1 January 1860, Sunday (-31,173) Spanish General Juan Prim y Prats (1814-70) scored a major victory over Morocco, and captured Tetuan a month later.

====================================================================================

28 December 1859, Wednesday (-31,177) Lord Macaulay, English Liberal MP, member of the Supreme Council of India 1834-38 and campaigner for the abolition of slavery, died.

26 December 1859, Monday (-31,179) Johann Hausmann, German mineralogist, died (born 22 December 1782).

22 December 1859, Thursday (-31,183) Jean Leber, French historical writer, died (born 8 May 1780).

21 December 1859, Wednesday (-31,184) Gustave Kahn, French poet, was born.

19 December 1859, Monday (-31,186)

16 December 1859, Friday (-31,189) Wilhelm Grimm, co-author with his brother Jacob of fairy tales, died in Berlin.

15 December 1859, Thursday (-31,190) Ludwig Zimenof, Polish linguist who created the artificial language Esperanto, was born in Bialystock.

8 December 1859, Thursday, (-31,197) Thomas de Quincy, English author, died (born 15 August 1785).

5 December 1859, Monday (-31,200) Admiral Jellicoe, British naval commander, was born in Southampton, son of a sea captain.

2 December 1859, Friday (-31,203) John Brown, American anti-slavery campaigner, was hanged for treason at Charlestown, West Virginia. In 1856 Brown and his sons murdered five pro-slavery settlers in a raid on Kansas. He wanted to found a republic in the Appalachians for runaway slaves and abolitionists. On 16 October 1859 Brown and 21 armed men attacked Harpers Ferry, seized the federal arsenal and occupied the town. Federal troops under General Lee recaptured the town; wounding Brown and killing 10 of his men. In the north of the USA Brown was hailed as a martyr but the south saw him as a traitor.

1 December 1859, Thursday (-31,204) Alfred Rethel, German historical painter, died in Dusseldorf (born 1816 in Aix la Chapelle)

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28 November 1859, Monday (-31,207) Washington Irvine, US writer, died (born 3 April 1783).

25 November 1859, Friday (-31,210) The London Irish Volunteer Rifles was formed.

24 November 1859. Thursday (-31,211) Charles Darwin, born 12 February 1809, published The Origin of the Species.

23 November 1859, Wednesday (-31,212) Billy the Kid, or William Bonney, was shot dead by Sheriff Pat Garrett.

22 November 1859, Tuesday (-31,213) Cecil James Sharp, British author, was born in London (died 23 June� 1924 in London)

20 November 1859, Sunday (-31,215) Mountstuart Elphinstone, Indian statesman, died (born 1779)

16 November 1859, Wednesday (-31,219) William Spalding, British author, died in St Andrews (born 22 May 1809 in Aberdeen)

12 November 1859, Saturday (-31,223) French acrobat Jules Leotard performed the first circus trapeze act at the Cirque Napoleon, Paris, wearing the famous costume named after him.

11 November 1859. Friday (-31,224) The city of Buenos Aires, which broke away from the Argentine Federation in 1853, was compelled to rejoin today.

10 November 1859, Thursday (-31,225) A peace treaty signed at Zurich ended the war between France, allied to Piedmont, and Austria. The effects of the treaty were crucial in the unification of Italy. Under its terms, Lombardy passed from Austria to Piedmont, with the exception of the Quadrilateral forts (see 24 June� 1859) which were retained by Austria. Piedmont compensated France 60 million lire for the cost of the war with Austria. Plebiscites were held in various territories to determine which State they would join.

7 November 1859, Monday (-31,228) The railway from Cannock to Rugeley opened.

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23 October 1859, Sunday (-31,243) President Justo Jose de Urquiza decided to use force against Bartolome Mitre, leader of independent Buenos Aires (see 1854). This day Urquiza was victorious at the Battle of Cepeda, against Mitre.

22 October 1859, Saturday (-31,244) Spain declared war on Morocco, after Muslim attacks on the Spanish enclave of Ceuta. The Spanish Prime Minister, Leopoldo O�Donnell (1809-67) used the pretext of damages suffered by Spanish citizens in Ceuta, which he alleged that the Moroccan Sultan had failed to offer compensation for. O�Donnell took charge of the war, adssembling a large 40,000-strong army, but his battle� plans were flawed. He landed his army at disadvantageous locations, became bogged down by the use of poor roads, and suffered losses from cholera. However see 1 January 1860.

20 October 1859, Thursday (-31,246) John Dewey, US educator, was born in Burlington, Vermont.

16 October 1859, Sunday (-31,250) John Brown, American slavery abolitionist, with 21 followers, seized the US armoury at Harper�s Ferry.� He was later hanged for this, see 2 December 1859.

12 October 1859, Wednesday (-31,254) Robert Stephenson, English railway and civil engineer, died in London.

9 October 1859, Sunday (-31,257) Alfred Dreyfus, French army office noted for the �Dreyfus Treason Affair�, was born in Alsace to Jewish parents.

5 October 1859, Wednesday (-31,261) Henry Prince of Battenberg was born (died 20 January 1896).

4 October 1859, Tuesday (-31,262) Death of German publisher Karl Baedeker, whose travel guides became famous.

3 October 1859, Monday (-31,263) John Mason, US politician, died (born 18 April 1799).

1 October 1859, Saturday (-31,265) John James, English religious writer, died (born 6 June 1785).

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28 September 1859, Wednesday (-31,268) Karl Ritter, German geographical writer, died in Berlin (born 7 August 1779 in Quedlinburg)

17 September 1859, Saturday (-31,279) Frank Adams, Canadian geologist (died 29 December 1942) was born.

16 September 1859, Friday (-31,280) Lake Nyasa was discovered by David Livingstone.

15 September 1859. Thursday (-31,281) Railway engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel died at Westminster. He was born on 9 April 1806, in Portsmouth.

10 September 1859, Saturday (-31,286) Thomas Nuttall, English botanist, died in St Helens, Lancashire (born in Settle, Yorkshire, 5 January 1786)

3 September 1859, Saturday (-31,293) Jean Jaures, French Socialist leader, was born.

2 September 1859, Friday (-31,294) (Space) The Carrington Event. A massive solar flare hit the Earth, causing the Aurora to be seen as far south as the Caribbean, and as far north as Santiago, Chile. Telegraph lines and machines were disrupted by the energy surge. The event is named after amateur astronomer Richard Carrington, who first spotted the solar flare.

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31 August 1859, Wednesday (-31,296) The Cambrian Railways line from Newtown to Llanidloes, Wales, opened to passengers.

28 August 1859, Sunday (-31,299) James Hunt, English writer, died (born 19 October 1784).

27 August 1859. Saturday (-31,300) The world�s first oil well was drilled at Titusville, Pennsylvania, by Edwin Drake of Seneca Oil. Oil had been known in this area for 300 years. It used to seep from the ground and was used for curing many ailments from blindness to rheumatism, colds, coughs, sprains, and baldness. It was also skimmed from creeks and used for lighting, although it gave off a foul smell when burned. Chemists turned the oil into a better lighting fuel. Drake drilled down 69 feet and got a steady flow of 25 barrels a day from his well. By the end of the year the well once called �Drake�s Folly� had produced 2,000 barrels, and other prospectors joined in the search for more oil.

23 August 1859, Tuesday (-31,304) The first hotel elevator was installed in the 6 storey building of Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York.

10 August 1859, Wednesday (-31,317) Sir George Thomas Staunton, Orientalist writer, died (born near Salisbury 26 May 1781)

2 August 1859, Tuesday (-31,325) Horace Mann, US educatiuonalist writer, died (born 4 May 1796).

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30 July 1859, Saturday (-31,328) Henry Lunn, champion skier, was born (died 18 March 1939).

28 July 1859, Thursday (-31,330) Mary Anderson, US actress, was born in Sacramento, California.

17 July 1859, Sunday (-31,341) Luis Munoz Rivera was born. He made great efforts in securing autonomy for Puerto Rico, first from Spain and then from the USA.

14 July 1859, Thursday (-31,344) Petrus Borel, French writer, was born in Lyons (died in Algeria 14 July 1859).

13 July 1859, Wednesday (-31,345) Rufus Choate, US lawyer, died (born 1 October 1799).

12 July 1859. Tuesday (-31,346) (1) William Goodale patented the paper bag manufacturing machine.

(2) Robert Stephenson, engineer, died.

11 July 1859, Monday (-31,347) Big Ben, Westminster, first starting chiming the hours.

10 July 1859, Sunday (-31,348) The Treaty of Villafranca was signed, see 24 June� 1859. The war between France (allied with Piedmont) and Austria was finally concluded by the peace treaty signed at Zurich on 10 November 1859.

8 July 1859, Friday (-31,350) King Oskar I of Sweden died aged 60 after a 15-year reign. He was succeeded by his 33-year-old son who reigned as Charles XV until 1872.

6 July 1859, Wednesday (-31,352) Queensland, Australia, was formed into a separate colony.

5 July 1859, Tuesday (-31,353) Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French inventor, died (born 31 March 1777).

3 July 1859, Sunday (-31,355)

1 July 1859, Friday (-31,357) (1) The port city of Nagasaki was opened to foreign commerce, according to the provisions of the Treaty of Edo.

(2) The first mail was transported by balloon. John Wise and three others piloted their machine the 812 miles between St Louis, Missouri, and Henderson, New York State, in 19 hours and 40 minutes.

====================================================================================

30 June� 1859, Thursday (-31,358) The great tightrope walker, Charles Blondin, crossed Niagara Falls in eight minutes.� He traversed a rope 1100 feet long, 160 feet above the water.� This was the first crossing of Niagara on a tightrope.

28 June� 1859, Tuesday (-31,360) The first dog show in the UK took place at Newcastle on Tyne Town Hall, with 60 entries split between two classes, Pointers and Setters.

24 June� 1859, Friday (-31,364) At the Battle of Solferino, Lombardy, Italy, the French under Napoleon III allied to Piedmont defeated the Austrians. However the victory was costly for the French. Napoleon III knew that his armies must next face the Austrians at the �Quadrilateral�, the four fortresses of Legnano, Mantua, Peschiera and Verona, where the Austrians had retreated northwards to, and opposition to the French would increase in this region. Within France, the war against Austria was becoming unpopular as army casualties, and deaths from a typhus epidemic within the ranks, mounted. The war was expensive to France. There was also the question of what Britain might do, being opposed to the extension of French power in Italy. Prussia�s intentions, with its 400,000 strong army, were also uncertain. Therefore Napoleon, without consulting his Piedmont ally, signed the Treaty of Villafranca, see 10 July 1859.

21 June 1859, Tuesday (-31,367) Henry Ossawa Tanner, artist, was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.

18 June� 1859, Saturday (-31,370) Lord Palmerston became Prime Minister.

12 June� 1859, Sunday (-31,376) (Medical) Jacob Bell, pharmaceutical chemist, died (born in London 5 March 1810).

11 June� 1859, Saturday (-31,377) Clemens Metternich, Austrian statesman, died.

7 June� 1859, Tuesday (-31,381) David Cox, English painter, died (born 29 April 1783).

5 June� 1859, Sunday (-31,383) (Newspapers) Gamaliel Bailey, US journalist, died (born in New Jersey 3 December 1807).

4 June� 1859, Saturday (-31,384) Battle of Magenta; France defeated Austrian forces and captured Milan.

2 June� 1859, Thursday (-31,386)

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31 May 1859, Tuesday (-31,388) Big Ben on the Houses of Parliament started telling the time.

30 May 1859, Monday (-31,389) Battle of Palestro; Austria defeated by Piedmont.

22 May 1859. Sunday (-31,397) Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies, died (born 12 January 1810).

20 May 1859, Friday (-31,399) Italian Wars of independence, Austria defeated by Piedmont.

19 May 1859, Thursday (-31,400) Dame Nellie Melba, Australian singer, was born.

18 May 1859, Wednesday (-31,401) (Geology) Geophysicist Harry Reid was born in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. He showed that earthquakes were caused when rocks either side of fault lines moved; previous theories suggested that the earthquakes caused the faults, not the other way round.

17 May 1859, Tuesday (-31,402)

16 May 1859, Monday (-31,403) Horace Hutchinson, golfer, was born (died 28 July 1932).

15 May 1859, Sunday (-31,404) Pierre Curie, French scientist, was born in Paris. He was the son of a physician.

14 May 1859, Saturday (-31,405) Joseph Sturge, English politician, died in Birmingham (born 1793)

13 May 1859, Friday (-31,406) Denison Olmstead, US scientific writer, died n New Haven, Connecticut (born in 18 July 1791 in East Hartford, Connecticut)

12 May 1859, Thursday (-31,407) (Italy) France declared war on Austria, in the Piedmont War.

8 May 1859, Sunday (-31,411) (Italy) The Austrians were defeated by the Italians at Casale.

5 May 1859, Thursday (-31,414) Charles Leslie, English painter, died (born 19 October 1794).

4 May 1859, Wednesday (-31,415) The Cornwall railway opened through to Truro, making a through rail route from London to Penzance.

3 May 1859, Tuesday (-31,416) France declared war on Austria.

2 May 1859, Monday (-31,417) Jerome K Jerome, author, was born at Walsall.

1 May 1859, Sunday (-31,418)

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30 April 1859, Saturday (-31,419) Sergei Aksakov, Russian writer (born 20 September 1791) died.

29 April 1859, Friday (-31,420) Dionysius Lardner, Irish scientific writer, died (born 3 April 1793).

28 April 1859, Thursday (-31,421)

27 April 1859, Wednesday (-31,422) George Doane, US religious writer, died (born 27 May 1799).

26 April 1859, Tuesday (-31,423) The Austro-Piedmontese war began. Piedmont was backed by France, who was more interested in weakening Austria than in the ambitions of Piedmont.

25 April 1859. Monday (-31,424) Construction of the 100 mile Suez Canal began. Constructed by both Egyptian and French companies, under the direction of Ferdinand de Lesseps, it opened on 17 November 1869. It was 163 km long and had a minimum width of 60 metres. In 2000, some 25,000 ships used this canal.

24 April 1859, Sunday (-31,425) Easter Sunday

23 April 1859, Saturday (-31,426) Austria issued an ultimatum to Piedmont to disarm. This followed an agreement between France and Piedmont to ally against Austria. This agreement was strengthening the power of Italy (see 14 January 1858) and was a significant threat to the southern flank of Austria. See also 3 May 1859.

22 April 1859, Friday (-31,427)

21 April 1859, Thursday (-31,428) Carl Nagelsbach, German scholarly writer, died (born 28 March 1806).

20 April 1859, Wednesday (-31,429) Charles Dicken�s novel A Tale of Two Cities was published.

18 April 1859, Monday (-31,431) Tantia Topi, Indian rebel leader during theIndian Mutiny, was executed by the Briitsh.

16 April 1859, Saturday (-31,433) Alexis Tocqueville, French politician, died in Cannes (born 29 July 1805 in Verneuil

14 April 1859, Thursday (-31,435) Sydney Morgan, British authoress, died.

11 April 1859, Monday (-31,438) In Mexico, Liberal forces under Santos Degollado were defeated by the Conservatives at Tacubaya.

8 April 1859, Friday (-31,435) Edmund Husserl, philosopher, was born.

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26 March 1859, Saturday (-31,454) Alfred Edward Housmam, poet, was born.

22 March 1859, Tuesday (-31,458) Major earthquake at Quito, 5,000 killed.

10 March 1859, Thursday (-31,470) Kenneth Grahame, children�s writer, was born.

9 March 1959, Wednesday (-31,471) (Italy) Piedmont called up its reserve troops, to fight Austria.

7 March 1859, Monday (-31,473) The USA�s Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Ableman v. Booth, which reversed the Wisconsin Court ruling of 1854.

1 March 1859, Tuesday (-31,479) Kent County Cricket Club was founded at Maidstone.

=================================================================================

27 February 1859, Sunday (-31,481) Friedrich Bleek, German scholar, died (born in Holstein 4 July 1793).

21 February 1859, Monday (-31,487) (1) Viscount Palmerston left office as Prime Minister.

(2) George Lansbury, British Labour politician and party leader, was born near Lowestoft, Suffolk.

19 February 1859, Saturday (-31,489) Svante August Arrhenius, Swedish physicist and chemist, was born near Uppsala.

17 February 1859, Thursday (-31,491) French forces took Saigon, Vietnam.

15 February 1859, Tuesday (-31,493) (Britain) Frederick William Hervey, Fifth Earl of Bristol, died (born 2 October 1769).

14 February 1859, Monday (-31,494) (1) Oregon became the 33^rd state of the USA.

(2) The railway reached St Joseph, Missouri River, USA.

13 February 1859, Sunday (-31,495) Sir Edward Walter founded the Corps of Commissionaires for the employment of ex-soldiers.

10 February 1859, Thursday (-31,498) Ib the Ibdian Mutiny, General Horsford defeated the Begum of Oude and Nana Sahib.

5 February 1859, Saturday (-31,503) Alexander Cuza was nominated as Prince of Walachia by the Assembly at Bucharest See 17 January 1859. This united the two principalities with Cuza as Prince Alexander John I; however such a union was forbidden by the Congress of Paris (18 October 1858). The Sultan of Turkey did not recognise this Union until 23 December 1861, when the State of Romania was formally proclaimed.

1 February 1859, Tuesday (-31,507) Victor Herbert, cellist and conductor, was born.

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27 January 1859, Thursday (-31,512) Kaiser Wilhelm II was born in Potsdam, near Berlin. He was the son of the German Emperor and the grandson of Queen Victoria.

21 January 1859, Friday (-31,518) Henry Hallam, English historical writer, died (born 21 January 1859).

20 January 1859, Thursday (-31,519) Elisabeth Arnim, German authoress, died in Berlin (born 4 April 1785 in Frankfort am Main).

17 January 1859, Monday (-31,522) Alexander Cuza was nominated as Prince of Moldavia by the Assembly at Jassy. See 5 February 1859.

11 January 1859, Tuesday (-31,528) George Curzon, English statesman, was born.

9 January 1859, Sunday (-31,530) Carrie Chapman, suffragette, was born.

6 January 1859, Thursday (-31,533) Henry E Dixey, US actor, was born in Boston (died 25 February 1943)

1 January 1859, Saturday (-31,538) (Italy) French Emperor Napoleon III warned the Austrian Ambassador of possible French military action against Austria, in the Piedmont War.

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25 December 1858, Saturday (-31,545) James Gadsden, US diplomat, died (born 15 May 1788).

23 December 1858, Serbian Prince Alesandr Karageorgevic was deposed, aged 52, after a weak 16-year reign. He was succeeded by 79-year-old Milos Obrenovoc, who had been deposed in 1839, amd now ruled until his death in 1860.

22 December 1858, Wednesday (-31,548) Composer Puccini was born in Lucca, Italy.

20 December 1858, Monday (-31,550)

17 December 1858, Friday (-31,553) The Geologists Association, London was formed. The newly constructed railway cuttings and tunnels had stimulated the science.

16 December 1858, Thursday (-31,554) (Medical) Physician Richard Bright died in London, England.

13 December 1858, Monday (-31,557)

10 December 1858, Friday (-31,560) (Italy) Having obtained Russian approval, Napoleon III of France signed a scecret treaty of support with Count Cavour, PM of Piedmont.

9 December 1858, Thursday (-31,561) (Canada) Robert Baldwin, Canadian statesman, died; born in York (now Toronto), 12 May 1804

3 December 1858, Friday (-31,567) Joseph Durocher, French geologist, died (born 31 May 1817).

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25 November 1858, Thursday (-31,575) Alfred Capus, French author, was born.

24 November 1858, Wednesday (-31,576) (Railways-social, Britain) A legal case in Dorset caused the UK Parliament to standardise time to GMT across the country. A judge in a land case in Dorset ruled against a man who had failed to turn up for a 10.00 am case, at 10.06. Two minutes later he turned up and claimed he was on time, by the station clock of his home town, Carlisle in Cumbria. At that time all towns set their clocks by their own, local, noon, meaning accurate rail timetables were problematic. By 1850 the rail companies all used London time, adding to confusion as provincial clocks often had two minute hands, one for local time, one for London time. The case was re-tried, and in 1880 Parliament ordered the entire country to keep Greenwich Mean Time.

23 November 1858, Tuesday (-31,577) The General Medical Council held its first meeting in London.

17 November 1858, Wednesday (-31,583) Robert Owen, social reformer, died in Newtown, Montgomery, Wales (born 14 May 1771 in Newtown)

11 November 1858, Thursday (-31,589) Alessandro Moreschi, last castrato singer, died.

9 November 1858, Tuesday (-31,591) The New York Symphony Orchestra gave its first concert.

8 November 1858, Monday (-31,592) (Mathematics) George Peacock, mathematician, died in Ely, England

4 November 1858, Thursday (-31,596) Francis Benson, English actor, was born in Tunbridge Wells.

1 November 1858, Monday (-31,599) Queen Victoria was proclaimed ruler of India. The East India Company, formed in 1600 to exploit trade with the East, but accused of imperial abuse from the early 1700s, was abolished and administration of India was transferred to the British crown. Misconduct by the East India Company had been partially curbed by the Regulating Act (1773) and Pitt�s India Act (1784). The Indian Mutiny broke the Company�s power, British influence being totally regained with the conquest of Lucknow in March 1858.

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31 October 1858, Sunday (-31,600) Sir William Reid, Scottish writer, died in London (born 25 April 1791 in Fifeshire)

27 October 1858, Wednesday (-31,604) Theodore Roosevelt, American Republican and 26^th President, was born in New York City, the son of a port officer. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the Russo-Japanese war.

13 October 1858, Wednesday (-31,618) John Brown, Scottish religious writer, died (born 12 July 1784).

12 October 1858, Tuesday (-31,619) Painter Ando Hiroshige died in Edo, Japan, aged 61.

10 October 1858, Sunday (-31,621) Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, German writer, died in Berlin (born 21 February 1785 in Dusseldorf)

7 October 1858, Thursday (-31,624) Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia was certified insane, and his brother, 61-year-old Wilhelm, was made Regent.

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24 September 1858, Friday (-31,637) Allan Steel, cricketer, was born (died 15 June 1914)

17 September 1858, Friday (-31,644) Robert William Vonnoh, US painter, was born in Hartford, Connecticut.

16 September 1858, Thursday (-31,645) Andrew Bonar Law, UK Prime Minister, was born.

12 September 1858, Sunday (-31,649) Fernand Khnopff, Belgian painter, was born.

9 September 1958, Thursday (-31,652) Walter George, athlete, was born (died 4 June� 1943).

1 September 1858, Wednesday (-31,660) (Chemistry) Karl Auer, later Baron von Welsbach, was born in Vienna, Austria. In 1885 he discovered that what was thought to be one chemical element was in fact two. He named these neodymium (�new twin) and praseodymium (�green twin�) for the colour of its spectrum.

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31 August 1858, Tuesday (-31,661) (Vietnam) French forces under Admiral Rigault de Genouilly attacked the Vietnamese city of Tourane, to use it as a military base. The city fell to the French on 2 September 1858.

14 August 1858, Saturday (-31,678) George Combe, Scottish phrenologist, died (born 21 October 1788)

11 August 1858, Wednesday (-31,681) The summit of the Eiger, in the Swiss Alps, was reached for the first time, by Charles Barrington of Bray, Ireland.

7 August 1858, Saturday (-31,685) (Canada) Ottawa was selected as capital of Canada.

5 August 1858, Thursday (-31,687) The first transatlantic cable was completed, by Sir Charles Tilston Bright (1832 � 1888), and opened by Queen Victoria and President Buchanan. See 7 September 1866.

4 August 1858, Wednesday (-31,688) Liberal forces in Mexico, outgunned by the Conservatives who were supported by the church and the wealthy, established a capital at the Mexican port of Vera Cruz. The US Government favoured the Liberal faction.

3 August 1858, Tuesday (-31,689) John Speke, 31, English explorer, discovered Lake Victoria, source of the Nile.

2 August 1858, Monday (-31,690) (1) The Government of India transferred the East India Company to the British Government.

(2) British Columbia was constituted a British Colony; it became part of the Dominion of Canada in 1871.

(3) Under the Medical Act, UK doctors were now required to be registered.

===================================================================================

31 July 1858, Saturday (-31,692)

30 July 1858, Friday (-31,693) Charles Bambridge, English footballer, was born (died 8 November 1935).

29 July 1858, Thursday (-31,694) The Treaty of Edo was signed between Japan and the USA. This extended US trading rights gained under the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) and further opened up Japan to Western influence.

28 July 1858. Wednesday (-31,695) The first use of fingerprinting. William Herschel, a British civil servant in India, took the entire palm print of a Bengali hired to surface roads, to ensure that he did not back out of the contract.

26 July 1858, Monday (-31,697) Thomas William Garrett, cricketer for Australia, was born in Wollongong, New South Wales (died 6 August 1943 in Sydney).

23 July 1858, Friday (-31,700) In Britain, the Oath of Allegiance was modified so as to allow Jews to sit in Parliament.

21 July 1858, Wednesday (-31,702) Maria Christina, Queen-Regent of Spain, widow of Alphonso XII and mother of Alphonso XIII, was born.

14 July 1858, Wednesday (-31,709) The suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst was born in Manchester, as Emmeline Goulden.

13 July 1858, Tuesday (-31,710) US anthropologist Robert Culin was born in Philadelphia (died 8 April 1929)

12 July 1858, Monday (-31,711)

10 July 1858, Saturday (-31,713) (France, Italy) Napoleon III of France secretly met Count Cavour at Plombieres. The two agreed to jointly attack Austria.

9 July 1858, Friday (-31,714) Framz Boaz, anthropologist, was born,

7 July 1858, Wednesday (-31,716) (Communications) Work began on laying the first transatlantic cable.

2 July 1858. Friday (-31,721) Czar Alexander II of Russia ordered all serfs working on imperial land to be freed.

1 July 1858. Thursday (-31,722) Charles Darwin first presented his theory of evolution, to the Linnean Society.

====================================================================================

29 June� 1858, Tuesday (-31,724) The Treaty of Tientsin ended the Anglo-Chinese War. China agreed to open up more ports to trade.

