Chronography of events from 1 January 1810 to 31 December 1829

Page last modified 28 November 2023

 

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(-9999) = Day count to end of World War Two in Europe (day zero = Tuesday). Easter Sundays derived from https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm

See also Julian Day Count, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day

 

For dates from 1 January 1830 click here

 

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31 December 1829, Thursday (-42,131) Thomas Maynard became the last person in England to be hanged for forgery.

25 December 1829, Friday (-42,137) Patrick Gilmore, composer, was born in Athlone, Ireland (died 24 September 1892)

23 December 1829, Wednesday (-42,139) Paul Schutzenberger, French chemist, was born in Strassburg (died 26 June 1897 in Seine et Oise)

21 December 1829, Monday (-42,141) (USA) Laura Bridgman, US blind deaf mute, was born (died24 May 1889).

18 December 1829, Friday (-42,144) Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamarck, French scientist, died aged 75. He believed that extra usage of some feature of an animal strengthened it, and this enhancement could be passed down the generations.

11 December 1829, Friday (-42,151) Sir Henry Clinton, British soldier, died (born 1771).

8 December 1829, Tuesday (-42,154) De Rosas made himself Governor of Buenos Aires.

5 December 1829, Saturday (-42,157) Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, Canadian politician, was born (died 17 November 1908).

4 December 1829, Friday (-42,158) The practice of suttee, immolation of widows, was made illegal in British-controlled India.

2 December 1829, Wednesday (-42,160)

1 December 1829, Tuesday (-42,161) Robert Dale, English religious writer, was born (died 13 March 1895).

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30 November 1829, Monday (-42,162) Sir William Savory, British surgeon, was born in London (died 4 March 1895 in London)

28 November 1829, Saturday (-42,164) Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist, was born in Podolia (died 20 November 1894)

20 November 1829, Friday (-42,172) Albert Bellows, US landscape painter, was born in Milford, Massachusetts (died in Auburndale, Massachusetts, 24 November 1883).

15 November 1829, Sunday (-42,177) Henry Nutcombe Oxenham, English religious writer, was born in harrow, Middlesex (died 21 february1877 in Kensington, London)

14 November 1829, Saturday (-42,178) Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, French chemist, died in Normandy (born 16 May 1763 in Normandy)

12 November 1829, Thursday (-42,180) Jean Baptiste Regnault, French painter, died in Paris (born 9 October 1754 in Paris)

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30 October 1829, Friday (-42,193) Roscoe Conkling, US politician, was born (died 18 April 1888).

28 October 1829, Wednesday (-42,195) Immanuel Deutsch, German religious writer, was born (died 12 May 1873).

24 October 1829, Saturday (-42,199) John Veitch, Scottish historical writer, was born in Peebles (died 3 September 1894)

14 October 1829, Wednesday (-42,209) Eduard Lasker, German politician, was born (died 5 January 1884).

9 October 1829, Friday (-42,214) In the US the Carbondale to Honesdale railway was opened by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. However the steam locomotives were too heavy for the track, which was initially worked as a gravity line.

6 October 1829, Tuesday (-42,217) Trials began at Rainhill near Liverpool for a locomotive to use on the Liverpool to Manchester railway. The winner was Stephenson�s Rocket.

5 October 1829, Monday (-42,218) Chester A Arthur, 21st US president, was born.

1 October 1829, Thursday (-42,222) (Universities) Cape Town University, South Africa, was founded, as the South African College.

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29 September 1829, Tuesday (-42,224) London police went on duty for the first time.

27 September 1829, Sunday (-42,226) Mount Ararat was first climbed.

22 September 1829, Tuesday (-42,231) (USA) William Belknap, US politician, was born in Newburgh, New York (died in Washington DC 13 October 1890).

17 September 1829, Thursday (-42,236) Karl Hillebrand, German author, was born (died 19 October 1884).

15 September 1829, Tuesday (-42,238) Slavery was abolished in Mexico.

14 September 1829, Monday (-42,239) The Treaty of Adrianople preserved the Ottoman Empire. Reeling under a series of defeats, the Turks faced occupation of Istanbul by the Russians; they held back from this for fear of destroying the Turkish Empire entirely and starting another European War. The Turks retained nominal sovereignty over Wallachia and Moldavia, but Russia had the real power here. Europeans grew anxious over the growing power of Russia.

13 September 1829, Sunday (-42,240) Charles Wachsmuth, US palaeontologist, was born in Hanover, Germany (died 7 February 1896)

12 September 1829, Saturday (-42,241) Anselm Feuerbach, German painyter, was born in Speyer (died 4 January 1880 in Venice)

7 September 1829, Monday (-42,246) Ferdinand Hayden, US geological writer, was born (died 22 December 1887).

5 September 1829, Saturday (-42,248) Pierre Daru, French statesman, died (born 12 January 1767).

4 September 1829, Friday (-42,249) Sir Wilfrid Lawson, English politician, was born (died 1 July 1906).

3 September 1829, Thursday (-42,250) Anton Gindely, German historical writer, was born (died 24 October 1892)

1 September 1829, Tuesday (-42,252)

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31 August 1829, Monday (-42,253)

28 August 1829, Friday (-42,256) Alber Hermann Dietrich, German composer, was born near Meissen (died 20 November 1908 in Berlin)

27 August 1829, Thursday (-42,257) Gustaf Lindstrom, Swedish palaeontologist, was born (died 16 May 1901)

25 August 1829, Tuesday (-42,259)

20 August 1829, Thursday (-42,264) Henry Liddon, English religious writer, was born (died 9 September 1890).

19 August 1829, Wednesday (-42,265) Edward Moran, US artist, was born (died 9 June 1901).

18 August 1829, Tuesday (-42,266) (Britain) Sir David Baird, British General, died (born 12/1757).

13 August 1829, Thursday (-42,271)

8 August 1829, Saturday (-42,276) Lucien Anatole Prevost Paradol, French writer, was born in Paris (died 20 July 1870 in Washington, USA)

7 August 1829, Friday (-42,277) The first steam railway engine ran in the USA. It operated on the Delaware and Hudson Bay railways, but was too heavy for the rails so was impractical.

3 August 1829, Monday (-42,281) Arthur Wellesley Peel, British politician, youngest son of Robert Peel, was born.

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19 July 1829, Sunday (-42,296) Charles Cherbuliez, French novelist, was born (died 1 July 1899).

18 July 1829, Saturday (-42,297) Paul Dubois, French sculptor, was born (died 1905).

14 July 1829, Tuesday (-42,301) (Britain) Edward Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born in Birmingham (died in Ireland 11 October 1896).

4 July 1829, Saturday (-42,311) The first bus service in Britain began. See 18 March 1662. George Shilibeer operated a horse drawn service between Marylebone and the Bank, via the City Road. The fare was 1s for the full distance or 6d for any intermediate distance.

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27 June 1829, Saturday (-42,318) James Smithson, British scientist whose bequest established the Smithsonian Institute at Washington to encourage scientific research, died in Genoa.

19 June 1829, Friday (-42,326) The London Metropolitan Police was founded, set up by the Home Secretary, Sir Robert Peel. The policemen were known as �Peelers�, or �Bobbies�. 3,314 professional police now guarded London.

16 June 1829, Tuesday (-42,329) Geronimo, Apache indigenous American Chief, was born.

11 June 1829, Thursday (-42,334) The Russians defeated the Turks at the Battle of Kulecheva, opening up a route to the Balkan Mountains.

10 June 1829, Wednesday (-42,335) The first Oxford and Cambridge boat race took place, 2 � miles from Hambledon Lock to Henley Bridge. It was won easily by Oxford.

8 June 1829, Monday (-42,337) Sir John Millais, English painter, was born (died 13 August 1896).

5 June 1829, Friday (-42,340) George Mountstephen, Canadian financier, was born.

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29 May 1829, Friday (-42,347) Sir Humphrey Davy, born 17 December 1778, inventor of the safety lamp (see 9 January 1816) died in Geneva.

18 May 1829, Monday (-42,358) (Railways, Britain) Sir George Findlay, English railway manager, was born (died 26 March 1893).

17 May 1829, Sunday (-42,359) John Jay, US statesman, died (born 12 December 1745).

15 May 1829, Friday (-42,361) US Congress declared the slave trade to be piracy.

12 May 1829, Tuesday (-42,364) George Childs, US publisher, was born (died 3 February 1894).

9 May 1828, Saturday (-42,367) (USA) Charles Cramp, US shipbuilder, was born

8 May 1829, Friday (-42,368) Charles Colchester, British politician, died (born 1757)

2 May 1829, Saturday (-42,369) Isaac Taylor, scholarly writer, was born near Ongar, Essex (died October 1901)

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30 April 1829, Thursday (-42,376) Ferdinand Hochstetter, Austrian geologist, was born (died 18 July 1884).

26 April 1829, Sunday (-42,380) Albert Billroth, surgeon, was born in Rugen (died 6 February 1894).

19 April 1829, Sunday (-42,387) Easter Sunday

13 April 1829, Monday (-42,393) The Catholic Emancipation Act became law. Catholics were allowed to hold every public office except those of Regent, Lord Chancellor, and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. This was a concession reluctantly granted by the British Conservative government of the Duke of Wellington, following Catholic agitation in Ireland by Daniel O�Connell and the Catholic Association.

