/1849, Sunday (-35,093)
Easter Sunday
5/4/1849, Thursday
(-35,096) Denmark sent the wooden battleship Christian VIII into Eckernforde Bay to destroy a German gun
battery. However the ships rudder jammed and she ran aground, caught fire, and
then exploded.
====================================================================================
28/3/1849, Wednesday
(-35,104) James Darmesteter, French author, was born (died 19/10/1894).
25/3/1849, Sunday
(-35,107) Agenor Goluchowski, Austrian statesman, was born.
24/3/1849, Saturday
(-35,108) Johann Dobereiner, German chemist, died (born 15/12/1780).
23/3/1849, Friday (-35,109)
Victor Emmanuel II became King of Sardinia, on the abdication of his father,
Charles Albert (1789-1849), following the defeat of Charles at the Battle of Novara, against Austria.
Charles had been assisting the Lombards in a rebellion against Austrian rule,
and had been defeated once before by Austria, at the Battle of Custozza
(25/7/1848), by forces under Radetzky (following this 1848 defeat, the Salasco
Armistice was signed).
19/3/1849, Monday (-35,113)
Alfred von Tirpitz, German Admiral, was born in Kustrin, Brandenburg, Prussia.
17/3/1849, Saturday (-35,115) (1) Elastic bands patented, by Stephen
Perry�s London rubber company.
(2) The railway from Limerick Junction to Mallow opened.
15/3/1849, Thursday (-35,117) (Christian) Guiseppe Mezzofanti, Italian
Cardinal, died (born 17/9/1774)
11/3/1849, Sunday (-35,121) William Etty, British painter, died (born
10/3/1787).
5/3/1849, Monday (-35,127) The
US Department of the Interior was created. It became custodian of the nations�s
resources.
4/3/1849, Sunday (-35,128) A final
new constitution was introduced in Austria, with watered-down reforms including
limited siuffrage, a reformed judiciary and the abolition of feudalism and
serfdom. The population was coereced into accepting this by the invitation to
Russian troops (issued 5/1849) to �protect� Austro-Hungasry
=====================================================================================
21/2/1849. Wednesday (-35,139) Sikh forces were decisively
defeated by the British at the Battle of Gujerat. This concluded the Second
Sikh War; Britain annexed Punjab.
15/2/1849, Thursday (-35,145)
The Dundalk to Drogheda (22 miles) and the Dundalk to Castle Blayney (18 miles)
opened.
13/2/1849, Tuesday (-35,147) Lord Randolph Churchill, British
Conservative politician and father of Winston Churchill, was born at Blenheim
Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
10/2/1849, Saturday (-35,150) Bernard
Barton, English poet, died in Woodbridge (born in Carlisle 31/1/1784).
9/2/1849, Friday (-35,151) The Republic of Rome was
proclaimed by Garibaldi. His Nationalist Army came under attack (from
30/4/1849) from a combined force of French, Austrian, Tuscan, Spanish and
Neapolitan troops.
6/2/1849, Tuesday (-35,154)
====================================================================================
31/1/1849, Wednesday (-35,160)
Britain�s Corn Laws were abolished.
30/1/1849, Tuesday (-35,161) Peter
de Wint, English landscape painter, died (born 21/1/1784).
26/1/1849, Friday (-35,165) Thomas Beddoes, English dramatist, died
(born in Clifton 20/7/1803).
23/1/1849, Tuesday (-35,168) English-born
Elizabeth Blackwell graduated from a New York medical school to become the
first female doctor.
22/1/1849, Monday (-35,169)
August Strindberg, playwright, was born in Stockholm, Sweden.
18/1/1849,
Thursday (-35,173) Sir Edmund Burton,
the first Prime Minister of Australia in 1901, was born in Glebe, Sydney.
6/1/1849,
Saturday (-35,185) Hartley Coleridge, English writer, died
(born 19/9/1796).
5/1/1849,
Friday (-35,186) Franz Josef�s Austrian troops
arrived in Buda, to occupy Buda and Pest, and suppress the Hungarian
Revolution.
4/1/1849,
Thursday (-35,187) (India)
British forces captured the city of Multan, India.
1/1/1849, Monday (-35,190)
=====================================================================================
31/12/1848,
Sunday (-35,191) Johann Hermann, German scholarly writer, died
(born 28/11/1772).
20/12/1848,
Wednesday (-35,202)
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed President of France.
19/12/1848.
Tuesday (-35,203) Emily Bronte, English novelist who wrote Wuthering
Heights, born 30/7/1818, died from tuberculosis, aged 30.
18/12/1848,
Monday (-55,204) Bernhard Bolzano, Austrian
clerical writer, died in Prague (born in Prague 5/10/1781).
16/12/1848, Saturday (-35,206)
15/12/1848, Friday (-35,207) Edwin
Blashfield, US artist, was born in New York City.
14/12/1848, Thursday (-35,208)
Jean Letronne, French archeological writer, died.
11/12/1848,
Monday (-35,211) Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte was elected President of the French Republic by a large majority.
2/12/1848,
Saturday (-35,220)
Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicated in favour of his nephew, Francis
Joseph. The Reichstag was moved out
to Moravia, then dismissed entirely.
===================================================================================
29/11/1848,
Wednesday (-35,223) (Britain)
Charles Buller, MP for Liskeard, died (born 6/8/1806).
24/11/1848,
Friday (-35,228) William Fielding, Canadian
politician, was born.
23/11/1848,
Thursday (-35,229) (Britain)
Sir John Barrow, British politician died (born near Ulverstone, Lancashire,
19/6/1764).
16/11/1848,
Thursday (-35,236) Charles Bemont, scholarly
writer, was born in Paris
11/11/1848,
Saturday (-35,241) Hans Delbruck, German historical writer,
was born.
9/11/1848, Thursday (-35,243) Robert Blum, German
politician, was executed.
6/11/1848,
Monday (-35,246) Richard Jefferies, English
naturalist writer, was born (died 14/8/1887).
3/11/1848, Friday (-35,249) (Rail
travel) First railway in
Guyana opened. It ran from Georgetown to Mahiba.
1/11/1848.
Wednesday (-35,251) W H Smith opened his first bookstall at
Euston Station, London, the start of multiple retailing in Britain.
====================================================================================
28/10/1848,
Saturday (-35,255) (Rail
travel) The first railway in
Spain opened, Barcelona to Matara, 27 km.
25/10/1848, Wednesday (-35,258)
Karl Franzos, German novelist, was born (died 28/1/1904).
9/10/1848, Monday (-35,274) Frank Duvenek, US
portrait painter, was born.
6/10/1848, Friday (-35,277) Renewed popular uprising in Vienna, as
reforms stalled. It was harshly suppressed three days later.
5/10/1848, Thursday (-35,278) Jean Detaille,
French painter, was born.
2/10/1848, Monday (-35,281) Georg Goldfuss, German
palaeontological writer, died (born 18/4/1782).
===================================================================================
26/9/1848, Tuesday (-35,287) William Scott,
champion jockey, was born.
23/9/1848, Saturday (-35,290) Chewing gum was commercially produced
for the first time. It was called �State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum�.
21/9/1848, Thursday (-35,292) Lord William Bentinck, British
politician, died in Welbeck (born 27/2/1802).
12/9/1848,
Tuesday (-35,301) (Switzerland)
Switzerland adopted a Federal constitution.
9/9/1848, Saturday (-35,304)
France limited the work hours for all adults to 12 in any 24 hour period, at
usines et manufactures. The workplaces covered by this law were clarified in
1851 as 1) industrial establishments with motor power or continual furnbaces
and 2) workshops with over 20 employees. Previously, in 1841, France had banned
all childen aged undee 8 from factory employment, and proscribed all night
labour for children aged under 13. From 1892, daytime factory labour for
children aged under 13 was also illegal. From 1900, for children or women, the
12-hour limit was reduced to 11 and at 2-year intervals from April 1900, was to
be cut at 10.5 and then 10 hours.
8/9/1848,
Friday (-35,305) (Chemistry)
Viktor Meyer, German organic chemist, was born in Berlin.
7/9/1848.
Thursday (-35,306) The Congress in
Vienna, which opened on 22/7/1848, abolished
serfdom, and the feudal system of land tenure. This greatly
benefited the Czechs, who since the Battle of the White Mountains, 1620, had
become a peasant nation, with only the beginnings of a middle class by 1800.
After serfdom was abolished, the system of peasant ownership of land allowed
national wealth to be built up, and personal liberty enabled an educational
system to be established.
====================================================================================
26/8/1848.
Saturday (-35,318) (1) Garibaldi was defeated by the Austrians at
Morrazone.
(2) Denmark
and Prussia signed a truce at Malmo. Both agreed to evacuate the disputed
territory of Schleswig-Holstein.
24/8/1848, Thursday (-35,320) John Cramer, English geographical writer,
died (born 1793).
22/8/1848, Tuesday (-35,322) (1) Mathieu Louisi became the first Black MP to
sit in a European Parliament when he was elected representative for Guadeloupe
to the French Parliament. His maiden speech in November calling for more
harmonious relations between the races was met with disapproval, and he lost
his seat at the next election.
(2) The world�s first aerial bombing raid was carried out
by the Austrians against the defenders of Venice. Unmanned hot air balloons
with 30 pound bombs were sent across; they caused little damage but much
bemusement.
12/8/1848,
Saturday (-35,332) George Stephenson, the engineer who
built the first modern railway in 1825, from Stockton to Darlington, died at
Tapton, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
10/8/1848, Thursday (-35,334)
9/8/1848, Wednesday
(-35,335) Frederick Marryat, English novelist, died.
8/8/1849,
Tuesday (-35,336) (Italy)
Ugo Bassi, Italian patriot, was executed.
7/8/1848,
Monday (-35,337) (Chemistry)
Jons Berzelius, chemist, died in Stockholm
2/8/1848,
Wednesday (-35,342)
The railway from Belfast to Holywood opened.
=====================================================================================
26/7/1848,
Wednesday (-35,349) (Italy) Battle of Volta; along with
Custozza 24-55 July), Italians being forced back by Austrians
25/7/1848, Tuesday (-35,350) Arthur
James Balfour, British Conservative and Prime Minister, was born in East
Lothian, Scotland.
24/7/1848,
Monday (-35,351)
The Carlow to Bagenalstown railway, 10 miles, opened.
22/7/1848,
Saturday (-35,353)
19/7/1848,
Wednesday (-35,356)
At the first women�s rights convention, at Seneca Falls, New York State,
female rights campaigner Amelia Bloomer, born on 27/5/1818 in New York,
introduced �bloomers� to the
world. She described these as �the lower part of a rational female dress�. The
wearing of trousers by a woman caused much concern. She was campaigning for women�s equality in voting, religion,
marriage, work, education, and society. New York, in 1848, passed the Married
Women�s Property Act allowing divorced women to keep some of their possessions.
18/7/1848,
Tuesday (-35,357) The cricketer W G
Grace was born at Downend near Bristol.