24 June� 1858, Thursday (-31,729) Jean Laguerre, French politician, was born.

19 June� 1858, Saturday (-31,734) George Alexander, English actor, was born in Reading.

18 June� 1858, Friday (-31,735) Charles Darwin received a letter from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had formulated a theory of evolution through survival of the fittest. This was close to Darwin�s ideas in his as yet unpublished Origin of the Species.

17 June� 1858, Thursday (-31,736)

16 June� 1858, Wednesday (-31,737) (1) In a speech at Springfield, Illinois, US Senate candidate Abraham Lincoln said the slavery issue had to be addressed. He declared �a house divided against itself cannot stand�.

(2) Gustav V, King of Sweden from 1907 to 1950, was born the son of Oscar II.

15 June� 1858, Tuesday (-31,738) Christians were massacred in Jeddah.

12 June� 1858, Saturday (-31,241) Sir Henry Johnston, British colonial administrator, was born.

10 June� 1858, Thursday (-31,243) (Biology) Robert Brown, botanist, died (born 21 December 1773)

3 June� 1858, Thursday (-31,750) Edward Moxon, British poet, died.

2 June� 1858, Wednesday (-31,751) G B Donati, Italian astronomer, discovered the comet now named after him.

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28 May 1858, Friday (-31,756) Russia under Czar Alexander II acquired from China large swathes of territory, over which they generally already had de facto control. These included land to the north of the Amur River and east of thye Ussuri River, to the Pacific coast, also land between Lake Baikal and the present-day frontier woth western Choina and the NW Mongolian frontier. Russia was exploiting the weakness of the Chinese State at the time, with both Eng;land and France waging war against it. This was the Treaty of Aigun. It was signed by a local Chinese Commander, in the city of Aigun, locsate edon the Amur River. However the Manchu Dynasty refused to recognise this Treaty. Then, further incursions into China by the English and French, even to the looting of the Forbidden City, also the Taiping Rebellion, gave China little choice but to sign the Treaty of Peking, on 14 November 1860, affirming the transfer of territories form China to Russia.

17 May 1858, Monday (-31,767) Ebenezer Henderson, Scottish religious writer, died (born 17 November 1784)

12 May 1858, Wednesday (-31,772) Horatio Walker, US artist, was born in Ontario, Canada.

11 May 1858, Tuesday (-31,773) Minnesota became the 32^nd state of the USA.

8 May 1858, Saturday (-31,776) Heinrich Berte, Hungarian composer, was born in Galgocz (died 25 August 1924 in Vienna)

4 May 1858, Tuesday (-31,780) Aime Bonpland, botanist, died (born in La Rochelle 22 August 1773).

3 May 1858, Monday (-31,781) Julien Brizeux, poet, died (born 12 September 1803)

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28 April 1858, Wednesday (-31,786) Johannes Muller, German anatomist, died.

24 April 1858, Saturday (-31,790) William Gregory, chemistry writer, died (born 25 December 1803).

23 April 1858, Friday (-31,791) Frank Osmond Carr, British composer, was born in Uxbridge (died 29 August 1916 in Uxbridge)

22 April 1858, Thursday (-31,792) Robert Stephen Rintoul, British journalist who founded The Spectator, died (born 1787 in Perthshire)

20 April 1858, Tuesday (-31,794)

17 April 1858, Saturday (-31,797) James Dunfermline, British statesman, died (born 7 November 1776).

16 April 1858, Friday (-31,798) Johann Cramer, English composer, died (born 24 February 1771).

10 April 1858, Saturday (-31,804) Big Ben, the bell inside the famous Westminster clock, was cast in Whitechapel, London. The bell, weighing 13 � tons, was named after Sir Benjamin Hall, Commissioner for Works, who was a large tall man nicknamed �Big Ben�.

7 April 1858, Wednesday (-31,807) Davis Dewey, US economics writer, was born.

6 April 1858, Tuesday (-31,808) Charles Bennett, US scholarly writer, was born in Providence, Rhode Island.

4 April 1858, Sunday (-31,810) Easter Sunday

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31 March 1858, Wednesday (-31,814) China gave in to British and French demands for trade concessions.

30 March 1858, Tuesday (-31,815) William de Wolf Hopper, US actor, was born in New York (died in Kansas City, Missouri, 23 September 1935)

26 March 1858, Friday (-31,819) William Thomas Smedley, US artist, was born in Pennsylvania.

20 March 1858, Saturday (-31,825) Johannes Gossner, German preacher and philanthropist, died (born 14 December 1773).

18 March 1858, Thursday (-31,827) Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine, was born in Paris.

16 March 1858, Tuesday (-31,829) Christian Nees von Esenbeck, botanical writer, died (born 14 February 1776).

13 March 1858, Saturday (-31,832) Felice Orsini, Italian revolutionary, was executed for his part in the assassination attempt on Napoleon III in Paris.

11 March 1858, Thursday (-31,834) (India) William Hodson, British cavalry leader, was killed during the attack on Begum Kotee, Lucknow.

10 March 1858, Wednesday (-31,835) Nathaniel William Taylor, US religious writer, died in Connecticut (born 23 June 1876 in Connecticut)

4 March 1858, Thursday (-31,841) Commodore Perry, US naval officer, died in NHew York City.

===================================================================================

26 February 1858, Friday (-31,847) Thomas Tooke, English economics writer, died in London

21 February 1858. Sunday (-31,852) (1) The first electric burglar alarm was installed by Edwin T Holmes of Boston Massachusetts.

(2) Corinth, Greece, was destroyed by an earthquake.

16 February 1858, Tuesday (-31,857) Georg Creuzer, German historical writer, died (born 10 March 1771).

14 February 1858, Sunday (-31,859) Carl Marr, US artist, was born.

13 February 1858, Saturday (-31,860) Explorers John Hanning Speke and Richard Francis Burton became the first Europeans to see Lake Tangynika.

11 February 1858. Thursday (-31,862) At Lourdes, a 14 year old peasant girl, Bernadette Soubirous, claimed to have seen a vision of a lady surrounded by light in a grotto.

1 February 1858, Monday (-31,872) (Aviation) Englishman William Dean made the first balloon ascent in Australia, flying for seven miles over Melbourne.

===================================================================================

31 January 1858, Sunday (-31,873) The liner Great Eastern, 692 feet long, with five funnels, built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and John Scott Russell, was launched at Millwall Docks, London, three months behind schedule.

30 January 1858, Saturday (-31,874) The Halle Opera in Manchester, England, gave its first public concert.

28 January 1858, Thursday (-31,876) Herbert Adams, US sculptor (died 21 May .1945) was born.

25 January 1858, Monday (-31,879) �The Wedding March�, by Felix Mendelssohn, became popular at weddings after it was played at the marriage of Queen Victoria�s daughter, Victoria, to Friedrich of Prussia.

24 January 1858, Sunday (-31,880) Constance Naden, English author, was born (died 23 December 1889).

23 January 1858, Saturday (-31,881) Luigi Lablache, French-Italian singer, died (born 6 December 1794).

22 January 1858, Friday (-31,882) Beatrice Webb, founder member of the Fabian Society, was born.

19 January 1858, Tuesday (-31,885) Eugene Brieux, French dramatist, was born.

15 January 1858, Friday (-31,889) Louisa Cranstoun Nisbett, English actress, died (born 1812).

14 January 1858, Thursday (-31,890) An Italian assassin threw a bomb at French Emperor Napoleon III and Empress Eugenie as they drove to the Paris Opera. The bomb, thrown by Felici Orsini, missed its target but killed eight bystanders and injured 100. Orsini planned the attack in London, causing anti-British sentiment in France. Napoleon III, now convinced of the magnitude of nationalist sentiment in Italy, invited Count Cavour to the spa town of Plombieres in the Vosges Mountains where the Plombieres Agreement of July 1858 was worked out. This Agreement provided that Piedmont would provide 100,000 men along with 200,000 French to fight Austria. After victory against Austria, three kingdoms would be set up in Italy. Northern Italy would include Lombardy, Romagna, Sardinia and Venetia. Central Italy would include Tuscany and the Duchy of Parma; the Papal lands however would continue under the rule of the Pope. Thirdly, southern Italy, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, would be ruled by Luciano Murat, if its current ruler, Ferdinand II, abdicated. A secret agreement of 24 January 1859 between France and Piedmont provided that both would respect the sovereignty of the Pope.

12 January 1858, Tuesday (-31,892) Robert Crewe, English statesman, was born.

5 January 1858, Tuesday (-31,899) Joseph Radedtsky, Austrian Field-Marshal and national hero, died in Milan aged 91.

4 January 1858, Monday (-31,900) Elizabeth Felix, French actress, died near Nice (born 28 January 1821 in Aargau, Swittzerland)

3 January 1858, Sunday (-31,901)

2 January 1858, Saturday (-31,902) John Forbes Royle, British botanist, died in Acton, London (born 1799 in Cawnpore)

1 January 1858, Friday (-31,903) (Britain) John Britton, English antiquary died (born 7 July 1771).

====================================================================================

15 December 1857, Tuesday (-31,920) Death of Sir George Cayley, the �Father of British Aeronautics�

9 December 1857, Wednesday (-31,926) Edgar Smith, US actor, was born in Brooklyn, New York (died 2 January 1936 in Atlantic City, New Jersey)

6 December 1857, Sunday (-31,929)

3 December 1857, Thursday (-31,932) Joseph Conrad, writer, was born.

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30 November 1857, Monday (-31,935) Bobby Abel, cricketer, was born (died 10 December 1936).

26 November 1857, Thursday (-31,939) The Legislative Assembly in Victoria, Australia, proclaimed universal� male suffrage, the first in Australia.

25 November 1857, Wednesday (-31,940) (Race Equality) Anti-slavery campaigner James Birney died in Perth Amboy, New Jersey (born in Danville, Kentucky 4 February 1792).

24 November 1857, Tuesday (-31,941) (India) Sir Henry Havelock, British soldier, died in India.

23 November 1857, Monday (-31,942) George Smythe, English journalist, died.

22 November 1857, Sunday (-31,943) George Gissing, English novelist, was born (died 28 December 1903).

19 November 1857, Thursday (-31,946) Albert Harkness, US scholarly writer, was born.

2 November 1857, Monday (-31,963) Paul Hervieu, French novelist, was born,

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28 October 1857, Wednesday (-31,968) Louis Cavaignac, French General, died (born 15 October 1802)

24 October 1857, Saturday (-31,972) A group of Cambridge University Old Boys formed the first Football Club, in Sheffield.

10 October 1857, Saturday (-31,986) The Nationalist Irish Republican Brotherhood, whose members were known as Fenians, was founded in New York. Its aim was the ending of British rule in Itreland.

7 October 1857, Wednesday (-31,989) Louis McLane, US politician, died (born 28 May 1786)

2 October 1857, Friday (-31,994) Martinus Theunis Steyn, last President of the Orange Free State, was born in Winburg, in Orange Free State. His rule ended with the Boer War in 1902.

1 October 1857, Thursday (-31,995) Marjorie Kennedy-Fraser, Scottish composer, was born in Perth (died 22 November 1930 in Edinburgh)

====================================================================================

30 September 1857, Wednesday (-31,996) Hermann Sudermann, German dramatist, was born in East Prussia.

25 September 1857, Friday (-32,001) The British lifted the siege of Lucknow, ending the Indian Mutiny.

23 September 1857, Wednesday (-32,003) John Nicholson, administrator im British India, died (born 11 December 1822).

22 September 1857, Tuesday (-32,004) Daniele Manin, Venetian statesman, died (born 13 May 1804).

20 September 1857, Sunday (-32,006) The British recaptured Delhi from Indian mutineers.

17 September 1857, Thursday (-32,009) (Space Exploration) Russian physicist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was born in Izhevsk. In 1985 he proposed the use of liquid-fuelled rockets to propel vehicles into space.

16 September 1857, Wednesday (-32,010) The tune Jingle Bells by James Pierpoint was copyrighted under its original title One Horse Open Sleigh. In 1965 it became the first song to be broadcast from space.

15 September 1857, Tuesday (-32,011) William Howard Taft, American Republican and 27^th President, was born in Cincinnati.

13 September 1857, Sunday (-32,013) Birth of William Snaveley Hershey, US chocolate manufacturer who built the world�s largest chocolate factory. He also established the Hershey Foundation, to promote education.

11 September 1858, Friday (-32,015) The Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah. 135 migrants on the Fancher wagon train were ambushed, and nearly all killed, by Pahute Indians; however the Indians were acting under instructions from the Mormon leader, Brigham Young.

8 September 1857, Tuesday (-32,018) Jean Boissonade, French scholarly writer, died (born in Paris 12 August 1774).

6 September 1857, Sunday (-32,020) (Science) Johann Salomo Schweigger, physicist, died in Halle, Germany

5 September 1857, Saturday (-32,021) Auguste Comte, French philosopher and sociologist, founder of Positivism, died.

===================================================================================

30 August 1857, Sunday (-32,027) The first railway in Argentina opened, Parque to Floresta.

27 August 1857, Thursday (-32,030) Rufus Griswold, US writer, died (born 15 February 1815).

19 August 1857, Wednesday (-32,038) Edgar D�Abernon, British diplomat, was born.

18 August 1857, Tuesday (-32,039) Work began on the 7.5 mile Mont Cenis rail tunnel under the Alps, linking France and Italy.

12 August 1857, Wednesday (-32,045) Sir John Coode, geologist, died (born 7 June� 1787)

10 August 1857, Monday (-32,047) John Croker, British author, died (born 20 December 1780).

5 August 1857, Wednesday (-32,052) Charles Blomfield, English cleric, died (born in Bury St Edmunds 29 May 1786)

3 August 1857, Monday (-32,054) Eugene Sue, French novelist, died in Annecy, Savoy (born 20 January 1804 in Paris)

1 August 1857, Saturday (-32,056) Charles Turner, English engraver, died (born 1773 in Woodstock)

===================================================================================

29 July 1857, Wednesday (-32,059) Thomas Dick, Scottish writer on astronomy, died (born 24 November 1774).

25 July 1857, Saturday (-32,063) Nathaniel Goodwin, US actor, was born.

24 July 1857, Friday (-32,064) Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish aiuthor, was born in Fredericia.

21 July 1857, Tuesday (-32,067)

17 July 1857, Friday (-32,071) In Spain, education for all children aged from 6 to 9 became compulsory.

16 July 1857, Thursday (-32,072) Pierre Beranger, French songwriter, died (born in Paris 19 August 1780).

15 July 1857, Wednesday (-32,073) Karl Czerny, Austrian composer, died (born 21 February 1791).

11 July 1857, Saturday (-32,077) Alfred Binet, psychologist who invented the IQ test, was born.

9 July 1857, Thursday (-32,079) Robert Blum, US artist, was born in Cincinnatti, Ohio, (died in New York City 8 June� 1903).

4 July 1857, Saturday (-32,084) Sir Henry Lawrence, British colonial administrator in India, died (born 28 June� 1806).

2 July 1857, Thursday (-32,086) The siege of Lucknow began.

1 July 1857, Wednesday (-32,087) The Leicester to Hitchin railway opened, enabling Midland Railway trains to reach London on the Great Northern line to Kings Cross.

===================================================================================

30 June 1857, Tuesday (-32,088) Alcide Orbigny, French palaeontologist, died near St Denis (born 6 September 1802)

29 June 1857, Monday (-32,089)

27 June 1857, Saturday (-32,091) (Sudan) Sir Rudolf Slatin, Anglo-Austrian soldier and explorer in Sudan, was born near Vienna (died 1907)

26 June� 1857, Friday (-32,092) The first investiture ceremony of Victoria Crosses took place, in Hyde Park. 67 servicemen were awarded.

21 June 1857, Sunday (-32,097) Louis Jacques Thenard, French chemist, died in Paris (born 4 May 1777 in Aube)

19 June 1857, Friday (-32,099) Francis Job Short, English engraver, was born in Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

8 June� 1857, Monday (-32,110) Douglas Jerrold, English writer, died (born 3 January 1803).

4 June� 1857, Thursday (-32,114) In the Indian Mutiny, the British garrison of Kanpur (Cawnpore) in Uttar Pradesh, northern India, came under siege by Indian rebels against British rule. After a three-week siege the British, under Sir Hugh Wheeler, were promised safe passage to Allahabad, on thatched barges. However as they departed the barges were fired upon, and set ablaze. The survivors were transferred to a house called the Bibighar, where they were massacred on 15 July 1857 by Indian rebels. 197 died.

2 June� 1857, Tuesday (-32,116) Sir Edward Elgar, British composer, was born in Broadheath, near Worcester, the son of a music seller and organist.

==================================================================================

31 May 1857, Sunday (-32,118) Pope Pius XI was born.

30 May 1857, Saturday (-31,119) Anti-British mutiny at Oudh, India.

28 May 1857, Thursday (-32,121) Jean Hyde de Neuville, French politician, died (born 24 January 1776).

24 May 1857, Sunday (-32,125) Richard Mansfield, US actor, was born (died 30 August 1907).

23 May 1857, Saturday (-32,126) Augustin Cauchy, mathematician, died (born 21 August 1789)

12 May 1857, Tuesday (-32,137) The New York Infirmary for Women and Children opened in New York.

10 May 1857. Sunday (-32,139) Outbreak of the Indian (Sepoy) Mutiny in Meerat. On 6 May 1857, 85 men of the 90-strong 3^rd Cavalry Regiment in Meerut had refused to bite off the greased and of the new cartridges for Lee Enfield rifles, which they claimed contained both pig and cow fat, so offending both Muslims and Hindus. The British had 24 hours warning of the mutiny but refused to take the threat seriously. The Indian mutineers seized Delhi on 11 May 1857.

2 May 1857, Saturday (-32,147) French inventor Felix du Temple patented designs for an aircraft with a retractable undercarriage.

1 May 1857, Friday (-32,148) (Nicaragua) Nicaraguan President William Walker surrendered to the US Navy. He was wanted for confiscating railway property in Nicaragua belonging to a company owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt. Eventually he was executed by the USA in 1860.

==================================================================================

27 April 1857, Monday (-32,152) The Longchamps horseracing track opened in the Bois de Bolougne, Paris.

22 April 1857, Wednesday (-32,157) The Parliament in South Australia first opened.

21 April 1857, Tuesday (-32,158) Paul Dresser, US composer, was born in Terre Haute, Indiana (died 30/11906 in New York)

20 April 1857, Monday (-32,159) West African Muslim leader Al Hajj Uman besieged the French fort at Medine, Senegal.

18 April 1857, Saturday (-32,161) Clarence Darrow, US attorney famous for h9s part in the Scopes �Monkey Trial�, was born.

12 April 1857, Sunday (-32,167) Easter Sunday

11 April 1857, Saturday (-32,168) John Davidson, British writer, was born (died 23 March 1909).

5 April 1857, Sunday (-32,174) (Bulgaria) Alexander of Battenberg, First Prince of Bulgaria, was born (died 23 October 1893).

1 April 1857, Wednesday (-32,178) (Railways) The railway from Charleston to Memphis, USA, opened.

====================================================================================

31 March 1857, Tuesday (-32,179) Edouard Rod, novelist, was born in Nyon, Switzerland (died Jamuary 1910)

26 March 1857, Thursday (-32,184) John Kemble, English scholarly writer, died.

23 March 1857, Monday (-32,187) The first passenger lift was installed in a department store, in the 5-storey building of E V Haughwout and Co on Broadway, New York. The elevator system cost US$ 300.

21 March 1857, Saturday (-32,189) (Earthquake) Earthquake in Japan killed 107,000.

20 March 1857, Friday (-32,190) (Geology) Ours Dufrenoy, French geologist, died (born 5 September 1792).

16 March 1857, Monday (-32,194) Charles Firth, British historical writer, was born.

8 March 1857, Sunday (-32,202) In revenge for the killing of several Sioux by a White trader, a band of Sioux under Chief Inkpaduta this day raided a newly built White settlement near Spirit Lake, northwestern Iowa. They killed 32 people and took 4 mpore captive. The Sioux were pursued by troops from Fort Ridgeley, Minnesota, but they failed to catch them.

7 March 1857, Saturday (-32,203) (Medical) Julius Wagner von Jauregg was born in Wels, Austria. In 1927 he was awarded the Nobel prize for his treatment of some forms of paralysis using malaria inoculation to induce the fever.

6 March 1857, Friday (-32,204) The United States Supreme Court, in the Dredd Scott Decision, decreed seven to two that 1) it was unconstitutional for Congress to outlaw slavery in the United States, and 2) that no slave could claim US citizenship. Dredd Scott was a slave owned by Elizabeth Blow of Missouri (a slave State), who was subsequently sold to John Emerson, an army surgeon who took Scott to the free State of Illinois, and later to Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was outlawed by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. In 1838 Emerson took Scott back to Missouri. Scott was in fact set free by his Abolitionist �owners�. The Dredd Scott Decision only served to inflame the slave/Abolitionist dispute further and probably hastened on the US Civil War.

5 March 1857, Thursday (-32,205)

4 March 1857, Wednesday (-32,206) By the Treaty of Paris, Afghanistan�s independence was recognised by Britain and France, and forced upon Persia.

3 March 1857, Tuesday (-32,207) Britain and France declared war on China, using the killing of a missionary as a pretext.

=====================================================================================

28 February 1857. Saturday (-32,210) British and French troops ended their occupation of Piraeus, which began on 26 May 1854.

26 February 1857, Thursday (-32,212) Charles Monroe Sheldon, US writer, was born.

24 February 1857, Tuesday (-32,214) The first shipment of perforated postage stamps was received by the US Government.

22 February 1857, Sunday (-32,216) Robert Baden-Powell, British army officer and founder of the Boy Scouts movement in 1908, was born in London, the son of an Oxford Professor.

18 February 1857, Wednesday (-32,220) Francis Ellesmere, English politician, died (born 1 January 1800).

16 February 1857, Monday (-32,222) Elisha Kane, US geographical writer, died.

12 February 1857, Thursday (-32,226) Robert Peel, cricketer, was born (died 12 August 1941).

7 February 1857, Saturday (-32,231) Alfred Lyttelton, cricketer, was born (died 5 July 1913).

2 February 1857, Monday (-32,236) Charles Davis, US landscape painter, was born.

=====================================================================================

25 January 1857, Sunday (-32,244) Albert Schwegler, German religious writer, died (born in Wurttemberg 10 February 1819)

24 January 1857, Saturday (-32,245) Calcutta (Kolkata) University was founded.

23 January 1857, Friday (-32,246) (Geology) Andrija Mohorovicic was born in Volosko, Yugoslavia. In 1909 he discovered the boundary in the Earth�s crust 30 km down where earthquake waves change. This Mohorovicic Discontinuity is the boundary between the crust and mantle.

20 January 1857, Tuesday (-32,249) The Wiltshire Somerset & Weymouth Railway was extended to Weymouth.

11 January 1857. Sunday (-32,258) Birth of Henry Gordon Selfridge, founder of Britain�s first large department store. Also on this day was born the champion jockey Fred Archer.

7 January 1857, Wednesday (-32,262) The London Central Omnibus Company began running a London bus service. See 30 August 1860.

1 January 1857, Thursday (-32,268)

===================================================================================

28 December 1856, Sunday (-32,272) Woodrow Wilson, American Democrat and 28^th President 1913-21, was born in Staunton, Virginia, the son of a Presbyterian Minister.

23 December 1856, Tuesday (-32,277) James Buchanan Duke, US industrialist, was born in Durham, North Carolina (died 10 October 1925 in New York).

22 December 1856, Monday (-32,278) Frank B Kellogg, US politician, was born.

18 December 1856, Thursday (-32,282) Sir Joseph John Thomson, discoverer of the electron, was born in Cheetham Hill near Manchester.� He was the son of a bookseller.

16 December 1856, Tuesday (-32,284) Narcisse Achille Salvandy, French politician, died (born in Gers 11 June 1795)

13 December 1856, Saturday (-32,287) Abbott Lowell, US educationalist writer, was born.

8 December 1856, Monday (-32,292) (Alcohol) Theobald Mathew, Irish Temperance preacher, died (born 10 October 1790).

1 December 1856, Monday (-32,299) First railway in Sweden opened; Gothenburg to Jonsered and Malmo to Lund.

=====================================================================================

29 November 1856, Saturday (-32,301) (Cartography) Frederick Beechey, English explorer and cartographer, died (born in London 17 February 1796).

23 November 1856, Sunday (-32,307) Joseph Hammer-Purgstall, German orientalist writer, died (born 9 June 1774).

9 November 1856, Sunday (-32,321) John Clayton, US politician, died (born 24 July 1796).

4 November 1856, Tuesday (-32,326) Ernest Crosby, US writer, was born (died 1907).

3 November 1856, Monday (-32,327) Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo, Spanish scholarly writer, was born.

2 November 1856, Sunday (-32,328) Samuel Hoar, US lawyer, died (born 18 May 1778)

1 November 1856, Saturday (-32,329) Britain declared war on Persia, after Persia invaded Afghanistan to try and recover Herat. In 1/1857 Britain seized the port of Bushehr, and Persia sued for peace in 3/1857. Britain made no demands on Persia except that it withdraw from all Afghan territory.

=====================================================================================

31 October 1856, Friday (-32,330)

29 October 1856, Wednesday (-32,332) (Science) Paul Curie, physicist, was born.

28 October 1856, Tuesday (-32,333) First railway in Portugal opened; Lisbon to Carregado, 39 km.

27 October 1856, Monday (-32,334) Kenyon Cox, US painter, was born in Ohio.

24 October 1856, Friday (-32,337) Pieter Melvill van Carnbee, Dutch cartographer of the East Indies, died (born 20 May 1816)

19 October 1856, Sunday (-32,342) George Adam Smith, Scottish religious writer, was born in Kolkata.

12 October 1856, Sunday (-32,349) Richard Guyon, General in the Hungarian Revolutionary Army, died

9 October 1856, Thursday (-32,352) (Geology) Charles Beecher, UA palaeontologist, was born in Dunkirk, New York (died 14 February 1904).