11 April 1829, Saturday (-42,395) Alexander Buchan, Scottish meteorologist, was born.

10 April 1829, Friday (-42,396) William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, was born in Nottingham, the son of a builder.

9 April 1829, Thursday (-42,397)

7 April 1829, Tuesday (-42,399) (Germany) Moritz Brosch, German historian was born (died 14 July 1907).

6 April 1829, Monday (-42,400) (Mathematics) Neils Abel, Norwegian mathematician (born 1802) died in Arendal.

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31 March 1829, Tuesday (-42,406) Pope Pius VIII (253rd Pope) acceded.

24 March 1829, Tuesday (-42,413) Jean Cavaignac, French politician, died (born 1762).

22 March 1829, Sunday (-42,415) (Greece) At a conference in London, the boundaries of the independent state of Greece were agreed, after nearly 400 years of Ottoman rule.

18 March 1829, Wednesday (-42,419) Alexandre Lameth, French politician, died (born 20 October 1760)

7 March 1829, Saturday (-42,430) Eduard Vogel, German explorer of central Africa, was born in Krefeled (died 1856)

6 March 1829, Friday (-42,431) Sir Arthur Blomfield, English architect, was born (died 30 October 1899).

5 March 1829, Thursday (-42,432) Jean Henner, French painter, was born (died 1905).

4 March 1829, Wednesday (-42,433) Andrew Jackson began his first term as US President.

3 March 1829, Tuesday (-42,434) Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, English Judge, was born in London (died 11 March 1894)

2 March 1829, Monday (-42,435) (USA) William Boyd Allison, US legislator, was born in Perry, Ohio (died in Dubuque, Iowa, 4 August 1908).

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26 February 1829, Thursday (-42,439) Levi Strauss, clothes maker, was born

24 February 1829, Tuesday (-42,441) (Spain) Cadiz was made a free port.

20 February 1829, Friday (-42,445) (Britain) Odo Ampthill, British diplomat, was born in Florence (died 25 August 1884 in Potsdam).

19 February 1829, Thursday (-42,446) Johann von Miquel, German statesman, was born (died 8 September 1901)

18 February 1829, Wednesday (-42,227)

17 February 1829, Tuesday (-42,448) French composer Francois Joseph Gossec died in Paris.

16 February 1829, Monday (-42,449) Francois Gossec, French composer, died (born 1734)

14 February 1829, Saturday (-42,451)

11 February 1829, Wednesday (-42,454) Alexander Griboyedov, Russian author, died (born 1795).

10 February 1829, Tuesday (-42,455) Pope Leo XII died.

5 February 1829, Thursday (-42,460) Jean Gail, French writer on Greece, died (born 4 July 1755).

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30 January 1829, Friday (-42,466) Edward Cook, English author, was born (died 11 September 1883).

29 January 1829, Thursday (-42,467) Timothy Pickering, US politician, died in Salem, Massachsetts (born 17 July 1745 in Salem, Massachusetts)

28 January 1829, Wednesday (-42,468) Thomas Tredgold, English engraver, died in London (born 22 August 1788 in Brandon, Durham)

27 January 1829, Tuesday (-42,469)

26 January 1829, Monday (-42,470) Domingo Arquimbau, Spanish composer, died in Seville.

25 January 1829, Sunday (-42,471) William Shield, British composer, died in London (born 5 March 1748 in Swalwell, Durham)

24 Saturday 1829, Saturday (-42,472)

22 January 1829, Thursday (-42,474) Emilio Visconti Venosta, Italian statesman, was born in Milan.

21 January 1829, Wednesday (-42,475) Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway, was born.

20 January 1829, Tuesday (-42,476) (Britain) Thomas Bridgett, English priest, was born (died 17 February 1899)

16 January 1829, Friday (-42,480)

12 January 1829, Monday (-42,484) Michael Fischer, German composer, died in Erfurt (born 3 July 1773 near Erfurt)

11 January 1829, Sunday (-42,485) Karl Schlegel, German poet, died in Dresden (born 10 March 1772 in Hanover)

9 January 1829, Friday (-42,487) Thomas William Robertson, English actor, was born in Newark (died 3 February 1871 in London)

2 January 1829, Friday (-42,494) Melchiorre Gioja, Italian writer, died (born 20 September 1767)

1 January 1829, Thursday (-42,495) Tommaso Salvini, Italian actor, was born in Milan.

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28 December 1828, Sunday (-42,499) Earthquake at Echigo, Japan, killed 30,000.

24 December 1828, Wednesday (-42,503) The trial of bodysnatcher William Burke began in Edinburgh, see 31 October 1828. The other bodysnatcher, William Hare, had turned King�s Evidence and was not brought to trial. Sentenced to death, Burke was hanged on 28 January 1829 in front of a large crowd.

22 December 1828, Monday (-42,505) Eduard Schonfeld, German astronomer, 2was born in Hildburghausen (died 1 May 1891)

21 December 1828, Sunday (-42,506) (Medical) Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, physiologist, was born (died 23 November 1905).

20 December 1828, Saturday (-42,507) (USA) Cherokee Indians ceded their traditional lands in Arkansas territory to the USA and agreed to migrate to lands west of the Mississippi River.

18 December 1828, Thursday (-42,509) Abrhaham Viktor Rydberg, Swedish author, was born in Jonkoping (died 22 September 1895)

8 December 1828, Monday (-42,519) Pierre Levasseur, French scholarly writer, was born.

6 December 1828, Saturday (-42,521) Sir William Hoste, British Naval Captain, died (26 August 1780).

4 December 1828, Thursday (-42,523) Robert Jenkinson, 2nd earl of Liverpool, died.

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29 November 1828, Saturday (-42,528) Nathaniel Lindley, English Judge, was born.

26 November 1828, Wednesday (-42,531) Rene Goblet, French politician, was born (died 13 September 1905)

24 November 1828, Monday (-42,533) George Augustus Henry Sala, English journalist, was born in London (died 8 December 1895 in Brighton)

19 November 1828, Wednesday (-42,538) Franz Schubert, born 31 January 1797, died of typhus, aged 31.

16 November 1828, Sunday (-42,541) (Greece) By the London Protocol, Btritain, Russia and France recognised the independence of Greek Morea (Peleponnese) and the Cyclades Islands.

15 November 1828, Saturday (-42,542) Joseph Gourko, Russian General, was born (died29 January 1901).

14 November 1828, Friday (-42,543) Charles Freycinet, French statesman, was born.

11 November 1828, Tuesday (-42,536)

8 November 1828, Saturday (-42,549) Thomas Bewick, wood engraver, died (born near Newcastle on Tyne 8/1753)

7 November 1828, Friday (-42,550) Henry Joseph Thayer, US religious writer, was born in Boston, Massachusetts (died 26 November 1901)

6 November 1828, Thursday (-42,551) Hiram Corson, US scholarly writer, was born.

4 November 1828, Tuesday (-42,553)

2 November 1828, Sunday (-42,555) Thomas Pinckney, US statesman, died in Charleston, South Carolina (born 23 October 1750 in Charleston, South Carolina)

1 November 1828, Saturday (-42,556) Balfour Stewart, Scottish physician, was born (died 19 December 1887).

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31 October 1828, Friday (-42,557) (1) Sir Joseph Swan, inventor of the electric light bulb independently of Edison, was born in Sunderland.

(2) Edinburgh body snatchers Burke and Hare claimed their last victim, a beggar woman named Docherty. See 24 December 1828.

30 October 1828, Thursday (-42,558) Henry James of Hereford, English lawyer, was born.

29 October 1828, Wednesday (-42,559) (USA) Thomas Bayard, US statesman, was born in Wilmington, Delaware (died in Dedham, Massachusetts, 28 September 1898).

28 October 1828, Tuesday (-42,560) Luke Hansard, British printer, died (born 5 July 1752).

27 October 1828, Monday (-42,561) Jacob Cox, US General, was born (died 4 January 1900).

26 October 1838, Sunday (-42,562) Pierre Lanfrey, French writer, was born (died 15 November 1877)

25 October 1828, Saturday (-42,563) London�s St Katharine Docks opened. 1,250 houses, 11,300 people, and the old St Katharine Hospital had been cleared (foundation stone laid on 3 May 1827) to make way for the Docks.

24 October 1828, Friday (-42,564) Mikhail Gregorjovich Tchernaiev, Russian General, was born (died 16 August 1898 in Mogilev)

22 October 1828, Wednesday (-42,566) Karl Mack von Leiberich, Austrian soldier, died (born 25 August 1752)

19 October 1828, Sunday (-42,569)

10 October 1828, Friday (-42,578) Samuel Jackson Randall, US politician, was born in Philadelphia (died 13 April 1890 in Washington DC)

2 October 1828, Thursday (-42,586) Charles Floquet, French politician, was born (died 18 January 1896).

1 October 1828, Wednesday (-42,587) (Railways) The horse-drawn St Etienne to Andrezieux railway opened; this was the first railway in France. It was converted to steam in 1844.

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28 September 1828, Sunday (-42,590) Friedrich Lange, German philosophical writer, was born 9died 23 November 1875).

24 September 1828, Wednesday (-42,594) Several German states founded the Commercial Union of Central Germany, signing a customs agreement with Prussia.