13/7/1848,
Thursday (-35,362)
The first train arrived at London�s new Waterloo Station, from Southampton, see
1/7/1848.
9/7/1848,
Sunday (-35,366) Jaime Balmes, Spanish writer, died in Vich (
born in Vich, Catalonia, 28/8/1810).
6/7/1848,
Thursday (-35,369) (Railways)
Gabor Baross, who developed the Austro-Hungarian railway system, was born in
Trencsen (died in Hungary 8/5/1892).
5/7/1848,
Wednesday (-35,370) William Butler, Irish
writer, died.
4/7/1848,
Tuesday (-35,371) The Communist
Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, was published.
3/7/1848,
Monday (-35,372)
The Thurles to Limerick Junction railway, 20 � miles, opened.
1/7/1848, Saturday (-35,374)
Waterloo Station, London, was completed.�
Previously, trains had terminated at Nine Elms, 2 � miles south-west,
and rail passengers took a steamboat to The City.� See 13/7/1848.
===================================================================================
27/6/1848,
Tuesday (-25,378) (France)
Denis Affre, Archbishop of Paris (born 27/9/1793) died.
26/6/1848,
Monday (-25,379) (France)
Riots in Paris from the 23rd to the 26th June. See
27/2/1848.
25/6/1848,
Sunday (-25,380)
24/6/1848,
Saturday (-35,381) Brooks Adams, US historian, (died 13/2/1927)
was born.
23/6/1848, Friday (-35,382) Adolfe
Sax, born on 6/11/1814 in Dinant, Belgium, was awarded a patent for the
saxophone. �The instrument came to be
associated with immorality, causing The Vatican to officially condemn its use.
22/6/1848, Thursday (-35,383) (Medical)
Sir William Macewen, surgeon, was born.
18/6/1848, Sunday (-35,387) (India) A
Sikh force was defeated by the British at Kinyeri
12/6/1848, Monday (-35,393) Revolution by students and workers in
Prague
9/6/1848, Friday (-35,396) (Italy) Austrian forces recaptured Vicenza from the
Italians.
7/6/1848, Wednesday (-35,398) Paul Gauguin, French painter, was
born in Paris.� He was the son of a
journalist.
===================================================================================
30/5/1848, Tuesday (-35,406) (Italy)
Battle of Goito (also fighting at Curtatone,29/5), Italians fighting Austrians.
29/5/1848, Monday (-35,407) Wisconsin
became the 30th State of the Union.
24/5/1848, Wednesday (-35,412) Annette Droste-Hulshoff, German poet, died
(born 10/1/1797).
13/5/1848, Saturday (-35,423) Alexander Baring, British financier
and politician, died (born 27/10/1774)
11/5/1848, Thursday (-35,425) The Kilkenny to Thomastown
railway, 10 � miles, opened.
10/5/1848, Wednesday (-35,426)
The French Assembly spurned the proposal of Louis Blanc to establish a Ministry
of Labour and Progress, a bold measure to implement Blanc's socialist agenda.
9/5/1848, Tuesday (-35,427) The Limerick to Tipperary
railway, 24 � miles, opened.
6/5/1848, Saturday (-35,430) (Italy) Battle of St Lucia di Verona, Italian forces
attempting toforce back Austrians
2/5/1848. Tuesday (-35,434) Prussia invaded Denmark over the
Schleswig-Holstein question.
===================================================================================
29/4/1848, Saturday (-35,437) (Italy) Italian forces halted at Pastrengo by
Austrians.
23/4/1848, Sunday (-35,443) Easter
Sunday.
22/4/1848, Saturday (-35,444) To placate a restive
peasantry, the governor of Galicia, Franz von Stadion, ordered that peasant
tenant farmers should receive the freehold to their land and the gentry
landlords be compensated by the State. Furthermore on 7/9/1848 (see date above
also) the peasants were granted unrestricted access to woods, meadows and
pastures.
21/4/1848, Friday (-35,445)
20/4/1848, Thursday (-35,446) Friedrich
Balduin, German soldier, died (born 24/10/1794).
19/4/1848, Wednesday (-35,447) (Italy) An Italian attack on Mantua was repulsed by
the Austrians.
16/4/1848, Sunday (-35,450)
14/4/1848, Friday (-35,452) (Italy) Italian
troops began a siege of Austrian forces at Peschiera; the town held out until
end-May.
13/4/1848. Thursday (-35,453)
Sicily declared itself independent from Naples.
12/4/1848, Wednesday (-35,454) Charles Dickens� seventh
book, Dombey and Son, was published in entirety.
11/4/1848, Tuesday (-35,455) The railway from Belfast to
Ballymena, 33 � miles, also the Carrickfergus branch (3 miles) and the
Randalstown branch (2 miles) opened.
10/4/1848, Monday (-35,456) A further Chartist petition
was rejected (see 28/2/1837).
9/4/1848, Sunday (-35,457) (Italy) Italian troops fighting Austria forced a
passage across the River Mincio toits eastern bank.
8/4/1848, Saturday (-35,458) A new
Austrian constitution, the Pillersdorf Constitution, was prepared. This
proposed a constitutional monarchy and universal suffrage. However the Austrian
Prime Minister attempted to block its implementatoion by dissolving trhe
Reichstag and arresting reformers. The entire reforming process then
stalled because Austria was facing regional problems.
1/4/1848, Saturday (-35,465) Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer, died
(born 1798).
=====================================================================================
30/3/1848, Thursday (-35,467) Niagara Falls ceased to flow
for 30 hours, as an ice dam built up in Lake Erie.
29/3/1848, Wednesday (-35,468) (USA)
John Jacob Astor, US fur merchant and philanthropist, died in New
York City (born 17/7/1763 in Walldorf, Germany).
26/3/1848, Sunday (-35,471) John Collins, English literary critic, was
born (died 15/9/1908).
23/3/1848. Thursday (-35,474) (1)
Hungary proclaimed its independence from Austria.� On 5/1/1849 Budapest surrendered to the
Austrians.
(2) The first official settlement at Dunedin, New
Zealand.
20/3/1848, Monday (-35,477) Ludwig I, King of Bavaria,
abdicated.
19/3/1848, Sunday (-35,478) Wyatt
Earp, American law enforcer, was born in Monmouth, Illinois.
18/3/1848, Saturday (-35,479) Revolution broke out in
Milan.
17/3/1848, Friday (-35,480) Protests in Berlin against
the conservatism of Prussian ruler Frederick William IV
16/3/1848, Thursday (-35,481)
15/3/1848, Wednesday
(-35,482) Emperor Ferdinand of Austria made concessions to the agitants,
promising a liberal conasitution amnd freedom of the press.
14/3/1848, Tuesday (-35,483) (Cartography)
Adrian Balbi, Italian geographer, died 14/3/1848 in Padua (born in Venice
25/4/1782).
13/3/1848, Monday
(-35,484) Peaceful demonstrations in central Vienna, demanding political
reform, turned violent and spread to the suburbs. The Austrian Government was frightened.
7/3/1848, Tuesday (-35.490) Irish Nationalist leader Thomas Francis
Meagher unveiled the current Irish flag at a meeting in Waterford. He explained
the design as the central white third representing a truce between the
Protestant Orange and the Catholic Green factions.
3/3/1848, Friday (-35,494) Louis-Philippe
of France arrived in England, following his abdication. Meanwhile economic
depression and hunger, and discontent amongst the growing middle classes, was
spurring revolution across Europe. Demonstrations occurred in Vienna and across
Hungarian cities; ethnic minorities within the Austro-Hungarian Empire were
demanding self-rule. Venice proclaimed independence from Austria.
2/3/1848, Thursday (-35,495) (France) Universal male suffrage was enacted in
France, giving the country nine million new voters.
1/3/1848, Wednesday (-35,496)
The Portadown to Armagh railway, 10 � miles, opened.
====================================================================================
29/2/1848, Tuesday (-35,497) Arthur Giry, French historical writer, was
born (died 13/11/1899).
28/2/1848, Monday (-35,498) (France) French
workers demonstrated in the Place de l'H�tel-de-Ville, Paris, to demand a Ministry
of Labour and the 10-hour day.
27/2/1848. Sunday (-35,499) France created national workshops to
relieve unemployment.
26/2/1848, Saturday (-35,500)
The Second French Republic was proclaimed. See 24/2/1848
25/2/1848, Friday (-35,501) (France) Lamartine rejected the proposed Socialist Red Flag as
the new French flag, preferring the �liberal democratic� Tricolour to the
�Blood Flag of anarchy�.
24/2/1848. Thursday (-35,502)
The French monarchy fell as King Louis Philippe fled to exile in
England. See 26/2/1848
23/2/1848, Wednesday (-35,503) John Quincy Adams, 6th
American President from 1825 to 1829, died in the White House
22/2/1848, Tuesday (-35,504) (France) In France a socialist �banquet�, or
political meeting, to commemorate the birthday of George Washington was banned.
This ban caused major unrest and riots in the following days.
21/2/1848, Monday (-35,505)
The Communist Manifesto was first published.
15/2/1848, Tuesday (-35,511)
12/2/1848, Saturday (-35,514) In
France, the Liberal Opposition to the Conservative Guizot Government in France
reduced Guizot�s majority to 43 in the Chamber of Deputies.
11/2/1848, Friday (-35,515) Thomas
Cole, US landscape painter, died (born 1/2/1801).
5/2/1848, Saturday (-35,521) Joris Huysmans, French novelist, was born
(died 13/5/1907).
2/2/1848. Wednesday (-35,524) Mexico finally collapsed after nearly 2 years of war with the
USA, in which 13,000 US soldiers were killed. Under the
Treaty of Hidalgo, signed at Vera Cruz, Mexico surrendered Texas, New Mexico, and California for a
payment of US$15million. The size of the USA was thus increased by nearly a
third. The Mexicans feared US occupation of their own
country and had no money left to fund the war.
=====================================================================================
29/1/1848, Saturday (-35,528) Johann Gorres, German writer, died (born
25/1/1776).
24/1/1848. Monday (-35,533) Gold was discovered at Sutlers Mill
in California, by James
Marshall. This started the Gold Rush.
In 1841 a prospector, Francisco Lopez, found gold traces in the roots of a
freshly dug onion. Farmers, clerks, even church ministers, headed west, although some suspected that the US
government fostered the Gold Rush to encourage population growth in the former
Mexican territory. A major gold find was made by prospector J A Shutter,
and by 1849 over 80,000 people had flooded into the area; in 1840 California
had just 14,000 inhabitants. US Congress agreed to the issue of a US$20 �double
eagle�. Many gambling houses sprang up in the area, along with bars and
brothels. San Francisco grew
from a small village to a town of 25,000 within a few months. Food prices rocketed; apples were $5
each, eggs $10 a dozen, and a small whisky sold for a pinch of gold dust.
20/1/1848, Thursday (-35,537) Christian
VIII of Denmark died aged 50, after a reign of less than 9 years. He was
succeeded by his 39-year-old son, Frederick VI, who ruled until 1863, and
fought a war with Germany over Schleswig-Holstein.