====================================================================================

30 September 1856, Tuesday (-32,361) Joseph Reinach, French author, was born in Paris.

28 September 1856, Sunday (-32,363) Franz Movers, German religious writer, died (born 17 July 1806).

27 September 1856, Saturday (-32,364) Karl Peters, German explorer of Africa, was born in Neuhaus.

25 September 1856, Thursday (-32,366)

24 September 1856, Wednesday (-32,367) Henry Hardinge, British colonial Governor-General of India, died (born 30 March 1785).

23 September 1856, Tuesday (-32,368) William Archer, English writer, was born in Perth.

20 September 1856, Saturday (-32,371) John Brown, Scottish writer, died (born 23 February 1817)

12 September 1856, Friday (-32,379) William Sharp, Scottish poet, was born in Paisley (died 12 December 1905)

2 September 1856, Tuesday (-32,389) Jeremiah Jenks, US economist, was born.

1 September 1856, Monday (-32,390) The Frome to Yeovil railway opened.

===================================================================================

27 August 1856, Wednesday (-32,395) The first Australian parliamentary election held by secret ballot took place in Victoria, Australia.

25 August 1856, Monday (-32,397) William Clarke, cricketer, died (born 24 December 1798)

24 August 1856, Sunday (-32,398) William Buckland, geologist, died (born 12 March 1784)

21 August 1856, Thursday (-32,401)

19 August 1856, Tuesday (-32,403) (Chemistry) Charles Frederic Gerhardt, chemist, died

18 August 1856, Monday (-32,404) Condensed milk was patented.

17 August 1856, Sunday (-32,405) Constant Prevost, French geologist, born 4 June� 1787, died.

15 August 1856, Friday (-32,407) Kier Hardie, Labour leader, was born near Holytown, Lanarkshire.� He helped found the Labour Party.

8 August 1856, Friday (-32,414) Thomas Guthrie, English novelist, was born.

7 August 1856, Thursday (-32,415) The Ayr to Dalmellington railway opened to passengers.

6 August 1858, Wednesday (-32,416)

5 August 1856, Tuesday (-32,417) Robert Lucas de Pearsall, English composer, died (born 14 March 1795)

4 August 1856, Monday (-32,418) Isaac Weld, Irish topographical writer, died (born 15 March 1774).

3 August 1856, Sunday (-32,419) London was divided into postal districts to speed up the mail delivery.

1 August 1856, Friday (-32,421)

===================================================================================

31 July 1856, Thursday (-32,422) John Henry Hodges, cricketer for Australia, was born in Collingwood, Victoria (died 22 April 1899 in Sydney)

30 July 1856, Wednesday (-32,423) Viscount Richard Burdon Haldane (British Army) was born.

29 July 1856, Tuesday (-32,424) Robert Schumann, German composer, died in an asylum near Bonn.

26 July 1856, Saturday (-32,427) George Bernard Shaw, playwright, was born in Dublin. A failed novelist, he was 36 when his first play, Widower�s Houses, was performed.

22 July 1856, Tuesday (-32,431) Charles St John, English author, died near Southampton (born 3 December 1809)

12 July 1856, Saturday (-32,441) Natal was made a British colony.

10 July 1856, Thursday (-32,443) Nikola Tesla was born.� His father, the Reverend Milutin Tesla, was a Greek Orthodox priest, and his mother Duka Mandic was the daughter of a priest who made handcraft tools.

9 July 1856, Wednesday (-32,444) (Science) Amedeo Avogadro, Count of Quarenga, died in Turin, Italy

2 July 1856, Wednesday (-32,451) Thomasine Gyllembourg, Danish writer, died (born 9 November 1773).

===================================================================================

30 June� 1856, Monday (-32,453) The Salisbury to Warminster railway opened.

22 June� 1856, Sunday (-32,461) Henry Haggard, English novelist was born.

11 June� 1856, Wednesday (-32,472) Friedrich Hagen, German scholarly writer, died (born 19 February 1780).

====================================================================================

31 May 1856, Saturday (-32,483) Easter Sunday. Daniel Sharpe, English geologist, died (born in Marylebone, London 6 April 1806)

27 May 1856, Tuesday (-32,487) At Fort Lane, where the Oregon indigenous Americans were supposed to formally surrender to the US Army (after attacks by White settlers on their villages in the Red River area of Oregon through 1855, to seize their lands), the Indians instead attacked the soldiers. The next day (28/5) US reinforcements arrived and the Indians fled. However within a month they had surrendered and were herded into Pacific Coast Reservations.

24 May 1856, Saturday(-32,490) (USA) Slavery Abolitionist John Brown led a raid on pro-slavery men at Pottawaomie Creek, Kansas.

22 May 1856, Thursday (-32,492) James Gates Percival, US poet, died in Wisconsin (born 15 September 1795 in Connecticut)

21 May 1856, Wednesday (-32,493) The town of Lawrence, Kansas, was sacked by a pro-slavery mob who wanted to pack the Kansas Legislature with pro-slavers, inspired by Stephen A Douglas.

6 May 1856, Tuesday (-32,508) (1) Sigmund Freud, Austrian pioneer of psychoanalysis, was born in Freiburg, Moravia.

(2) Robert Peary, American Arctic explorer, was born in Cresson Springs, Pennsylvania.

3 May 1856, Saturday (-32,511) Adolphe Adam, French composer (born 24 July 1803) died.

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25 April 1856, Friday (-32,519) Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, or Lewis Carroll, met the young Alice Liddell, who was the inspiration for his Alice books.

24 April 1856, Thursday (-32,520) Philippe Petain, French Army Marshall, was born in Cuchy a la Tour.

23 April 1856, Wednesday (-32,521) Arthur Hadley, US economics writer, was born.

22 April 1856, Tuesday (-32,522) The first railway bridge to cross the Mississippi River opened between Rock Island, Illinois and Davenport, Iowa. Boat operators on the Mississippi mounted an unsuccessful legal challenge, claiming that the bridge was a nuisance.

21 April 1856, Monday (-32,523) The Adelaide to Port Adelaide railway, Australia, opened.

18 April 1856, Friday (-32,526) Aldershot Camp was publically inaugurated by Queen Victoria.

15 April 1856, Tuesday (-32,529) Jean Moreas, French poet, was born (died 31 March 1910).

11 April 1856, Friday (-32,533) Arthur Shrewsbury, cricketer, was born (died 19 May 1903).

7 April 1856, Monday (-32,537) The Perth to Dunkeld railway opened.

6 April 1856, Sunday (-32,538) Adolphe Monod, French religious writer, died (born 21 January 1802).

==================================================================================

30 March 1856, Sunday (-32,545) (Russia, Finland) The Treaty of Paris ended the Crimean War. Russia agreed to demilitarise the Black Sea, demolishing its naval bases at Sevastopol and three other locations. It also renounced its claim to protect the Holy Places in Palestine.� Russia ceded a part of Bessarabia, forcing it back from the Danube River. The Treaty also stipulated that the Aland Islands should not be fortified, by the army or navy. This allayed British fears over threats to its trade in the Baltic, see Russia-1854.

23 March 1856, Sunday (-32,552) Easter Sunday

20 March 1856, Thursday (-32,555) Frederick Winslow Taylor, the inventor of modern scientific time-management, was born.

9 March 1856, Sunday (-32,566) (Chemistry) Edward Goodrich Acheson was born in Washington, Pennsylvania, USA. In 1891 he discovered a process for making carborundum (silicon carbide), a material almost as hard as diamond.

8 March 1856, Saturday (-32,567) Tom Roberts, painter, was born.

7 March 1856, Friday (-32,568)

6 March 1856, Thursday (-32,569) The Maryland Agricultural College, now University of Maryland, received its Charter.

5 March 1856, Wednesday (-32,570) London�s Covent Garden Opera House was destroyed by fire.

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27 February 1856, Wednesday (-32,577) Agnes Duclaux, English poet, was born.

24 February 1856, Sunday (-32,580) Nicolas Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician, died (born 2 November 1793)

22 February 1856, Friday (-32,582) The Sacramento to Folsom railway, California, 35.4 km, opened.

18 February 1856, Monday (-32,586) Abdul Mejid, the Ottoman Sultan, issued the Hatt-i-Humayun Edict. This guaranteed full civic rights for his Christian subjects, abolished torture and reformed prisons. These reforms were effectively forced upon the Sultan by the western European Allies.

17 February 1856, Sunday (-32,587) John Braham, English vocalist, died.

15 February 1856. Friday (-32,589) Birth of Emil Kraepelin, pyschiatrist who differentiated schizophrenia and ,manic-depressive illness.

13 February 1856, Wednesday (-32,591) The Annexation of Awadh (Oudh) by the British East India Company. The loss of rights by hereditary landowners caused resentment which contributed to the Indian Mutiny.

10 February 1856, Sunday (-32,594) Sir William Henry Sleeman, British colonial administrator in India, died (born 8 August 1788 in Stratton, Cornwall)

7 February 1856, Thursday (-32,597) The Tasmanian Parliament became the first in the world to pass legislation� (Electoral Act 1856) providing for elections by a secret ballot.

1 February 1856, Friday (-32,603) Russia agreed to preliminary peace conditions for ending the Crimean War.

==================================================================================

29 January 1856, Tuesday (-32,606) Queen Victoria instituted the Victoria Cross, Britain�s highest military decoration. Awarded for conspicuous bravery or great devotion to duty. The award was backdated to 1854 to cover the Crimean War; on 26 June 1856 62 men were given the Victoria Cross for deeds during this war. The VC has been awarded 1,354 times since then, to 2002, but has only been given posthumously since 1920. It has been awarded only 11 times since 1945, the last 2 being in the Falklands War of 1982. The medal is made of metal from Russian guns captured in the Crimean War.

28 January 1856, Monday (-32,607) Reuben Archer Torrey, US evangelist, was born in Hoboken, New Jersey.

22 January 1856, Tuesday (-32,613) Walter Gay, US artist, was born.

12 January 1856, Saturday (-32,623) Henry Goulburn, English statesman, died (born 19 March 1784)

11 January 1856, Friday (-32,624) Friedrich Schneidewin, German scholarly writer, died in Gottingen (born 6 June 1810 in Helmstedt)

4 January 1856, Friday (-32,631) Pierre David, sculptor, died (born 12 March 1789)

1 January 1856, Tuesday (-32,634)

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31 December 1855, Monday (-32.635) Karl Hermann, German scholarly writer, died (born 4 August 1804).

26 December 1855, Wednesday (-32,640) August Follen, German poet, died (born 21 January 1794).

20 December 1855, Thursday (-32,646) Thomas Cubitt, English builder, died (born 25 February 1788)

18 December 1855, Tuesday (-32,648) Jacques Charles Francois Sturm, French mathematician, died in Paris (born 29 September 1803 in Geneva)

15 December 1855, Saturday (-32,651) Maurice Bouchor, French poet, was born in Paris.

14 December 1855, Friday (-32,652) Henry Trotere (Trotter), British composer, was born in London (died 10 April 1912)

11 December 1855, Tuesday (-32,653) Julian Edwards, British composer, was born in Manchester (died 5 September 1910 in Yonkers, New York)

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23 November 1855, Friday (-32,673) Mexico enacted the Ley (Law) Juarez, removing the privelige of clergy to be tried solely by ecclesiastical courts, and a similar privelige enjoyed by the military was also removed. The clergy protested, and s9okme church property was confiscated by thye State; this confiscation was subsequently partially reversed.

17 November 1855, Saturday (-32,679) The Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovered, on the River Zambezi, a large waterfall. He called it the Victoria Falls.

16 November 1855, Friday (-32,680) Josef Lauff, German poet, was born.

15 November 1855, Thursday (-32,681) Frank Kidson, British folk song collector, was born in Leeds (died 7 November 1926 in Leeds)

11 November 1855, Sunday (-32,685) Earthquake hit Edo (now Tokyo), Japan. 6,700 were killed.

3 November 1855, Saturday (-32,693) Francois Rude, French sculptor, died (born in Dijon 4 June 1784)

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30 October 1855, Tuesday (-32,697) Lord Desborough, Olympics administrator, was born (died 9 January 1945).

22 October 1855, Monday (-32,705) Sir William Molesworth, English politician, died.

17 October 1855, Wednesday (-32,710) Henry Bessemer patented a steel-making process.

5 October 1855, Friday (-32,722) Sir Thomas Mitchell, Scottish explorer of Australia, died (born 16 July 1792).

1 October 1855, Monday (-32,726) (Africa) Edward Flegel, German explorer of Africa, was born (died 11 September 1886)

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30 September 1855, Sunday (-32,727) Edward Solomon, British composer, was born in London (died 25 January 1895 in London)

28 September 1855, Friday (-32,729) George Brush, US painter, was born.

26 September 1855, Wednesday (-32,731) (Railways) The first railway in New South Wales opened, Sydney to Parramatta.

24 September 1855, Monday (-32,733) General Carrera, provisional President of Mexico, proved too centralist and was replaced by Alvarez.

18 September 1855, Tuesday (-32,739) Robert Horton, British divine, was born.

13 September 1855, Thursday (-32,744) Johann Engelhardt, German religious writer, died (born 12 November 1791).

12 September 1855, Wednesday (-32,745) Simon Napoleon Parent, Canadian politician, was born in Quebec province.

11 September 1855, Tuesday (-32,746) During the Crimean War, the Russian Black Sea port of Sevastopol fell to Anglo-French forces after an 11 month siege. The Russians demolished the fort as they abandoned it. However the Allies were unable to occupy the port facilities before winter set in and British troops faced a second winter in the Crimea.

6 September 1855, Thursday (-32,751) Julius L Stewart, US artist, was born in Philadelphia.

3 September 1855, Monday (-32,754) (London) The last Bartholomews fair was held in London. It was first held on 24 August 1133. It grew to be a huge national market, the main centre for cloth sales in England. However by the 1850s it had become a magnet for thieves and muggers, and the event was disapproved of by the upper classes in London.

====================================================================================

30 August 1855, Thursday (-32,758) Feargus Edawrd O�Connor, Irish Chartist, died (born 1794).

29 August 1855, Wednesday (-32,759) An accident on the Camden and Amboy Railway near Burlington, New Jersey, USA, killed 21 and injured 75.

18 August 1855, Saturday (-32,770) Abbott Lawrence, US statesman, died (born 16 December 1792).

16 August 1855, Thursday (-32,772) Battle of Chermaia, in the Crimean War; the Russians were defeated by a combined force of British troops and Piedmontese soldiers sent by Count Cavour of Savoy.

11 August 1854, Saturday (-32,777) Macedonio Melloni, Italian physicist, died (born 11 April 1798).

3 August 1855, Friday (-32,785) Henry Bunner, US writer, was born (died 11 May 1896).

======================================================================================

30 July 1855, Monday (-32,789) Georg Wilhelm von Seimens, German industrialist, was born.

25 July 1855, Wednesday (-32,794) Tony Hart, comedian, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts (died in Worcester 4 November 1891)

21 July 1855, Saturday (-32,798) Daniel Atterbom, Swedish poet, died.

18 July 1855, Wednesday (-32,801) Samuel Rogers, English poet, died in London (born 30 July 1763 in Newington Green, London

8 July 1855, Sunday (-32,811) Sir William Edward Parry, British explorer of the Arctic, died.

7 July 1855, Saturday (-32,812) (Earthquake) Earthquake in northern Persia killed 40,000 people.

4 July 1855. Wednesday (-32,815) New York became the 13^th state to ban the production or sale of alcoholic beverages.

1 July 1855, Sunday (-32,818) A labourer�s wage was 3s 9d a week.� More skilled workers such as bricklayers, carpenters, and masons earned 6s 8d a week, and engineers got 7s 6d a week.� 2lb (0.9 kg) bread cost 4d, as did 2 to 4 pints of beer (depending on quality).

===================================================================================

30 June� 1855, Saturday (-32,819) In Britain, the Newspaper Stamp Tax was abolished.

29 June� 1855, Friday (-32,820) The Daily Telegraph was first published, in London.� The first editor was Alfred Bate Richards.

28 June� 1855, Thursday (-32,821) Lord Raglan, British Army officer and commander of the expeditionary force in the Crimea, died.

24 June� 1855, Sunday (-32,825) Johann Flugel, German writer, died (born 22 November 1788).

11 June� 1855, Monday (-32,838) The last market for live animals was held at Smithfield, London. Thereafter live animals were traded further north, at Copenhagen Fields. Central London Meat Market (Smithfield) was begun in 1862 and opened for meat trading in 1868.

2 June� 1855, Saturday (-32,847) Thomas Gaisford, English scholarly writer, died (born 22 December 1779).

1 June� 1855, Friday (-32,848) The railway from Gloucester via Ross to Hereford opened.

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31 May 1855, Thursday (-42,849)

30 May 1855, Wednesday (-42,850) Marshall Brooks, athletics (high jump) was born (died 5 January 1944)

29 May 1855, Tuesday (-42,851) Percy Smythe, writer, died.

24 May 1855, Thursday (-42,856) Sir Arthur Wing Pinero, English dramatist, was born in London

21 May 1855, Monday (-42,859) Emile Verhaeren, Belgian poet, was born near Antwerp

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30 April 1855, Monday (-32,880) Sir Henry Bishop, composer, died (born in London 18 November 1786)

18 April 1855, Wednesday (-32,892) (alcoholic drinks) The classification of the wine estates of Bordeaux, according to quality of wine produced, was agreed.

16 April 1855, Monday (-32,894) (Internat) The Declaration of Paris was signed.

11 April 1855, Wednesday (-32,899) London�s first six �pillar boxes� were installed, and were painted green.

8 April 1855, Sunday (-32,902) Easter Sunday

2 April 1855, Monday (-32,908) George Greenough, English geologist, died (born 18 January 1778).

1 April 1855, Sunday (-32,909) Icelandic trade was made completely free, open to anybody, not just Danish citizens.

====================================================================================

31 March 1855, Saturday (-32,910) Charlotte Bronte, oldest of the three literary sisters, died during pregnancy.

30 March 1855, Friday (-32,911) Afghan leader Dost Mohammed signed a peace treaty ending 12 years of hostility with Britain. This agreement, the Treaty of Peshawar, was intended to thwart a Persian occupation of Afghanistan.

26 March 1855, Monday (-32,915) Jean Lacretelle, historical writer, died (born 3 September 1766).

21 March 1855, Wednesday (-32,920) (Denmark) Trade between the Faroe Islands and the rest of the world was opened to all. Until this date this trade had been a monopoly, first of a merchant house in Copenhagen, then of the Danish Government.

13 March 1855, Tuesday (-32,928) Percival Lowell, US astronomer, was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

10 March 1855, Saturday (-32,931) (Spain) Don Carlos, claimant to the Spanish throne, died (born 29 March 1788).

2 March 1855, Friday (-32,939) Tsar Nicholas I of Russia died during hostilities during the Crimean War.� His successor, Alexander was more disposed to make peace with Britain, but negotiations broke down.

=====================================================================================

27 February 1855, Tuesday (-32,942) Jakub Schikaneder, Bohemian painter, was born (died 15 November 1924).

23 February 1855, Friday (-32,946) (Mathematics) Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, died in Gottingen, Germany

22 February 1855, Thursday (-32,947) 13 gold diggers were acquitted of rioting and manslaughter in Melbourne, Australia after fighting broke out at the Eureka gold mine. In 1854, at the Eureka Stockade, Ballarat, New South Wales, armed gold prospectors fought with a combined military and police force; 30 gold miners and 5 policemen died. Miners objected to an expensive licence imposed by the Australian Government, Public opinion went behind the miners, and juries refused to convict them, causing the Government to back down over the issue.

21 February 1855, Wednesday (-32,948)

20 February 1855, Tuesday (-32,949) Joseph Hume, British politician, died (born 22 January 1777).

19 February 1855, Monday (-32,950) Bread riots broke out in Liverpool.

18 February 1855, Sunday (-32,951) Jean Jusserand, French author, was born.

11 February 1855, Sunday (-32,958) Kassa Hailu crowned as Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia.

9 February 1855, Friday (-32,960) Mysterious hoof-prints appeared in the snow in Devon, as if a two legged creature had walked 100 miles over fields, walls, and roof-tops. No explanation was ever found.

6 February 1855, Tuesday (-32,963) Whig/Liberal Lord Palmerston became Prime Minister. He succeeded Lord Aberdeen, who resigned on 20 January 1855.

4 February 1855, Sunday (-32,965) Gottfried Lucke, German religious writer, died (born 24 August 1791).

1 February 1855, Thursday (-32,968) Claus Harms, German religious writer, died (born 25 May 1778).

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28 January 1855, Sunday (-32,972) The 47-mile Panama Railway, linking the Atlantic and Pacific across the Isthmus of Panama, opened.

26 January 1855, Friday (-32,974) (Italy) The Piedmont Prime Minister, Count Cavour, anxious to secure Franco-British support in the cause of Italian Unification, sent troops to join in the Croimean war against Russia.

25 January 1855, Thursday (-32,975) Gerard de Nerval, French writer, died (born 22 May 1808).

24 January 1855, Wednesday (-32,976) Charles Henry Niehaus, US sculptor, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.

23 January 1855, Tuesday (-32,977) Julius Hare, English religious writer, died (born 13 September 1795).

19 January 1855, Friday (-32,981) Jean Guerin, French painter, died (born 25 March 1783).

10 January 1855, Wednesday (-32,990) Mary Mitford, English novelist, died.

5 January 1855, Friday (-32,995) King Camp Gillette, American inventor of the safety razor, was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

3 January 1855, Wednesday (-32,997) Janos Maljath, Hungarian historical writer, died (born 5 October 1786).

1 January 1855, Monday (-32,999)

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31 December 1854, Sunday (-33,000) William Peall, billiards champion, was born (died 6 June 1952)

23 December 1854, Saturday (-33,008) Earthquake in Shikoku, Japan, 3,000 killed.

22 December 1854, Friday (-33,009) Benedict Fogelberg, Swedish sculptor, died (born 8 August 1786).

19 December 1854, Tuesday (-33,012)

14 December 1854, Thursday (-33,017) Leonard Faucher, French political writer, died (born 8 September 1803).

13 December 1854, Wednesday (-33,018) GH Chirgwin, British singer, was born in Seven Dials, London (died 14 November 1922 in London)

11 December 1854, Monday (-33,030)

9 December 1854, Saturday (-33,022) Joao Garrett, Portuguese poet, died (born 1799).

8 December 1854. Friday (-33,023) Pope Pius IX settled an ancient controversy by declaring that Christ�s mother, Mary, was free of all sin the moment she was born.

5 December 1854, Tuesday (-33,026)

3 December 1854, Sunday (-33,028) The Eureka Stockade incident. 150 gold miners, or �diggers�, resisted the military behind a wooden stockade. See 22/ February 1855.

2 December 1854, Saturday (-33,029) Austria formed a strategic alliance with Britain and France.

====================================================================================

30 November 1854, Thursday (-33,031) The Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained, from the Egyptian ruler Said Pasha, a 99-year concession to build a canal between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.

25 November 1854, Saturday (-33,036) John Kitto, English Biblical writer, died (born 4 December 1804).

18 November 1854, Saturday (-33,043) Edward Forbes, British scientific writer, died (12 February 1815).

17 November 1854, Friday (-33,044) The Suez Canal Company was formed in Egypt.

15 November 1854, Wednesday (-33,046)

14 November 1854, Tuesday (-33,047) The railway from Snow Hill, Birmingham, to Wolverhampton opened.

13 November 1854, Monday (-33,048) The Necropolis Railway, London Waterloo to Brookwood Cemetery, opened

12 November 1854, Sunday (-33,049) Charles Kemble, actor, died

11 November 1854, Saturday (-33,050) Mussolini�s father, Alessandro, was born in Montemaggiore, close to Predappio.

8 November 1854, Wednesday (-33,053)

6 November 1854, Monday (-33,055) John Philip Sousa, composer, inventor of the sousaphone (a sort of large tuba), was born.

5 November 1854, Sunday (-33,056) The combined English and French armies defeated the Russians at the Battle of Inkerman, in the Crimean War. British forces now spent their first winter in the Crimea, poorly supplied. Public opinion in Britain began to turn against the war, outraged by daily reports in The Times from war correspondent W H Russell.

4 November 1854, Saturday (-33,057) Florence Nightingale arrived at Scutari.

3 November 1854, Friday (-33,058) (Biology) Jokichi Takamine was born in Takaoka, Japan. In 1901 he artificially synthesised adrenaline.

===================================================================================

31 October 1854, Tuesday (-33,061) (Egypt) Johann Erman, Egyptologist, was born.

27 October 1854, Friday (-33,065) Sir William Smith, Scottish founder of the Boys Brigade movement in Glasgow in 1883, was born.

26 October 1854, Thursday (-33,066) US entrepreneur CW Post was born.

25 October 1854, Wednesday (-33,067) Battle of Balaclava and the Charge of the Light Brigade, led by Lord Cardigan. The Russians were attacking a combined force of English, French, and Turks, who were themselves besieging Sevastopol. Of the 607 who rode out, only 198 returned. In poor visibility, Lord Raglan noted that the Russians, at the north end of a valley, were attempting to move some guns, and ordered the Light Brigade to capture them; he was unaware of other Russian artillery along the valley. However the British and French won the battle in the end.