23 September 1828, Tuesday (-42,595) Richard Parkes Bonington, English painter, died in London (born 25 Ocotber 1802 in Arnold, Nottingham)

22 September 1828, Monday (-42,596) Shaka, the Zulu King who founded the Zulu Kingdom in southern Africa, was murdered, aged 41, by his brothers Dingane and Mhlangane; they now ruled jointly.

16 September 1828, Tuesday (-42,602) Abraham Kuenen, Dutch religious writer, was born (died 10 December 1891).

13 September 1828, Saturday (-42,605) Julian Pauncefoote, British diplomat, was born (died 26 May 1902).

9 September 1828, Tuesday (-42,609) Leo Tolstoy, noveilist, was born.

8 September 1828, Monday (-42,610) Joshua Chamberlain, US soldier, was born.

6 September 1828, Saturday (-42,612) David Forbes, British scientific writer, was born (died 5 December 1876).

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28 August 1828, Thursday (-42,621) Count Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer, was born of aristocratic descent in Tula Province.

27 August 1828, Wednesday (-42,622) Brazil formally recognised the independence of Uruguay.

25 August 1828, Monday (-42,624)

23 August 1828, Saturday (-42,626) John Foster Oriel, Irish politician, died (born 1740).

22 August 1828, Friday (-42,627) Franz Gall, medical writer, died (born 9 March 1758)

19 August 1828, Tiuesday (-42,630)

12 August 1828, Tuesday (-42,637) (Canal) The Kensington Canal opened, from the Thames up to Earls Court where it connected with a railway to the north-west. It closed in 1860 and was converted to a railway which used its former course, then crossed the Thames to link to Clapham Junction.

2 August 1828, Saturday (-42,647) Manuel Pavia, Spanish General, was born in Cadiz (died 4 January 1895).

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31 July 1828, Thursday (-42,649) Francois Auguste Gevaert, Belgian composer, was born near Oudenaarde (died 24 December 1908 in Brussels)

27 July 1828, Sunday (-42,653) Gilbert Stuart, US artist, died in Boston Massachusetts (born 3 December 1755 in Rhode Island)

23 July 1828, Wednesday (-42,657) Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, English surgeon, was born.

19 July 1828, Saturday (-42,661) Roger Atkinson Pryor, US politician, was born near Petersburg, Virginia.

16 July 1828, Wednesday (-42,664) Jean Houdon, French sculptor, died (born 18 March 1740)

15 July 1828, Tuesday (-42,665) Jean Antoine Houdon, French sculptor, died in Paris (born 25 March 1741 in Versailles)

14 July 1828, Monday (-42,666) Jervis McEntee, US artist, was born (died 27 January 1891)

12 July 1828, Saturday (-42,668)

10 July 1828, Thursday (-42,670) (Biology) Louis Bosc, French naturalist, died in Paris (born in Paris 29 January 1759).

9 July 1828, Wednesday (-42,671) Painter Gilbert Stuart died in Boston, USA, aged 52.

7 July 1828, Monday (-42,673)

5 July 1828, Saturday (-42,675) Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriel, Dutch painter, was born in Amsterdam (died 23 August 1903 in Scheveningen)

4 July 1828, Friday (-42,676) (1) Dom Miguel, Regent of Portugal, had himself proclaimed King after a coup in May 1828. Civil war began and his niece, 9-year old Maria, was taken to England for her safety.

(2) Construction began on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.

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21 June 1828, Saturday (-42,689) Ferdinand Fouque, French geologist, was born (died 7 March 1904)

14 June 1828, Saturday (-42,696) (Germany) Augustus Charles died (born 3 September 1757).

12 June 1828, Thursday (-42,698) Jacques Lauriston, French soldier, died (born 1 February 1768).

11 June 1828, Wednesday (-42,699) Constantino Nigra, Italian diplomat, was born near Turin (died 1 July 1907 in Rapallo).

8 June 1828, Sunday (--42,702) William Coxe, English historical writer, died (born 7 March 1747)

5 June 1828, Thursday (-42,705) Otto Martin Torell, Swedish geologist, was born in Varberg (died 11 september 1900)

1 June 1828, Sunday (-42,709) Frank Hastings, British naval officer and supporter of Greek independence, was killed in battle.

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29 May 1828, Thursday (-42,712) Gerald Massey, English poet, was born (died 29 October 1907).

24 May 1828, Saturday (-42,717) US Congress passed a Reciprocity Act, charging lower duties on imports from countries which reciprocated with the US, but opposition to the Tariff of Abominations remained.

22 May 1828, Thursday (-42,719) Albrecht von Grafe, eye specialist, was born (died 20 July 1870)

16 May 1828, Friday (-42,725) (Innovation) Sir William Congreve, British inventor, died (born 20 May 1772).

12 May 1828, Monday (-42,729) Gabriel Dante Rosetti, poet, was born.

11 May 1828, Sunday (-42,730) Eleanor Ormerod, English entomologist, was born (died 19 July 1901 in St Albans)

10 May 1828, Saturday (-42,731)

9 May 1828, Friday (-42,732) Charles Cramp, US shipbuilder, was born.

8 May 1828, Thursday (-42,733) Jean Henri Dumont, Swiss philanthropist and founder of the International Red Cross, was born in Geneva.

5 May 1828, Monday (-42,736) Robert von Puttkamer, Priussian statesman, was born in Frankfort on Oder (died 15 March 1900 in Pomerania)

2 May 1828, Friday (-42,739) Desire Charnay, French archaeological writer, was born.

1 May 1828, Thursday (-42,740) Adelardo Lopez de Ayala, Spanish writer, was born in Guadacanal (died 30 January 1879).

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29 April 1828, Tuesday (-42,742)

28 April 1828, Monday (-42,743) Matthew Heddle, Scottish mineralogist, was born (died 19 November 1897).

27 April 1828, Sunday (-42,744) London Zoological Gardens opened in Regents Park. Regents Park, 464 acres in North London, was opened.

26 April 1828, Saturday (-42,745) In support of the Greek struggle for independence, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. On 8 June 1828 the Russians crossed the Danube, and took Varna on 12 October 1829.

25 April 1828, Friday (-42,746) Julius Grosse, German poet, was born (died 9 May 1902).

23 April 1828, Wednesday (-42,748) Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony from 1873 (died 10 June 1902) was born.

21 April 1828, Monday (-42,750) The American Dictionary of the English language was published. This both standardised American English and put cultural difference between it and British English.

19 April 1829, Saturday (-42,752) In the USA the protectionist Tariff of Abominations was signed by President John Quincy Adams. It raised duties to protect farmers in the West and Northern manufacturers, but did not help Southern cotton farmers.

16 April 1828, Wednesday (-42,755) Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter and etcher, died in Bordeaux, France aged 82.

14 April 1828, Monday (-42,761) The first edition of Noah Webster�s Dictionary of the English Language was copyrighted.

13 April 1828, Sunday (-42,762) Joseph :Lightfoot, Eng;lish religious writer, was born (died 21 December 1889).

6 April 1828, Sunday (-42,765) Easter Sunday

2 April 1828, Wednesday (-42,769) William Phillips, British geologist, died (born 10 May 1775 in London)

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24 March 1828, Monday (-42,778) Horace Gray, US jurist, was born (died 15 September 1902).

22 March 1828, Saturday (-42,780) James Gardiner, English historical writer, was born

20 March 1828, Thursday (-42,782) Ruggero Bonghi, Italian writer, was born in Naples (died 22 October 1895)

16 March 1828, Sunday (-42,786) George Ridding, English Bishop, was born in Winchester (died 30 August 1904)

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27 February 1828, Wednesday (-42,804) Edward Albert Pollard, US journalist, was born (died 1872)

24 February 1828, Sunday (-42,807) (USA) US soldier Jacob Brown died (born 9 May 1775)

22 February 1828, Friday (-42,809) Following the Russian capture of Tehran, Russia and Iran signed the Peace of Turkmanshai, ending their 2 year war. Russia acquired part of Armenia, including Yerevan.

18 February 1828, Monday (-42,813) Earthquake hit Echigo, Japan, 1,400 killed.

14 February 1828, Thursday (-42,817) (Arts) Edmond About, French writer (died 16 January 1885) was born in Dieuze, Lorraine.

12 February 1828, Tuesday (-43,819) George Meredith, British novelist, was born (died 18 May 1909).

11 February 1828, Monday (-43,820) De Witt Clinton, US politician, died (born 2 March 1760).

8 February 1828, Friday (-42,823) Jules Verne, French writer and early author of science fiction, was born in Nantes, Brittany.

1 February 1828, Friday (-42,830) George Edmunds, US politician, was born.

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31 January 1828, Thursday (-42,831) Henry Chandler, scholarly writer, was born (died 16 May 1889).

28 January 1828, Monday (-42,834)

26 January 1828, Saturday (-42,836) The Duke of Wellington became Tory Prime Minister.

25 January 1828, Friday (-42,837) The Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel formed a Conservative government.

24 January 1828, Thursday (-42,838) (Biology) German botanist Ferdinand Julius Cohn was born in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland). In 1850 he showed that plant and animal cytoplasm were essentially the same.