19/1/1848, Wednesday (-35,538)
Matthew Webb, the first person to swim the English Channel, was born in
Dawley, Shropshire, the son of a doctor.
12/1/1848, Wednesday (-35,545) In Palermo, an uprising began against
the misrule of Ferdinand II of Naples.
9/1/1848, Sunday (-35,548) Caroline Herschel, English astronomer, died
(born 16/3/1750).
1/1/1848, Saturday (-35,556)
=====================================================================================
29/12/1847, Wednesday (-35,559) William Crotch, English musician, died
(born 5/7/1775).
26/12/1847, Sunday (-35,562) Hugh
Conway, novelist, was born (died 15/5/1885).
25/12/1847, Saturday (-35,563)
Frederick Dielmann, US painter, was born.
21/12/1847, Tuesday (-35,567) John Chard, British soldier, was born
(died 1/11/1897).
18/12/1847, Saturday (-35,570) Marie
Louise, 2nd wife of Napoleon I, died (born 12/12/1791).
17/12/1847, Friday (-35,571)
Emile Faguet, French writer, was born.
12/12/1847, Sunday (-35,576) James Kent, US legal writer, died (born
31/7/1763).
9/12/1847, Thursday (-35,579)
George Grossmith, English comedian, was born.
8/12/1847. Wednesday (-35,580) In Britain, an international
convention of the Communist League
adopted Karl Marx�s principles of the overthrow of the middle classes and the
dictatorship of the proletariat.
7/12/1847, Tuesday (-35,581) Robert
Liston, surgeon, died (born 28/10/1794)
====================================================================================
29/11/1847. Monday (-35,589)
27/11/1847, Saturday (-35,591)
Cayeuse Amerindians killed 14 White settlers in the Oregon area, whom they
blamed for the measles epidemic that had killed many of the Cayeuse.
26/11/1847, Friday (-35,592)
Harvey Elmes, British architect, died (born 1813).
24/11/1847, Wednesday (-35,594) In Switzerland, end of the brief and
almost bloodless Sonderbund War. Protestant Swiss Liberals attempted to impose
their policies, which included a stronger central government, mfreedom of
worship, amnd secularised education (entailing expulsion of the Jesuits) on all
of Switzerland. This was strongly opposed by Swiss Catholics, and seven mainly
Catholic cantons (Lucern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Fribourg, Zyg and Valais)
formed, in 1845, the Sonderbund (Separatist League). This move was voted down
by the Reformist majority in the Sweiss Diet, who ordered the dissolution of
the Sonderbund in 1847. The Sonderbund appealed, vainly, for outside help and
Federal troops under General Guillaume Henri Dufour (1787-1875) moved in
against the Sonderbund forces, who were greatly outnumbered. This episode led
to the establishment of a strong Federal Government in Switzerland.
20/11/1847, Saturday (-35,598)
Henry
Lyte, religious writer, died (born 1/6/1793).
19/11/1847, Friday (-35,599) Mary
Foote, US author, was born.
14/11/1847, Sunday (-35,604)
10/11/1847, Wednesday (-35,608)
Frederick Bridgman, painter, was born
9/11/1847, Tuesday (-35,609) Obstetrician Sir James
Simpson, Professor of Midwifery at the University of Edinburgh demonstrated a
new anaesthetic, trichloromethane, better known as chloroform. Claimed to be
three times as effective as ether, it was to be of great use during difficult
childbirths; however Scottish Calvinists opposed the use of any anaesthetic
during childbirth.
8/11/1847. Monday (-35,610) Bram Stoker, author of Dracula,
was born in Dublin.
4/11/1847. Thursday (-35,614) Composer
Felix Mendelssohn died in Leipzig of a stroke, aged 38.
=================================================================================
16/10/1847, Saturday (-35,633) Jane Eyre was first published.
13/10/1847, Wednesday (-35,636) Johann Ess, German religious writer, died
(born 15/2/1772).
7/10/1847, Thursday (-35,642) (Geology)
Alexandre Brogniart, French geologist, died (born 5/2/1770).
2/10/1847, Saturday (-35,647) Paul von Hindenburg, German
politician, was born.
1/10/1847, Friday (-35,648) Annie Besant, social reformer
and theosophist, was born. With radical atheist Charles Bradlaugh, she promoted
birth control, for which she was prosecuted.
===================================================================================
27/9/1847, Monday (-35,652) (Arts)
Marie Lajeunesse, or Albani, Canadian singer, was born in Chambly, Quebec.
16/9/1847, Thursday (-35,663)
Shakespeare�s birthplace in Stratford on Avon was purchased by the
specially-formed Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. This was one of the first
buildings acquired purely for preservation.
14/9/1847. Tuesday (-35,665) US
troops stormed and captured Mexico City, ending the US war with Mexico. With US
forces capturing Texas, New Mexico and California, Mexico lost a third of its
territory.
5/9/1847. Sunday (-35,674) Jesse
James, American outlaw, was born near Kansas City. With his elder brother,
Frank, he led the first gang to carry out train robberies.
3/9/1847, Friday (-35,676)
James Hannington, first Bishop of Equatorial Africa, was born.
====================================================================================
24/8/1847, Tuesday (-35,686)
Charles McKim, US architect, was born (died 14/9/1909).
23/8/1847, Monday (-35,687)
The Higham and Strood Canal Tunnels in Kent were drained and converted into
railway tunnels.
22/8/1847, Sunday (-35,688) Sir John
Forrrest, explorer and surveyor of Australia in the 1870s, was born.
14/8/1847, Saturday (-35,696) Frans Franzen Swedish poet, died (born
9/2/1772).
9/8/1847, Monday (-35,701) Andrew Combe, physiologist, died (born
27/10/1797)
=====================================================================================
28/7/1849, Wednesday (-35,713) (Italy)
Albert Charles, King of Sardinia, died (born 2/10/1789).
26/7/1847, Monday (-35,715) (Liberia)
Liberia became the first African
colony to attain independence.
25/7/1847, Sunday (-35,716) (Medical)� Physician Paul Langerhans was born in Berlin,
Germany. In 1869 he discovered the small groups of cells in the pancreas now
known as the islets of Langerhans. They were later discovered to be the source
of insulin.
24/7/1847. Saturday (-35,717) A group of Mormons under Brigham Young founded a
settlement on the banks of the Great
Salt Lake, Utah. The Mormons had been driven by mobs from their former
homes in Illinois.
17/7/1847, Saturday (-35,724) James Cotton, writer on India, was born.
10/7/1847, Saturday (-35,731) The first Chinese migrants arrived in the
USA. They came on the ship� Kee Ying, from Canton (Guangzhou).
1/7/1847, Thursday (-35,740) The
first adhesive stamps went on sale in the USA; the 5-cent Benjamin Franklin and
the 10-cent George Washington.
==================================================================================
26/6/1847, Saturday (-35,745)
The first railway in Denmark opened; Copenhagen to Roskilde. The Altona to Kiel
railway, opened 1844, was in Danish territory when built but is now in German
territory.
11/6/1847, Friday (-35,760) Sir John Franklin, the
British Arctic explorer, died in Canada attempting to discover the north-west
passage.
10/6/1847, The Chicago Tribune began publication, as the
Chicago Daily Tribune.
8/6/1847. Tuesday (-35,763) Britain passed an Act limiting the working day of women and
children aged 13 to 18 to ten hours.
1/6/1847. Tuesday (-35,770) The
Communist Party, then called the
League of the Just, met at a congress in London organised by Joseph Moll. The
purpose of the meeting was to secure the co-operation of Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels in formulating the Party programme. Marx did not attend
because of the cost of travel from Brussels. The Party aims were the downfall
of the bourgeoisie, the rule of the proletariat, and the establishment of a new
society without class or private property. The first Russian Communist meeting
was at Minsk on 1 � 3 March 1898, where 9 delegates met. All were subsequently
arrested and none played a significant role in later politics.
====================================================================================
30/5/1847, Sunday (-35,772) Thomas
Chalmers, Scottish religious writer, died (born 17/3/1780).
29/5/1847, Saturday (-35,773) Alexander
Everett, US writer, died (born 19/3/1790).
24/5/1847, Monday (-35,778) A cast iron railway bridge over the River
Dee at Chester collapsed as a train passed over it. The bridge�s designer,
Robert Stephenson, came close to being convicted for manslaughter.
15/5/1847, Saturday (-35,787) Daniel
O�Connell (born 6/8/1775, County Kerry) died in Genoa on his way to Rome. He
fought against the 1801 Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain. Irish
Catholics could not sit in the United Kingdom Parliament, and also had to pay
taxes towards the Protestant Church of England. Catholic anger caused the UK Government
to pass a Bill emancipating Catholics in 1829. However O�Connell�s ultimate
goal, repeal of the Act of Union and Home Rule for Ireland, was not achieved in
his lifetime,
14/5/1847, Friday (-35,788) HMS Driver arrived at Spithead, England, having become the first
steamship to complete a round the world voyage.
7/5/1847, Friday (-35,795)
The American Medical Association was founded.
====================================================================================
30/4/1847, Friday (-35,802) Charles, Archduke of Austria, died (born
5/9/1771).
23/4/1847, Friday (-35,809) Erik Geijer, Swedish historical writer, died
(born 12/1/1783).
19/4/1847, Monday (-35,813) The railway from Londonderry
to Strabane, 14 � miles, opened.
18/4/1847, Sunday (-35,814) US troops under General
Winfield Scott defeated Mexican forces under Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo.
12/4/1847, Monday (-35,820) During the war between the USA and
Mexico (1846-1848), this day US General Winfield Scott met the first serious
resistance to his advance on Mexico City.
10/4/1847, Saturday (-35,822)
Joseph Pulitzer, newspaper proprietor who founded the Pulitzer Prize for
achievements in journalism or literature, was born.
7/4/1847, Wednesday (-35,825) Jens Jacobsen, Danish writer, was born
(died 30/4/1885).
4/4/1847, Sunday (-35,828)
Easter Sunday
2/4/1847, Friday
(-35,830) Gustave Mesurier, French politician, was born.
===================================================================================
30/3/1847, Tuesday
(-45,833) Christian Jacobs, German scholarly writer, died (born 6/10/1764).
23/3/1847, Tuesday
(-45,840) Edmund Gurney, English psychologist, was born (died 23/6/1888).
20/3/1847, Saturday
(-35,843) Anne Boutet, French actress, died (born 9/2/1779).
17/3/1847, Wednesday
(-35,846) Jean Gerard, French caricaturist, died (born 13/9/1803)
10/3/1847, Wednesday
(-35,853) Kate Sheppard, suffragist, was born.
8/3/1847, Monday
(-35,855) Louis Masson, French historical writer, was born.
4/3/1847, Thursday
(-35,859) US ships landed troops 13 miles from Vera Cruz, witrh the
ultimate objectibe of capturing the capital, Mexico City.
3/3/1847, Wednesday (-35,860) The inventor of the
telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, was born in Edinburgh.� He was the son of a teacher of elocution.