24 October 1854, Tuesday (-33,068) Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett, Irish politician, was born

23 October 1854, Monday (-33,069) William Lamb Picknell, US landscape painter, was born in Vermont (died 8 August 1897 in Massachusetts)

22 October 1854, Sunday (-33,070) Milan Obrenovich IV, King of Serbia, was born.

21 October 1854, Saturday (-33,071) Leonard Ochtman, US painter, was born in Zonnemaire, Holland.

20 October 1854, Friday (-33,072) Jean Arthur Rimbaud, French poet, was born in Charleville (died 10 November 1891in Marseilles)

19 October 1854, Thursday (-33,073)

18 October 1854, Wednesday (-33,074) (Sweden) Salomon August Andree, Swedish engineer, was born in Grenna.

17 October 1854, Tuesday (-33,075) The Allies (French and British) laid siege to the Russians at Sevastopol.

16 October 1854, Monday (-33,076) Oscar Wilde, Irish author and playwright, was born in Dublin, the son of a surgeon.

15 October 1854, Sunday (-33,077)

14 October 1854, Saturday (-33,078) The first baby show was held, at Springfield, Ohio. There were127 exhibits.

13 October 1854, Friday (-33,079) William Mitchell, billiards champion, was born.

10 October 1854, Tuesday (-33,082) Jeronimo Gimenez, Spanish composer, was born in Seville (died 19 February 1923 in Madrid)

7 October 1854, Saturday (-33,085) (South Africa) Christian de Wet, Boer General, was born.

====================================================================================

29 September 1854, Friday (-33,093) Jacques Saint Arnaud, Marshal of France, died (born in Paris 20 August 1801)

27 September 1854, Wednesday (-33,095) The Lady Isabella waterwheel at Laxey, Isle of Man was completed.� It was the largest in the UK, at 72 foot 6 inches in diameter, and was once used for draining a lead mine.

26 September 1854, Tuesday (-33,096) Thomas Denman, English Judge, died (born 23 July 1779).

20 September 1854, Wednesday (-33,102) The Allies, on the banks of the River Alma, gained a major victory over a 40,000 strong Russian force in the Crimean War; 2,000 British casualties

14 September 1854, Thursday (-33,108) Allied French and British troops landed in the Crimea.

12 September 1854, Tuesday (-33,110) The Flinders Street to Port Melbourne railway opened, the first steam railway in Australia.

1 September 1854, Friday (-33,121) (Railways) First railway in Norway opened, Oslo (Christiania) to Eidsvoll, 70 km.

============================================================================

20 August 1854, Sunday (-33,133) 27 January 1775, Friday (-62,192) Friedrich Schelling, German philosopher, died in Bad Rogaz (born 27 January 1775 in Wurttemberg)

8 August 1854, Tuesday (-33, 145) Britain and France put forward the Vienna Four Points they considered essential for a peace settlement with Russia in the Crimean War. These were, firstly guarantees of the independence of Serbia, secondly free passage for vessels along the Danube, thirdly a revision of the Straits Convention, and fourthly that Russia abandoned its claim to a protectorate over the Sultan of Turkey�s Christian subjects. Russia rejected these terms.

7 August 1854, Monday (-33,146) Charles Dickens� tenth book, Hard Times, was published in entirety.

4 August 1854. Friday (-33,149) Japan adopted the Hinomaru � a red sun on a white background � as its official naval flag. The symbol dates back to the 12th century when it was displayed by trhe Samurai on their fans.

2 August 1854, Wednesday (-33,151) Francis Crawford, US author, was born (died 9 April 1909).

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31 July 1854, Monday (-33,153) The North Eastern Railway (NER) was formed by an amalgamation of the York & North Midland, the Leeds Northern and the York Newcastle and Berwick Railways. The NER absorbed the Stockton and Darlington Railway on 1 July 1863.

13 July 1854, Thursday (-33,171) (Egypt) Abbas I, Khedive of Egypt, was murdered, aged 41. He was succeeded by his uncle, 32-year old Said Pasha.

12 July 1854, Wednesday (-33,172) George Eastman, USA photographic pioneer who founded Kodak, was born in Waterville, New York State. (see 7 May 1888).

10 July 1854, Monday (-33,474)

8 July 1854, Saturday (-33,176) Johann Gieseler, German church history writer, died (born 3 March 1792).

7 July 1854, Friday (-33,177) George Ohm, German scientist who pioneered work on electricity, died in Munich

6 July 1854, Thursday (-33,178) Earthquake in Yamato, Iga, Ise, area of Japan killed 2,400.

5 July 1854, Wednesday (-33,179) (USA) In America, the Republican Party was officially founded.

4 July 1854, Tuesday (-33,180) Karl Eichhorn, German legal writer, died (born 20 November 1781).

3 July 1854, Monday (-33,181) Leos Janacek, composer, was born

1 July 1854, Saturday (-33,183) Albert Hart, US historical writer, was born.

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26 June� 1854, Monday (-33,188) Robert Borden, Canadian politician, was born in Grand Pre, Nova Scotia.

21 June� 1854, Wednesday (-33,193) The first Victoria Cross was awarded, to Charles Lucas, a 20-year-old Irishman who threw an unexploded Russian bomb overboard, whilst on HMS Hecla at Bomarsund in the Baltic.

13 June� 1854, Tuesday (-33,201) Sir Charles Parsons, engineer who invented the steam turbine, was born in London.

12 June� 1854, Monday (-33,202) (Electrical) Charles Algernon Parsons was born in London. In 1884 he designed and installed the first steam turbine generator for electric power.

10 June� 1854, Saturday (-33,204) (London) Queen Victoria opened the Crystal Palace on its new site in Sydenham, south London.

====================================================================================

30 May 1854, Tuesday (-33,215) (USA) US Congress adopted the Kansas-Nebraska Act, nullifying the Missouri Compromise.

29 May 1854, Monday (-33,216) (Railways) Paddington Station, London, was opened.

26 May 1854, Friday (-33,219) (1) (Greece) Franco-British forces occupied the port of Piraeus to prevent Greece from joining the Crimean War with Russia against Turkey. See 28 February 1857.

(2) A Boston mob attacked a Federal courthouse in a vain attempt to prevent the return of fugitive slave Anthony Burns. Federal troops were called in to escort him to Boston Docks in order to return him to his Southern owner; outraged citizens staged a silent protest along the street.

22 May 1854, Monday (+33,223) The Russian Baltic fort of Gustavfarm was destroyed by a British fleet (Crimean War), with 1,500 Russian PoWs being captured.

18 May 1854, Thursday (-33,227) (Railways) The Port Elliot & Goolwa railway, South Australia, opened. Drawn by horse, this was the first public railway in Australia, carrying goods and people.

15 May 1854, Monday (-33,230) (Railways) The Semmering Pass railway, Austria, opened.

11 May 1854, Thursday (-33,234) John McArthy Blackham, cricketer for Australia, was born in Melbourne (died in Sydney, 20 August 1930).

==================================================================================

30 April 1854, Sunday (-33,245) (Railways) The first railway in Brazil opened.

29 April 1854, Saturday (-33,246) (Mathematics) Jules Henri Poincare, French mathematician, was born in Nantes. In 1895 he effectively founded the science of topology, although some of its principles were already known.

26 April 1854, Wednesday (-33,249) Henry Cockburn, Scottish Judge, died (born 26 October 1779).

24 April 1854, Monday (-33,251) Elizabeth married Archduke Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria.

19 April 1854, Wednesday (-33,256) Robert Jameson, Scottish geological writer, died (born 11 July 1774).

16 April 1854, Sunday (-33,259) Easter Sunday

15 April 1854, Saturday (-33,260) (Chemistry) Arthur Aikin, English chemist, died in London (born 19 May 1773 in Warrington).

14 April 1854, Friday (-33,261)

13 April 1854, Thursday (-33,262) Richard Ely, US economist, was born.

12 April 1854, Wednesday (-33,263) Atmospheric traction on the Dalkey extension of the Dublin and Kingstown Railway was abandoned.

7 April 1854, Friday (-33,268) Pierre Francois Tissot, French writer, died in Paris (born 10 March 1768 in Versailles)

===================================================================================

31 March 1854. Friday (-33,275) The USA and Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, opening up the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.

27 March 1854. Monday (-33,279) Crimean War began; Britain and France declared war on Russia.� On 12 March 1854 the British and French formally allied with Turkey. See 30 November 1853. The ostensible cause of the Crimean War was a dispute between Russia, France, and Turkey over control of the Christian Holy Places in Turkish-controlled Palestine. The Turks refused Russia�s demands and Russia marched into the Turkish vassal states of Wallachia and Serbia. This threatened Russian occupation of Istanbul and hence Britain�s communications with its Indian Empire, so Britain entered the war against Russia.

23 March 1854, Thursday (-33,283) Alfred Milner, British colonial administrator of South Africa, was born.

20 March 1854, Monday (-33,286) (Russia, Turkey) Russia sent troops southwards across the Danube, threatening Ottoman Turkey. Ultimately this posed the threat of Russia on the Mediterranean, putting communications between Britain and India at risk, and so was unacceptable to the UK.

18 March 1854, Saturday (-33,288) The Alhambra Theatre, London, opened in Leicester Square

15 March 1854, Wednesday (-33,291) Emil von Behring, bacteriologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1901 for his work on immunisation against diphtheria, was born.

14 March 1854, Tuesday (-33,292) Paul Erlich, bacteriologist, was born in Strehlen, Silesia (now Poland); died 20 August 1915.

13 March 1854, Monday (-33,293) Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd, English author, died in Stafford (born 26 May 1795 in Reading)

12 March 1854, Sunday (-33,294) Britain and France made an alliance with Ottoman Turkey.

11 March 1854, Saturday (-33,295)

9 March 1854, Thursday (-33,297) Eddie Foy, US comedian, was born in New York (died 16 February 1928 in Kansas City)

8 March 1854, Wednesday (-33,298) Thomas Patrick Horan, cricketer for Australia, was born in Middleton, Ireland (died 16 April 1916 in Melbourne)

3 March 1854, Friday (-33,303) Henrietta Constance Smithson, Irish actress, died (born 1800)

1 March 1854, Wednesday (-33,305)

==================================================================================

28 February 1854, Tuesday (-33,306) The United States Republican Party was formed, in Ripon, Wisconsin.

27 February 1854, Monday (-33,307) Hugues Lannenais, French political writer, died (born 19 June� 1782)

22 February 1854, Wednesday (-33,312) The Chicago and Rock Island Railroad was completed to Rock Island, Illinois.

17 February 1854, Friday (-33,317) Britain signed the Convention of Bloemfontein, agreeing to withdraw from territory in South Africa north of the Orange River. This left the Orange Free State for Boer settlers.

13 February 1854, Monday (-33,321) Britain�s first public school for girls, Cheltenham Ladies College, opened.

10 February 1854, Friday (-33,324) Giovanni Muzzioli, Italian painter, was born (died 5 August 1894).

9 February 1854, Thursday (-33,325) Richmond Mayo-Smith, US economics writer, was born (died 11 November 1901).

6 February 1854, Monday (-33,328) Russia broke off diplomatic relations with Britain and France.

1 February 1854, Wednesday (-33,333) New York�s Astor Libraty opened, with 80,000 books.

==================================================================================

31 January 1854, Tuesday (-33,334) Silvio Pellico, Italian dramatist, died (born 24 June 1788 in Piedmont)

16 January 1854, Monday (-33,349) The South Wales railway reached Haverfordwest

13 January 1854, Friday (-33,352) The accordion was patented by Anthony Faas.

9 January 1854, Monday (-33,356) Lady Randolph Churchill, mother of Winston Churchill, was born.

8 January 1854, Sunday (-33,357) William Beresford, British General, died in Kent (born 2 October 1768)

3 January 1854, Tuesday (-33,362) An Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea, and insisted that the Russian fleet withdraw from attacking Turkey.

1 January 1854, Sunday (-33,364)

=================================================================================

30 December 1853, Friday (-33,366) The Gadsden Purchase was agreed with Mexico. The USA paid Mexico US$10 million, and received a tract of land south of the Gila River. This was arranged by James Gadsden, aged 65.

27 December 1853, Tuesday (-33,369) William Jay, religious writer, died (born 6 May 1769).

26 December 1853, Monday (-33,370) Rene Bazin, French novelist, was born in Angers.

25 December 1853, Sunday (-33,371) Joseph Radowitz, Prussian General, died (born 1797)

23 December 1853, Friday (-33,372) Giacomo Puccini, composer, was born.

21 December 1853, Wednesday (-33,375)

17 December 1853, Saturday (-33,379) Sir Herbert Beerbohn Tree, English actor, was born in London.

16 December 1853, Friday (-33,380) Santa Anna made himself Dictator of Mexico.

15 December 1853, Thursday (-33,381) Georg Grotefrend, German writer, died (born 9 June� 1775).

13 December 1853, Tuesday (-33,383)

11 December 1853, Sunday (-33,385) John Murphy, US landscape painter, was born.

10 December 1853, Saturday (-33,386) Tommaso Grossi, Lombard poet and novelist, died (born 20 July 1791).

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30 November 1853, Wednesday (-33,396) The Russians destroyed a Turkish fleet at Sinope. On 3 January 1854 British and French fleets entered the Black Sea to protect Ottoman Turkish coasts and shipping. See 4 October 1853, and 23 March 1854.

16 November 1853, Wednesday (-33,410) Henry lewis, US geologist, was born (died 21 July 1888).

15 November 1853, Tuesday (-33,411) Maria II of Portugal died, aged 34. She was succeeded by her 16-year-old son, Pedro V.

5 November 1853, Saturday (-33,421) Janos Garay, Hungarian poet, died (born 10 October 1812).

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21 October 1853, Friday (-33,436) Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm.

10 October 1853, Monday (-33,447) Pierre Fontaine, French architect, died (born 20 September 1762).

6 October 1853, Thursday (-33,451) Simon Greanleaf, US legal writer, died (born 5 December 1783).

4 October 1853, Tuesday (-33,453) (Russia, Turkey) The Russians refused to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, and Turkey declared war on Russia. On 23 October 1853 the Turks, under Omar Pasha, crossed the Danube into Wallachia. See 30 November 1853.

2 October 1853, Sunday (-33,455) (Science) Dominique Arago, physicist, died in Paris (born 26 February 1786 in Estagel, Perpignan)

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30 September 1853, Friday (-33,457) John Stromberg, US composer, was born in New York (died12 July 1902 in New York)

24 September 1853, Saturday (-33,463) Britain�s first provincial newspaper, the Northern Daily Times, was founded in Liverpool.

23 September 1853, Friday (-33,464) The British fleet was ordered to Istanbul.

22 September 1853, Thursday (-33,465)

21 September 1853, Wednesday (-33,466) (1) (Thailand) Phra Paramindr Maha Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, eldest son of King Maha Mongkut, was born (died 1910).

(2) (Chemistry) Heike Kammerlingh was born in Groningen, Netherlands. In 1908 he liquefied helium.

20 September 1853, Tuesday (-33,467) Elisha Graves Otis opened a factory in New York State for the production of the first modern lifts.

15 September 1853, Thursday (-33,472)

14 September 1853, Wednesday (-33,473) Hugh Edwin Strickland, English geologist, died, hit by a train near Retford (born 2 March 1811 in Righton, East Yorkshire)

13 September 1853, Tuesday (-33,474) (Medical) Bacteriologist Hans Christian Joachim Gram was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1884 he developed a dye that could distinguish between two classes of bacteria, those that took up the dye and those that didn�t. The groups react differently to antibiotics.

12 September 1853, Monday (-33,475) Charles Dickens� ninth book, Bleak House, was published in entirety.

10 September 1853, Saturday (-33,477)

8 September 1853, Thursday (-33,479) Antoine Frederic Ozanam, French scholarly writer, died of consumption in Marseilles (born 23 April 1815 in Milan)

7 September 1853, Wednesday (-33,480) (China) Shanghai fell to rebels as the Taiping Rebellion continued.

6 September 1853, Tuesday (-33,481)

5 September 1853, Monday (-33,482) (Railways) The Waterford to Tramore railway opened.

4 September 1853, Sunday (-33,483) Jonathan Blewitt, British composer, died in London (born 1782 in London)

2 September 1853, Friday (-33,485) Wilhelm Ostwald, chemist, was born.

===================================================================================

29 August 1853, Monday (-33,489) Sir Charles Napier, British statesman, died.

24 August 1853, Wednesday (-33,494) Crisps were invented by George Crum, a chef in the Moon Lake Lodge Hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York State, when his customers complained that his potato chips were cut too thickly. So he cut the potatoes wafer-thin. People loved the new �Saratoga chips�. Crisps reached the UK in 1913. However something very much like the modern crisp appears to have existed as far back as 1817.

22 August 1853, Monday (-33,496) Karl Karsten, German mineralogist, died (born 26 November 1782).

21 August 1853, Sunday (-33,497) Charles Montholon, French soldier, died.

17 August 1853, Wednesday (-33,501) (Britain) Sir Frederick Adam, British General, died (born 1781)

15 August 1853, Monday (-33,503) Frederick William Robertson, English divine, died (born in London 3 February 1816)

8 August 1853, Monday (-33,510) A Russian fleet arrived at Nagasaki on a trading mission.

4 August 1853, Thursday (-33,514) Newspaper advertisements duty was abolished in Britain.

===================================================================================

23 July 1853, Saturday (-33,526) The Japanese Shogun Ieoshi died, aged 61. He was succeeded by his brother, Iesada, who agreed to open two Japanese ports to foreign trade.

17 July 1853, Sunday (-33,532) William Gunion Rutherford, English scholarly writer, was born in Peeblesshire (died 19 July 1907)

14 July 1853, Thursday (-33,535) The first US World Fair opened in New York. The event was modelled on London�s 1851 Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace.

8 July 1853, Friday (-33,541) US Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Japan�s Edo Bay (now Tokyo) with his �black ships� and demanded that the country open up to US trade. He backed up his demand with cannon fire. For 250 years Japan had been a feudal state run by the Tokugawa shoguns.

5 July 1853, Tuesday (-33,544) Colonial administrator Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of Cape Colony 1890-96, was born at Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, the 7^th of 11 children..� His father was a vicar.

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29 June� 1853, Wednesday (-33,550) Adrien de Jussieu, natiuralist, died (born 23 December 1797).

22 June� 1853, Wednesday (-33,557) A Russian Army attacking Turkey, under Prince Mikhail Gorchakov, invaded Turkey�s Danubian Principalities.

4 June� 1853, Saturday (-33,575) The Oxford to Evesham railway opened (extended to Wolverhampton 10/1854)

3 June� 1853, Friday (-33,576) Cesare Balbo, Italian writer, died (born 1 November 1789 in Turin)

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31 May 1853, Tuesday (-33,579) (Russia, Turkey) Tsar Nicholas I of Russia despatched troops to protect Christian minorities in Ottoman-ruled Moldavia and Wallachia.

27 May 1853, Friday (-23,583) Jean Marie Pardessus, French lawyer, diednear Blois (born 11 August 1772 in Blois)

21 May 1853, Saturday (-23,589) Jacques Cavaignac, French politician, was born (died 25 September 1905).

14 May 1853, Saturday (-33,596) Thomas Caine, British novelist, was born.

7 May 1853, Saturday (-33,603) Matthias Castren, Finnish scholarly writer, died (born 2 December 1813).

6 May 1853, Friday (-33,604) Cortes Donoso, Spanish author, died (born 6 May 1809).

4 May 1853, Wednesday (-33,606) Philander Knox, US politician, was born.

======================================================================================

28 April 1853, Thursday (-33,612) Johann Ludwig Tieck, German writer, died (born in Berlin 31 May 1773)

27 April 1853, Wednesday (-33,613) Francois Lemaitre, French dramatist, was born.

23 April 1853, Saturday (-33,617) Jules Lemire, French social reformer, was born.

18 April 1853, Monday (-33,622) First railway in India opened; Mumbai to Thana, 30 km. By 1856 rail lines linked Mumbai, Kolkata, Madras and Nagpur.

13 April 1853, Wednesday (-33,627) Leopold Gmelin, German chemist, died (born 1788).

7 April 1853, Thursday (-33,633) Queen Victoria used chloroform to help her through the birth of her seventh child, Prince Leopold. This established chloroform as the favoured anaesthetic in Britain.

4 April 1853, Monday (-33,636) The customs union signed by various German states was extended for another 12 years; Austria remained excluded.

3 April 1853, Sunday (-33,637) Louis Pontecoulant, French politician, died in Paris (born 17 November 1764 in Caen)

1 April 1853, Friday (-33,639) Manchester, UK, was constituted a city.

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30 March 1853, Wednesday (-33,641) The artist Vincemt Van Gogh was born in the Dutch village of Groot-Zundert. He was the son of a Lutheran pastor.

29 March 1853, Tuesday (-33,642) Elihu Thomson, English inventor who co-founded the General Electric Company with Thomas Edison, was born.

27 March 1853, Sunday (-33,644) Easter Sunday

25 March 1853, Friday (-33,646) Muzaffar ed Din, Shah of Persia from 8 June� 1896, was born (died 8 January 1907).

19 March 1853, Saturday (-33,652) Taiping (Heavenly Peace) rebels in China, a Protestant movement, challenged the ruling Manchu Ch�ing dynasty by taking the city of Nanjing.

17 March 1853, Thursday (-33,654) Death of Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who coined the term Doppler effect to explain the apparent change of frequency of a wave when the source is moving relative to the observer.

14 March 1853, Monday (-33,657) Julius Haynau, Austrian general, died (born 1786).

12 March 1853, Saturday (-33,659) Mathieu Orfila, French chemist, died in Paris (born in Minorca 24 April 1787)

6 March 1853, Sunday (-33,665) Albert Cook, US scholarly writer, was born.

5 March 1853, Saturday (-33,666) Howard Pyle, US artist, was born in Wilmington, Delaware.

4 March 1853, Friday (-33,667) Pope Pius IX set up five new bishoprics in The Netherlands, at Breda, Haarlem, s�Hertogenbosh and Roermond, also the Archbishopric of Utrecht, Until then The Netherlands had had no proper Catholic hierarchy since the Reformation, and had been classified as a �mission area�. The imposition of this new hierarchy started the April Movement, an anti-Catholic protest in which Catholics were harried on the streets and dismissed from their jobs. The Netherlands Government was forced to resign and eventually the anti-Catholic protests faded away.

====================================================================================

18 February 1853, Friday (-33,681) (Railways) August Belmont, US railway financier, was born in New York.

3 February 1853, Thursday (-33,696) August Kopisch, German poet, died (born 29 May 1799).

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30 January 1853, Sunday (-33,700) Sears Cook Walker, US astronomer, died near Cincinatti (born 28 March 1805 in Massachusetts)

29 January 1853, Saturday (-33,701) Napoleon III of France married Eugenie de Montijo in Paris.

26 January 1853, Wednesday (-33,704) Sylvester Judd, US religious writer, died (born 23 July 1813).

22 January 1853, Saturday (-33,708) The University of Melbourne, Australia, was established by Act of Incorporation.

21 January 1853, Friday (-33,709) Russell L Hawes patented the envelope-folding machine.

19 January 1853, Wednesday (-33,711)

17 January 1853, Monday (-33,713) Thomas Harrison, US artist, was born.

16 January 1853, Sunday (-33,714) Andre Michelin, founder of Michelin Tyres, was born born in Paris, France.

15 January 1853, Saturday (-33,715) Rutland Barrington, British actor, was born I Penge, London (died 31 May 1922 in London)

10 January 1853, Monday (-33,720) Jessie Bond, British actress, was born in Camden Town, London (died 17 June� 1942 in Worthing)

1 January 1853, Saturday (-33,729)

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31 December 1852, Friday (-33,730) (USA) Henry Carter Adams, US economist, was born.

18 December 1852, Saturday (-33,743) Horatio Greenhough, US sculptor, died (born 6 September 1805).

14 December 1852, Tuesday (-33,747) (Britain) Charles Berry, English cleric, was born in Leigh, Lancashire (died 31 January 1899).

10 December 1852, Friday (-33,751) Henri Gervex, French Painter, was born.

2 December 1852. Thursday (-33,759) Louis Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor of France as Napoleon III.� The Second French Empire was proclaimed.

====================================================================================

27 November 1852, Saturday (-33,764) Ada Lovelace, computer science pioneer, died.

23 November 1852. Tuesday (-33,768) Britain�s first pillar box was erected, in St Helier on Jersey.

18 November 1852, Thursday (-33,773) Funeral of Lord Wellington in St Paul�s Cathedral

15 November 1852, Monday (-33,776) Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, was born (died 7 January 1892 near Cairo. Succeeded by his eldest son, Abbas II.

10 November 1852, Wednesday (-33,781) Gideon Mantel, English geologist, died.

4 November 1852, Thursday (-33,787) (1) The building of the new House of Commons, following the fire of 1834, was completed, to the designs of Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin.

(2) (Italy) Count Camillio de Cavour became Prime Minister of Piedmont.

3 November 1852, Wednesday (-33,788) Hito Mutso, Japanese Emperor� from 1/1867, was born.

2 November 1852, Tuesday (-33,789) The Dean of Exeter Cathedral ordered that the cathedral clock be advanced 14 minutes to conform with Greenwich mean time. This was a result of the railways spreading across Britain, and operating on a standard time. Nationwide standardisation of time had begun when the horse-drawn Irish mail coaches began running from London to Ireland via Chester and Holyhead; the mail coach guard carried a watch set to Greenwich time, and was required to inform the innkeepers along the way of the correct time. In 1830 the Manchester and Liverpool railway operated on Greenwich Time. But there was resistance to this nationwide time in the West Country and Wales.

1 November 1852, Monday (-33,790) Dame Emma Albani, Canadian singer (died 3 April 1930) was born.

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31 October 1852, Sunday (-33,791)

27 October 1852, Wednesday (-33,795) Edward Emmerson Simmons, US painter, was born in Concord, Massachusetts.

26 October 1852, Tuesday (-33,796) (Britain) Henry Elkington, founder of the Birmingham electroplating industry, died.

24 October 1852, Sunday (-33,798) Henry Clinton, English scholarly writer, died (born 14 January 1781).

22 October 1852, Friday (-33,800) Hans Gagern, German political writer, died (born 25 January 1766).

15 October 1852, Friday (-33,807) Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, founder of the gymnastic movement (Turnverein) in Germany, died at Freyburg aged 74.

14 October 1852, Thursday (-33,808) (Railways GB) �Kings Cross Station, London, opened.� The former terminus had been � miles north, between Copenhagen and Gasworks Tunnels, at Maiden Lane, see 7 August 1850.