18 January 1828, Friday (-42.844) Ioannis Kapodistrias was elected the first President of Greece.

16 January 1828, Wednesday (-42,846) Johann Ersch, German writer, died (born 23 June 1766).

11 January 1828, Friday (-42,851) The Prussian zollervein, or customs union, was extended to Hesse Darmstadt.From 1825 a new Prussian finance minister, Friedrich von Motz, had begun to extend the Prussian customs union or zollervein.Independent enclaves or city states had previously served as smuggling centres, hindering tax collection.In May 1829 Bavaria, whose ruler Louis I was keen on the zollervein, joined.See 1 January 1834.

10 January 1828, Thursday (-42,852) The Bank of England issued a one-penny banknote.

2 January 1828, Wednesday (-42,860) Elizabeth Charles, English author, was born (died 28 March 1896).

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31 December 1827, Tiuesday (-42,862) Marie Carvalho, French soprano singer, was born in Marseilles (died10 July 1895 in Puys)

23 December 1827, Sunday (-42,870) Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, Austrian Admiral, was born in Marburg, Styria (died 7 April 1871)

13 December 1827, Thursday (-42,880) Fabrizio Ruffo, Neapolitan Cardinal and politician, died (was born 16 September 1744 in Calabria)

7 December 1827, Friday (-42,886) Marc Monnier, French writer, was born (died 18 April 1885).

5 December 1827, Wednesday (-42,888) Marie Henri d�Arbois de Jubainville, French historical writer, was born in Nancy (died February 1910).

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30 November 1827, Friday (-42,893) George Mivart, English scientific writer, was born (died 1 April 1900)

26 November 1827, Monday (-42,897) Jose Alvarez Cubero, Spanish sculptor, died in Madrid (born 23 April 1768 in Priego de Cordoba)

21 November 1827, Wednesday (-42,902) Christian Massenbach, Prussian soldier, died.

18 November 1827, Sunday (-42,905) Wilhelm Hauff, German poet, died (born 29 November 1802).

16 November 1827, Friday (-42,907) James Southerton, cricketer for England, was born in Petworth, Sussex (died in Mitcham, Surrey, 16 June 1880).

14 November 1827, Wednesday (-42,909) Thomas Emmet, Irish politician, died (born 24 April 1764).

8 November 1827, Thursday (-42,915) The first English language newspaper in the Far East, the Canton Register began publication in Guangzhou.

7 November 1827, Wednesday (-49,916) Bartolomoe Campagnoli, Italian composer died in Neustrelitz (born 10 September 1751 in Cento di Ferrara)

4 November 1827, Sunday (-42,919) Sir Edward Fry, English Judge, was born.

2 November 1827, Friday (-42,921) Paul Lagarde, German orientalist writer, was born (died 22 December 1891).

1 November 1827, Thursday (-42,922) Friedrich Haase, German actor, was born.

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29 October 1827, Monday (-42,925) Marcellin Berthelot, French chemist, was born in Paris (died in Paris 18 March 1907).

24 October 1827, Wednesday (-49,230) George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, British statesman, was born in London (died 9 July 1900 near Ripon)

22 October 1827, Monday (-42,932) Edward Payson, US religious writer, died in Portland, Maine (born in New Hampshire 25 July 1783)

20 October 1827, Saturday (-42,934) (Greece-Turkey) In response to the rebuffed ultimatum of 6 July 1827, British, French, and Russian forces destroyed the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Navarino. Over 50 Turkish and Egyptian ships were sunk. This ensured the creation of an independent Greek State, whose exact boundaries had yet to be established.

18 October 1827, Thursday (-42,936) Robert Pollock, Scottish poet, died (born in Renfrewshire 19 October 1798)

16 October 1827, Tuesday (-42,938) Arnold Bocklin, Swiss painter, was born in Basel (died 16 January 1901).

15 October 1827, Monday (-42,939) Ralph Blakelock, US painter, was born in New York.

14 October 1827, Sunday (-42,940) Sir William Harcourt, English statesman, was born (died 1 October 1904)

13 October 1827, Saturday (-42,941)

11 October 1827, Thursday (-42,043) Christian Reventlow, Danish statesman, died (born 11 March 1748)

10 October 1827, Wednesday (-42,044) Ugo Foscolo, Italian writer, died (born 26 January 1778)

8 October 1827, Monday (-42,046) Francisque Sarcey, French writer, was born in Seine et Oise (died 19 May 1899 in Paris)

3 Ooctober 1827, Wednesday (-42,051) Pasquale Villari, Italian histprical writer, was born in Naples.

1 October 1827, Monday (-42,953) Walter Howell Deverell, British painter, was born in Charlottesville, Virginia (died 2 February 1854 in London)

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30 September 1827, Sunday (-42,954) Wilhelm Muller, German lyrical poet, died (born 7 October 1794)

29 September 1827, Saturday (-42,955)

27 September 1827, Thursday (-42,957) Pierre Emanuel Tirard, French politician, was born in Geneva (died 4 November 1893 in Paris)

26 September 1827, Wednesday (-42,958) Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, US politician, was born in Ohio (died 10 April 1897 in Washington DC)

24 September 1827, Monday (-42,960) Henry Warner Slocum, USA General, was born in New York State (died 30 May 1905 in Brooklyn, New York)

22 September 1827, Saturday (-42,962) Joseph Smith, son of an impoverished New England farmer, announced that he had received golden plates from an angel. From this he translated the Book of Mormon, leading to the founding of the Mormon religion.

18 September 1827, Tuesday (-49,966) Robert Pollock, poet, died

16 September 1827, Sunday (-49,968) Jean Gaudry, French geological writer, was born (died 27 November 1908).

8 September 1827, Saturday (-42,976) Egyptian troops landed at Navarino (now in southern Greece).

7 September 1827, Friday (-42,977) First railway in Austria opened. This was from Budweis to Trojanov, later extended to Linz, using horse traction.

1 September 1827, Saturday (-42,983)

====================================================================================

22 August 1827, Wednesday (-42,993) Thomas Rowlandson, painter, died aged 70.

20 August 1827, Monday (-42,995) Charles de Coster, Belgian writer, was born (died 7 May 1879).

13 August 1827, Monday (-43,002) The first giraffe arrived in Britain.

12 August 1827, Sunday (-43,003) William Blake, British poet, died.

11 August 1827, Saturday (-43,004)

10 August 1827, Friday (-43,005) Paul Falk, German politician, was born (died 1900).

9 August 1827, Thursday (-43,006) Marc Desaugiers, French composer, died (born 17 August 1772).

8 August 1827, Wednesday (-43,007) George Canning, British Prime Minister, died

5 August 1827, Sunday (-43,010) Manoel Fonseca, first President of the United States of Brazil, was born.

====================================================================================

29 July 1827, Sunday (-43,017) Louis Gustave Fortune Ratisbonne, Fremnch writer, was born in Strassburg (died 24 September 1900 in Paris)

23 July 1827, Monday (-43,023) Johann Ribbeck, German scholarly writer, was born in Erfurt, Saxony (died 18 July 1898 in Leipzig)

22 July 1827, Sunday (-43,024) Ludwig Jacob, German economics writer, died (born 26 February 1759).

21 July 1827, Saturday (-43,025) Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher, died (born 24 February 1774).

19 July 1827, Thursday (-43,027)

17 July 1827, Tuesday (-43,029) Sir Frederick Augustus, English chemist, was born.

16 July 1827, Monday (-43,030) The potter Josiah Spode died.

14 July 1827, Saturday (-43032) (Light) Augustin Fresnel, pioneer in lenses, died (born 10 May 1788)

11 July 1827, Wednesday (-43,035) Paul Bins Saint Victor, French author, was born n in Paris (died 9 July 1881 in Paris)

7 July 1827, Saturday (-43,039) Quintino Sella, Italian statesman, was born (died 14 March 1884).

6 July 1827, Friday (-43,040) At the Treaty of London, France, Britain, and Russia threatened to use force against Turkey if the Ottoman Empire did not agree to an armistice with Greece. In August 1827 the Turks refused this. See 20 October 1827.

=====================================================================================

29 June 1827, Friday (-43,047) Mortimer Collins, English writer, was born (died 28 July 1876).

27 June 1827, Wednesday (-43,049) Johann Eichhorn, German religious writer, died (born 16 October 1752).

26 June 1827, Tuesday (-43,050) Samuel Crompton, inventor of the spinning mule in 1779, died in Bolton.

25 June 1827, Monday (-43,051) Hugh Childers, British politician, was born (died 29 January 1896).

18 June 1827, Monday (-43,058) Alexander Grosart, Scottish writer, was born (died 16 March 1899).

12 June 1827, Tuesday (-43,064) Johanna Spyri, author, was born

5 June 1827, Tuesday (-43,071) Athens was captured by the Ottoman Turks.

1 June 1827, Friday (-43,075) Charles Freppel, French politician and Bishop, was born (died 12 December 1891).

===================================================================================

31 May 1827, Thursday (-43,076) Prieur de la Marne, French politician, died in Brussels (born 1 August 1756)

28 May 1827, Monday (-43,079) William James, English naval historical writer, died.

23 May 1827, Wednesday (-43,084) (Britain) Henry Loch, Britisjh colonial administrator, was born (died 20 June 1900).

19 May 1827, Saturday (-43,088) Paul Challemel-Lacour, French politician, was born (died 26 October 1896).

11 May 1827, Friday (-43,096) Jean Carpeaux, French sculptor, was born (died 12 October 1875)

8 May 1827, Tuesday (-43,099) Legh Richmond, English divine, died (born in Liverpool 29 January 1772)

4 May 1827, Friday (-43,103) John Manning Speke, English explorer who was the first European to see Lake Victoria, and later identified as the source of the Nile, was born.