====================================================================================
23/2/1847, Tuesday (-35,868)
US forces under General Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexicans under Santa Anna
at Buena Vista. The US had ambitions
to occupy the entire North American continent (the Manifest Destiny), including
possibly Mexico itself. The US had taken what is now New Mexico and California
(Upper California to Mexico).
16/2/1847, Tuesday (-35,875) Arthur Kinnaird, footballer, was born
(died 30/1/1923).
11/2/1847, Thursday (-35,880) Thomas Alva Edison, American inventor, was born.
10/2/1847, Wednesday (-35,881)
Albert Hornby, cricketer, was born (died 17/12/1925).
8/2/1847, Monday (-35,883) Hugh Hughes, British religious writer, was
born (died 17/11/1902).
4/2/1847, Thursday (-35,887) (Biology) Rene
Dutrochet, physiologist, died (born 14/11/1776)
====================================================================================
30/1/1847, Saturday (-35,892) Yerba Buena, California, was renamed San
Francisco.
28/1/1847, Thursday (-35,894) Severe
depression, unemployment, and food shortages provoked rioting amongst
agricultural workers in central France. See 27/2/1848.
26/1/1847, Tuesday (-35,896) John Clark, US economist, was born.
14/1/1847, Thursday (-35,908) Wilson
Carlile, English clergyman who founded the Church Army, was born in Buxton,
Derbyshire.
1/1/1847, Friday (-35,921)
===================================================================================
31/12/1846, Thursday (-35,922)
Conclusion of the �Year of the Railway mania�.�
An unprecedented 272 Railway Acts were passed for lines in Britain.
28/12/1846, Monday (-35,925) Iowa
was admitted as the 29th (non-slave) State of the USA.
25/12/1846, Friday (-35,928) US
troops defeated the Mexicans near Las Cruces, virtually completing the conquest
of New Mexico.
23/12/1846, Wednesday (-35,930)
(Biology) Jean Boiry, French naturalist, died.
22/12/1846, Tuesday (-35,931) (Sweden)
Oscar Josef Alin, Swedish politician, was born in Falun (died 31/12/1900 in
Uppsala).
21/12/1846, Monday (-35,932) Anaesthetic was used in a British hospital for the first time (see
16/10/1846).It was used by surgeon Robert Liston during a leg amputation at
University College Hospital, London.
19/12/1846, Saturday (-35,934)
The first dental extraction under anaesthetic was performed in Britain.
17/12/1846, Thursday (-35,936) Richard Nettleship, English philosophical
writer, was born (died 25/8/1892).
12/12/1846, Saturday (-35,941) The USA and Colombia agreed
to grant the USA transit rights on the narrow isthmus of Panama between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
11/12/1846, Friday (-35,942) Francois
Martin, US writer, died (born 17/3/1762).
10/12/1846, Thursday (-35,943)
Frederico Confalioneri, Italian Revolutionary, died (born 1785).
====================================================================================
30/11/1846, Monday (-35,953) Friedrich List, German economics writer,
died (born 6/8/1789).
23/11/1846, Monday (-35,960) George Darley, Irish poet, died (born
1795).
6/11/1846, Friday (-35,977) Following
uprisings in March 1846, the small republic of Cracow was annexed to
Austrian-controlled Galicia, losing its independence.
3/11/1846, Tuesday (-35,980) Francis Millet, US artist, was born.
===================================================================================
27/10/1846, Tuesday (-35,987) Louis Bourmont, Marshal of France, died
24/10/1846, Saturday (-35,990) Denis Luchaire, French historical writer,
was born (died 14/11/1908).
21/10/1846, Wednesday (-35,993) Edmondo de Amicis, Italian writer, was
born in Oneglia, Liguria (died in Bordighera, 12/3/1908).
16/10/1846, Friday (-35,998) Anaesthetic was used successfully for
the first time in a major operation, at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dentist
William Morton Warren used diethyl ether before removing a tumour from a man�s
jaw.
9/10/1846, Friday (-36,005) Holger Drachmann, Danish poet, was born
(died 14/1/1908).
6/10/1846, Tuesday (-36,008) George
Westinghouse, US engineer and inventor of the railway air brake, was born in
Central Bridge, New York State.
2/10/1846, Friday (-36,012) Samuel Driver, Hebrew scholarly writer, was
born.
====================================================================================
26/9/1846, Saturday (-36,018) (Race Equality)
Thomas Clarkson, British anti-slavery campaigner, died (born 28/3/1760).
23/9/1846. Wednesday (-36,021) German astronomer Johann Galle discovered the
planet Neptune.� This followed
predictions made by Leverrier and Adams.
10/9/1846, Thursday (-36,034)
Elias Howe received the patent for his sewing machine. It could sew at 250
stitches per minute, five times faster than any human could.
9/9/1846, Wednesday (-36,035)
Henri Marion, French philosophical writer, was born (died 5/4/1896).
7/9/1846, Monday (-36,037)
5/9/1846, Saturday (-36,039) Charles
Metcalfe, British colonial administrator of India, died (born 30/1/1785).
4/9/1846, Friday (-36,040) Victor
Jouy, Frenchy dramatist, died (born 12/9/1764).
2/9/1846, Wednesday (-36,042) Paul Deroulede, French author, was born.
===================================================================================
31/8/1846, Monday (-36,044)
The Surrey Iron Railway, Wandsworth to Croydon, closed; it was dismantled in
1848.
24/8/1846, Monday (-36,051) Adam Krusenstern, Russian geographiucal
writer, died (born 19/11/1770).
10/8/1846, Monday (-36,065) The
Smithsonian Institute was founded in Washington DC; it was established by a
bequest from the British scientist James Smithson.
4/8/1846, Tuesday (-36,071)
The Dublin to Carlow railway, 56 � miles, opened.
===================================================================================
31/7/1846, Friday (-36,075) Theodore Fix, Swiss writer, died (born
1800).
15/7/1846, Wednesday (-36,091)
The first railway in Hungary opened; Pest to Vacs, 35 km.
13/7/1846, Monday (-36,893) Laurence Gronlund, US socialist writer, was
born (died 15/10/1899).
7/7/1846. Tuesday
(-36,099) A US squadron
under Commodore John D Sloat sailed into Monterrey Bay and formally claimed
California for the USA, during the Mexican-US War. Pro Mexican
revolts in California on 6/12/1846 were put down by US troops. On 13/1/1847
pro-Mexico fighters finally surrendered to the US in California, ending 25 years of Mexican rule.
5/7/1846, Sunday (-36,101) Joseph
Foraker, US politician, was born.
====================================================================================
29/6/1846. Monday (-36,107) The protectionist wing of the Tory Party, led by Benjamin Disraeli, which was bitterly opposed to the repeal of the Corn Laws, mounted a revolt against Robert Peel�s Tory government, forcing Peel to resign as Prime Minister.
28/6/1846, Sunday (-36,108) Defeat
of Ranjit Singh by British forces at Aliwal, during the First Sikh War.
27/6/1846, Saturday (-36,109) Charles Stewart Parnell,
Irish politician and leader of the Home Rule movement, was born in Avondale,
County Wicklow.
25/6/1846. Thursday (-36,111) Britain repealed the Corn Laws after a 5 month debate in Parliament. Import duties on wheat, oats,
and barley were to be scrapped in 3 years, and meanwhile set at a nominal rate
only, of one shilling a quarter. This was opposed by Tory protectionists, but the Irish potato famine in 1845 added
urgency to the repeal. Bread would now be cheaper but the farming of the landed
estates less profitable. The Irish
potato blight spread from America and first appeared in the UK in the
Isle of Wight. Hot dry weather in July gave way to chilly rain and fog, and the
potatoes soon rotted. 4 million people in Ireland and 2 million in Britain
relied almost totally on potatoes for food. Public works schemes were devised
for some 750,000 workers which meant 3 million people relied on these for
income. Many Irish migrated to the USA, even though the voyage was almost as
deadly as the famine; one in six died on the voyage across the Atlantic. The
Irish blamed English oppression for the famine even though England had provided
almost �8million in relief.
23/6/1846, Tuesday (-36,113) Gaston
Maspero, French Egyptological writer, was born.
22/6/1846, Monday (-36,114) Benjamin
Haydon, English painter, died (born 26/1/1786).
19/6/1846, Friday (-36,117) The first baseball code of rules was drawn
up in the USA, by the Knickerbocker Club of New York. The first game played
under these rules was played this day at Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
16/6/1846, Tuesday (-36,120) Pope Pius IX was elected,
beginning the longest reign in the history of the Papacy.
15/6/1846. Monday (-36,121) Britain agreed with the USA
that Oregon was US territory. All land west of the Rockies and below the 49th
parallel was to be US territory.
14/6/1846, Sunday (-36,122) The
start of the Black Bear revolt against Mexican rule in California. Settlers in the
Sacramento Valley demanded an independent republic.
9/6/1846, Tuesday (-36,127)
Pope Gregory XVI died.
====================================================================================
31/5/1846, Sunday (-36,138) Philip
Marheineke, German religious writer, died (born 1/5/1780).
30/5/1846, Saturday (-36,137) Peter
Carl Faberge, Russian jeweller whose fabulous Easter Eggs were popular with the
tsars, was born
20/5/1846, Wednesday (-36,147) Sir George Goldie, who played a major
role in the creation of the British colony of Nigeria, was born.
14/5/1846, Thursday (-36,153)
Pieter Cort van der Linden, Dutch politician, was born.
13/5/1846, Wednesday (-36,154) The USA declared war on
Mexico. US Congress authorised US$ 10 million to fund the war and to recruit
50,000 troops. Mexican troops had crossed the Rio Grande into US territory
(Texas), sparking the war. See 28/3/1845.
11/5/1846, Monday (-36,156)
9/5/1846, Saturday (-36,158) Battle of Resaca de la Palma. Mexico
was heavily defeated, and withdrew across the Rio Grande.
8/5/1846, Friday (-36,159) Battle of Palo Alto. US General Zachary
Taylor defeated a Mexican force of 6,000 soldiers with his 2,000 troops.
=====================================================================================
27/4/1846, Monday (-36,170)
24/4/1846, Friday (-36,173)
Marcus Clarke, US author, was born (died 2/8/1881).
23/4/1846, Thursday (-36,174)
Thomas Cannon, champion jockey, was born (died 13/7/1917).
16/4/1846, Thursday (-36,181) Domenico Dragonetti, musician, died (born
7/4/1763)
13/4/1846, Monday (-36,184) To quell peasant unrest, the
Polish government abolished the duty on them of extra day�s unpaid labour
previously due to their manorial lord. There was an ongoing famine in Poland,
aggravated by cholera and typhus outbreaks; in 1847 there were 380,000 deaths
in Poland, compared to the previous annual average of 153,000.
12/4/1846, Sunday (-36,185)
Easter Sunday.
=====================================================================================
31/3/1846, Wednesday
(-36,196) Comte de Lautreamont, writer, was born.
25/3/1846, Thursday
(-36,202) Michael Davitt, dedicated Irish Nationalist, was born (died
31/5/1906).