13 October 1852, Wednesday (-33,809) Birth of Lilly Langtry, actress and mistress to King Edward VII

12 October 1852, Tuesday (-33,810)

11 October 1852, Monday (-33,811) The South Wales Railway was extended from landore to Carmarthen Junction.

10 October 1852, Sunday (-33,812) The first train ran on the Rock Island line, 70 km from Chicago to Joliet, Illinois, in 2 hours. In 2/1854 this line reached Rock Island on the Mississippi to link Chicago to this major waterway. This railway eventually reached Minneapolis-St Paul, Galveston, Denver, Colorado Springs, Santa Rosa and Memphis

9 October 1852, Saturday (-33,813) (Cartography) Thomas Colby, director of the Ordnance Survey, who surveyed Ireland, died (born 1 September 1784).

6 October 1852, Wednesday (-33,816)

2 October 1852, Saturday (-33,820) Lord Ramsay, who discovered the inert gases, was born in Glasgow.

1 October 1852, Friday (-33,821) (Railways) The Londonderry to Newtown Limavady railway, 18 � miles, opened.

===================================================================================

30 September 1852, Thursday (-33,822) Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, was born.

29 September 1852, Wednesday (-33,823) Arthur Roberts, British comedian, was born in London (died 27 February 1933 in London)

28 September 1852, Tuesday (-33,824) Henri Moussan, French chemist, was born (died 20 February 1907).

26 September 1852, Sunday (-33,826)

25 September 1852, Saturday (-33,827) (Aviation) The Mechanic�s Magazine published the plans of a heavier-than-air glider capable of carrying a person.

24 September 1852, Friday (-33,828) (Aviation) The first airship made its maiden flight from the Hippodrome, Paris, travelling 17 miles to Trappes at 8 mph. It was piloted by Henri Giffard. However the craft could only travel in calm weather.

23 September 1852, Thursday (-33,829) (Medical) Surgeon William Halstead was born in New York City. In 1890 he introduced the practice of wearing sterilised rubber gloves during surgery.

20 September 1852, Monday (-33,832) William Finden, English line engraver, died (born 1787).

14 September 1852, Tuesday (-33,838) (1) Lord Pugin, co-designer of the Houses of Parliament with Sir Charles Barry, died at Ramsgate.

(2) The Duke of Wellington, victor at Waterloo, died at Walmer Castle, Kent, aged 83, as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.

13 September 1852, Monday (-33,839) The Newton Stewart to Omagh railway, 9 � miles, opened.

12 September 1852, Sunday (-33,840) Herbert Henry Asquith, British Liberal and Prime Minister, was born in Morley, Yorkshire. He introduced the Old Age Pension.

9 September 1852, Thursday (-33,843)

6 September 1852, Monday (-33,846) The first free public lending library opened in Manchester.

5 September 1852, Sunday (-33,847) Hans Henrik Reusch, Norwegian geologist, was born in Bergen.

4 September 1852, Saturday (-33,848) William MacGillivray, Scottish naturalist writer, died (born 25 January 1796).

2 September 1852, Thursday (-33,850) Paul Bourget, French novelist, was born in Amiens.

===================================================================================

30 August 1852, Monday (-33,853) Jacobus Hendricus Van;�t Hoff, Dutch chemist, was born in Rotterdam

25 August 1852, Wednesday (-33,858) The Redruth to Truro railway opened.

23 August 1852, Monday (-33,860) Arnold Tonybee, English social reformer, was born in London (died 9 March 1883 in Wimbledon)

16 August 1852, Monday (-33,867) Hermann Soden, German religious writer, was born in Cincinati.

5 August 1852, Thursday (-33,878) The re-erection of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, south London.

4 August 1852, Wednesday (-33,879) The first steamship arrived in Australia, from England.

===================================================================================

17 July 1852, Saturday (-33,897) Argentina recognised the independence of Paraguay.

15 July 1852, Thursday (-33,899) The Great Northern Railway opened from Peterborough to Retford for goods trains (passengers from 1 August 1852), and in London the line was extended south from Maiden Lane to Kings Cross.

10 July 1852, Saturday (-33,904) Rene Exelmans, Marshal of France, died (born 13 December 1775).

===================================================================================

29 June� 1852, Tuesday (-33,915) Henry Clay, US politician, died (born 12 April 1777).

25 June� 1852, Friday (-33,919) Antoni Gaudi, architect, was born.

24 June� 1852, Thursday (-33,920) Viktor Adler, Austrian politician (died 12 November 1918) was born.

21 June� 1852, Monday (-33,923) Friedrich Froebel, German educationalist who founded the Kindergarten system in 1837 at Blankenberg, died.

12 June� 1852, Saturday (-33,932) Xavier de Maistre, French writer, died.

10 June� 1852, Thursday (-33,934) (Railways) The Wellington Inn to Mullaglass railway, 6 miles, opened.

7 June� 1852, Monday (-33,937) Hosea Ballou, US writer, died in Boston (born in Richmond, New Hampshire, 30 April 1771).

4 June� 1852, Friday (-33,940) Lucas Malet, English noivelist, was born.

2 June� 1852, Wednesday (-33,942) Charles B Lawlor, composer, was born in Dublin (died 30 May 21925 in New York)

============================================

28 May 1852, Friday (-33,947) Eugene Burnouf, French writer on the Orient, died (born 8 April 1801).

3 May 1852, Monday (-33.972) (Railways) The Tipperary to Clonmel railway, 24 � miles, opened.

1 May 1852, Saturday (-33,974) Calamity Jane, Wild West performer, was born.

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21 April 1852, Wednesday (-33,984) The Shrewsbury to Ludlow railway, 27 miles, opened.

20 April 1852, Tuesday (-33,985) Bela Edwards, US writer, died (born 4.7.1802).

17 April 1852, Saturday (-33,988) Etienne Gerard, French General, died (born 4 April 1773).

14 April 1852, Wednesday (-33,991) (India) British and Indian forces captured Rangoon.

13 April 1852, Tuesday (-33,992) Frank Winfield Woolworth, the American chain store pioneer, was born in Rodman, Jefferson County, New York State.

12 April 1852, Monday (-33,993) (Mathematics) Ferdinand Lindemann was born in Hannover, Germany. In 1882 he proved that Pi is a transcendental number.

11 April 1852, Sunday (-33,994) Easter Sunday. (India) The British began bombarding Rangoon, starting the Second Burman War.

5 April 1852, Monday (-34,000) John Keate, who restored discipline and order at Eton School, died

1 April 1852, Thursday (-34,004) (Arts) Edwin Austin Abbey, US painter, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

===================================================================================

30 March 1852, Tuesday (-34,006) (Africa) James Bent, explorer of Africa, was born near Leeds (died in London 5 May 1897).

22 March 1852, Monday (-34,014) Auguste Marmont, Marshal of France, died (born 20 July 1774).

18 March 1852, Thursday (-34,018) Ernst Raupach, German dramatist, died in Berlin (born 21 March 1784 in Silesia)

11 March 1852, Thursday (-34,025) The West Cornwall Railway opened the Penzance to Hayle line, 7 miles.

6 March 1852, Saturday (-34,030) Joseph Deniker, French scientific writer, was born.

5 March 1852, Friday (-34,031) Marie Gay, French author, died (born 1 July 1776).

1 March 1852, Monday (-34,035) Theophile Delcasse, French statesman, was born.

===================================================================================

25 February 1852, Wednesday (-34,040) Thomas Moore, Irish poet, died (born 28 May 1779).

21 February 1852, Saturday (-34,044) Nikolia Gogol, Russian story writer and novelist, died in Moscow.

20 February 1852, Friday (-34,045) The first through train from the eastern USA reached Chicago on the Chicago Southeastern Railway. The railway helped make Chicago into a major grain and meat packing centre.

16 February 1852, Monday (-34,049) Charles Taze Russell, American who organised the start of modern-day Jehovah�s Witnesses, was born in Pittsburgh.

14 February 1852, Saturday (-34,051) London�s famous children�s hospital, in Great Ormond Street, opened. The first patient admitted was Eliza Armstrong.

11 February 1852, Wednesday (-34,054) The first flushing public toilet for women opened in Fleet Street, London. The cost was 2d. See 2 February 1852.

10 February 1852, Tuesday (-34,055) Samuel Prout, English water colour painter, died (born 17 September 1783 in Plymouth)

9 February 1852, Monday (-34,056) The Strabane to Newton Stewart railway, 9 � miles, opened.

5 February 1852, Thursday (-34,060) Arnail Jaucourt, French politician, died (born 14 November 1757).

3 February 1852, Tuesday (-34, 062) Argentina abandoned plans to annex Uruguay after De Rosas, Argentine dictator, was defeated by a force of Brazilians and Uruguayans at the Battle of Caseros. De Rosas fled to Britain.

2 February 1852, Monday (-34,063) (1) The first public convenience for men opened in Fleet Street, London. See 11 February 1852.

(2) The second Woodhead railway tunnel, between Sheffield and Manchester, opened.� See 22 December 1845, 3 June� 1954.

1 February 1852, Sunday (-34,064) The railway from Battle to Hastings, 5 miles, opened.

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29 January 1852, Thursday (-34,067) Frederic Cowen, English composer, was born.

26 January 1852, Monday (-34,070) (Africa) Pierre Paul Brazza, French explorer of Africa and founder of the French Congo (Brazzaville), was born (died 4 September 1905).

19 January 1852, Monday (-34,077) Robert Adamson, Scottish philosopher (died 5 February 1902) was born.

17 January 1852, Saturday (-34,079) Britain recognised the independence of the Transvaal Boers.

12 January 1852, Monday (-34,084) Joseph Joffre, French Army Marshall and Commander in Chief on the Western Front, was born in Rivesaltes.

10 January 1852, Saturday (-34,086) Friedrich Spitta, German religious writer, was born in Wittengen

6 January 1852, Tuesday (-34,090) (1) The railway from Portadown to Mullaglass, 16 � miles, opened.

(2) Louis Braille, who invented the raised-dot system of writing used by the blind, died.

4 January 1852, Sunday (-34,092) Moses Stuart, US religious writer, died (born 26 March 1780)

1 January 1852, Thursday (-34,095) The Robertsbridge to Battle railway, 16 miles, opened.

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31 December 1851, Wednesday (-34,096) Richard Marsh, horse racing champion, was born (died 20 May 1933).

28 December 1851, Sunday (-34,099) (USA) Perry Belmont, US politician, was born in New York.

25 December 1851, Thursday (-34,102) (Railways) First railway in Chile opened. It ran from the port of Caldera to Copiapo, 80.5 km.

24 December 1851, Wednesday (-34,103) Large fire at the Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA. 35,000 books were destroyed, including most of Thomas Jefferson;�s personal collection, acquired in 1815.

19 December 1851, Friday (-34,108) Painter Joseph Turner died in his house in Chelsea, London, under the assumed name of Booth.

10 December 1851, Wednesday (-34,117) Melvil Dewey, US librarian who devised a system of library cataloguing, was born in Adams Centre, New York State.

8 December 1851, Monday (-34,119) The railway from Cork to Bailinhassig, 10 miles, fully opened (Bandon to Bailinhassig had opened 1 August 1849).

3 December 1851, Wednesday (-34,124) Cecil Lawson, English landscape painter, was born (died 10 June� 1882).

2 December 1851, Tuesday (-34,125) In France, President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte extended his term in office and ended the Second Republic. He ordered troops to occupy Paris, arrest Parliamentary Deputies, and to fire on unarmed protestors.

==================================================================================

26 November 1851, Wednesday (-34,131) Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, French soldier, died in Tarn (born in Tarn 29 March 1769)

18 November 1851, Tuesday (-34,139) Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, died (born 5 June 1771).

13 November 1851, Thursday (-34,144) (1) A telegraphic service between London and Paris was started.

(2) The railway between Moscow and St Petersburg opened.

10 November 1851, Monday (-34,147) (Biology) Embryologist Francis Balfour was born in Edinburgh (died in Switzerland 19 July 1882).

5 November 1851, Wednesday (-34,152) Charles Dupuy, French statesman, was born.

3 November 1851, Monday (-34,154) Clovis Hugues, French poet, was born (died 11 June 1907).

1 November 1851, Saturday (-34,156) Thomas Galloway, Scottish mathematician, died (born 26 February 1796).

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22 October 1851, Wednesday (-34,166) (USA) Archibald Alexander, US Presbyterian clergyman, died in Princeton, New Jersey (born 17 April 1772 in Virginia).

21 October 1851, Tuesday (-34,167) George Ulyett, cricketer, was born (died 18 June 1898).

20 October 1851, Monday (-34,168)

19 October 1851, Sunday (-34,169) (Korea) Myeongseong, Empress of Korea, was born.

18 October 1851, Saturday (-34,170) Herman Melville�s work, Moby Dick, was published in London.

15 October 1851, Wednesday (-34,173) The Great Exhibition at Hyde Park, London, closed.� It had opened on 1 May 1851. A total of 6 million visitors had attended. The Exhibition made a profit of �186,000 which was used to buy land in South Kensington where the Victoria and Albert Museum now stands.

13 October 1851, Monday (-34,175) Charles Sprague Pearce, US artist, was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

11 October 1851, Saturday (-34,177) (Electricity) Paul Erman, electrical scientist, died (born 29 February 1764).

10 October 1851, Friday (-34,178) Melvil Dewey, US librarian, was born.

8 October 1851, Wednesday (-34,180) George Lee, English musician, died.

4 October 1851, Saturday (-34,184) Alvarez Godoy, Spanish statesman, died (born 12 May 1767).

2 October 1851, Thursday (-34,186) Marshal Ferdinand Foch, French General who led the counteroffensive that defeated Germany in 1918, was born in Tarbes, France.

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30 September 1851, Tuesday (-34,188) Auguste Molinier, French historical writer, was born (died 19 May 1904).

28 September 1851, Sunday (-34,190) Henry Jones, English dramatist, was born.

22 September 1851, Monday (-34,196) Martha Mary Sherwood, English author, died (born in Stanford, Worcestershire 6 May 1775)

19 September 1851, Friday (-34,199) William Lever, soap maker and philanthropist, later Lord Leverhulme, was born in Bolton.� He was the son of a grocer.

18 September 1851, Thursday (-34,200) The New York Times was first published.� It was founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond.

17 September 1851, Wednesday (-34,201) (Science) Chemist and physician John Kidd died in Oxford, England.

16 September 1851, Tuesday (-34,202) Emilio Pardo Bazan, Spanish author, was born in Corunna.

14 September 1851, Sunday (-34,204) James Cooper, US novelist, died (born 15 September 1789).

12 September 1851, Friday (-34,206) Francis Clark, religious writer, was born.

11 September 1851, Thursday (-34,207) Sylvester Graham, US writer on dietetics, died (born 1794).

9 September 1851, Tuesday (-34,209)

7 September 1851, Sunday (-34,211) John Kidd, English scientific writer, died (born 10 September 1775).

6 September 1851, Saturday (-34,212) Karl Koenig, German geologist, died.

5 September 1851, Friday (-34,213) (USA) Thomas Gallaudet, US educator of the deaf and dumb, died (born 10 December 1787).

2 September 1851, Tuesday (-34,216) William Nicol, Scottish physicist, died in Edinburgh.

1 September 1851, Monday (-34,217)

==================================================================================

27 August 1851, Wednesday (-34,222) John Philip, British missionary in Africa, died in retirement in Cape Colony (born 14 April 1775 in Kirkcaldy, Fife).

25 August 1851, Monday (-34,224) George Lathrop, US writer, was born.

24 August 1851, Sunday (-34,225) Thomas Kendall, cricketer for Australia, was born in Bedford, England (died 17 August 1924 in Hobart, Tasmania).

22 August 1851, Friday (-34,227) The US schooner Americas won a race around the Isle of Wight. The Americas Cup is named after this ship. It was originally known as the Hundred Guinea Cup.

19 August 1851, Tuesday (-34,230)

17 August 1851, Sunday (-34,232) Henry Drummond, Scottish scholarly writer, was born (died 11 March 1897).

16 August 1851, Saturday (-34,233) (Railways) The railway from Laprarie, Quebec, Canada to Rouses Point, New York, USA, opened.

15 August 1851, Friday (-34,234)

14 August 1851, Thursday (-34,235) Doc Holliday, US Western gunfighter, was born.

13 August 1851, Wednesday (-34,236) (Education) Felix Adler, US educationalist (died 24 April 1933) was born.

12 August 1851, Tuesday (-34,237) Isaac Singer of New York, USA patented his sewing machine.

11 August 1851, Monday (-34,238) Lorenz Oken, German naturalist, died (born 1 august 1779 in Swabia).

10 August 1851, Sunday (-34,239) Heinrich Paulus, German religious writer, died (born near Stuttgart 1 September 1761)

9 August 1851, Saturday (-34,240) Karl Gutzlaff, German missionary to China, died (born 8 July 1803).

7 August 1851, Thursday (-34,242) Johann Gruber, German writer, died (born 29 November 1774).

1 August 1851, Friday (-34,248) (Railways) The Dublin to Galway railway opened.

=====================================================================================

31 July 1851, Thursday (-34,249) (Railways) Canada legislated to make the 1676 mm gauge, the �Provincial Gauge�, a pre-condition of financial aid to any railway, thereby introducing a standard gauge for the country.

27 July 1851, Sunday (-34,253)

24 July 1851, Thursday (-34,256) In Britain the Window Tax was abolished.

23 July 1851, Wednesday (-34,257) Sioux Chieftains ceded all their land in Iowa, as well as some in Minnesota, to the US Government.

21 July 1851, Monday (-34,259) Horace Francois Bastien Sebastiani, French politician, diedin Paris (born in Corsica 1772)

17 July 1851, Thursday (-34,263) John Lingard, English historical writer, died (born 5 February 1771)

12 July 1851, Saturday (-34,268) Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, French pioneer in photography, died.

8 July 1851, Tuesday (-34,272) Sir Arthur John Evans, British archaeologist who excavated Knossos on Crete, was born.

6 July 1851, Sunday (-34,274) David Moir, Scottish writer, died (born 5 January 1798).

4 July 1851, Friday (-34,276) Construction began at St Louis on the Missouri Pacific Railway. This railway was extended to serve the Mississippi Valley south to Memphis and New Orleans, and the Missouri Valley west to Kansas City and Pueblo, Colorado.

2 July 1851, Wednesday (-34,278) Gyorgy Fejer, Hungarian author, died (born 23 April 1766).

======================================================================================

19 June� 1851, Thursday (-34,291) William Evans Midwinter, cricketer for Australia, was born in St briavels, Gloucestershire, England (died in Melbourne, 3 December 1890).

15 June� 1851, Sunday (-34,295) The first factory-produced ice cream was made in the USA by John Fussell. He wanted to avoid wastage of cream so he froze it; his new food became very popular, and his factory ice cream cost less than a third of the same amount of handmade ice cream.

12 June� 1851, Thursday (-34,298) Sir Oliver Lodge, English scientific writer, was born.

3 June� 1851, Tuesday (-34,307) George Adams, US historian (died 26 May 1925) was born.

2 June� 1851, Monday (-34,308) The Rockingham to Luffenham railway opened.

====================================================================================

31 May 1851, Saturday (-34,310)

23 May 1851, Friday (-34,318) Richard Lalor Sheil, Irish writer, died iin Florence, Italy (born 17 August 1791 in Tipperary)

21 May 1851, Wednesday (-34,320) Victor Bourgeois, French statesman, was born in Paris.

20 May 1851, Tuesday (-34,321) Oxford�s second railway station, linking to Verney Junction, opened.

17 May 1851, Saturday (-34,324) First railway in Peru opened. It ran 15 km from the port of Callao to Lima.

15 May 1851, Thursday (-34,326) The Erie Railway (begun 1832) reached Dunkirk on Lake Erie, linking New York with the Great Lakes and competing with the 1825 Erie Canal.

7 May 1851, Wednesday (-34,334) Adolf Harnack, German religious writer, was born.

6 May 1851, Tuesday (-34,335) Linus Yale patented the Yale lock.

4 May 1851, Sunday (-34,337) Thomas Dewing, US figure painter, was born.

1 May 1851, Thursday (-34,340) The Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace was opened by Queen Victoria, in Hyde Park, London. There were 13,000 exhibits from around the world in an 1,840 foot long, 408 foot wide, 108 foot high steel and glass hall, designed by Joseph Paxton in only 10 days and prefabricated before being brought to Hyde Park by rail. The hall took 17 weeks to erect. 6 million people, 17% of the UK population, visited, also mainly on the new railways across the nation. The exhibition ended on 15 October 1851. After the Great Exhibition, the Crystal Palace was re-erected at Sydenham where it stood till destroyed by fire in 1936. Prince Albert conceived the idea of the Great Exhibition to promote trade between nations and worldwide peace. The Exhibition was open for 6 months and in that time Queen Victoria visited 41 times. Profits from the event funded the opening of the Royal Albert Hall, the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum.

====================================================================================

29 April 1851, Tuesday (-34,342) Charles Cottenham, Lord Chancellor of England, died (born 29 April 1781).

28 April 1851, Monday (-34,343) Sir Edward Codrington , British Admiral, died (born 1770).

26 April 1851, Saturday (-34,345) Charles Godfrey, British singer, was born in London (died 28 March 1900 in Brierly Hill, Staffordshire)

24 April 1851, Thursday (-34,347)

21 April 1851, Monday (-34,350) (Geology) Charles Barrois, French geologist, was born in Lille.

20 April 1851, Sunday (-34,351) Easter Sunday

1 April 1851, Tuesday (-34,370) Rama IV (1804-68) took the Thai throne.

=====================================================================================

30 March 1851, Sunday (-34,372) Christian) In Britain this day, 7.25 million out of a total population of 17 million reportedly attended Church. This was thought to be a disturbingly small proportion.

29 March 1851, Saturday (-34,373) Marble Arch, London, was moved from Buckingham Palace to its present position on Oxford Street.

28 March 1851, Friday (-34,374) Gabor Dobrentei, Hungarian writer, died (born 1786).

27 March 1851, Thursday (-34,375) Karl Dindorf, German scholarly writer, died (2 January 1802).

21 March 1851, Friday (-34,381) The Yosemite Valley, in California, USA, was discovered by European explorers.

15 March 1851, Saturday (-34,387) Sir William Mitchell Ramsay, British archeological writer, was born.

14 March 1851, Friday (-34,388) Ferdinand Hand, German scholarly writer, died (born 15 February 1786).

13 March 1851, Thursday (-34,389) Karl Lachmann, German scholarly writer, died (born 4 March 1793).

12 March 1851, Wednesday (-34,390) (Medical) Bacteriologist Charles Chamberland was born in Chilly le Vignoble, France. He improved sterilisation techniques and invented filters to trap bacteria, which led to the discovery of viruses.

11 March 1851, Tuesday (-34,391) Verdi�s opera Rigoletto was first performed, in Venice.

9 March 1851, Sunday (-34,393) The University of Manchester was founded, as Owens College, Manchester.

5 March 1851, Wednesday (-34,397) Ermete Novelli, Italian playwright, was born in Lucca.

======================================================================================

18 February 1851, Tuesday (-34,411) Karl Jacobi, German mathematician, died (born 10 December 1804).

15 February 1851, Saturday (-34,415) The issue of escaped slaves was brought into prominence in the USA when a group of Black protestors liberated a runaway slave, Shadrach, from Boston jail. A similar incident occurred on 1 October 1851 at Syracuse, New York.

13 February 1851, Thursday (-34,417) The railway from Ashford to Robertsbridge, 16 miles, opened.

12 February 1851, Wednesday (-34,418) The Australian Gold Rush began, after Edward Hargreaves discovered gold at Summerhill Creek, 20 miles north of Bathurst, New South Wales.

8 February 1851, Saturday (-34,422) Nicholas Bexley, English politician, died in Foots Cray, Kent (born in London 29 April 1766).

3 February 1851, Monday (-34,427) Argentina�s planned annexation of Uruguay was abandoned following the defeat of Argentine dicatator Juan Manuel de Rosas this day at the Battle of Caseros. Uruguayan insurgent Justo de Urquiza, aged 51, was backed by Brazil, and Rosas fled to England.

1 February 1851, Saturday (-34,429) Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein, died.

====================================================================================

27 January 1851, Monday (-34,434) (Biology) John James Audubon, US naturalist, died in New York.

21 January 1851, Tuesday (-34,440) Gustav Lortzing, German composer, died.

16 January 1851, Thursday (-34,445) Friedrich Muffling, Prussian General Field Marshal, died

14 January 1851, Tuesday (-34,447) Gasparo Luigi Pacifico Spontini, Italian composer, died in Ancona (born 14 November 1774 in Ancona)

1 January 1851, Wednesday (-34,460)

====================================================================================

29 December 1850, Sunday (-34,463) Tomas Breton Y Hernandez, Spanish composer, was born in Salamanca (died 2 December 1923 in Madrid)

28 December 1850, Saturday (-34,464) Heinrich Christian Schumacher,, German astronomer, died in Altona (born 3 September 1780 in Holstein)

24 December 1850, Tuesday (-34,468) (France) Frederic Bastiat, French economist, died in Rome (born in Bayonne 29 June� 1801).

21 December 1850, Saturday (-34,471) James Lane Allen, US novelist, was born near Lexington, Kentucky.

10 December 1850, Tuesday (-34,482) Francois Beudant, French geologist, died (born in Paris 5 September 1787).

4 December 1850, Wednesday (-34,488) William Sturgeon, who devised the first electro-magnet, died at Prestwich, near Manchester.

3 December 1850, Tuesday (-34,489) George Manson, Scotish water colour painter, was born (died 27 February 1876)

====================================================================================

29 November 1850, Friday (-34,493) An uprising began in Warsaw against Russian rule.

20 November 1850, Wednesday (-34,502) Arthur Goring Thomas, Eglish composer, was born in Sussex (died 20 March 1892)

19 November 1850, Tuesday (-34,503) Alfred Lord Tennyson was appointed Poet Laureate, a post he held until his death in 1892.