3 May 1827, Thursday (-43,104) The foundation stone for St Katharine Dock, London, was laid, see 25/10.1828.

1 May 1827, Tuesday (-43,106) John Bascom, US author, was born in Genoa, New York State.

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29 April 1827, Sunday (-43,108) Rufus King, US politician, died (born 24 March 1755)

26 April 1827, Thursday (-43,111) Janos Bihari, Hungarian composer, died in Pest (born 1764 in Nagyabony)

24 April 1827, Tuesday (-43,113) Pierre Joseph Candeille, French composer, died in Chantilly (born 8 December 1744 in estaires)

22 April 1827, Sunday (-43,115) Thomas Rowlandson, English watercolour painter (born 1756) died in London.

20 April 1827, Friday (-43,117) Copper ore was discovered in Tasmania.

19 April 1827, Thursday (-43,118) George Higinbotham, Chief Justice of Victoria, Australia, was born (died 1893).

17 April 1827, Tuesday (-43,120)

15 April 1827, Sunday (-43,122) Easter Sunday

14 April 1827, Saturday (-43,123) Augiustus Pitt-Rivers, English soldier, was born (died 4 May 1900)

13 April 1827, Friday (-43,124) (Africa) Hugh Clapperton, Scottish explorer of west-central Africa, died (born 1788).

12 April 1827, Thursday (-43,125)

11 April 1827, Wednesday (-43,126) The Greek National Assembly elected Capo d�Istria as President.

10 April 1827, Tuesday (-43,127) Lewis Wallace, US author, was born in Indiana 9died 1905)

9 April 1827, Monday (-43,128)

8 April 1827, Sunday (-43,129) (Women�s Rights) Barbara Bodichon, who promoted education and other rights for women, was born in Watlington, Norfolk (died in Robertsbridge Sussex, 11 June 1891).

7 April 1827, Saturday (-43,130) Friction matches, the invention of Stockton on Tees chemist John Walker, went on sale. In 1826 Walker was mixing antimony and chlorate of potash with a stick; when he rubbed the stick to clean it, it caught fire. Such matchsticks would catch fire if rubbed on any rough surface, even each other, and in 1855 the first safety match was by the Swedish firm of Johan Edvard Lundstrom. In Britain, Bryant and May bought the rights to these matches where they went on sale in August 1855.

5 April 1827, Thursday (-43,132) Joseph Lister was born in London. He was a surgeon, and pioneered the use of antiseptics.

2 April 1827, Monday (-43,135) William Hunt, English artist, was born (died 7 September 1910).

1 April 1827, Sunday (-43,136) John Coleridge Patterson, English missionary to Melanesia, Pacific, was born in London (died 20 September 1871 in Nukapu).

=====================================================================================

31 March 1827, Saturday (-43,137)

27 March 1827, Tuesday (-43,141) Francois la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, French statesman, died (born 11 January 1747).

26 March 1827, Monday (-43,142) Composer Ludwig van Beethoven died in Bonn, aged 57. His last words were reputedly �I shall hear in Heaven�. His funeral was on 29 March 1827, in Vienna; 20,000 attended it.

25 March 1827, Sunday (-43,143) George Lawrence, English novelist, was born (died 23 September 1876).

21 March 1827, Wednesday (-43,147) (Biology) Andrew Adams, Scottish naturalist and palaeontologist, was born (died 29 July 1882).

19 March 1827, Monday (-43,149) James Geddes, US soldier, was born (died 21 February 1887).

16 March 1827, Friday (-43,152) In the USA, the first Afro-American newspaper, the Freemen�s Journal, was first published in New York by the Reverend Samuel Cornish.

9 March 1827, Friday (-43,159) Franz Xaver Gerl, Austrian composer, died in Mannheim (born 30 November 1764 in Andorf)

7 March 1827, Wednesday (-43,161) John Gladstone, English chemist, was born (died 6 October 1902).

5 March 1827, Monday (-43,163) Death of Count Alessandro Volta, aged 82, at Como, Italy.He was born on 18 February 1745.An Italian, he made the first battery, and gave his name (Volt) to the unit of electrical power.

===================================================================================

26 February 1827, Monday (-43,170) Death of William Kitchiner, who allegedly invented the potato crisp

22 February 1827, Thursday (-43,174) Charles Wilson Peale, painter, died aged 85.

20 February 1827, Tuesday (-43,176) With Argentine help, Uruguay defeated the Brazilians at Ituzaingo.

18 February 1827, Sunday (-43,178) (Egypt) Heinrich Brugsch, German Egyptologist, was born (died 9 September 1894).

17 February 1827, Saturday (-43,179) The Earl of Liverpool left post as Prime Minister, paralysed by a stroke.

10 February 1827, Saturday (-43,186) (USA) Edward Atkinson, US economist, was born in Brookline, Massachusetts (died in Boston 11 December 1905)

7 February 1827, Wednesday (-43,189) Sir George Beaumont, English painter ad art collector, died in Coleorton, Leicestershire (born 6 November 1753 in Great Dunmow, Essex)

=====================================================================================

31 January 1827, Wednesday (-43,196) Marie Josephe Cabel, Belgian soprano singer, was born in Liege (died 23 May 1885 in Maisons Lafitte)

30 January 1827, Tuesday (-43,197) Martin Haug, German Orientalist writer, was born (died 3 June 1876).

26 January 1827, Friday (-43,201) Peru ended its union with Chile and declared independence.

17 January 1827, Wednesday (-43,210) The Duke of Wellington was appointed Commander in Chief of the British Army.

15 January 1827, Monday (-43,212) Michel Lecointe-Puyraveau, French politician, died (born 13 December 1764).

13 January 1827, Saturday (-43,214) Jean Lanjuinais, French writer, died (born 12 March 1753).

10 January 1827, Wednesday (-43,217) Sir George Cox, English religious writer, was born (died 9 February 1902).

7 January 1827, Sunday (-43,220) (Railways) Sir Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer who oversaw the construction of much of the Canadian railway system, was born.

6 January 1827, Saturday (-43,221) Charlotte von Stein, German writer, died in Weimar (born 25 December 1742 in Weimar)

5 January 1827, Friday, (-43,222) Frederick Duke of York, brother of King George IV, died aged 64.

2 January 1827, Tuesday (-43,225) John Good, English scholarly writer, died (born 25 May 1764).

=====================================================================================

31 December 1826, Sunday (-43,227) William Gifford, English writer, died (born 1756).

28 December 1826, Thursday (-43,230) Conrad Busken-Huet, Dutch literary critic, was born (died 1886)

21 December 1826, Thursday (-48,237) An American, Haydon Edwards, along with 200 White families and some Cherokee Amerindians, declared the �Independent Republic of Fredonia� near Nacogdoches, eastern Mexico. In 1821 both Texas and Mexico had begun encouraging American settlement, (see 8/1824)but the land was noe claimed by Mexican settlers, without clear title. The Mexican Government tried to evict Edwards, eventually (1/1827) overwhelming him with a larger force.

17 December 1826, Sunday (-43,241) (Biology) Francis Buckland, zoologist, was born (died19 December 1880).

16 December 1826, Saturday (-43,242) Battista Donati, Italian astronomer, was born (died 20 September 1873).

14 December 1826, Thursday (-43,244) Conrad Malte-Brun, French geographical writer, died (born 12 August 1755)

11 December 1826, Monday (-43,247) William Henry Waddington, French statesman, was born (died 13 January 1894)

8 December 1826, Friday (-43,250) John Flaxman, English sculptor, died in London (born 6 July 1755 in York)

7 December 1826, Thursday (-43,251) Henry Crosskey, English geologist, was born (died 1 October 1893).

3 December 1826, Sunday (-43,255) George McClellan, US soldier, was born (died 29 October 1885).

2 December 1826, Saturday (-43,256) Sir Henry Wylie Norman, British Field Marshal, was born (died 26 October 1904).

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28 November 1826, Tuesday (-45,260) Francis Hastings, British colonial Governor of India, died (born 9 December 1754).

26 November 1826, Sunday (-45,262) John Nichols, English wrirter, died (born 2 February 1745 in Islingtoin, London).

23 November 1826, Thursday (-45,265) Johann Bode, German astronomer, died in Berlin (born in Hamburg 19 January 1747)

22 November 1826, Wednesday (-43,266) Karl Sandberger, German geologist, was born in Dillenburg, Nassau (died 11 April 1898 in Wutrzburg)

10 November 1826, Friday (-43,278) (Britain) Joseph Arch, English politician and founder of the National Agricultural labourers Union, was born in Barlford, Warwickshire.