22/3/1846, Monday
(-36,205) Randolph Caldecott, English artist, was born (died 12/2/1886).
17/3/1846, Tuesday (-36,211) Friedrich
Bessel, German astronomer, died in Konigsberg (born in Minden 22/7/1784).
16/3/1846, Monday (-36,212)
Jules Joffrin, French politician, was born (died 17/9/1890).
11/3/1846, Wednesday (-36,217) Johann Hug, German religious writer, died
(born 1/6/1765).
====================================================================================
26/2/1846, Thursday (-36,230) Buffalo Bill, American Army Scout and
showman, was born on a farm in Scott County, Iowa, as William Frederick Cody.
20/2/1846, Friday (-36,236) (Italy) Francis IV, Duke of Modena, died
19/2/1846, Thursday (-36,237)
Charles Clermont-Ganneau, writer on the Orient, was born.
18/2/1846, Wednesday (36,238) The
Pittsburgh Disptach was first published.
17/2/1846, Tuesday (-26,239) (Maritime) The coal ship Rocket was wrecked off St Helena.
16/2/1846, Monday (-26,240)
Gefroi Flach, French historical writer, was born.
15/2/1846, Sunday (-26,241) Sir
William Clinton, British soldier, died (born 1769).
9/2/1846, Monday (-26,247) Wilhelm Maybach, car engineer, was born.
5/2/1846, Thursday (-26,251) John Most, German anarchist, was born
(died 17/4/1906).
===================================================================================
21/1/1846. Wednesday (-36,266) The
Daily News, the newspaper edited by Charles Dickens, was first published in
London.
17/1/1846, Saturday (-36,270) Henry Inman, US artist, died (born
20/10/1801).
15/1/1846, Thursday (-36,272) In France, Angelique Cottin, aged 14, of
La Perriere, began to experience frightening paranormal phenomena in which
objects including furniture violently retreated at her touch. Many witnessed
these events, which lasted for some 10 weeks.
13/1/1846, Tuesday (-36,274) (Mexico,
USA)
US troops were directed to advance to the Rio Grande, in anticipation of the
failure of negotiations with Mexico.
7/1/1846, Wednesday
(-36,280) John Frere, English author, died (born 21/5/1769).
6/1/1846, Tuesday
(-36,281) Lewis Goldsmith, Anglo-French writer, died.
5/1/1846, Monday (-36,282)
Rudolf Eucken, scholarly writer, was born.
1/1/1846, Thursday (-36,286)
====================================================================================
29/12/1845, Monday (-36,289) Texas
became the 28th State of the Union.
24/12/1845, Wednesday (-36,294) George I, King of Greece, was
born.
22/12/1845, Monday (-36,296) The
first of the original two single-track Woodhead railway tunnels, on the line
between Sheffield and Manchester, opened to traffic.� See 2/2/1852.
21/12/1845, Sunday (-36,297)
The Battle of Ferozeshah began.
10/12/1845. Wednesday (-36,308) The
Scottish civil engineer Robert Thompson patented the first pneumatic tyres (see
31/10/1888). However the invention failed to catch on in the absence of a
method of hardening the rubber.
====================================================================================
25/11/1845, Tuesday (-36,323) Jose Maria Eca del Quieroz, Portuguese
writer was born (died in Paris, 16/8/1900).
21/11/1845, Friday (-36,327) The first railway in Jamaica opened. It ran
20 km between Kingston and Spanish Town.
11/11/1845, Tuesday (-36,337) Jules Guesde, French socialist, was born.
====================================================================================
30/10/1845, Thursday (-36,349) Nicolas Charlet, French painter, died
(born 20/12/1792)
26/10/1845, Sunday (-36,353) Edward Harrigan, US actor, was born.
24/10/1845, Friday (-36,355) Melchior Neumayr, German paleontoligical
writer, was born (died 29/1/1890)
22/10/1845, Wednesday (-36,357) Sarah Bernhardt, French actress, was
born in Paris.
19/10/1845. Sunday (-36,360) Wagner�s opera �Tannhauser� was first performed at Dresden.� Wagner�s music inspired either wonder or
loathing, and he was also highly anti-Semitic.
18/10/1845, Saturday (-36,361) (Cartography) Jacques Cassini died (born
30/6/1748). He completed his father�s map of France (published 1793), despite
difficulties caused by the French Revolution.
12/10/1845, Sunday (-36,367) (Prisons) The social worker and prison
reformer Elizabeth Fry died.
10/10/1845, Friday (-36,369) William Minto, Scottish
writer, was born (died 1/3/1893).
===================================================================================
23/9/1845, Tuesday (-36,386)
Jonathan Hartley, US sculptor was born.
15/9/1845, Monday (-36,394) Thomas
Davis, Irish poet, died (born 14/10/1814).
13/9/1845, Saturday (-36,396) Sir
Henry Cotton, British administrator in India, was born.
8/9/1845, Monday (-36,401) William Muller, English
painter, died (born 28/6/1812).
====================================================================================
28/8/1845, Thursday (-36,412)
The first edition of Scientific American
was published at New York.
26/8/1845, Tuesday (-36,414) Philippe Gerard, French inventor, died
(born 1/2/1775).
25/8/1845, Monday (-36,415)
Ludwig II, King of Bavaria, was born.
22/8/1845, Friday (-36,418) Surrey County Cricket Club
was founded at a meeting at The Horns, Kennington.
15/8/1845, Friday (-36,425) Walter Crane, English painter, was born.
10/8/1845, Sunday (-36,430) British naval forces destroyed a pirate�s
lair on the Maradu River, Borneo, which had previously harassed British
shipping.
6/8/1845, Wednesday (-36,434) In the UK the Gauge Commission opened. It decided in favour
of standard gauge, 4� 8 ��, with exception for the Great Western Railway.
4/8/1845, Monday (-36,436) Thomas Cook organised the
first holiday excursion by rail, to North Wales, leaving Leicester at 5am.
===================================================================================
30/7/1845, Wednesday (-36,441 (Music) The French Army
introduced the saxophone to its band.
26/7/1845, Saturday (-36,445) Robert Moberly, English
religious writer, was born (died 8/6/1903).
25/7/1845, Friday (-36,446) (1) China granted Belgium equal trading rights with Britain,
France, and the USA. See 24/10/1844.
(2) Brunel�s 320 foot iron ship, the Great Britain, left
Liverpool on her maiden voyage, to New York.
21/7/1845, Monday (-36,450) (Britain) Charles Canterbury, British
politician, died (born 29/1/1780).
17/7/1845, Thursday (-36,454) Charles
Grey, English statesman, died (born 13/3/1764).
4/7/1845, Friday (-36,467) Thomas John Barnardo was born in Dublin. In 1867
he started homes for some of London�s many destitute children. They became
known as Dr Barnardo�s Homes although he never qualified as a medical doctor.
===================================================================================
28/6/1845, Saturday (-30,573) Sir
William Follett, English lawyer, died (2/12/1798).
18/6/1845, Wednesday (-36,483) Sidney Colvin, literary critic, was
born.
17/6/1845, Tuesday (-36,484) Richard Barham, English writer, died (born
in Canterbury 6/12/1788).
8/6/1845, Sunday (-36,493) Andrew Jackson, American
General and Democrat politician, 7th President from 1829 to 1837,
died at the Hermitage in Nashville, Tennessee.
====================================================================================
30/5/1845, Friday (-36,502) Ferdinando Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Italy,
was born (died 18/1/1890).
29/5/1845, Thursday (-36,503) Under an amnesty, Santa Anna was allowed
to depart from Mexico for Cuba, with his wife and daughter. A provisional
government was established under General Herrera. Mexicans rejoiced in the
streets at Anna�s departure.
25/5/1845, Sunday (-36,507) Thomas
Duncan, Scottish portrait painter, died (born 1807).
18/5/1845, Sunday (-36,514) Don Carlos relinquished his
right to the Spanish Crown in favour of his son.
16/5/1845, Friday (-36,516) (Britain)
Charles Chubb, English locksmith and safe-maker, died.
13/5/1845, Tuesday (-36,519) (Britain)
Alexander Baring Ashburton, English baron and financier, died.
12/5/1845, Monday (-36,520) Janos Bacsanyo, Hungarian poet, died
12/5/1845 in Linz (born in Tapolcza, 11/5/1763).
8/5/1845, Thursday (-36,524)
5/5/1845, Monday
(-36,527) Eleonore Cavaignac, French politician, died.
4/5/1845, Sunday
(-36,528) William Clifford, English mathematician, was born (died
3/3/1879).
3/5/1845, Saturday (-36,529) Thomas Hood, poet, died.
==================================================================================
30/4/1845, Wednesday (-36,532) Henry
Crane, US actor, was born.
19/4/1845, Saturday (-36,543) Michael Muraviev, Russian
statesman, was born (died 21/6/1900).
15/4/1845,
Tuesday (-36,547)
The new House of Lords buildings were
completed, after a fire in 1834, to the designs of Sir Charles Barry and
Augustus Pugin.
14/4/1845, Monday (-36,548) Friedrich Krummacher, German
religious writer, died (born 13/7/1767).
====================================================================================
29/3/1845, Saturday (-36,564) (Mexico,
USA)
The UK and France laid proposals before
Mexico, that Texas should become independent but should not seek to ally with
any other country; they were concerned about the rapid growth of the US (see
1/3/1845)
28/3/1845. Friday (-36,565) Mexico severed relations with
the USA following America�s ratification of the annexation of Texas on 1/3/1845, after an almost unanimous vote in
favour by the Texas electorate. On 29./12/1845 Texas became the 28th
state of the USA. See 13/5/1846.
27/3/1845, Thursday (-36,566) Wilhelm
von Roentgen, German scientist and discoverer of X-Rays, was born in Lennep,
Prussia.
26/3/1845. Wednesday (-36,567) The
sticking plaster was patented.
23/3/1845, Sunday (-36,570) Easter
Sunday
17/3/1845, Monday (-36,576) Rubber bands were patented
and first made by Perry and Co of London.
13/3/1845, Thursday (-36,580) John
Daniell, English chemist, died (born 12/3/1790).
11/3/1845, Tuesday (-36,582) (1) Self-raising flour was patented by Henry Jones of Bristol.
(2) (New
Zealand) In New Zealand, a Maori uprising against the British began.
The Maori were protesting at European settlement of Maori lands, in breach of
the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi.
10/3/1845, Monday (-36,583) (Russia)
Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, second son of Alexander II, was born (died
1894).
9/3/1845, Sunday
(-36,584) (Biology)
Botanist Wilhelm Pfeffer was born in Grebenstein, Hesse, Germany.
7/3/1845, Friday (-36,586) Edward Lloyd, English tenor vocalist, was born.
4/3/1845, Tuesday
(-36,589) (USA)
The Democrat Charles Polk was sworn in as 11th President of the
USA, following his landslide victory in the November 1944 elections. He
strongly supported further westwards expansion of the USA.
3/3/1845, Monday (-36,590) (USA)
Florida became the 27th State of the Union.