16 November 1850, Saturday (-34,506)

14 November 1850, Thursday (-34,508) (1) In Kilkenny, Ireland, the Bagenalstown to Laristown Junction railway, 10 � miles, opened.

(2) Charles Dickens� eighth book, David Copperfield, was published in entirety.

13 November 1850, Wednesday (-34,509) Writer Robert Louis Stevenson was born in Edinburgh, at 8 Howard Place.� His father and grandfather were lighthouse builders.

3 November 1850, Sunday (-34,519) John Watson, writer, was born (died 6 May 1907).

===================================================================================

28 October 1850, Monday (-34,525) The Glasgow and South Western Railway was formed by an amalgamation of the Dumfried and Carlisle Railway and the Ayrshire Railways.

15 October 1851, Tuesday (-34,538) Geoirge Moore, US Biblical writer, was born.

5 October 1850, Saturday (-34,548) William Gibson, US writer, was born (died 16 July 1896).

4 October 1850, Friday (-34,549) The bowler hat went on general sale in London.

===================================================================================

18 September 1850, Wednesday (-34,565) (Slavery) US Congress passed a new Fugitive Slave Act reinforcing the provisions of the 1793 Act, by substituting Federal for State jurisdiction. New York freedman James Hamlet was arrested in New York as a fugitive from Baltimore, the first arrest under the new Act, but public indignation secured his release. Chicago City Council, 21 October 1850, stated it would not uphold the new Act; however New York, 30 October 1850, said it would enforce it.

9 September 1850, Monday (-34,574) (USA) California became the 31^st State of the USA.

6 September 1850, Friday (-34,577) (Brazil) Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil enacted a law authorising steam navigation on the River Amazon, The Compania de Navigicao e Commercio do Amazonas was tghen formed in Rio de Janeiro in 1852 and in 1853 it began operating steamships on the Amazon.

5 September 1850, Thursday (-34,578) James Ingram, English writer, died (born 21 December 1774).

2 September 1850, Monday (-34,581) The Gtreat Western opened the Oxford to Banbury line, 24 miles.

====================================================================================

30 August 1850, Friday (-34,584) Kashinath Trimbak Telang, Indian Judge and scholar, was born in Mumbai (died 1 September 1893 in Mumbai)

29 August 1850, Thursday (-34,585) The Borders railway bridge at Tweedmouth was formally opened (goods traffic had begun using it from 20 July 1850).

28 August 1850, Wednesday (-34,586) The Channel telegraph was laid between Dover and Cap Gris Nez.

27 August 1850, Tuesday (-34,587) Thomas Kidd, English scholarly writer, died.

26 August 1850, Monday (-34,588) Death of Louis Philippe, the �citizen king�, who abdicated rather than face a middle-class revolt

25 August 1850, Sunday (-34,589) Edgar Wilson Nye, US humourist writer, was born in Shirley, Maine (died 22 February 1896 in Arden, North Carolina).

22 August 1850, Thursday (-34,592) Nikolaus von Strehlenau, Austrian poet, died (born 15 August 1802).

18 August 1850, Sunday (-34,596) Honore de Balzac, French writer, died in Paris.

13 August 1850, Tuesday (-34,601) Philip Marston, English poet, was born (died 13 February 1887).

7 August 1850, Wednesday (-34,607) The Great Northern railway opened from Peterborough 79 miles south to their London terminus at Maiden Lane.

6 August 1850, Tuesday (-34,608) Henri Chantavoine, French writer, was born.

5 August 1850, Monday (-34,609) Henri Maupassant, French novelist, was born (died 6 July 1893).

====================================================================================

31 July 1850, Wednesday (-34,615) Robert Planquette, French composer, was born in Paris

25 July 1850, Thursday (-34,620) (Denmark, Germany) Battle of Idstedt; Denmark defeated Germany.

14 July 1850, Sunday (-34,631) Johann Neander, German religious writer, died (born 17 January 1789)

12 July 1850, Friday (-34,633) Robert Stevenson, scholarly writer, died in Edi nburgh (born 8 June 1772 in Glasgow)

9 July 1850, Tuesday (-34,636) Zachary Taylor, American general and Whig, 12^th US President for only 16 months, died in Washington DC.� The remainder of his term was completed by Millard Fillmore.

8 July 1850, Monday (-34,637) (Britain) Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, died (born 24 February 1774).

7 July 1850, Sunday (-34,638) Scottish explorer, Edward Eyre arrived in Albany, Western Australia, having crossed the Nullarbor Plain, the first White man to do this.

4 July 1850, Thursday (-34,641) William Kirby, entomological writer, died (born 19 September 1759).

2 July 1850, Tuesday (-34,643) Sir Robert Peel, British Conservative Prime Minister and founder of the police force in 1829, died in London due to a riding accident.

=====================================================================================

28 June� 1850, Friday (-34,647) Richard Heuberger, Austrian composer, was born in Graz (died 27 October 1914 in Vienna)

27 June� 1850, Thursday (-34,648) Lafcadio Hearn, writer on Japan, was born (died 26 September 1904).

24 June� 1850, Monday (-34,651) Lord Kitchener, British army commander and Secretary of State for War in 1914, was born near Ballylongford, County Kerry, Eire.

22 June� 1850, Saturday (-34,653) Ignaz Goldziher, Hungarian Orientalist writer, was born.

18 June� 1850, Tuesday (-34,657) The South Wales Railway, from Chepstow to Swansea, opened, on a 7 foot guage

16 June� 1850, Sunday (-34,659) Margaret Fuller, US authoress, died (born 23 May 1810).

9 June� 1850, Sunday (-34,666) The French administration of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte banned many clubs and meeting places, to counter a surge in political support for radical Parties.

3 June� 1850, Monday (-34,672) Five Cayuse Amerindians were executed in the USA by the military following raids by the Cayeuse on White settlements.

2 June� 1850, Sunday (-34,673) Jesse Boot, founder of Boots chemists, was born in Nottingham. As a child he accompanied his father, a herbalist, into the woods to identify plants for herbal remedies. Jesse�s father died when Jesse was aged 10, and from age 13 he helped his mother in their small household soap and cleaning products shop. By raising sales volume to above �20 a week he was able to secure wholesale discounts and undercut the established chemists. The dispute with these other shops only gave him kore publicity and his sales reached �40 a week.

======================================================================================

31 May 1850, Friday (-34,675) France passed a law requiring voters to be resident in the same place for three years before qualifying for a vote.� This was to exclude migratory workers, who tended to be radical.

28 May 1850, Tuesday (-34,687) Frederic Maitland, English historical writer, was born (died 19 December 1906).

25 May 1850, Saturday (-34,681) The first hippopotamus to be kept in Britain arrived at London Zoo.

24 May 1850, Friday (-34,682) Jane Porter, English novelist (born 1776) died.

20 May 1850, Monday (-34,686) The Galston to Newmilns railway opened.

12 May 1850, Sunday (-34,694) Henry Lodge, US author, was born.

10 May 1850, Friday (-34,696) Sir Thomas Lipton, British grocer and philanthropist, was born in Glasgow.

7 May 1850, Tuesday (-34,699) Anton Seidl, Hungarian operatic conductor, was born (died 28 March 1898).

6 May 1850, Monday (-34,700) The railway from Belfast to Newtonards, 13 � miles, opened.

1 May 1850, Wednesday (-34,705) The Buckinghamshire railway opened, 31 miles from Bletchley to Banbury via Verney Junction, with a branch to Oxford.

===================================================================================

26 April 1850, Friday (-34,710) Harry Bates, British sculptor, was born in Stevenage, Hertfordshire (died in London 30 January 1899).

23 April 1850, Tuesday (-34,713) Sir William Wordsworth, Poet Laureate from 1843, died of pleurisy at midday at Rydal Mount, Grasmere, aged 80

20 April 1850, Saturday (-34,716) Daniel French, US sculptor, was born.

19 April 1850, Friday (-34,717) (USA, Britain, Central America, Canals) The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the USA and UK was signed. It was an agreement on the terms for building a canal across Nicaragua; under this treaty, neither party would exercise exclusive control over such a canal or fortify it. The US and the UK each had territorial interests in Central America, and were suspicious of each other�s activities in the region. Ultimately this Treaty was superseded by a similar neutralisation policy regarding the Panama Canal under the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1902.

16 April 1850, Tuesday (-34,720) Swiss waxworks show proprietor Madame Marie Tussaud died. She was born on 1 December 1761 in Strasbourg. She learnt the art of wax modelling from her uncle, Philippe Curtius. Before the French Revolution Mme Tussaud was art tutor at Versailles to Louis XVI�s sister, Elizabeth. After a period in prison she was tasked with making death masks from the heads of those guillotined, some of whom she recognised as friends. She left Paris in 1802, along with her waxwork models, and two sons from a failed marriage to a French engineer, Francois Tussaud. She spent 33 years touring Britain before opening a permanent display in London.

12 April 1850, Friday (-34,724) Adoniram Judson, US missionary to Burma, died (born 9 August 1788).

9 April 1850, Tuesday (-34,727) 15 January 1785, Saturday (-58,551) William Prout, English chemist, died in London� (born 15 January 1785 in Horton, Gloucestershire)

7 April 1850, Sunday (-34,729) William Bowles, English poet, died in Salisbury (born in Northamptonshire 24 September 1762).

1 April 1850, Monday (-34,735) Through trains from London to Aberdeen began running.

===================================================================================

31 March 1850, Sunday (-34,736) Easter Sunday. Charles Doolittle Walcott, US geologist, was born in New York State.

25 March 1850, Monday (-34,742) Edward Bellamy, US writer, was born in Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts (died in Chicopee Falls 22 May 1898).

18 March 1850, Monday (-34,749) (1) The American Express Company was set up in Buffalo, New York

(2) The Chester and Holyhead Railway was completed, instituting an important link between London and Ireland, used by the Royal Mail trains.

15 March 1850, Friday (-34,752) In France, the Loi Falloux made provision for clergy to be able to teach in secondary schools without need for further qualifications than their religious certificate, whereas lay teachers needed a university degree. It also made provision for separate girls� schools, and for adult and apprentice education.

7 March 1850, Thursday (-34,760) Thomas Masaryk, the first President of Czechoslovakia in 1918, was born in Hodonin, Moravia.

==================================================================================

25 February 1850, Monday (-38,770) Daoguang, Emperor of China, died.

22 February 1850, Friday (-38,773) Sir William Allan, Scottish painter, died.

16 February 1850, Saturday (-34,779) Octave Mirabeau, French dramatist, was born.

15 February 1850, Friday (-34,780) Albert Cummins, US politician, was born (died 30 July 1926).

14 February 1850, Thursday (-34,781) The railway from Drogheda to Navan, 17 miles, opened.

1 February 1850, Friday (-34,794) The railway from Hounslow to Feltham Junction, weat London opened.

====================================================================================

29 January 1850, Tuesday (-34,797) Sir Ebenezer Howard, who started the Garden City movement, was born in London.

27 January 1850, Sunday (-34,799) Samuel Gompers, US trades union leader, was born.

26 January 1850, Saturday (-34,800) Francis Jeffrey, Scottish writer, died (born 23 October 1773).

24 January 1850, Thursday (-34,802) Charles Craddock, US author, was born.

20 January 1850, Sunday (-34,806) 14 November 1779, Sunday (-60,440) Adam Gottlob Ohlenschlager, Danish poet, died (born 14 November 1779 in Vesterbro, Copengahen)

19 January 1850, Saturday (-34,807) Augustine Birrell, author, was born near Liverpool.

18 January 1850, Friday (-34,808) Seth Low, US politician, was born.

17 January 1850, Thursday (-34,809)

15 January 1850, Tuesday (-34,811) (Greece) The British fleet blocked the Greek port of Piraeus to force the Greek Government to pay compensation to Gibraltar-born Jew Don Pacifico, whose home had been ransacked during an anti-Semitic riot in 12/1849. The Greek Government agreed to pay on 26 April 1850. However the episode annoyed France and Russia, who were also guarantors of Greek independence. This marked a new level of British imperialism abroad.

14 January 1850, Monday (-34,812) Louis Viaud, French author, was born.

3 January 1850, Thursday (-34,823) Work began in Hyde Park, London, on the glass and iron Crystal Palace, built for the Great Exhibition.

1 January 1850, Tuesday (-34,825)

===================================================================================

29 December 1849, Saturday (-34,828) (Britain) William Cunningham, English economist, was born.

26 December 1849, Wednesday (-34,831) Francis Brown, USA Semitic scholar and writer, was born.

20 December 1849, Thursday (-34,837) Michail Eminescu, Romanian poet, was born (died 1889).

17 December 1849, Monday (-34,840) Landowner Edward Coke tested a new type of hat he had ordered to protect his head from low-hanging branches whilst out hunting; top hats were too easily knocked off. This day he visited the Lockes hatters shop in St James, London, to test the new bowler hat, named after its designed, by jumping on it twice. It withstood the test and he bought it.

15 December 1849, Saturday (-34,842) Alfred East, English painter, was born.

14 December 1849, Friday (-34,843) Konradin Kreutzer, German composer, died (born 22 November 1780).

12 December 1849, Wednesday (-34,845) Sir Marc Isambard Kingdom Brunel, builder of the Thames Tunnel from Wapping to Rotherhithe, died in London aged 80.

1 December 1849, Saturday (-34,856) Queen Adelaide, wife of King William IV, died.

==================================================================================

24 November 1849, Saturday (-34,683) Frances Burnett, novelist, was born.

21 November 1849, Wednesday (-34,686) Francois Granet, French painter, died (born 17 December 1777).

16 November 1849, Friday (-34,691) Edward Dana, scientific writer, was born.

1 November 1849, Thursday (-34,886) The Mallow to Cork railway, 19 � miles, opened.

=================================================================================

29 October 1849, Monday (-34,889) The railway from Edinburgh reached Hawick

17 October 1849, Wednesday (-34,901) (1) Plans for a Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All nations were announced at a banquet at Mansion House, London. In January 1850 a Royal Commission, headed by Prince Albert, was formed to organise the event. The Commission had just over a year to complete its task before the Exhibition was due to open on 1 May 1851.

(2) Frederic Chopin, born 1 March 1810 near Warsaw, Poland, died aged 39 of tuberculosis in Paris.

14 October 1849, Sunday (-34,904) Edward Coplestone, English Bishop, died

7 October 1849, Sunday (-34,911) Edgar Allen Poe, US fiction writer, died aged 40, in Baltimore, Maryland.

5 October 1849, Friday (-34,913) (Hungary) Count Louis Batthyany, Hungarian statesman, died (born 1806 in Pressburg).

1 October 1849, Monday (-34,917) Anne Edgren-Leffler, Swedish author, was born (died 21 October 1892).

==================================================================================

26 September 1849, Wednesday (-34,922) Ivan Pavlov, son of a village priest, was born this day near Ryazan, Russia. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his discovery of conditioned reflexes.

25 September 1849, Tuesday (-34,923) Johann Strauss the Elder died, aged 45, of scarlet fever.

21 September 1849, Friday (-34,927) Edmund Gosse, English poet, was born.

3 September 1849, Monday (-34,945) Ernst Feuchtersleben, Austrian poet, died (born 29 April 1806).

==================================================================================

29 August 1849, Wednesday (-34,950) Jean Buchon, French scholarly writer, died (born 21 May 1791).

24 August 1849, Friday (-34,955) Karl Marx moved from France to England.

23 August 1849, Thursday (-34,956) William Henley, British poet, was born (died 11 July 1903)

22 August 1849, Wednesday (-34,957) Amaral, the Portuguese Governor of Macao, was assassinated for his pro-Chinese policies.

20 August 1848, Monday (-34,959) The Manchester to Altrincham railway opened.

18 August 1849, Saturday (-34,961) Benjamin Godard, French composer, was born (died 10 January 1895).

15 August 1849, Wednesday (-34,964) The first passenger train crossed the High Level bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle.

13 August 1849, Monday (-34,966) The Hungarian General, Gorgey, surrendered unconditionally to the Russian Commander in Chief, Field Marshall Paskevic. The Hungarian leader, Kossuth, who had urged the continuation of the conflict right up to the end, escaped to Turkey.

12 August 1849, Sunday (-34,967) Albert Gallatin, US statesman, died (born 29 January 1761).

10 August 1849, Friday (-34,969)

4 September 1849, Saturday (-34,975) The Great Northern Railway opened the 17 mile line from Retford to Doncaster.

3 August 1849, Friday (-34,976) William Henley, British poet, was born (died 11 July 1903).

2 August 1849, Thursday (-34,977) Mohammed Ali, ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, died. Apart from his military successes, he laid the foundations of a modern educational and administrative system, and revolutionised the Egyptian economy.

1 August 1849, Wednesday (-34,978) The Bandon to Ballinhassig railway, Cork, (10 miles), opened. The Standedge rail tunnel, UK, 5 km long, opened.

======================================================================================

31 July 1849, Tuesday (-34,979) Alexander Petofi, Hungarian poet, died (born 1 January 1823)

30 July 1849, Monday (-34,980) The railway from Deptford via Blackheath, Charlton and Woolwich to Gravesend, 21 � miles, opened.

29 July 1849, Sunday (-34,981) Max Simon Nordau, German author, was born in Budapest.

28 July 1849, Saturday (-34,982) Hungary�s Diet passed the Nationalities Law, granting the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary substantial rights in the use of their native languages, also regional autonomy. This was a last-ditch effort by the Diet to win over the loyalty of the peasants and make them more willing to fight against Austria; a string of Hungarian defeats, and the entry of Russia on Austria�s side, had demoralised the Hungarian Army and created a shortage of recruits.

27 July 1849, Friday (-34,983) John Hopkinson, English engineer, was born (died 27 August 1898).

25 July 1849, Wednesday (-34,984) James Kenney, English dramatist, died.

19 July 1849, Thursday (-34,991) Sayid Ali Mohammed, founder of the Bahai religion, was executed in Persia by order of the Shah.

17 July 1849, Tuesday (-34,993) The Woodhouse (Sheffield) to Gainsborough railway opened.

12 July 1849, Thursday (-34,998) Horace Smith, English writer, died in Tunbridge Wells (born 31 December 1779 in London)

6 July 1849, Friday (-35,004) Goffredo Mameli, Italian poet, died.

5 July 1849, Thursday (-35,005) William Thomas Stead, English journalist, was born in Embleton, Northumberland

1 July 1849, Sunday (-35,009) John Selby, cricketer for England, was born in Nottingham (died 11 March 1894 in Nottingham)

======================================================================================

26 June� 1849, Tuesday (-35,014) (Britain) Britain repealed the Navigation Acts, protectionst legislation favouring the Merchant Navy that dated back to the mid-17^th century.

22 June� 1849, Friday (-35,018) Francis Lathrop, US artist, was born (died 18 October 1909).

20 June� 1849, Wednesday (-35,020) James Mangan, Irish poet, died (born 1 May 1803).

17 June� 1849, Sunday (-35,023) Russian troops invaded Hungary.

16/ June� 1849, Saturday (-35,024) Wilhelm de Wette, German religious writer, died (born 12 January 1780).

15 June� 1849, Friday (-35,025) James Knox Polk, American Democrat and 11^th President from 1845 to 1849, died in Nashville, Tennessee.

12 June� 1849, Tuesday (-35,028) Angelica Catalani, Italian opera singer, died (born 1780).

10 June� 1849, Sunday (-35,030) (France) Thomas Bugeaud, Marshal of France, died (born 15 October 1784).

8 June� 1849, Friday (-35,032) Julien Dillens, Belgian sculptor, was born (died 11/1904).

6 June� 1849, Wednesday (-35,034) Kossuth entered Budapest in triumph; however his rule was to last only a few weeks.

4 June� 1849, Monday (-35,036) Marguerite Blessington, Irish novelist, died in Paris (born in County Tipperary 1 September 1789).

======================================================================================

28 May 1849, Monday (-35,043) (1) Anne Bronte, English novelist, died in Scarborough, Yorkshire, aged 29.

(2) The railway from Newry to Warrenpoint, 5 � miles, opened.

22 May 1849, Tuesday (-34,049) Maria Edgeworth, Irish novelist, died (born 1 July 1767).

21 May 1849, Monday (-34,050) Buda Castle was stormed by Austrian forces.

20 May 1849, Sunday (-34,051)

19 May 1849, Saturday (-34,052) William Hamilton attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria.

16 May 1849, Wednesday (-34,055) Victor Bruce, 9^th earl of Elgin, was born.

11 May 1849, Friday (-35,060) Jeanne Recamier, French literary socialite, died in Paris (born 4 December 1777 in Lyons)

10 May 1849, Thursday (-35,061) In New York, 22 died and 56 were injured as troops fired on anti-British riots sparked by Irish gangs. The mob, armed with bricks and clubs, had gathered outside the Astor Place Opera House to revile the British actor Charles Macready, who had scorned the vulgarity of Americans.

6 May 1849, Sunday (-35,065) Wyatt Eaton, US portrait painter, was born (died 7 June 1896)

4 May 1849, Friday (-35,067) Horace Twiss, English politician, died in London (born 1787 in Bath)

3 May 1849, Thursday (-35,068) (Germany) Bernhard, Prince von Bulow, German Chancellor and Prime Minister of Prussia (1900-09) was born.

1 May 1849, Tuesday (-35,070) The railway from Colwich to Stone, Staffordshire, opened.

=====================================================================================

30 April 1849, Monday (-35,071)

29 April 1849, Sunday (-35,072) Alexander Johnston, US historical writetr, was born (died 21 July 1889).

27 April 1849, Friday (-35,074) Severino Fabriani, Italian writer, died (born 7 January 1792).

24 April 1849, Tuesday (-35,077) Joseph Gallieni, French soldier, was born.

22 April 1849, Sunday (-35,079) (Denmark) Schleswig-Holstein troops defeated the Danes at Kolding.

13 April 1849, Friday (-35,088) The Hungarian Diet proclaimed a Republic, with Lajos Kossuth as President.

12 April 1849, Thursday (-35,089) Albert Heim, Swiss geologist, was born.

11 April 1849, Wednesday (-35,090)

10 April 1849. Tuesday (-35,091) Walter Hunt of New York patented the safety pin. He made it in only three hours, then sold the rights for $400 to pay off debts.

8 April 1849, Sunday (-35,093) Easter Sunday

5 April 1849, Thursday (-35,096) Denmark sent the wooden battleship Christian VIII into Eckernforde Bay to destroy a German gun battery. However the ships rudder jammed and she ran aground, caught fire, and then exploded.

====================================================================================

29 March 1849, Thursday (-35,103) Britain annexed the Sikh province of Punjab.

28 March 1849, Wednesday (-35,104) James Darmesteter, French author, was born (died 19 October 1894).

27 March 1849, Tuesday (-35,105)

25 March 1849, Sunday (-35,107) Agenor Goluchowski, Austrian statesman, was born.

24 March 1849, Saturday (-35,108) Johann Dobereiner, German chemist, died (born 15 December 1780).

23 March 1849, Friday (-35,109) Victor Emmanuel II became King of Sardinia, on the abdication of his father, Charles Albert (1789-1849), following the defeat of Charles at the Battle of Novara, against Austria. Charles had been assisting the Lombards in a rebellion against Austrian rule, and had been defeated once before by Austria, at the Battle of Custozza (25 July 1848), by forces under Radetzky (following this 1848 defeat, the Salasco Armistice was signed).

19 March 1849, Monday (-35,113) Alfred von Tirpitz, German Admiral, was born in Kustrin, Brandenburg, Prussia.

17 March 1849, Saturday (-35,115) (1) Elastic bands patented, by Stephen Perry�s London rubber company.

(2) The railway from Limerick Junction to Mallow opened.

15 March 1849, Thursday (-35,117) (Christian) Guiseppe Mezzofanti, Italian Cardinal, died (born 17 September 1774)

11 March 1849, Sunday (-35,121) William Etty, British painter, died (born 10 March 1787).

5 March 1849, Monday (-35,127) The US Department of the Interior was created. It became custodian of the nations�s resources.

4 March 1849, Sunday (-35,128) A final new constitution was introduced in Austria, with watered-down reforms including limited siuffrage, a reformed judiciary and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom. The population was coereced into accepting this by the invitation to Russian troops (issued 5/1849) to �protect� Austro-Hungasry

=====================================================================================

21 February 1849. Wednesday (-35,139) Sikh forces were decisively defeated by the British at the Battle of Gujerat. This concluded the Second Sikh War; Britain annexed Punjab.

15 February 1849, Thursday (-35,145) The Dundalk to Drogheda (22 miles) and the Dundalk to Castle Blayney (18 miles) opened.

13 February 1849, Tuesday (-35,147) Lord Randolph Churchill, British Conservative politician and father of Winston Churchill, was born at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire.

10 February 1849, Saturday (-35,150) Bernard Barton, English poet, died in Woodbridge (born in Carlisle 31 January 1784).

9 February 1849, Friday (-35,151) The Republic of Rome was proclaimed by Garibaldi. His Nationalist Army came under attack (from 30 April 1849) from a combined force of French, Austrian, Tuscan, Spanish and Neapolitan troops.

6 February 1849, Tuesday (-35,154)

4 February 1849, Sunday (-35,156) Jean Richepin, French novelist, was born in Medea, Algeria.

1 February 1849, Thursday (-35,159) The line from Edinbiurgh to Galashiels opened for goods.

====================================================================================

31 January 1849, Wednesday (-35,160) Britain�s Corn Laws were abolished.

30 January 1849, Tuesday (-35,161) Peter de Wint, English landscape painter, died (born 21 January 1784).

26 January 1849, Friday (-35,165) Thomas Beddoes, English dramatist, died (born in Clifton 20 July 1803).

23 January 1849, Tuesday (-35,168) English-born Elizabeth Blackwell graduated from a New York medical school to become the first female doctor.

22 January 1849, Monday (-35,169) August Strindberg, playwright, was born in Stockholm, Sweden.

18 January 1849, Thursday (-35,173) Sir Edmund Burton, the first Prime Minister of Australia in 1901, was born in Glebe, Sydney.