4 November 1826, Saturday (-43,284) Albert Reville, French Protestant theologian, was born in Dieppe.

2 November 1826, Thursday (-43,286) Henry John Stephen Smith, English mathematician, was born in Dublin (died 9 February 1883 in Oxford)

======================================================================================

31 October 1826, Tuesday (-43,288) Joseph Hawley, US politician, was born (died 17 March 1905).

28 October 1826, Saturday (-43,291) Sir Andrew Clark, British physician, was born (died 6 November 1893).

26 October 1826, Thursday (-43,293) Philippe Pinel, French physician, died in Paris (born 20 April 1745 in Tarn Department)

24 October 1826,Tuesday (-43,295) Leopold Delisle, French historical writer was born.

19 October 1826, Thursday (-43,300) Francois Joseph Talma, French actor, died in Paris (born 15 January 1763 in Paris)

18 October 1826, Wednesday (-43,301) Last State Lottery was held in England.

9 October 1826, Monday (-43,310) Michael Kelly, British composer, died.

7 October 1826, Saturday (-43,312) First railway in the USA opened, at Quincy, Massachusetts.

3 October 1826, Tuesday (-43,316) Jens Baggesen, Danish poet, died in Hamburg (born 15 February 1764 in Korsor).

1 October 1826, Sunday (-43,318) Karl von Piloty, German painter, was born in Munich (died 21 July 1886)

======================================================================================

29 September 1826, Friday (-43,320) Charles Chesney, British military writer, was born (died 19 March 1876).

26 September 1826, Tuesday (-43,323) Persia attermpted to retake Georgia from the Russians. However this day Persia lost the Battle of Ganja, when Persian cavalry were terrified by the Russian artillery. Russia subsequently advanced into Persia and occupied Tehran, capturing the entire Persian artillery and arsenal. Russia then imposed the Treaty of Turkomanchi, setting the Aras River as their boundary, with Russia receiving an imdemnity from Persia and Russia having sole right to station warships in the Caspian.

25 September 1826, Monday (-43,324) (Geology) Giovanni Brocchi, Italian geologist, died (born 18 February 1772).

22 September 1826, Friday (-43,327) Johann Hebel, German poet, died (born 10 May 1760)

17 September 1826, Sunday (-43,332) Georg Riemann, German mathematician, was born in Hanover (died 20 July 1866 in Italy)

13 September 1826, Wednesday (-43,336) (Companies) Anthony Drexel, US banker, was born (died 30 June 1893).

6 September 1826, Wednesday (-43,343) Heinrich von Maltzan, German geographical writer, was born (died 23 February 1874).

5 September 1826, Tuesday (-43,344) (1) The Stratford and Moreton Railway (horsdrawn) opened

(2) John Wisden, original compiler of Wisden�s cricketing Almanac, was born in Brighton, Sussex.

3 September 1826, Sunday (-43,346) (Britain) Sir Harry Calvert, British General, died

=====================================================================================

29 August 1826, Tuesday (-43,351) George Hoar, US politician, was born (died 30 September 1904).

21 August 1826, Monday (-43,359) Carl Gegenbaur, German medical writer, was born (died 14 June 1903).

13 August 1826, Sunday (-43,367) Rene Lannec, French doctor who invented and named the stethoscope in 1819, died.

11 August 1826, Friday (-43,369) Andrew Davis, US religious writer, was born (died 1910).

8 August 1826, Tuesday (-43,372) Count Nicolas Robilant, Italian diplomat, was born (died 17 October 1888).

7 August 1826, Monday (-43,373) The British defeated the Ashanti near Accra (Ghana)

4 August 1826, Friday (-43,376) Last set of stocks in London was taken down. They had been at St Clement Danes, in The Strand.

==================================================================================

26 July 1826, Wednesday (-43,385) Cayetano Ripoli, a Deist teacher, became the last person to be executed by the Spanish Inquisition.

24 July 1826, Monday (-43,387) Francisco Solano Lopez, son of Paraguayan dictator Antonio Lopez and Commander in Chief of the Paraguayan Army from 1845, was born

22 July 1826, Saturday (-43,389) Guiseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer, died in Naples (born 16 July 1746)

18 July 1826, Tuesday (-43,393) Isaac Shelby, US soldier, died in Kenticky (born 11 December 1750 in Maryland)

13 July 1826, Thursday (-43,398) Stanislao Cannizzaro, Italian chemist, was born (died 1910).

11 July 1826, Tuesday (-43,400) (Farming) John Fowler, agricultural innovator, was born (died 4 December 1864)

10 July 1826, Monday (-43,401) Luther Martin, US lawyer, died (born 19 February 1748)

8 July 1826, Saturday (-43,403) Karl Franz Chrysander, German music scholar, was born in Mecklenburg (died

7 July 1826, Friday (-43,404)

5 July 1826, Wednesday (-43,406) Sir Stamford Raffles, British colonial administrator, founder of Singapore in 1819, died in London.

4 July 1826, Tuesday (-43,407) (USA) Thomas Jefferson, Third US President from 1801 to 1809, died and, aged 83.He was buried near Charlottesville, Virginia.

====================================================================================

29 June 1826, Thursday (-43,412) Charles Beule, French writer, was born in Saumur (died 4 April 1874),

26 June 1826, Monday (-43,415) (Germany) Adolf Bastian, German ethnologist, was born in Bremen.

21 June 1826, Wednesday (-43,420) Frederick Dufferin, British statesman, was born (died 12 February 1902).

19 June 1826, Monday (-43,422) (USA) Charles Brace, US philanthropist, was born I Litchfield, Connecticut (died in Campfer, Tirol, 11 August 1890).

18 June 1826, Sunday (-43,423) The Prison Society of Germany (Rheinisch Westfalischer Gefangnisveren) was formed, to improve conditions for German prisoners. At that time prisoners in Germany were barely fed, dirty, and in complete idleness; no statistics were collected on them for the basis of useful legislation. Inspired by Elizabeth Fry, Theodor Fleidner began this Society, and in 1833 he opened a refuge for discharged female convicts.

17 June 1826, Saturday (-43,424)

16 June 1826, Friday (-43,425) (Turkey) The insurrection of the Janissaries in Istanbul ended.

15 June 1826, Thursday (-43,426) Luigi Ferri, Italian philosophical writer, was born (died 1895).

10 June 1826, Saturday (-43,431) (Turkey) The final revolt of the Janissaries in Turkey began. They objected to the formation of a new military corps to replace them, by Mahmud.

7 June 1826, Wednesday (-43,434) (Astronomy) Joseph von Fraunhofer, best known for his study of absorption lines in the Sun�s spectrum, now known as Fraunhofer Lines, died (born 6 March 1787)

6 June 1826, Tuesday (-43,435) Leon Say, French statesman, was born in Paris (died 21 April 1896 in Paris)

5 June 1826, Monday (-43,436) Carl Maria von Weber, composer, died of tuberculosis in London

3 June 1826, Saturday (-43,438)

2 June 1826, Friday (-43,439) Richard Hutton, English writer, was born (died 9 September 1897).

1 June 1826, Thursday (-43,440) Jean Frederic Oberlin, German social reformer, died (born 31 August 1740 in Strassburg)

=====================================================================================

31 May 1826, Wednesday (-43,441)

25 May 1826, Thursday (-43,447) Tom Sayers, English boxer, was born (died 8 November 1865)

24 May 1826, Wednesday (-43,448) Freidrich Ernst Fesca, German composer, died in IKarlsruhe (born 15 February 1789 in Magdeburg)

23 May 1826, Tuesday (-43,449)

22 May 1826, Monday (-43,450) Christopher Langdell, US legal writer, was born (died 6 July 1906).

21 May 1826, Sunday (-43,451) Georg von Reichenbach, German astronomical instrument maker, died in Munich (born 14 August 1772 in Durlach, Baden

16 May 1826, Tuesday (-43,456) (Astronomy) Richard Carrington, astronomer, was born (died 27 November 1875).

11 May 1826, Thursday (-43,461) David Davies, Welsh religious writer, was born (died 26 September 1891)

10 May 1826, Wednesday (-43,462) Henry Clifton Sorby, English geologist, was born near Sheffield (died 9 March 1908)

9 May 1826, Tuesday (-43,463)

5 May 1826, Friday (-43,467) (France) Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III, was born in Grenada., Spain.

4 May 1826, Thursday (-43,468) Frederick Church, US landscape painter, was born (died 7 April 1900).

3 May 1826, Wednesday (-43,496) Charles XV, King of Sweden, was born (died 18 September 1872).

=====================================================================================

23 April 1826, Sunday (-43,479) (Greece-Turkey) The Turks captured Missolonghi. This town was famous in Europe because the poet Lord Byron had died there in 1824, after a lifetime promoting the cause of an independent Greece. After a prolonged siege that began in 4/1825 the Greeks attempted a break-out, but most were massacred. This incident appalled liberal opinion in western Europe, which led to the intervention at Navarino 20 October 1827.