1/3/1845, Saturday (-36,592) (USA)
US President Tyler approved the decision to annex Texas to the United
States, just three days before the accession of President James K Polk. Both
the UK and France were now concerned at the great expansion of the USA. See
29/3/1845.
=================================================================================
19/2/1845, Wednesday (-36,602) (Britain) Sir Thomas Buxton, English
philanthropist, died (born 1/4/1786).
15/2/1845, Saturday (-36,606) Samuel Blanchard, British author, died (born
in Great Yarmouth 15/2/1804).
14/2/1845, Friday (-36,607)
Quintin Hogg, founder of polytechnics, was born.
1/2/1845, Saturday (-36,620) Karl Marx settled in Brussels after being expelled from France.
===================================================================================
28/1/1845, Tuesday (-36,624) Christoph
Houwald, German author, died (born 28/11/1778)
11/1/1845, Saturday (36,641) (Geology)
Etheldred Benett, one of the earliest woman geologists, died (born 1776).
4/1/1845, Saturday (-36,648) Santa
Anna was deposed as President of Mexico in a coup by Paredes. Santa Anna
attempted to flee towards the coast but was captured at the village of Jaco, to
be arrested and held at Jaco.
1/1/1845, Wednesday (-36,651)
==================================================================================
23/12/1844, Monday (-36,660) Sebastian Munster, German
palaeontologist, died (born 17/2/1776).
21/12/1844,
Saturday (-36,662) A group of unemployed workers in the mill-town of
Rochdale, Lancashire, formed the first
Co-operative shop in Toad (T�owd) Lane. They called
themselves the Rochdale Pioneers, and soon had 50 members. Each member received
a dividend, or share, of the shop�s profits. It cost one shilling to join.
Changes in the law now meant no-one under 18 years of age could work over 12
hours a day, and it was proposed to limit teenagers to a 10 hour day. Children
under 13 were restricted to a 48 hour week and had to attend school for 2 hours
a week.
18/12/1844, Wednesday (-36,665)
(Germany) Ludwig Brentano, German economist, was born.
14/12/1844, Saturday (-36,669) China relaxed a ban on the
Roman Catholic Church.
11/12/1844, Wednesday (-36,671) Dr John M Riggs, of Hartford
Connecticut, successfully extracted a tooth painlessly from Dr Horace Wells
using nitrous oxide gas. He performed 40 more such operations, but abandoned
them after a patient nearly died from an overdose of the gas; Dr Riggs was
unaware that the nitrous oxide should be mixed with oxygen.
5/12/1844. Thursday (-36,678) The
French garrison at Biskra, Algeria, was massacred by the Arabs.
1/12/1844, Sunday (-36,682) Queen Alexandra, wife of
Edward VII, was born, the eldest daughter of King Christian of Denmark.
==================================================================================
25/11/1844, Monday (-36,688) Karl Friedrich Benz, German
engineer and motor car pioneer, was born in Karlsruhe.
21/11/1844, Thursday (-36,692) (Agriculture) Philipp Fellenberg, promoter of
agricultural education, died (born 27/6/1771).
14/11/1844, Thursday (-36,699) (Medical)
John Abercrombie, Scottish physician (born 10/10/1780) died in Edinburgh.
2/11/1844, Saturday (-36,711) Sir Francis
Gould, caricaturist, was born.
==================================================================================
28/10/1844, Monday (-36,716)
London�s third Royal Exchange Building opened.
24/10/1844. Thursday (-36,720) France and China signed the
Treaty of Whampoa, opening up Chinese ports to French trade. French traders
came under French, not Chinese, law, and the French gained the right to build
Catholic churches in the treaty ports of China.
23/10/1844, Wednesday (-36,721) Robert Bridges, poet laureate, was born.
22/10/1844, Tuesday (-36,722) Sarah Bernhardt, actress,
was born.
15/10/1844, Tuesday (-36,729) Friedrich Wilhelm Neitzsche,
German philosopher, was born.
12/10/1844, Saturday (-36,732) George Cable, US author, was born.
11/10/1844. Friday (-36,733) Baked
beans magnate H J Heinz was born
of German parents in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
8/10/1844, Tuesday (-36,736) Martin Navarette, Spanish
historical writer, died (born 9/11/1765).
=================================================================================
24/9/1844, Tuesday (-36,750)
Robert Jamieson, Scottish writer, died .
15/9/1844, Sunday (-36,759) Gustav
Hugo, German jurist, died (born 23/11/1764).
11/9/1844, Wednesday (-36,763) Basil Hall, British travel writer, died
(born 31/12/1788).
10/9/1844. Tuesday (-36,764) France and Morocco signed the
Treaty of Tangiers, ending their conflict. France withdrew from Morocco.
================================================================================
30/8/1844, Friday (-36,775) (Astronomy)
Edward Baily, British astronomer, died in London on 30/8/1844. He was born in
Newbury, Berkshire, 10/3/1788.
28/8/1844, Wednesday (-36,777) Karl Marx met Friedrich
Engels in Paris; their lifelong collaboration began.
22/8/1844, Thursday (-36,783) (Polar) George Delong, US Arctic explorer, was
born (died 30/10/1881).
17/8/1844, Saturday (-36,788) Menelik II, Emperor of
Ethiopia, was born.
14/8/1844, Wednesday (-36,791) (Algeria) The French under Bugeaud defeated el Kader�s 45,000 strong army at the
Isly River. Abd el Kader again took refuge in Morocco, from where he mounted
continued attacks against the French.
8/8/1844. Thursday (-36,797) The Mormons chose Brigham Young as leader to replace
Joseph Smith, see 27/6/1844.
7/8/1844, Wednesday (-36,800) Auguste Levy, French
geologist, was born.
6/8/1844, Tuesday (-36,799)
(Britain)
Albert Ernst Albert, 4th child of Queen Victoria (died 30/7/1900)
was born at Windsor Castle.
1/8/1844, Thursday (-36,804)
====================================================================================
28/7/1844, Sunday (-36,808) Gerard Manley Hopkins, poet,
was born.
27/7/1844, Saturday (-36,809) John Dalton, chemist and
physicist, died.� He developed modern
atomic theory and also made advances in meteorology.
26/7/1844. Friday (-36,810) The first ocean cruise left
Southampton for a four month steamship tour of the Mediterranean.
25/7/1844, Thursday (-26,811) Thomas C Eakins, US artist, was born
(died 25/6/1916).
22/7/1844,
Monday (-36,814)
The Reverend William Spooner, educationalist and originator of
�spoonerisms�, was born in London.
16/7/1844, Tuesday (-36,820) Charles Dickens� sixth book,
The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, was published in entirety.
15/7/1844, Monday (-36,821)
Claude Fauriel, French historical writer, died (born 21/10/1772).
13/7/1844, Saturday (-36,823) Johann Gansbacher, Austrian composer, died
(born 1778).
3/7/1844.
Wednesday (-36,833)
(1) China and the USA signed the Treaty of
Wanghiya, giving US citizens similar rights to those of the UK in the Treaty of
Nanjing signed in 1843. US traders now had access to the same five Chinese
trading ports as Britain did.
(2)
The Great Auk became extinct when fishermen killed the last breeding pair of
the flightless birds in Iceland.
1/7/1844.
Monday (-36,835)
A French squadron under the Duke of Joinville bombarded Tangiers.
=====================================================================================
27/6/1844.
Thursday (-36,839)
Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon
Church, died. He was killed, along with his brother Hyrum, by a 200-strong mob
in Carthage prison, Illinois, where they had been held on riot charges. The
brothers had destroyed the offices of a rival Mormon newspaper. This followed
months of tension between the Mormon settlers, who came to Nauvoo, Illinois, in
1839, and locals who resented Mormon political and economic power. Mormon
polygamy was also a contentious issue. See 8/8/1844.
19/6/1844, Wednesday (-36,847) Saint-Hilaire Geoffroy, French
naturalist writer, died (born 15/4/1772).
17/6/1844, Monday (-36,849) Hartwig Derenbourg, writer, was born (died
1908).
15/6/1844. Saturday (-36,851) (1) The first railway in Switzerland opened, Basle
to St Ludwig.
(2) Charles Goodyear patented the vulcanised
rubber process in the USA. This made possible the commercial use of rubber,
such as for motor vehicle tyres.
6/6/1844, Thursday (-36,860) George
Williams founded the YMCA at 72 St Paul�s Churchyard, London.
3/6/1844, Monday (-36,863)
Garrett Hobart, US Vice-President, was born (died 21/11/1899).
2/6/1844, Sunday (-36,864) Jean
Marbot, French soldier, died.
=====================================================================================
26/5/1844, Sunday (-36,871)
The Dublin to Drogheda railway opened.
24/5/1844, Friday (-36,873) Samuel
Morse sent the first telegraph message,
from his home in Washington to a friend in Baltimore, 40 miles away. The
message was �What hath God wrought�.
22/5/1844, Wednesday (-36,875)
Mary Cassall, Impressionist painter, was born.
21/5/1844, Tuesday (-36,876) Guiseppe
Baini, Italian musician, died in Rome (born in Rome 21/10/1775).
16/5/1844, Thursday (-36,881) Sir John Hare, English actor, born
14/5/1844, Tuesday (-36,883)
John Doyle, English historical writer, was born (died 4/8/1907).
13/5/1844, Monday (-36,884) Spain set up a military
peacekeeping force, the Guardia Civil.
8/5/1844, Wednesday (-36,889) Earthquake hit Echigo, Japan, 12,000
killed.
3/5/1844, Friday (-36,894) Richard D�Oyly Carte, who produced the
Gilbert and Sullivan operas, was born.
1/5/1844, Wednesday (-36,896) The
Bricklayer�s Arms railway terminus opened in south London, for passengers from
Kent wishing to access the West End. The South Eastern Railway was faced with
excessive charges to use the terminus at London Bridge..� However it was unpopular with passengers and
became a goods terminus from 1/1852.
====================================================================================
26/4/1844, Friday (-36,901) (USA) Robert Keep, US educator, was born
(died 3/6/1904).
16/4/1844, Tuesday (-36,911)
Anatole France, French novelist, was born.
15/4/1844, Monday (-36,912) Charles
Bulfinch, US architect, died (born 8/8/1763).
7/4/1844, Sunday (-36,920)
Easter Sunday. James Scarlett Abinger, British statesman (born 13/12/1796)
died.
====================================================================================
31/3/1844, Sunday (-36,927) Andrew Lang, British writer, was born.
24/3/1844, Sunday (-36,934) Antoine Lemonnier, Belgian poet, was born.
18/3/1844, Monday (-36,940) Rimsky
Korsakoov, Russian composer, was born in Novgorod.
14/3/1844, Thursday (-36,944) Umberto
I, King of Italy, was born in Turin, the son of King Victor Emmanuel I.
11/3/1844, Monday (-36,947)
In New Zealand, Maoris rose up against British rule.
8/3/1844, Friday (-36,950) Charles XIV, King of Sweden,
died aged 81, after a 26-year reign. He was succeeded by his son, Oskar I, aged
44.