13 January 1849, Saturday (-35,178) British forces defeated the Sikh armies at Jallianwalla

6 January 1849, Saturday (-35,185) Hartley Coleridge, English writer, died (born 19 September 1796).

5 January 1849, Friday (-35,186) Franz Josef�s Austrian troops arrived in Buda, to occupy Buda and Pest, and suppress the Hungarian Revolution.

4 January 1849, Thursday (-35,187) (India) British forces captured the city of Multan, India.

1 January 1849, Monday (-35,190)

=====================================================================================

31 December 1848, Sunday (-35,191) Johann Hermann, German scholarly writer, died (born 28 November 1772).

23 December 1848, Saturday (-35,199) James Cowles Prichard, English physician, died in London (born 11 February 1786 in Ross, Herefordshire)

20 December 1848, Wednesday (-35,202) Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed President of France.

19 December 1848. Tuesday (-35,203) Emily Bronte, English novelist who wrote Wuthering Heights, born 30 July 1818, died from tuberculosis, aged 30.

18 December 1848, Monday (-55,204) Bernhard Bolzano, Austrian clerical writer, died in Prague (born in Prague 5 October 1781).

16 December 1848, Saturday (-35,206)

15 December 1848, Friday (-35,207) Edwin Blashfield, US artist, was born in New York City.

14 December 1848, Thursday (-35,208) Jean Letronne, French archeological writer, died.

11 December 1848, Monday (-35,211) Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President of the French Republic by a large majority.

2 December 1848, Saturday (-35,220) Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicated in favour of his nephew, Francis Joseph. The Reichstag was moved out to Moravia, then dismissed entirely.

===================================================================================

29 November 1848, Wednesday (-35,223) (Britain) Charles Buller, MP for Liskeard, died (born 6 August 1806)

27 November 1848, Monday (-35,225) (Scitech) Henry Augustus Rowland, Us physicist, was born in Pennsylvania (died 16 April 1901)

24 November 1848, Friday (-35,228) William Fielding, Canadian politician, was born.

23 November 1848, Thursday (-35,229) (Britain) Sir John Barrow, British politician died (born near Ulverstone, Lancashire, 19 June� 1764)

21 November 1848, Tuesday (-35,231)

16 November 1848, Thursday (-35,236) Charles Bemont, scholarly writer, was born in Paris.

15 November 1848, Wednesday (-35,237) Pellegrino Rossi, Italian statesman, died (born in Carrara 13 July 1787)

11 November 1848, Saturday (-35,241) Hans Delbruck, German historical writer, was born.

9 November 1848, Thursday (-35,243) Robert Blum, German politician, was executed.

6 November 1848, Monday (-35,246) Richard Jefferies, English naturalist writer, was born (died 14 August 1887).

3 November 1848, Friday (-35,249) (Rail travel) First railway in Guyana opened. It ran from Georgetown to Mahiba.

1 November 1848. Wednesday (-35,251) W H Smith opened his first bookstall at Euston Station, London, the start of multiple retailing in Britain.

====================================================================================

28 October 1848, Saturday (-35,255) (Rail travel) The first railway in Spain opened, Barcelona to Matara, 27 km.

25 October 1848, Wednesday (-35,258) Karl Franzos, German novelist, was born (died 28 January 1904).

14 October 1848, Saturday (-35,269) The railway from Ruabon to Shrewsbury opened, completing the line from Chester.

13 October 1848, Friday (-35,270) Persia�s Kajar Shah Mohammed Ali died aged 38, after a 13-year reign during which he has nearly bankrupted the country and almost precipitated a revolution. He was succeeded by his 17-year-old son, Nasr-ed-Din, who reigned until 1896. He was assisted, until 1852, by the capable Finance Minister, Taki Khan.

9 October 1848, Monday (-35,274) Frank Duvenek, US portrait painter, was born.

6 October 1848, Friday (-35,277) Renewed popular uprising in Vienna, as reforms stalled. It was harshly suppressed three days later.

5 October 1848, Thursday (-35,278) Jean Detaille, French painter, was born.

4 October 1848, Wednesday (-35,279) Frederic Edward Weatherley, Britis songwriter, was born in Portishead, Somerset (died 7 September 1929 in Weybridge, Surrey)

2 October 1848, Monday (-35,281) Georg Goldfuss, German palaeontological writer, died (born 18 April 1782).

===================================================================================

26 September 1848, Tuesday (-35,287) William Scott, champion jockey, was born.

23 September 1848, Saturday (-35,290) Chewing gum was commercially produced for the first time. It was called �State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum�.

21 September 1848, Thursday (-35,292) Lord William Bentinck, British politician, died in Welbeck (born 27 February 1802).

12 September 1848, Tuesday (-35,301) (Switzerland) Switzerland adopted a Federal constitution.

10 September 1848, Sunday (-35,303) The South Devon Railway ceased using atmospheric traction between Extere and Newton Abbot. The system meant locomotoves could be dispensed with, but was prone to huge technical problems and was very expensive.

9 September 1848, Saturday (-35,304) France limited the work hours for all adults to 12 in any 24 hour period, at usines et manufactures. The workplaces covered by this law were clarified in 1851 as 1) industrial establishments with motor power or continual furnaces and 2) workshops with over 20 employees. Previously, in 1841, France had banned all childen aged undee 8 from factory employment, and proscribed all night labour for children aged under 13. From 1892, daytime factory labour for children aged under 13 was also illegal. From 1900, for children or women, the 12-hour limit was reduced to 11 and at 2-year intervals from April 1900, was to be cut at 10.5 and then 10 hours.

8 September 1848, Friday (-35,305) (Chemistry) Viktor Meyer, German organic chemist, was born in Berlin.

7 September 1848. Thursday (-35,306) The Congress in Vienna, which opened on 22 July 1848, abolished serfdom, and the feudal system of land tenure. This greatly benefited the Czechs, who since the Battle of the White Mountains, 1620, had become a peasant nation, with only the beginnings of a middle class by 1800. After serfdom was abolished, the system of peasant ownership of land allowed national wealth to be built up, and personal liberty enabled an educational system to be established.

5 September 1848, Tuesday (-35,308) The Wiltshire Somerset & Weymouth Railway opened from Thingley Junction to Westbury, 17 miles.

====================================================================================

26 August 1848. Saturday (-35,318) (1) Garibaldi was defeated by the Austrians at Morrazone.

(2) Denmark and Prussia signed a truce at Malmo. Both agreed to evacuate the disputed territory of Schleswig-Holstein.

24 August 1848, Thursday (-35,320) John Cramer, English geographical writer, died (born 1793).

22 August 1848, Tuesday (-35,322) (1) Mathieu Louisi became the first Black MP to sit in a European Parliament when he was elected representative for Guadeloupe to the French Parliament. His maiden speech in November calling for more harmonious relations between the races was met with disapproval, and he lost his seat at the next election.

(2) The world�s first aerial bombing raid was carried out by the Austrians against the defenders of Venice. Unmanned hot air balloons with 30 pound bombs were sent across; they caused little damage but much bemusement.

12 August 1848, Saturday (-35,332) George Stephenson, the engineer who built the first modern railway in 1825, from Stockton to Darlington, died at Tapton, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire.

10 August 1848, Thursday (-35,334)

9 August 1848, Wednesday (-35,335) Frederick Marryat, English novelist, died.

8 August 1849, Tuesday (-35,336) (Italy) Ugo Bassi, Italian patriot, was executed.

7 August 1848, Monday (-35,337) (Chemistry) Jons Berzelius, chemist, died in Stockholm

5 August 1848, Saturday (-35,339)

3 August 1848, Thursday (-35,341) Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, English writer, died near Bolougne, France (born 10 March 1799 in Dartmouth).

2 August 1848, Wednesday (-35,342) The railway from Belfast to Holywood opened.

1 August 1848, Tuesday (-35,343)

=====================================================================================

26 July 1848, Wednesday (-35,349) (Italy) Battle of Volta; along with Custozza 24-55 July), Italians being forced back by Austrians

25 July 1848, Tuesday (-35,350) Arthur James Balfour, British Conservative and Prime Minister, was born in East Lothian, Scotland.

24 July 1848, Monday (-35,351) (1) (Italy) At the Battle of Custozza, Piedmontese forces were defeated by Austrian Field Marshal Count Radetzky. Austria continued to rule Lombardy.

(2) The Carlow to Bagenalstown railway, 10 miles, opened.

22 July 1848, Saturday (-35,353)

19 July 1848, Wednesday (-35,356) At the first women�s rights convention, at Seneca Falls, New York State, female rights campaigner Amelia Bloomer, born on 27 May 1818 in New York, introduced �bloomers� to the world. She described these as �the lower part of a rational female dress�. The wearing of trousers by a woman caused much concern. She was campaigning for women�s equality in voting, religion, marriage, work, education, and society. New York, in 1848, passed the Married Women�s Property Act allowing divorced women to keep some of their possessions.

18 July 1848, Tuesday (-35,357) The cricketer W G Grace was born at Downend near Bristol.

13 July 1848, Thursday (-35,362) The first train arrived at London�s new Waterloo Station, from Southampton, see 1 July 1848.

11 July 1848, Tuesday (-35,364) The London & South Western Railway extended its line from Nine Elms to the more central London terminus of Waterloo.

9 July 1848, Sunday (-35,366) Jaime Balmes, Spanish writer, died in Vich ( born in Vich, Catalonia, 28 August 1810).

6 July 1848, Thursday (-35,369) (Railways) Gabor Baross, who developed the Austro-Hungarian railway system, was born in Trencsen (died in Hungary 8 May 1892).

5 July 1848, Wednesday (-35,370) William Butler, Irish writer, died.

4 July 1848, Tuesday (-35,371) The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, was published.

3 July 1848, Monday (-35,372) The Thurles to Limerick Junction railway, 20 � miles, opened.

1 July 1848, Saturday (-35,374) Waterloo Station, London, was completed.� Previously, trains had terminated at Nine Elms, 2 � miles south-west, and rail passengers took a steamboat to The City.� See 13 July 1848.

===================================================================================

27 June� 1848, Tuesday (-25,378) (France) Denis Affre, Archbishop of Paris (born 27 September 1793) died.

26 June� 1848, Monday (-25,379) (France) Riots in Paris from the 23^rd to the 26^th June. See 27 February 1848.

25 June� 1848, Sunday (-25,380)

24 June� 1848, Saturday (-35,381) Brooks Adams, US historian, (died 13 February 1927) was born.

23 June� 1848, Friday (-35,382) Adolfe Sax, born on 6 November 1814 in Dinant, Belgium, was awarded a patent for the saxophone. �The instrument came to be associated with immorality, causing The Vatican to officially condemn its use.

22 June� 1848, Thursday (-35,383) (Medical) Sir William Macewen, surgeon, was born.

20 June� 1848, Tuesday (-35,385)

18 June� 1848, Sunday (-35,387) (India) A Sikh force was defeated by the British at Kinyeri

17 June� 1848, Saturday (-35,388) The revolt in Prague was suppressed by Austrian troops.

15 June 1848, Thursday (-35,390) Thomas Steele, Irish politician, died in London (born 3 November 1788).

12 June� 1848, Monday (-35,393) Revolution by students and workers in Prague

9 June� 1848, Friday (-35,396) (Italy) Austrian forces recaptured Vicenza from the Italians.

7 June� 1848, Wednesday (-35,398) Paul Gauguin, French painter, was born in Paris.� He was the son of a journalist.

===================================================================================

30 May 1848, Tuesday (-35,406) (Italy) Battle of Goito (also fighting at Curtatone,29/5), Italians fighting Austrians.

29 May 1848, Monday (-35,407) Wisconsin became the 30^th State of the Union.

24 May 1848, Wednesday (-35,412) Annette Droste-Hulshoff, German poet, died (born 10 January 1797)

22 May 1848, Monday (-35,410) The Scottish Central Railway opened the 33 mile line between Perth and Stirling.

20 May 1848, Saturday (-35,412) George John Romanes, British biologist, was born in Kingston, Canada (died 23 May 1894 in Oxford, England)

13 May 1848, Saturday (-35,423) Alexander Baring, British financier and politician, died (born 27 October 1774)

11 May 1848, Thursday (-35,425) The Kilkenny to Thomastown railway, 10 � miles, opened.

10 May 1848, Wednesday (-35,426) The French Assembly spurned the proposal of Louis Blanc to establish a Ministry of Labour and Progress, a bold measure to implement Blanc's socialist agenda.

9 May 1848, Tuesday (-35,427) The Limerick to Tipperary railway, 24 � miles, opened.

7 May 1848, Sunday (-35,429)

6 May 1848, Saturday (-35,430) (Italy) Battle of St Lucia di Verona, Italian forces attempting toforce back Austrians

5 May 1848, Friday (-35,431) The South Devon Railway was extended to Plymouth

3 May 1848, Wednesday (-35,433)

2 May 1848. Tuesday (-35,434) Prussia invaded Denmark over the Schleswig-Holstein question.

1 May 1848, Monday (-35,435) The Chester anfd Holyhead Railway opened from Chester to Bangor.

===================================================================================

29 April 1848, Saturday (-35,437) (Italy) Italian forces halted at Pastrengo by Austrians.

25 April 1848, Tuesday (-35,441) Thomas Armitage, cricketer for England, was born in Sheffield (died in Chicago, USA, 21 September 1922)

23 April 1848, Sunday (-35,443) Easter Sunday.

22 April 1848, Saturday (-35,444) To placate a restive peasantry, the governor of Galicia, Franz von Stadion, ordered that peasant tenant farmers should receive the freehold to their land and the gentry landlords be compensated by the State. Furthermore on 7 September 1848 (see date above also) the peasants were granted unrestricted access to woods, meadows and pastures.

21 April 1848, Friday (-35,445)

20 April 1848, Thursday (-35,446) Friedrich Balduin, German soldier, died (born 24 October 1794).

19 April 1848, Wednesday (-35,447) (Italy) An Italian attack on Mantua was repulsed by the Austrians.

16 April 1848, Sunday (-35,450)

14 April 1848, Friday (-35,452) (Italy) Italian troops began a siege of Austrian forces at Peschiera; the town held out until end-May.

13 April 1848. Thursday (-35,453) Sicily declared itself independent from Naples.

12 April 1848, Wednesday (-35,454) Charles Dickens� seventh book, Dombey and Son, was published in entirety.

11 April 1848, Tuesday (-35,455) The railway from Belfast to Ballymena, 33 � miles, also the Carrickfergus branch (3 miles) and the Randalstown branch (2 miles) opened.

10 April 1848, Monday (-35,456) A further Chartist petition was rejected (see 28 February 1837).

9 April 1848, Sunday (-35,457) (Italy) Italian troops fighting Austria forced a passage across the River Mincio toits eastern bank.

8 April 1848, Saturday (-35,458) A new Austrian constitution, the Pillersdorf Constitution, was prepared. This proposed a constitutional monarchy and universal suffrage. However the Austrian Prime Minister attempted to block its implementatoion by dissolving trhe Reichstag and arresting reformers. The entire reforming process then stalled because Austria was facing regional problems.

3 April 1848, Monday (-35,463) Georges Ohnet, mFrench novelist, was born in Paris.

1 April 1848, Saturday (-35,465) Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer, died (born 1798).

=====================================================================================

31 March 1848, Friday (-35,466) The Emperor of Austria was forced to agree to Hungarian demands for autonomy (voirtual independence); however he planned a military strategy to crush the Hungarian rebels.

30 March 1848, Thursday (-35,467) Niagara Falls ceased to flow for 30 hours, as an ice dam built up in Lake Erie.

29 March 1848, Wednesday (-35,468) (USA) John Jacob Astor, US fur merchant and philanthropist, died in New York City (born 17 July 1763 in Walldorf, Germany).

26 March 1848, Sunday (-35,471) John Collins, English literary critic, was born (died 15 September 1908).

23 March 1848. Thursday (-35,474) (1) Hungary proclaimed its independence from Austria.� On 5 January 1849 Budapest surrendered to the Austrians.

(2) The first official settlement at Dunedin, New Zealand.

(3) (Italy) Following the Milan Revolution, Piedmont declared a patriotic war against Austria.

20 March 1848, Monday (-35,477) Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, abdicated.

19 March 1848, Sunday (-35,478) Wyatt Earp, American law enforcer, was born in Monmouth, Illinois.

18 March 1848, Saturday (-35,479) Revolution broke out in Milan. This was the Cinque Giornate, �Five Days� of street fighting that heralded the start of the anti-Austrian Revolution in Lombardy. Radetzky was driven from Milan, and a provisional government established under Carlo Cattaneo.

17 March 1848, Friday (-35,480) Protests in Berlin against the conservatism of Prussian ruler Frederick William IV

16 March 1848, Thursday (-35,481)

15 March 1848, Wednesday (-35,482) Emperor Ferdinand of Austria made concessions to the Hungarian agitants, promising a liberal conasitution amnd freedom of the press.

14 March 1848, Tuesday (-35,483) (Cartography) Adrian Balbi, Italian geographer, died 14 March 1848 in Padua (born in Venice 25 April 1782).

13 March 1848, Monday (-35,484) Peaceful demonstrations in central Vienna, demanding political reform, turned violent and spread to the suburbs. The Austrian Government was frightened.

7 March 1848, Tuesday (-35.490) Irish Nationalist leader Thomas Francis Meagher unveiled the current Irish flag at a meeting in Waterford. He explained the design as the central white third representing a truce between the Protestant Orange and the Catholic Green factions.

3 March 1848, Friday (-35,494) Louis-Philippe of France arrived in England, following his abdication. Meanwhile economic depression and hunger, and discontent amongst the growing middle classes, was spurring revolution across Europe. Demonstrations occurred in Vienna and across Hungarian cities; ethnic minorities within the Austro-Hungarian Empire were demanding self-rule. Venice proclaimed independence from Austria.

2 March 1848, Thursday (-35,495) (France) Universal male suffrage was enacted in France, giving the country nine million new voters.

1 March 1848, Wednesday (-35,496) The Portadown to Armagh railway, 10 � miles, opened.

====================================================================================

29 February 1848, Tuesday (-35,497) Arthur Giry, French historical writer, was born (died 13 November 1899).

28 February 1848, Monday (-35,498) (France) French workers demonstrated in the Place de l'H�tel-de-Ville, Paris, to demand a Ministry of Labour and the 10-hour day.

27 February 1848. Sunday (-35,499) France created national workshops to relieve unemployment.

26 February 1848, Saturday (-35,500) The Second French Republic was proclaimed. See 24 February 1848

25 February 1848, Friday (-35,501) (France) Lamartine rejected the proposed Socialist Red Flag as the new French flag, preferring the �liberal democratic� Tricolour to the �Blood Flag of anarchy�.

24 February 1848. Thursday (-35,502) The French monarchy fell as King Louis Philippe fled to exile in England. See 26 February 1848

23 February 1848, Wednesday (-35,503) John Quincy Adams, 6^th American President from 1825 to 1829, died in the White House

22 February 1848, Tuesday (-35,504) (France) In France a socialist �banquet�, or political meeting, to commemorate the birthday of George Washington was banned. This ban caused major unrest and riots in the following days.

21 February 1848, Monday (-35,505) The Communist Manifesto was first published.

20 February 1848, Sunday (-35,506)

19 February 1848, Saturday (-35,507) The line from Edinbiurgh to Galashiels opened for passengers.

18 February 1848, Friday (-35,508) Louis Comfort Tiffany, US artist, was born in New York City

16 February 1848, Wednesday (-35,510)

15 February 1848, Tuesday (-35,511) The Caldeonian Railway opened from Beattock to Glasgow.

14 February 1848, Monday (-35,512) William Tennant, Scottish author, died (born in Fife 15 May 1784)

13 February 1848, Sunday (-35,513)

12 February 1848, Saturday (-35,514) In France, the Liberal Opposition to the Conservative Guizot Government in France reduced Guizot�s majority to 43 in the Chamber of Deputies.

11 February 1848, Friday (-35,515) Thomas Cole, US landscape painter, died (born 1 February 1801).

5 February 1848, Saturday (-35,521) Joris Huysmans, French novelist, was born (died 13 May 1907).

2 February 1848. Wednesday (-35,524) Mexico finally collapsed after nearly 2 years of war with the USA, in which 13,000 US soldiers were killed. Under the Treaty of Hidalgo, signed at Vera Cruz, Mexico surrendered Texas, New Mexico, and California for a payment of US$15million. The size of the USA was thus increased by nearly a third. The Mexicans feared US occupation of their own country and had no money left to fund the war.

=====================================================================================

29 January 1848, Saturday (-35,528) Johann Gorres, German writer, died (born 25 January 1776)

25 January 1848, Tuesday (-35,532) Louis Vicaire, French poet, was born in Belfort (died in Paris 23 September 1900)

24 January 1848. Monday (-35,533) Gold was discovered at Sutlers Mill in California, by James Marshall. This started the Gold Rush. In 1841 a prospector, Francisco Lopez, found gold traces in the roots of a freshly dug onion. Farmers, clerks, even church ministers, headed west, although some suspected that the US government fostered the Gold Rush to encourage population growth in the former Mexican territory. A major gold find was made by prospector J A Shutter, and by 1849 over 80,000 people had flooded into the area; in 1840 California had just 14,000 inhabitants. US Congress agreed to the issue of a US$20 �double eagle�. Many gambling houses sprang up in the area, along with bars and brothels. San Francisco grew from a small village to a town of 25,000 within a few months. Food prices rocketed; apples were $5 each, eggs $10 a dozen, and a small whisky sold for a pinch of gold dust.

22 January 1848, Saturday (-35,535)

20 January 1848, Thursday (-35,537) Christian VIII of Denmark died aged 50, after a reign of less than 9 years. He was succeeded by his 39-year-old son, Frederick VI, who ruled until 1863, and fought a war with Germany over Schleswig-Holstein.

19 January 1848, Wednesday (-35,538) Matthew Webb, the first person to swim the English Channel, was born in Dawley, Shropshire, the son of a doctor.

12 January 1848, Wednesday (-35,545) In Palermo, an uprising began against the misrule of Ferdinand II of Naples.

10 January 1848, Monday (-35,547) The South Devon Railway began atmospheric traction between teignmouth and Newton Abbot.

9 January 1848, Sunday (-35,548) Caroline Herschel, English astronomer, died (born 16 March 1750).

2 January 1848, Sunday (-35,555) Cigar workers began a 3-day riot in Naples.

1 January 1848, Saturday (-35,556)

=====================================================================================

29 December 1847, Wednesday (-35,559) William Crotch, English musician, died (born 5 July 1775).

26 December 1847, Sunday (-35,562) Hugh Conway, novelist, was born (died 15 May 1885).

25 December 1847, Saturday (-35,563) Frederick Dielmann, US painter, was born.

21 December 1847, Tuesday (-35,567) John Chard, British soldier, was born (died 1 November 1897).

18 December 1847, Saturday (-35,570) Marie Louise, 2nd wife of Napoleon I, died (born 12 December 1791).

17 December 1847, Friday (-35,571) Emile Faguet, French writer, was born.

14 December 1847, Tuesday (-35,574)

12 December 1847, Sunday (-35,576) James Kent, US legal writer, died (born 31 July 1763)

11 December 1847, Saturday (-35,577) Moritz Strachwitz, German poet, died in Vienna (born 13 March 1822 in Silesia)

10 December 1847, Friday (-35,578)

9 December 1847, Thursday (-35,579) George Grossmith, English comedian, was born.

8 December 1847. Wednesday (-35,580) In Britain, an international convention of the Communist League adopted Karl Marx�s principles of the overthrow of the middle classes and the dictatorship of the proletariat.

7 December 1847, Tuesday (-35,581) Robert Liston, surgeon, died (born 28 October 1794)

====================================================================================

29 November 1847. Monday (-35,589)

27 November 1847, Saturday (-35,591) Cayeuse Amerindians killed 14 White settlers in the Oregon area, whom they blamed for the measles epidemic that had killed many of the Cayeuse.

26 November 1847, Friday (-35,592) Harvey Elmes, British architect, died (born 1813).

24 November 1847, Wednesday (-35,594) In Switzerland, end of the brief and almost bloodless Sonderbund War. Protestant Swiss Liberals attempted to impose their policies, which included a stronger central government, mfreedom of worship, amnd secularised education (entailing expulsion of the Jesuits) on all of Switzerland. This was strongly opposed by Swiss Catholics, and seven mainly Catholic cantons (Lucern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Fribourg, Zyg and Valais) formed, in 1845, the Sonderbund (Separatist League). This move was voted down by the Reformist majority in the Sweiss Diet, who ordered the dissolution of the Sonderbund in 1847. The Sonderbund appealed, vainly, for outside help and Federal troops under General Guillaume Henri Dufour (1787-1875) moved in against the Sonderbund forces, who were greatly outnumbered. This episode led to the establishment of a strong Federal Government in Switzerland.

20 November 1847, Saturday (-35,598) Henry Lyte, religious writer, died (born 1 June� 1793).

19 November 1847, Friday (-35,599) Mary Foote, US author, was born.

18 November 1847, Thursday (-35,600) William Edward Norris, English novelist, was born.

14 November 1847, Sunday (-35,604)

10 November 1847, Wednesday (-35,608) Frederick Bridgman, painter, was born

9 November 1847, Tuesday (-35,609) Obstetrician Sir James Simpson, Professor of Midwifery at the University of Edinburgh demonstrated a new anaesthetic, trichloromethane, better known as chloroform. Claimed to be three times as effective as ether, it was to be of great use during difficult childbirths; however Scottish Calvinists opposed the use of any anaesthetic during childbirth.