20 April 1826, Thursday (-43,482) Dinah Craik, English novelist, was born (died 12 October 1887).

19 April 1826, Wednesday (-43,483) Samuel Cox, English religious writer, was born (died 1893).

13 April 1826, Thursday (-43,489) Franz Danzi, German composer, died in Karlsruhe (born Schwetzingen 15 June 1763)

6 April 1826, Thursday (-43,496) Gustave Moreau, French painter, was born (died 18 April 1898).

5 April 1826, Wednesday (-43,497) Russia demanded the cessation of Ottoman military operations on the Danube.

4 April 1826, Tuesday (-43,498) (Greece-Turkey) The Anglo-Russian protocol was issued. It proposed that Greece be an autonomous State within the Ottoman Empire, paying a tribute to the Porte, with its ruler appointed by the Sultan. In return Ottoman Turkey was to withdraw its troops from Greece. However Sultan Mahmud II believed he was winning against the secessionist Greeks and would render the negotiations moot by soon reconquering Greece. Meanwhile the British negotiator, Foreign Minister George Canning, was in failing health and due to retire; his successor, the Duke of Wellington, was much less concerned about the fate of Greece.

3 April 1826, Monday (-43,499) Reginald Heber, English hymn-writer, died (born 21 April 1783).

=====================================================================================

31 March 1826, Friday (-43,502) Sir Robert Morier, British diplomat, was born (died 16 November 1893).

29 March 1826, Wednesday (-43,504) Wilhelm Liebknecht, German socialist writer, was born (died 6 August 1900).

26 March 1826, Sunday (-43,507) Easter Sunday

24 March 1826, Friday (-43,509) Mathieu Montmorency, French politician, died (born 10 July 1766).

21 March 1826, Tuesday (-43,512) Beethoven�s String Quartet no.13 in B flat major, Op.130, premiered in Vienna.

20 March 1826, Monday (-43,513) Sir Augustus Franks, English antiquary, was born (died 212 May 1897)

18 March 1826, Saturday (-43,515) Joseph Bellot, Arctic explorer, was born in Rochefort (died 8/1853)

12 March 1826, Sunday (-43,521) Johanne Cruvilli, German soprano singer, was born in Bielfeld (died 6 November 1907 in Monte Carlo).

10 March 1826, Friday (-43,523) King John VI of Portugal died aged 56. He was succeeded by his son, Dom Pedro of Brazil, as Pedro IV; however Pedro IV refused to leave Brazil, and abdicated in favour of his infant daughter, Maria.

8 March 1826, Wednesday (-43,525) Sir Richard Temple, British colonial administrator in India, was born (died15 March 1902 in Hampstead)

4 March 1826, Saturday (-43,529) Elme Carlo, French scholarly writer, was born (died 13 July 1887).

===================================================================================

27 February 1826, Monday (-43,534) Howard Crosby, US writer, was born (died 1890).

24 February 1826, Friday (-43,537) The Treaty of Yandabu ended the First Burmese War. Britain gained control of Assam and Arakan.

23 February 1826, Thursday (-43,538) (Mathematics) Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevski (born near Nizhni Novgorod, Russia) gave a paper at Kazan University outlining the principles of non-Euclidean geometry.

22 February 1826, Wednesday (-43,539) Charles Willson Peale, US portrait painter, died in Pennsylvania (born in Maryland 16 April 1741)

21 February 1826, Tuesday (-43,540) Joihn Kay, Scottish caricaturist, died.

19 February 1826, Sunday (-43,542)

17 February 1826, Friday (-43,544) Johann Gabler, German religious writer, died (born 4 June 1753)

16 February 1826, Thursday (-43,545) Joseph Vikton von Scheffel, German novelist, was born in Karlsruhe (died 9 April 1886 in Karlsruhe)

15 February 1826, Wednesday (-43,546)

14 February 1826, Tuesday (-43,547) Johann Falk, German author, died (born 28 October 1768).

13 February 1826, Monday (-43,548) The American Temperance Society was formed.

12 February 1826, Sunday (-43,549) Count Feodor Rostopschin, Russian General, died in Moscow (born in Orel 23 March 1763)

11 February 1826, Saturday (-43,550) University College London was founded, as London University.

10 February 1826, Friday (-43,551) Sir William Fraser, English politician, was born (died 17 August 1898).

9 February 1826, Thursday (-43,552) Samuel Bowles, journalist, was born in Springfield, Massachusetts (died in Springfield 16 January 1878).

2 February 1826, Thursday (-43,559) (Food) Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, French gastronomist, died (born 1 April 1755).

====================================================================================

30 January 1926, Monday (-43,562) The Menai Straits road suspension bridge, Anglesey, opened to traffic.

26 January 1826, Thursday (-43,566) Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook, was born (died 15 November 1904)

22 January 1826, Sunday (-43,570) Friedrich ueberweg, German historical writer, was born (died 9 June 1871)

17 January 1826, Tuesday (-43,575) Juan Arriaga y Balzola, Spanish composer, died in Paris (born 27 January 1806 in Bilbao.

16 January 1826, Monday (-43,576) Lindley Murray, writer, died (born 22 April 1745)

10 January 1826, Tuesday (-43,582)

7 January 1826, Saturday (-43,585) John Kimberley, English statesman, was born (died 8 April 1902).

6 January 1826, Friday (-43,586) John Farey, English geologist, died (born 1766).

3 January 1826, Tuesday (-43,589) Louis Gabriel Suchet, Marshal of France, died near Marseilles(born 2 March 1770 in Lyons)

1 January 1826, Sunday (-43,591) Robert Rainy, Scottish Presbyterian divine, was born in Glasgow (died 22 December 1906 in Melbourne Australia)

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29 December 1825, Thursday (-43,594) Jacques David, French painter, died (born 30 April 1748).

28 December 1825, Wednesday (-43,595) Henri Blowitz, journalist, was born in Bohemia (died 18 January 1003).

27 December 1825, Tuesday (-43,596)

26 December 1825, Monday (-43,597) (Russia) The Decembrist Army Revolt in St Petersburg was crushed; it had begun on 1 December 1825. Young men inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution had attempted to overthrow the Tsarist rulers. Five reberls were hanged and 121 were exiled to Siberia.

25 December 1825, Sunday (-43,598) Henri Bornier, French poet, was born in Lunel (died 1/1901).

21 December 1825, Wednesday (-43,602)

18 December 1825, Sunday (-43,605) Tsar Nicholas I became ruler of Russia.

17 December 1825, Saturday (-43,606) Karl Keim, German religious writer, was born (died 17 November 1878).

13 December 1825, Tuesday (-43,610) Tsar Alexander I died in agony, aged 47, after eating poisonous mushrooms in the Crimea. He was succeeded by his 21-year-old brother, Nicholas I.

7 December 1825, Wednesday (-43,616) Malwina Garrigues, German soprano singer, was born in Copenhagen (died 8 February 1904 in Karlsruhe)

5 December 1825, Monday (-43,618) Antoine Barbier, French writer, died in Paris (born in Coulommiers 11 January 1765)

2 December 1825, Friday (-43,621) Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil 1831-99, was born (died 5 December 1891 in Paris)

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30 November 1825, Wednesday (-43,623) Adolphe Bouguereau, French painter, was born in La Rochelle (died 20 August 1905).

29 November 1825, Tuesday (-43,624) (Medical) Jean Charcot, French physician, was born (died 16 August 1893).

28 November 1825, Monday (-43,625) Maximilien Foy, French statesman, died (born 3 February 1775).

14 November 1825, Monday (-43,639) Johann Paul Richter, German humourous writer, died in Bayreuth (born 21 March 1763 in Bavaria)

9 November 1825, Wednesday (-43,644) (Light) Thomas Drummond set up a reflector with burning lime in front, and the intense light could be seen 106 km (66 miles) away. Limelight came to be used for lighthouses and theatres.

8 November 1825, Tuesday (-43,645)

6 November 1825, Sunday (-43,647) Jean Garnier, French architect, was born (died 3 August 1898).

3 November 1825, Thursday (-43,650) The Hungarian Academy of Sciences was founded.

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31 October 1825, Monday (-43,653) (Christian) Charles Lavigerie, Catholic Primate of all Africa, was born (died 26 November 1892).

26 October 1825, Wednesday (-43,658) The Erie Canal, linking New York with the Great Lakes via Niagara and the Hudson River, begun 4 July 1817, was completed. Influenced by Governor DeWitt Clinton the New York state legislature agreed to fund the US$ 7 million project. The canal, 363 miles long, 40 foot wide, 4 foot deep, with 82 locks, would make New York the principal port of America.

25 October 1825, Tuesday (-43,659) Johann Strauss junior, composer, was born in Vienna, Austria.

20 October 1825, Thursday (-43,664) Girolamo Lucchesini, Prussian diplomat, died (born 7 May 1751).

13 October 1825, Thursday (-43,671) Maximilian I, King of Bavaria, died.

12 October 1825, Wednesday (-43,672) (Geology) Mineralogist Franz Joseph Muller died in Vienna, Austria.

11 October 1825, Tuesday (-43,673) Konrad Meyer, Swiss poet, was born (died 28 November 1898).

10 October 1825, Monday (-43,674) Paul Kruger, South African politician and Boer leader, was born in Colesberg, Cape Colony.

9 October 1825, Sunday (-43,675) Josef Jirecek, Czeck scholarly writer, was born (died 25 November 1888).

6 October 1825, Thursday (-13,678) Bernard Lacepede, French naturalist writer, died (born 26 December 1756).

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29 September 1825, Thursday (-43,685) Daniel Shays, US soldier, leader of Shay�s Insurrection, died in New York State.

27 September 1825, Tuesday (-43,687) The Stockton and Darlington railway opened. Built by George Stephenson, the 27-mile route received Parliamentary approval in 1821. Stephenson�s locomotive Active weighed 8 tons and could travel at 12 to 16 mph.The locomotive was later renamed Locomotion No.1.