7/3/1844, Thursday (-36,951)
Anthony Comstock, US moralist, was born in Connecticut (died 21/9/1913 in New
York).
6/3/1844, Wednesday (-36,952) Britain
concluded an agreement with the indigenous Chiefs of the Gold Coast, giving the
UK control over the territory�s legal system and judicial punishments.
===================================================================================
27/2/1844, Tuesday
(-36,960) The Dominican Republic became independent.
23/2/1844, Friday (-36,964) Duncan Gregory, mathematics writer, died
(born 13/4/1813).
20/2/1844, Tuesday (-36,967) Michael von Munkacsy, Hungarian painter,
was born (died 30/4/1900).
8/2/1844, Thursday (-36,979) (Britain)
Samuel Barnett, English social reformer, was born in Bristol.
7/2/1844, Wednesday (-36,980) (Russia) Alexis Fedchenko, Russian explorer of
central Asia, was born (died 15/9/1873).
====================================================================================
31/1/1844, Wednesday (-36,987) Henri Bertrand, French General, died in
Chateauroux (born 1773)
29/1/1844, Monday (-36,989) Ernst I, Duke of Saxe Coburg Gotha, died
(born 2/1/1784).
25/1/1844, Thursday (-36,993) Jean d�Erlon, Marchal of France, died
(born 29/7/1765).
23/1/1844, Tuesday (-36,995) (Britain)
Sir Francis Burdett, English politician, died (born 25/1/1770).
16/1/1844, Tuesday (-37,002) Samuel Horton, US economics writer, was
born (died 23/2/1895).
1/1/1844, Monday (-37,017)
==================================================================================
29/12/1843, Friday (-37,020) The
Battle of Maharaipur.
25/12/1843, Monday (-37,024) The
first Christmas card was designed
by John Calcott Horsley for Sir Henry Cole. The design was of three generations
of a Victorian family sitting round a festive table, toasting an absent guest.
Some objected that the illustration encouraged drunkenness. Sir Cole said he
was too busy at business to send letters to all his friends as was his custom,
so he had 1,000 cards printed up, selling the surplus for 1 shilling each. By 1862 cards featured �A Merry Christmas
and a Happy New Year�; then holly and robins appeared in the illustrations, and
by 1871 a daily newspaper complained that people were trying to outdo each
other in how many cards they received, and the consequent delay in other
post.� The GPO adopted the slogan �Post
Early For Christmas� for the first time in 1880. Christmas crackers appeared in the 1840s. However Christmas trees date back to around
1605 where they were seen in Strasbourg.�
In Alsace fir trees, or maien, were set up on May Day as far back as
1521.
18/12/1843, Monday (-37,031) Thomas Lynedoch, British General, died (born
19/10/1748).
16/12/1843, Saturday (-37,033) William Kendal, English actor, was born.
13/12/1843. Wednesday (-37,036) Some
6,000 copies of Charles Dicken�s �A Christmas Carol� were sold on the first day of
publication.
11/12/1843, Monday (-37,038) Robert
Koch, German bacteriologist, was born in Klausthal.
9/12/1843, Saturday (-37,040) Pierre Leroy-Beaulieu, French economics
writer, was born.
1/12/1843, Friday (-37,048) China
again banned opium smoking, the cause of the Opium War. However the Chinese already had an insatiable appetite
for it and ignored this decree. Opium smuggling into China was rampant, run by
gangsters such as the Triads.
===================================================================================
24/11/1843, Friday (-37,055) Richard Croker, US politician, was born.
21/11/1843, Tuesday (-37,058) Vulcanised
rubber was patented in England by Thomas Hancock.
17/11/1843,
Friday (-37,062)
In accordance with the Treaty of Nanjing (see 29/8/1842) Shanghai was opened up to foreign
trade.
14/11/1843,
Tuesday (-37,065) (Britain)
Sir William Anson, English jurist, was born in Walberton, Sussex.
10/11/1843,
Friday (-37,069) John Trumbull, painter, died
in New York aged 87.
3/11/1843,
Friday (-37,076)
The 17-foot, 16 ton, statue of Lord Nelson was hauled in two pieces to the
top of the column in Trafalgar Square.�
The second piece was hauled up on 4/11/1843. The column was 184 foot
high, and the statue a further 17 feet. The cost was �50,000, half met by
Parliament, the other half raised by public subscription.
===================================================================================
28/10/1843,
Saturday (-37,082) (Hungary)
Dezso Banffy, Hungarian statesman, was born in Klausenberg.
15/10/1843,
Sunday (--37,095) John Foster, English writer, died (born
17/9/1770).
12/10/1843,
Thursday (-37,098)
Twelve men met in a New York cafe to establish the B�Nai� Brith, or �Sons of the Covenant�, to provide
assistance to Jewish widows, the elderly, orphans, and victims of persecution.
8/10/1843,
Sunday (-37,102)
Britain and China signed the British Supplementary Treaty; an addition to the
Treaty of Nanjing (29/8/1842), giving Britain favourable trading terms with
China. See 3/7/1844.
1/10/1843,
Sunday (-37,109) The
Sunday newspaper, News of the World, was first published.
==================================================================================
23/9/1843, Saturday
(-37,117) George Bell, Scottish legal writer, died (born in Edinburgh
20/3/1770).
15/9/1843, Friday
(-37,125) (Greece) Military revolt against
King Otto�s absolute rule. A constitution was introduced, limiting his powers.
13/9/1843, Wednesday
(-37,127) Louis Duchesne, French religious writer, was born.
6/9/1843, Wednesday
(-37,134) Yves Guyot, French politician, was born.
==================================================================================
29/8/1843, Tuesday
(-37,142) David Hill, US politician, was born (died 30/10/1910).
15/8/1843, Tuesday
(-37,156) In Copenhagen, the Tivoli Gardens opened. They were laid out on part of
the old defensive works.
12/8/1843, Saturday (-37,159) Colmar Goltz, Prussian military writer, was
born.
10/8/1843, Thursday (-37,161) Jakob Fries, German philosophical writer,
died (23/8/1773).
==================================================================================
31/7/1843, Monday (-37,171) End of a 5-month British occupation of
Honolulu, Hawaii.
25/7/1843, Tuesday (-37,177) Charles MacIntosh, the
chemist who patented waterproof fabric in 1823, died in Glasgow.
24/7/1843, Monday (-37,178) Sir
William Abney, English chemist, was born in Derby (died in Folkestone
3/12/1920).
19/7/1843, Wednesday (-37,183) Brunel�s
ship Great Britain, the first
all-metal liner, was launched from London�s Wapping Dock, by Prince Albert. At
98 metres long, she was the world�s largest ship.
13/7/1843, Thursday (-37,189) Jean Lanessan, French writer, was born.
9/7/1843, Sunday (-37,193) Washington Allston, US artist, died in
Cambridge, Massachusetts (born 5/11/1779 in Waccamaw, South Carolina).
5/7/1843, Wednesday (-37,197) Mandell Creighton, English historical
writer, was born (died 14/1/1901).
2/7/1843, Sunday (-37,200) The originator of homeopathic medicine,
Samuel Hanneman, died in Paris aged 88. He believed that diseases could be
cured by drugs producing similar symptoms, only in much smaller doses than
normal; the �law of similar� (born 10/4/1755).
==================================================================================
29/6/1842, Thursday (-37,203) Maurice Davin, athlete, was born.
24/6/1842, Saturday (-37,208)
Ambrose Bierce, writer and satirist, was born.
23/6/1843, Friday (-37,209) Paul
Groth, German mineralogical writer, was born.
22/6/1842, Thursday (-37,210)
21/6/1843, Wednesday (-37,211) The Royal College of Surgeons
was formed from the original Barber �Surgeon Company.
20/6/1843, Tuesday (-37,212) Hugh
Legare, US statesman, died (born 2/1/1797).
19/6/1843, Monday (-37,213) Karl Marx married Jenny von
Westphalen, daughter of a Prussian aristocrat.
17/6/1843, Saturday (-37,215)
16/6/1843, Friday (-37,216) (Britain) William Cathcart, English soldier, died
(born 17/9/1755).
15/6/1843, Thursday (-37,217) Edward Grieg, Norwegian
composer, was born in Bergen.� He was of
Scottish descent.
7/6/1843, Wednesday (-37,225) Johann Holderlin, German poet, died
(born 20/3/1770).
3/6/1843, Saturday (-37,229) Frederick VIII, King of Denmark, was born.
1/6/1843, Thursday (-37,231) Karl Grolman, Prussian soldier, died
(born 30/7/1777).
==================================================================================
28/5/1843, Sunday (-37,235) Noah
Webster, American lexicographer who first compiled Webster�s Dictionary in
1828, died in New Haven, Connecticut aged 84.
22/5/1843, Monday (-37,241) The first wagon train, with over 1,000
people, left Missouri for Oregon. Travellers believed that paradisiacal
conditions awaited them. Some 700 reached Oregon alive.
6/5/1843, Saturday (-37,257) Grove Gilbert, US geologist, was born.
=================================================================================
25/4/1843, Tuesday (-37,268) (Britain)
Mary Alice Maud, 3rd child of Queen Victoria, was born in Buckingham
Palace (died 14/12/1878).
16/4/1843, Sunday (-37,277)
Easter Sunday
15/4/1843, Saturday
(-37,278) Henry James, US author, was born.
6/4/1843, Thursday (-37,287) William Wordsworth was appointed poet
laureate, the day before his 73rd birthday.
1/4/1843, Saturday (-37,292) (USA)
John Armstrong, US soldier and politician (born 25/11/1758 in Carlisle,
Pennsylvania) died in Red Hook, New York.
==================================================================================
29/3/1843, Wednesday (-27,295) Paul Ferrier, French dramatist, was born
25/3/1843, Saturday (-37,299) The
first tunnel under the Thames,
the 1300 foot Wapping Tunnel, linking Wapping and Rotherhithe, opened. Work had
begun on 2/3/1825.
18/3/1843, Saturday (-37,306) William Montagu, 5th Duke of
Manchester, died
16/3/1843, Thursday (-37,308) Anton Falck, Dutch statesman, died (born
19/3/1777).
===================================================================================
17/2/1843, Friday (-37,335) The Muslim Emirs of Sind refused to cede
their independence to the East India Company. The British provoked an
Anglo-Sind conflict, so that Charles Napier could destroy the 30,000 strong
Baluch Army. In March 1843 Napier defeated the Emirs of Sind, and sent a
one-word telegram to London �Peccavi�, meaning �I have sinned�.
13/2/1843, Monday (-37,339) Isaac Hull, US Commodore, died (born
9/3/1775).
6/2/1843, Monday (-37,346) Frederic Myers, English poet, was born
(died 17/1/1901)
===================================================================================
29/1/1843, Sunday (-37,354) William
McKinley, Republican and 25th President, was born in Niles, Ohio,
son of an iron manufacturer.
23/1/1843, Monday (-37,360) Friedrich
Fouque, German writer, died (born 12/2/1777).