8 November 1847. Monday (-35,610) Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, was born in Dublin.

4 November 1847. Thursday (-35,614) Composer Felix Mendelssohn died in Leipzig of a stroke, aged 38.

=================================================================================

23 October 1847, Saturday (-35,626) Henry Smith, US religious writer, was born in Troy, Ohio.

16 October 1847, Saturday (-35,633) Jane Eyre was first published.

13 October 1847, Wednesday (-35,636) Johann Ess, German religious writer, died (born 15 February 1772).

7 October 1847, Thursday (-35,642) (Geology) Alexandre Brogniart, French geologist, died (born 5 February 1770).

2 October 1847, Saturday (-35,647) Paul von Hindenburg, German politician, was born.

1 October 1847, Friday (-35,648) Annie Besant, social reformer and theosophist, was born. With radical atheist Charles Bradlaugh, she promoted birth control, for which she was prosecuted.

===================================================================================

27 September 1847, Monday (-35,652) (Arts) Marie Lajeunesse, or Albani, Canadian singer, was born in Chambly, Quebec.

16 September 1847, Thursday (-35,663) Shakespeare�s birthplace in Stratford on Avon was purchased by the specially-formed Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. This was one of the first buildings acquired purely for preservation.

14 September 1847. Tuesday (-35,665) US troops stormed and captured Mexico City, ending the US war with Mexico. With US forces capturing Texas, New Mexico and California, Mexico lost a third of its territory.

13 September 1847, Monday (-35,666) The South Devon Railway began atmospheric traction between Exeter and Teignmouth.

10 September 1847, Friday (-35,669) The Caledonian railway opened from Carlisle to Beattock.

5 September 1847. Sunday (-35,674) Jesse James, American outlaw, was born near Kansas City. With his elder brother, Frank, he led the first gang to carry out train robberies.

3 September 1847, Friday (-35,676) James Hannington, first Bishop of Equatorial Africa, was born.

2 September 1847, Thursday (-35,677) George Robert Sims, English author, was born.

1 September 1847, Wednesday (-35,678)

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29 August 1847, Sunday (-35,681) William Simson, Scottish painter, died in London (born 1800 in Dundee)

24 August 1847, Tuesday (-35,686) Charles McKim, US architect, was born (died 14 September 1909).

23 August 1847, Monday (-35,687) The Higham and Strood Canal Tunnels in Kent were drained and converted into railway tunnels.

22 August 1847, Sunday (-35,688) Sir John Forrrest, explorer and surveyor of Australia in the 1870s, was born.

20 August 1847, Friday (-35,690) Andrew Greenwood, cricketer for England, was born in Yorkshire (died 12 February 1889 in Huddersfield).

14 August 1847, Saturday (-35,696) Frans Franzen Swedish poet, died (born 9 February 1772).

9 August 1847, Monday (-35,701) Andrew Combe, physiologist, died (born 27 October 1797)

=====================================================================================

28 July 1847, Wednesday (-35,713) John Walter, who helped to found The Times of London, died (born 23 February 1776)

26 July 1847, Monday (-35,715) (Liberia) Liberia became the first African colony to attain independence.

25 July 1847, Sunday (-35,716) (Medical)� Physician Paul Langerhans was born in Berlin, Germany. In 1869 he discovered the small groups of cells in the pancreas now known as the islets of Langerhans. They were later discovered to be the source of insulin.

24 July 1847. Saturday (-35,717) A group of Mormons under Brigham Young founded a settlement on the banks of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. The Mormons had been driven by mobs from their former homes in Illinois.

17 July 1847, Saturday (-35,724) James Cotton, writer on India, was born.

10 July 1847, Saturday (-35,731) The first Chinese migrants arrived in the USA. They came on the ship� Kee Ying, from Canton (Guangzhou).

1 July 1847, Thursday (-35,740) (1) The first adhesive stamps went on sale in the USA; the 5-cent Benjamin Franklin and the 10-cent George Washington.

(2) The Newcastle and Berwick Railway was completed through to Tweedmouth, giving a through service from England to Scotland.

==================================================================================

26 June� 1847, Saturday (-35,745) (1) The first railway in Denmark opened; Copenhagen to Roskilde. The Altona to Kiel railway, opened 1844, was in Danish territory when built but is now in German territory.

(2) The London North Western railway opened the line from Rugby through Lichfield to Stafford

15 June 1847, Tuesday (-35,756) Alexander Saint Albin, French politician, died (born 1773 in Paris)

11 June� 1847, Friday (-35,760) Sir John Franklin, the British Arctic explorer, died in Canada attempting to discover the north-west passage.

10 June� 1847, The Chicago Tribune began publication, as the Chicago Daily Tribune.

8 June� 1847. Tuesday (-35,763) Britain passed an Act limiting the working day of women and children aged 13 to 18 to ten hours.

1 June� 1847. Tuesday (-35,770) (1) The Communist Party, then called the League of the Just, met at a congress in London organised by Joseph Moll. The purpose of the meeting was to secure the co-operation of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in formulating the Party programme. Marx did not attend because of the cost of travel from Brussels. The Party aims were the downfall of the bourgeoisie, the rule of the proletariat, and the establishment of a new society without class or private property. The first Russian Communist meeting was at Minsk on 1 � 3 March 1898, where 9 delegates met. All were subsequently arrested and none played a significant role in later politics.

(2) The London and South Western railway opened the line from Southampton to Dorchester.

====================================================================================

30 May 1847, Sunday (-35,772) Thomas Chalmers, Scottish religious writer, died (born 17 March 1780).

29 May 1847, Saturday (-35,773) Alexander Everett, US writer, died (born 19 March 1790).

24 May 1847, Monday (-35,778) A cast iron railway bridge over the River Dee at Chester collapsed as a train passed over it. The bridge�s designer, Robert Stephenson, came close to being convicted for manslaughter.

15 May 1847, Saturday (-35,787) Daniel O�Connell (born 6 August 1775, County Kerry) died in Genoa on his way to Rome. He fought against the 1801 Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain. Irish Catholics could not sit in the United Kingdom Parliament, and also had to pay taxes towards the Protestant Church of England. Catholic anger caused the UK Government to pass a Bill emancipating Catholics in 1829. However O�Connell�s ultimate goal, repeal of the Act of Union and Home Rule for Ireland, was not achieved in his lifetime,

14 May 1847, Friday (-35,788) HMS Driver arrived at Spithead, England, having become the first steamship to complete a round the world voyage.

10 May 1847, Monday (-35,792) The London Brighton and South Coast railway opened the line from West Croydon to Epsom, 8 miles, to cater for the large crowds attending Epsom Races.

7 May 1847, Friday (-35,795) The American Medical Association was founded.

4 May 1847, Tuesday (-35,798) Alexendre Rodolphe Vinet, French scholarly writer, died (born 17 June 1797 near Lausanne)

====================================================================================

30 April 1847, Friday (-35,802) Charles, Archduke of Austria, died (born 5 September 1771).

23 April 1847, Friday (-35,809) Erik Geijer, Swedish historical writer, died (born 12 January 1783).

19 April 1847, Monday (-35,813) The railway from Londonderry to Strabane, 14 � miles, opened.

18 April 1847, Sunday (-35,814) US troops under General Winfield Scott defeated Mexican forces under Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo.

12 April 1847, Monday (-35,820) During the war between the USA and Mexico (1846-1848), this day US General Winfield Scott met the first serious resistance to his advance on Mexico City.

10 April 1847, Saturday (-35,822) Joseph Pulitzer, newspaper proprietor who founded the Pulitzer Prize for achievements in journalism or literature, was born.

7 April 1847, Wednesday (-35,825) Jens Jacobsen, Danish writer, was born (died 30 April 1885).

4 April 1847, Sunday (-35,828) Easter Sunday

2 April 1847, Friday (-35,830) Gustave Mesurier, French politician, was born.

===================================================================================

30 March 1847, Tuesday (-35,833) Christian Jacobs, German scholarly writer, died (born 6 October 1764).

23 March 1847, Tuesday (-35,840) Edmund Gurney, English psychologist, was born (died 23 June� 1888).

20 March 1847, Saturday (-35,843) Anne Boutet, French actress, died (born 9 February 1779)

19 March 1847, Friday (-35, 844) Albert Pinkham Ryder, US artist, was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts.

17 March 1847, Wednesday (-35,846) Jean Gerard, French caricaturist, died (born 13 September 1803)

11 March 1847, Thursday (-35,852) Sidney Sonnino, Italian statesman, was born in Florence.

10 March 1847, Wednesday (-35,853) Kate Sheppard, suffragist, was born.

8 March 1847, Monday (-35,855) Louis Masson, French historical writer, was born.

4 March 1847, Thursday (-35,859) US ships landed troops 13 miles from Vera Cruz, witrh the ultimate objectibe of capturing the capital, Mexico City.

3 March 1847, Wednesday (-35,860) The inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, was born in Edinburgh.� He was the son of a teacher of elocution.

2 March 1847, Tuesday (-35,861) Richard Temple, British actor, was born in London (died 19 October 1912 in London)

====================================================================================

23 February 1847, Tuesday (-35,868) US forces under General Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexicans under Santa Anna at Buena Vista. The US had ambitions to occupy the entire North American continent (the Manifest Destiny), including possibly Mexico itself. The US had taken what is now New Mexico and California (Upper California to Mexico)

20 February 1847, Saturday (--35,871) William Terriss, English actor, was born in London (died 16 December 1897)

16 February 1847, Tuesday (-35,875) Arthur Kinnaird, footballer, was born (died 30 January 1923).

11 February 1847, Thursday (-35,880) Thomas Alva Edison, American inventor, was born.

10 February 1847, Wednesday (-35,881) Albert Hornby, cricketer, was born (died 17 December 1925).

8 February 1847, Monday (-35,883) Hugh Hughes, British religious writer, was born (died 17 November 1902).

4 February 1847, Thursday (-35,887) (Biology) Rene Dutrochet, physiologist, died (born 14 November 1776)

====================================================================================

30 January 1847, Saturday (-35,892) Yerba Buena, California, was renamed San Francisco.

28 January 1847, Thursday (-35,894) Severe depression, unemployment, and food shortages provoked rioting amongst agricultural workers in central France. See 27 February 1848.

26 January 1847, Tuesday (-35,896) John Clark, US economist, was born.

14 January 1847, Thursday (-35,908) Wilson Carlile, English clergyman who founded the Church Army, was born in Buxton, Derbyshire.

1 January 1847, Friday (-35,921)

===================================================================================

31 December 1846, Thursday (-35,922) Conclusion of the �Year of the Railway mania�.� An unprecedented 272 Railway Acts were passed for lines in Britain.

30 December 1846, Wednesday (-35,923) The South Devon Railway opened the 5 mile line from Teignmouth to Newton Abbot.

28 December 1846, Monday (-35,925) Iowa was admitted as the 29^th (non-slave) State of the USA.

25 December 1846, Friday (-35,928) US troops defeated the Mexicans near Las Cruces, virtually completing the conquest of New Mexico.

23 December 1846, Wednesday (-35,930) (Biology) Jean Boiry, French naturalist, died.

22 December 1846, Tuesday (-35,931) (Sweden) Oscar Josef Alin, Swedish politician, was born in Falun (died 31 December 1900 in Uppsala).

21 December 1846, Monday (-35,932) Anaesthetic was used in a British hospital for the first time (see 16 October 1846).It was used by surgeon Robert Liston during a leg amputation at University College Hospital, London.

19 December 1846, Saturday (-35,934) The first dental extraction under anaesthetic was performed in Britain.

17 December 1846, Thursday (-35,936) The line from Oxenholme to Carlisle opened.

12 December 1846, Saturday (-35,941) The USA and Colombia agreed to grant the USA transit rights on the narrow isthmus of Panama between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

11 December 1846, Friday (-35,942) Francois Martin, US writer, died (born 17 March 1762).

10 December 1846, Thursday (-35,943) Frederico Confalioneri, Italian Revolutionary, died (born 1785).

8 December 1846, Tuesday (-35,945)

2 December 1846, Wednesday (-35,951) Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, Frenchy statesman, was born in Nantes (died 10 August 1904)

1 December 1846, Tuesday (-35,952) The South eastern Railway opened the Ramsgate to Margate Sands railway.

====================================================================================

30 November 1846, Monday (-35,953) Friedrich List, German economics writer, died (born 6 August 1789).

23 November 1846, Monday (-35,960) George Darley, Irish poet, died (born 1795)

8 November 1846, Sunday (-35,975) William Robertson Smith, Scottish scholarly writer, was born in Keig, Aberdeenshire (died 31 March 1894 in Cambridge)

6 November 1846, Friday (-35,977) Following uprisings in March 1846, the small republic of Cracow was annexed to Austrian-controlled Galicia, losing its independence.

4 November 1846, Wednesday (-35.979) The railway from Chester to Shrewsbury opened to as far south as Ruabon

3 November 1846, Tuesday (-35,980) Francis Millet, US artist, was born.

2 November 1846, Monday (-35,981) Esaias Tegner, Swedish writer, (died� in Vexlo (born 13 November 1782 in Kyrkerud, Wermland)

===================================================================================

27 October 1846, Tuesday (-35,987) Louis Bourmont, Marshal of France, died

24 October 1846, Saturday (-35,990) Denis Luchaire, French historical writer, was born (died 14 November 1908).

21 October 1846, Wednesday (-35,993) Edmondo de Amicis, Italian writer, was born in Oneglia, Liguria (died in Bordighera, 12 March 1908).

16 October 1846, Friday (-35,998) Anaesthetic was used successfully for the first time in a major operation, at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dentist William Morton Warren used diethyl ether before removing a tumour from a man�s jaw.

9 October 1846, Friday (-36,005) Holger Drachmann, Danish poet, was born (died 14 January 1908).

6 October 1846, Tuesday (-36,008) George Westinghouse, US engineer and inventor of the railway air brake, was born in Central Bridge, New York State.

2 October 1846, Friday (-36,012) The Midland Railway opened the Stamford branch railway from Peterborough

====================================================================================

26 September 1846, Saturday (-36,018) (Race Equality) Thomas Clarkson, British anti-slavery campaigner, died (born 28 March 1760)

25 September 1846, Friday (-36,019) Archibald Henry Sayce, Britidsh Orientalist writer, was born in Shiurehampton.

24 September 1846, Thursday (-36,020)

23 September 1846. Wednesday (-36,021) German astronomer Johann Galle discovered the planet Neptune.� This followed predictions made by Leverrier and Adams.

22 September 1846, Tuesday (-36,022) The Lancaster to Oxenholme line opened.

19 September 1846, Saturday (-36,025) Henry Francis Pelham, scholarly writer, was born in Norfolk (died 13 February 1907)

10 September 1846, Thursday (-36,034) Elias Howe received the patent for his sewing machine. It could sew at 250 stitches per minute, five times faster than any human could.

9 September 1846, Wednesday (-36,035) Henri Marion, French philosophical writer, was born (died 5 April 1896).

7 September 1846, Monday (-36,037)

5 September 1846, Saturday (-36,039) Charles Metcalfe, British colonial administrator of India, died (born 30 January 1785).

4 September 1846, Friday (-36,040) The Syston (Leicester) to Melton Mowbray Line opened.

2 September 1846, Wednesday (-36,042) Paul Deroulede, French author, was born.

===================================================================================

31 August 1846, Monday (-36,044) The Surrey Iron Railway, Wandsworth to Croydon, closed; it was dismantled in 1848.

24 August 1846, Monday (-36,051) Adam Krusenstern, Russian geographiucal writer, died (born 19 November 1770).

13 August 1846, Thursday (-36,062) US forces took Los Angeles from Mexico.

10 August 1846, Monday (-36,065) The Smithsonian Institute was founded in Washington DC; it was established by a bequest from the British scientist James Smithson.

4 August 1846, Tuesday (-36,071) The Dublin to Carlow railway, 56 � miles, opened. The line from Nottingham to Lincoln via Newark opened.

===================================================================================

31 July 1846, Friday (-36,075) Theodore Fix, Swiss writer, died (born 1800).

30 July 1846, Thursday (-36,076) The USA moved towards a free trade policy, with Congress passing the Walker Tariff Act. This lowered import duties and increased the range of duty-free goods, encouranging growth in US trade.

29 July 1846, Wednesday (-36,077) John Owens, English merchant and philanthropist, died in Manchester (born 1790 in Manchester)

27 July 1846, Monday (-36,079) The London, Brighton and South Coast railway was formed by an amalgamation of the London and Brighton and the London and Croydon Railways.

20 July 1846, Monday (-36,086) The railway from Barrow in Furness to Dalton and Kirkby opened.

19 July 1846, Sunday (-36,087) Charles Edward Pickering, US astronomer, was born in Boston.

18 July 1846, Saturday (-36,088)

16 July 1846, Thursday (-36,090) The London and North Western Railway Company was formed from an amalgamation of the London and Birmingham, the Birmingham and Manchester and Grand Junction railways.

15 July 1846, Wednesday (-36,091) The first railway in Hungary opened; Pest to Vacs, 35 km.

13 July 1846, Monday (-36,893) Laurence Gronlund, US socialist writer, was born (died 15 October 1899).

9 July 1846, Thursday (-36,097) US forces took San Francisco from Mexico.

7 July 1846. Tuesday (-36,099) A US squadron under Commodore John D Sloat sailed into Monterrey Bay and formally claimed California for the USA, during the Mexican-US War. Pro Mexican revolts in California on 6 December 1846 were put down by US troops. On 13 January 1847 pro-Mexico fighters finally surrendered to the US in California, ending 25 years of Mexican rule.

5 July 1846, Sunday (-36,101) Joseph Foraker, US politician, was born.

1 July 1846, Wednesday (-36,105) The Leeds to Bradford via Shipley railway opened.

====================================================================================

29 June� 1846. Monday (-36,107) The protectionist wing of the Tory Party, led by Benjamin Disraeli, which was bitterly opposed to the repeal of the Corn Laws, mounted a revolt against Robert Peel�s Tory government, forcing Peel to resign as Prime Minister.

28 June� 1846, Sunday (-36,108) Defeat of Ranjit Singh by British forces at Aliwal, during the First Sikh War.

27 June� 1846, Saturday (-36,109) The London and Brighton Railway opened the 24 � mile line from Lewes to Hasrings.

25 June� 1846. Thursday (-36,111) Britain repealed the Corn Laws after a 5 month debate in Parliament. Import duties on wheat, oats, and barley were to be scrapped in 3 years, and meanwhile set at a nominal rate only, of one shilling a quarter. This was opposed by Tory protectionists, but the Irish potato famine in 1845 added urgency to the repeal. Bread would now be cheaper but the farming of the landed estates less profitable. The Irish potato blight spread from America and first appeared in the UK in the Isle of Wight. Hot dry weather in July gave way to chilly rain and fog, and the potatoes soon rotted. 4 million people in Ireland and 2 million in Britain relied almost totally on potatoes for food. Public works schemes were devised for some 750,000 workers which meant 3 million people relied on these for income. Many Irish migrated to the USA, even though the voyage was almost as deadly as the famine; one in six died on the voyage across the Atlantic. The Irish blamed English oppression for the famine even though England had provided almost �8million in relief.

23 June� 1846, Tuesday (-36,113) Gaston Maspero, French Egyptological writer, was born.

22 June� 1846, Monday (-36,114) The Caledonian Railway Company was formed. In 1848 it opened its first lines, from Glasgow to Carlisle via Carstairs and Lockerbie, with a branch from Carstairs to Edinburgh

20 June� 1846, Saturday (-36,116)

19 June� 1846, Friday (-36,117) The first baseball code of rules was drawn up in the USA, by the Knickerbocker Club of New York. The first game played under these rules was played this day at Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.

18 June� 1846, Thursday (-36,118) The North British Railway opened the 67 � mile line from Edinburgh to Berwick

17 June� 1846, Wednesday (-36,119)

16 June� 1846, Tuesday (-36,120) Pope Pius IX was elected, beginning the longest reign in the history of the Papacy.

15 June� 1846. Monday (-36,121) Britain agreed with the USA that Oregon was US territory. All land west of the Rockies and below the 49^th parallel was to be US territory.

14 June� 1846, Sunday (-36,122) The start of the Black Bear revolt against Mexican rule in California. Settlers in the Sacramento Valley demanded an independent republic.

8 June� 1846, Monday (-36,128) The London and Brighton Railway opened the line from Arundel Junction to Chichester, and the 8 mile line from Brighton to Lewes.

1 June� 1846, Monday (-36,135) Pope Gregory XVI died.

====================================================================================

31 May 1846, Sunday (-36,136) Philip Marheineke, German religious writer, died (born 1 May 1780).

30 May 1846, Saturday (-36,137) The South Devon Railway opened the 15 mile line from Exeter to Teignmouth.

20 May 1846, Wednesday (-36,147) Sir George Goldie, who played a major role in the creation of the British colony of Nigeria, was born.

14 May 1846, Thursday (-36,153) Pieter Cort van der Linden, Dutch politician, was born.

13 May 1846, Wednesday (-36,154) The USA declared war on Mexico. US Congress authorised US$ 10 million to fund the war and to recruit 50,000 troops. Mexican troops had crossed the Rio Grande into US territory (Texas), sparking the war. See 28 March 1845.

11 May 1846, Monday (-36,156)

9 May 1846, Saturday (-36,158) Battle of Resaca de la Palma. Mexico was heavily defeated, and withdrew across the Rio Grande.

8 May 1846, Friday (-36,159) Battle of Palo Alto. US General Zachary Taylor defeated a Mexican force of 6,000 soldiers with his 2,000 troops, forcing their withdrawal back across the Rio Grande.

5 May 1846, Tuesday (-36,162) Frederico Chueca, Spanish composer, was born in Madrid (died 20 June �1908 in Madrid)

=====================================================================================

27 April 1846, Monday (-36,170)

24 April 1846, Friday (-36,173) Marcus Clarke, US author, was born (died 2 August 1881).

23 April 1846, Thursday (-36,174) Thomas Cannon, champion jockey, was born (died 13 July 1917).

16 April 1846, Thursday (-36,181) Domenico Dragonetti, musician, died (born 7 April 1763)

13 April 1846, Monday (-36,184) (1) To quell peasant unrest, the Polish government abolished the duty on them of extra day�s unpaid labour previously due to their manorial lord. There was an ongoing famine in Poland, aggravated by cholera and typhus outbreaks; in 1847 there were 380,000 deaths in Poland, compared to the previous annual average of 153,000.

(2) The South Eastern Railway opened the 16 mile line from Canterbury to Ramsgate

12 April 1846, Sunday (-36,185) Easter Sunday.

10 April 1846, Friday (-36,187) Etienne Pivert de Senancour, French author, died in St Cloud (born November 1770 in Paris)

=====================================================================================

31 March 1846, Wednesday (-36,196) Comte de Lautreamont, writer, was born.

25 March 1846, Thursday (-36,202) Michael Davitt, dedicated Irish Nationalist, was born (died 31 May 1906).

22 March 1846, Monday (-36,205) Randolph Caldecott, English artist, was born (died 12 February 1886).

17 March 1846, Tuesday (-36,211) Friedrich Bessel, German astronomer, died in Konigsberg (born in Minden 22 July 1784).

16 March 1846, Monday (-36,212) The London and Brighton Railway opened the 7 � mile line from Worthing to Arundel Junction.

11 March 1846, Wednesday (-36,217) Johann Hug, German religious writer, died (born 1 June 1765)

1 March 1846, Sunday (-36,227) Alfred Philippe Roll, French painter, was born in Paris.

====================================================================================

27 February 1846, Friday (-36,229) Joaquin Valverde, Spanish composer, was born in Badajoz (died 17 March 1910 in Madrid)

26 February 1846, Thursday (-36,230) Buffalo Bill, American Army Scout and showman, was born on a farm in Scott County, Iowa, as William Frederick Cody.

24 February 1846, Tuesday (-36,232) Luigi Denza, Italian composer, was born in Campania (died 26 January 1922 in London)

20 February 1846, Friday (-36,236) (Italy) Francis IV, Duke of Modena, died

19 February 1846, Thursday (-36,237) Charles Clermont-Ganneau, writer on the Orient, was born.

18 February 1846, Wednesday (36,238) The Pittsburgh Disptach was first published.

17 February 1846, Tuesday (-36,239) (Maritime) The coal ship Rocket was wrecked off St Helena.

16 February 1846, Monday (-36,240) Gefroi Flach, French historical writer, was born.

15 February 1846, Sunday (-36,241) Sir William Clinton, British soldier, died (born 1769).

12 February 1846, Thursday (-36,244)

9 February 1846, Monday (-36,247) Wilhelm Maybach, car engineer, was born.

8 February 1846, Sunday (-36,248) George Robert Parkin, British Canadian educationalist, was born in Salisbury, new Brunswick.

7 February 1846, Saturday (-36,249)

6 February 1846, Friday (-36,250) The South Eastern Railway opened the 14 mile line from Ashford to Canterbury.

5 February 1846, Thursday (-36,251) John Most, German anarchist, was born (died 17 April 1906).

===================================================================================

31 January 1846, Saturday (-36,256)

29 January 1846, Thursday (-36,258) Frederic Porter Vinton, US portrait painter, was born in Bangor, Maine.

28 January 1846, Wednesday (-36,259) Battle of Aliwal, First Anglo-Sikh War. General Sir Harry Smith leading a joint Anglo-Indian force defeated the Sikhs.

25 January 1846, Sunday (-36,262) Hans Konrad von Orelli, Swiss religious writer, was born in Zurich.

21 January 1846. Wednesday (-36,266) The Daily News, the newspaper edited by Charles Dickens, was first published in London.

17 January 1846, Saturday (-36,270) Henry Inman, US artist, died (born 20 October 1801).

15 January 1846, Thursday (-36,272) In France, Angelique Cottin, aged 14, of La Perriere, began to experience frightening paranormal phenomena in which objects including furniture violently retreated at her touch. Many witnessed these events, which lasted for some 10 weeks.

13 January 1846, Tuesday (-36,274) (Mexico, USA) The USA attempted to buy the territory of New Mexico from Mexico, but negotiations failed. US troops were directed to advance to the Rio Grande, in anticipation of the failure of negotiations with Mexico.

8 January 1846, Thursday (-36,279) Georg Friedrich Puchta, German jurist, died in Berlin (born in Bavaria 31 August 1798)

7 January 1846, Wednesday (-36,280) John Frere, English author, died (born 21 May 1769).