22/1/1843, Sunday (-37,361)
Friedrich Blass, German scholarly writer, was born in Osnabruck (died in Halle
5/3/1907).
21/1/1843, Saturday (-57,362)
20/1/1843, Friday (-37,363) (France) Pierre Cambon, French diplomat, was
born.
19/1/1843, Thursday (-37,364)
Sir William Mulock, Canadian statesman, was born.
14/1/1843, Saturday (-37,369) Hans Forssell, Swedish historical writer,
was born (died 2/8/1901).
11/1/1843, Wednesday (-37,372) Francis
Scott Key, the American lawyer and poet who wrote the words of the US national
anthem The Star Spangled Banner in 1814, died.
1/1/1843, Sunday (-37,382)
====================================================================================
22/12/1842, Thursday (-37,392) (Britain)
Richard Everard Webster Alverstone, Lord Chief Justice of England from 1900,
was born.
17/12/1842, Saturday (-37,397) Ernest Lavisse, French historical writer,
was born.
12/12/1842, Monday (-37,402) Robert Haldane, Scottish religious writer, died
(born 28/2/1764).
10/12/1842, Saturday (-37,404) Rowland Hill, British General, died (born
11/8/1772).
8/12/1842, Thursday (-37,406)
Gregor Csiky, Hungarian dramatist, was born (died 19/11/1891).
7/12/1842, Wednesday (-37,407)
Thomas Hamilton, Scottish writer, died (born 1789).
2/12/1842, Friday (-37,412) Charles Alcock, footballer, was born (died
26/2/1907)
======================================================================================
26/11/1842, Saturday (-37,418) Alexandre Beljame, French writer, was born
in Villiers (died in Domont 19/9/1906).
22/11/1842, Tuesday (-37,422) Jose Heredia, French poet, was born (died
3/10/1905).
19/11/1842, Saturday (-37,425) (Education-University)
The University of Santiago, Chile, was founded. An earlier University of Chile
had been founded in 1738 by the King of Spain.
12/11/1842, Saturday (-37,432) Physicist
and Nobel Prize winner Lord Rayleigh was born at Witham, Essex.
9/11/1842, Wednesday (-37,435) Marie Gerando, French philosophical
writer, died (born 29/2/1772).
6/11/1842, Sunday (-37,438) Felice Cavallotti, Italian politician, was
born (died 6/3/1898).
4/11/1842, Friday (-37,440)
Abraham Lincoln married Mary Todd, member of a slave-owning family in Kentucky.
======================================================================================
30/10/1842, Sunday (-37,445) Allan Cunningham, Scottish poet, died (born
7/12/1784).
28/10/1842, Friday (-37,447) Anna
Dickinson, US writer, was born.
27/10/1842, Thursday (-37,448)
Giovanni Giolitti, Italian statesman, was born.
25/10/1842, Tuesday (-37,450)
23/10/1842, Sunday (-37,452) Heinrich
Gesenius, German historical writer, died (born 3/2/1786).
22/10/1842, Saturday (-37,453) Anne
Louise Cary, US singer, was born.
21/10/1842, Friday (-37,454) The
US returned Monterrey to Mexico, Commodore Jones having concluded that the
threat to the Californias was untrue.
20/10/1842, Thursday (-37,455)
Grace Darling died today, aged 27. The daughter of a lighthouse keeper, four
years earlier she had made a heroic rescue of the victims of a shipwreck.
19/10/1842, Wednesday (-37,456)
Commodore Jones, in the frigate United
States, along with Captain Stribling in the Cyane, arrived at Monterrey, Mexico. They demanded the surrender of
Monterrey to the US; this was in response to events of 5/9/1842.
18/10/1842. Tuesday (-37,457) The first telegraph cable was
laid by Samuel Morse. It ran from Governor�s Island to The Battery across New
York Harbour, and lasted only 24 hours; 200 feet of it was wrecked when a ship
weighed anchor.
6/10/1842, Thursday (-37,469) Gustave Fagniez, French economics writer,
was born.
2/10/1842, Sunday (-37,473) William Channing, US religious writer, died
(born 7/4/1780) 2/10/1842).
=================================================================================
30/9/1842, Friday (-37,475) Charles Lapworth, English geologist, was
born.
21/9/1842, Wednesday (-37,484)
Abdul-Hamid II, Sultan of Turkey from 31/8/1876, was born (died 10/2/1918).
20/9/1842. Tuesday (-37,485) Sir James Dewar, Scottish
physician and chemist, and inventor of the vacuum flask, was born at Kincardine
on Forth, in Fife.
18/9/1842, Sunday (-37,487) The Pittsburgh Poat-Gazette was first
published.
9/9/1842, Friday (-37,496) Elliott Coues, naturalist, was born (died
25/12/1899).
7/9/1842, Wednesday (-37,498) Commodore Jones set sail for Mexico.
5/9/1842, Monday (-37,500) Rear Admiral Thomas, British, set sail from
Callao in the Dublin with secret orders. Commodore Jones of the US believed he
was going to Panama to link up with troops from the West Indies to take
possession of the Californias, as reported in the Boston media, 19/4/1842.
2/9/1842, Friday (-37,503) John
Ireland, English cleric, died (born 8/9/1761).
1/9/1842, Thursday (-37,504) Alexandre
Duval, French dramatist, died (born 6/4/1767).
===================================================================================
29/8/1842. Monday (-37,507) The
Opium War (1839-1842) between
Britain and China ended (see 26/1/1841) with the Treaty of Nanjing. China ceded
Hong Kong Island in perpetuity
to Britain and opened up five ports to foreign trade. There was further
humiliation for the Chinese; they were to pay US$21million over the next 5
years for the opium they destroyed, which started the war. On 5/4/1843 Queen Victoria proclaimed Hong Kong a British Crown Colony. See
8/10/1843.
21/8/1842, Sunday (-37,515) William Maginn, Irish poet, died (born
10/7/1793).
18/8/1842, Thursday (-37,518) (France)
Louis Freycinet, French navigator, died (born 7/8/1779).
15/8/1842, Monday (-37,521) The
first regular British detective force
was formed as a division of the Metropolitan Police, later assuming the name
C.I.D.
10/8/1842,
Wednesday (-37,526)
The Mines Act was passed in the UK forbidding
women and children to work underground.
9/8/1842,
Tuesday (-37,527)
The USA and Britain settled a dispute over the US-Canada border in the
Maine region.
6/8/1842,
Saturday (-37,530) (Sport-Cricket)
The first Kent County Cricket Club was formed.
==================================================================================
28/7/1842,
Thursday (-37,539) Klemens Brentano, German
poet and novelist, died (born 8/9/1778).
26/7/1842, Tuesday (-37,541) Alfred Marshall, English
economics writer, was born.
24/7/1842,
Sunday (-37,543) John Cotman, English landscape painter, died
(born 16/5/1782).
17/7/1842, Sunday (-27,550) William Courthorpe, English writer, was born.
15/7/1842, Friday (-27,552) (South Africa)
The Dutch signed a treaty agreeing that Durban was under British rule.
13/7/1842, Wednesday (-27,554) Ferdinand Philippe, Duke
of Orleans, died
====================================================================================
26/6/1842,
Sunday (-37,571) (Denmark)
Peter Brondsted, Danish archaeologist, died (born 17/11/1780).
13/6/1842, Monday (-37,584) Queen Victoria travelled by train for the first time, from Slough
to Paddington, with Prince Albert.� She
was accompanied by the railway engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
12/6/1842, Sunday (-37,585) (Education,
Schools) Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby School, died (born
13/6/1795 in West Cowes, Isle of Wight).
11/6/1842, Saturday (-37,586) France
passed the Railway Law Act, stipulating that all French railways were to be
under public ownership, with the State directing what lines were to be built
and their operation. However lines could be leased to private operators.
===================================================================================
30/5/1842, Monday (-37,598) An
attempt was made on the life of Queen Victoria as she drove down Constitution
Hill with Prince Albert. The would-be assassin was John Francis.
28/5/1842,
Saturday (-37,600) Theodore Dodge, US military author, was
born (died 26/10/1909).
27/5/1842,
Friday (-37,601)
The first public library was opened, in Frederick Street, Salford,
Manchester.
23/5/1842,
Monday (-37,605) Jose Espronceda, Spanish
poet, died (born 25/3/1808).
14/5/1842,
Saturday (-37,614) The Illustrated London News
was first published.
12/5/1842, Thursday (-37,616) Jules Massanet, French
composer, was born.
8/5/1842,
Sunday (-37,620) (France)
Jules Dumont, French navigator, died (born 23/5/1790).
7/5/1842, Saturday
(-37,621) A large fire ended in Hamburg, Germany (began 5/5). It had
destroyed 4,219 buildings including 2,000 homes, leaving a fifth of the city
homeless.
1/5/1842, Sunday (-37,627)
=====================================================================================
29/4/1842,
Friday (-37,629)
In Britain the Corn Act was passed, setting up a sliding scale relating to the
price of domestic corn at which foreign corn imports were allowed.
28/4/1842, Thursday (-37,630) (Medical)
Sir Charles Bell, anatomist, died near Worcester (born in Edinburgh
11/1774)
25/4/1842, Monday (-37,633)
21/4/1842,
Thursday (-37,637) Charles Adams, US poet
(died 8/3/1918) was born.
20/4/1842, Wednesday
(-37,638) Bon Moncey, Marshal of France, died (born 31/7/1754).
19/4/1842,
Tuesday (-37,639) The New Orleans Advertiser
asserted that Mexico had offered to cede the Californias to England in return
for seven million dollars. See 5/9/1842.
14/4/1842, Thursday (-37,644) Jean Bouilly, French writer, died in
Paris (born near Tours 24/1/1763)
12/4/1842 � 12/5/1842, The second convention of Chartists: their second petition was rejected
by Parliament on 3/5/1842.
11/4/1842,
Monday (-37,647) Edmond Audran, French
composer, was born in Lyons (died in Paris 16/8/1901).
7/4/1842,
Thursday (-37,651) (India)
British forces defeated Akbar Khan at Jalabad.
=====================================================================================
30/3/1842,
Wednesday (-37,659) The first anaesthetic, ether, was used in
an operation,
in Jefferson, Georgia, USA. The surgeon was Dr Crawford Long. He removed a cyst
from the neck of a Mr James Venables. The bill for the anaesthesia was US$
2.25. Dr Long performed 9 successful operations with ether, including the
amputation of a boy�s finger, but was accused of sorcery by the older citizens
of Jefferson and threatened with lynching if he continued.
27/3/1842, Sunday (-37,662)
Easter Sunday
22/3/1842, Tuesday
(-37,667) US Congressman Joshua R Giddings from Ohio resigned his seat
after being censured for
introducing
anti-slavery legislation. He was back in post by 8/5/1842.
18/3/1842, Friday
(-37,671) Stephane Mallarme, French poet, was born (died 9/9/1898).
15/3/1842, Tuesday
(-37,674) Maria Cherubini, Italian composer, died (born 14/9/1760).
13/3/1842, Sunday (-37,676