24 September 1825, Saturday (-43,690) Peter Dobree, English scholarly writer, died (born 1782).

19 September 1825, Monday (-43,695) Henry Lea, US historical writer, was born (died 24 October 1909),

17 September 1825, Saturday (-43,697) (Maritime) Sir Donald Currie, English shipowner, was born (died 13 April 1909)

13 September 1825, Tuesday (-43,701) Luigi Bassi, Italian baritone singer, died in Dresden (born 5 September 1766 in Pesaro)

12 September 1825, Monday (-43,702) Karl Doppler, composer, was born in Lvov (died 10 March 1900 in Stuttgart)

11 September 1825, Sunday (-43,703) Eduard Hanslick, Austrian music critic, was born in Prague (died 6 August 1904 near Vienna)

8 September 1825, Thursday (-43,706)

4 September 1825, Sunday (-43,710) Naoroji Dadabhai, Indian statesman, was born.

3 September 1825, Saturday (-43,711) Hardinge Halsbury, English Lord Chancellor, was born.

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29 August 1825, Monday (-43,716) Portugal formally recognised the independence of Brazil.

27 August 1825, Saturday (-45,718) William Moorcroft, English geographical writer, died.

25 August 1825, Thursday (-43,720) Uruguay gained independence from Spain, under Jose Artigas. Brazil, fearing that the socialist principles of Artigas would influence their country, attacked Uruguay.

18 August 1825, Thursday (-43,727) Paul Courier, French writer, died (born 4 January 1773).

16 August 1825, Tuesday (-43,729) Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, US statesman, died(born in Charleston, South Carolina, 26 February 1746)

12 August 1825, Friday (-43,733) Sir Frederick Arthur gore Ouseley, English composer, was born in London (died 6 April 1889 in Hereford)

10 August 1825, Wednesday (-43,735) John Conington, English classical writer, was born (died 23 October 1869).

8 August 1825, Monday (-43,737) Aloys Karolyi, Austro-Hungarian diplomat, was born (died 2 December 1889)

7 August 1825, Sunday (-43,738) Italian violin maker Gaetano Antoniazzi was born in Cremona.

6 August 1825, Saturday (-43,739) Bolivia proclaimed itself a Republic, independent from Spain, after nearly 300 years of Spanish rule.Antonio Sucre was the first President.

===================================================================================

25 July 1825, Monday (-43,751) George Hunt Pendleton, US politician, was born in Cincinatti, Ohio (died 24 November 1889 in Brussels, Belgium)

15 July 1825, Friday (-43,761) Sir David Ochterlony, British General, died in Meerut (born 12 February 1758 in Boston, Massachusetts

13 July 1825, Wednesday (-43,763) Anton Heinrich Springer, German writer, was born in Prague (died 31 May 1891)

10 July 1825, Sunday (-43,766) Ludwig Fischer, German bass singer, died in Berlin (born 18 August 1745 in Mainz)

9 July 1825, Saturday (-43,767) Julius Oppert, German Assyriologist writer, was born in Hambiurg (died 21 August 1905 in Paris).

2 July 1825, Saturday (-43,774) Emile Olivier, French statesman, was born near Marseilles.

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30 June 1825, Thursday (-43,776) Ferdinand Muller, explorer of Australia, was born (died 9 October 1896).

24 June 1825, Friday (-43,782) William Henry Smith, English newsagent and bookseller, was born. He joined his father�s news agency business and took full control in 1846, building the biggest chain of newsagents in Britain.

21 June 1825, Tuesday (-43,785) William Stubbs, English historical writer, was born in Knaresborough, Yorkshire (died 22 April 1901)

20 June 1825, Monday (-43,786) Coronation of King Charles X of France

18 June 1825, Saturday (-43,788)

15 June 1825, Wednesday (-43,791) The Duke of York laid the foundation stone of London Bridge.

14 June 1825, Tuesday (-43,792) Jean Montegut, French writer, was born (died 11 December 1895)

12 June 1825, Sunday (-43,794)

11 June 1825, Saturday (-43,795) William Wilberforce made his last speech in the House of Commons.

10 June 1825, Friday (-43,796) The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway Company was oincorporated by Act of Parliament. Initial capital was �25,000 but this soon needed to be raised by �6,000

7 June 1825, Tuesday (-43,799) Richard Blackmore, English novelist, was born in Berkshire (died in Teddington 20 January 1900)

5 June 1826, Sunday (-43,801) Carl Maria von Weber, German composer, died of tuberculosis in London

1 June 1825, Wednesday (-43,805) John Morgan, US Confederate soldier, was born (died 4/9.1864).

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22 May 1825, Sunday (-43,815) Domenico Corri, Italian composer, died in London 9born 4 Ocotbe r1746 in Rome)

19 May 1825, Thursday (-43,818) Claude Saint Simon, founder of French socialism, died in Paris (born 17 October 1760 in Paris)

9 May 1825, Monday (-43,828) James Collinson, English painter, was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire (died 24 January 1881 in London)

8 May 1825, Sunday (-43,829) George Malleson, English writer on India, was born (died 1.3.1898).

7 May 1825, Saturday (-43,830) Antonio Saleri, composer, died

6 May 1825, Friday (-43,831) Lady Anne Barnard, writer, died in London (born in Fife 12 December 1750)

4 May 1825, Wednesday (-43,833) Thomas Huxley, English biologist, was born (died 29 June 1895).

1 May 1825, Sunday (-43,836) George Innes, US landscape painter, was born (died 3 August 1894).

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28 April 1825, Thursday (-43,839) Dominique Vivant Denon, French writer, died in Paris (born 4 January 1747 in Chalon sur Saone)

27 April 1825, Wednesday (-43,840) Dominique Denon, French artist, died (born 4 January 1747)

26 April 1825, Tuesday (-43,841)

25 April 1825, Monday (-43,842) Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, President of Mexico 1872-77, was born.

24 April 1825, Sunday (-43,843) Robert Ballantyne, writer, was born in Edinburgh (died 8 February 1894 in Rome).

23 April 1825, Saturday (-43,844) Friedrich Muller, German poet, died (born 13 January 1749).

21 April 1825, Thursday (-45,846) Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician, died in Halle (born in Stuttgart 22 December 1765)

16 April 1825, Saturday (-43,851) Henry Fuseli, Swiss-German painter, died (born 7 February 1741).

13 April 1825, Wednesday (-43,854) William Beard, US painter, was born in Painesville, Ohio (died 1900).

11 April 1825, Monday (-43,856) Ferdinand Lasalle, German Socialist writer, was born (died 31 August 1864).

3 April 1825, Sunday (-43,864) Easter Sunday

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31 March 1825, Thursday (-43,867) Karl Holsten, German religious writer, was born (died 26 January 1897).

30 March 1825, Wednesday (-43,868) Theodor Kjerulf, Norwegian geologist, was born (died 25 October 1888)

29 March 1825, Tuesday (-43,869) Johann Andreas Amon, German composer, died in Wallerstein, Bavaria (born 1763 in Bamberg)

27 March 1825, Sunday (-43,071) Teaching began at the University of Virginia (see 1819)

25 March 1825, Friday (-43,073) Max Johann Sigismund Schultze, German microscopic anatomist, was born in Freiburg (died 16 January 1874 in Bonn)

21 March 1825, Monday (-43,877) Fitzedward Hall, US orientalist writer, was born (died 1 February 1901).

11 March 1825, Friday (-43,887) Felix Karrer, Austrian geologist, was born (died 19 April 1903).

9 March 1825, Wednesday (-43,889) Anna Barbauld, English poet, died (born in Kibworth Harcourt, Leicestershire 20 June 1743).

8 March 1825, Tuesday (-43,890) Peter Elmsley, English scholarly writer, died (born 1773).

6 March 1825, Sunday (-43,892) Samuel Parr, scholarly writer, died (born in Harrow, Middlesex, 26 January 1747)

3 March 1825, Thursday (-43,895) Annie Keary, English novelist, was born (died 3 March 1879).

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25 February 1825, Friday (-43,901) Quote from Samuel Taylor Coleridge, �He who begins by loving Christianity better than Truth will proceed by loving his own sect or church better than Christianity, and end by loving himself better than all�

24 February 1825, Thursday (-43,902) Thomas Bowdler died, aged 71. He was notorious for prudishly editing text he considered unsuitable, giving rise to the term �bowdlerising�.

22 February 1825, Tuesday (-43,904) William Young Sellar, Scottish scholarly writer, was born in Morvich (died 12 October 1890)

20 February 1825, Sunday (-43,906) Sir Geoffrey Hornby, British Admiral, was born (died 3 March 1895).

19 February 1825, Saturday (-43,907) Maurus Jokai, Hungarian novelist, was born (died 5 May 1904).

17 February 1825, Thursday (-43,909) Jean Lindet, French Revolutionist, died

12 February 1825, Saturday (-43,914) The Cree People repudiated the treaty by which their leaders had ceded their lands in Georgia to the USA after conflict in 1813.

9 February 1825, Wednesday (-43,917) John Quincy Adams was elected President of the USA, defeating Andrew Adams and ending a 2-month impasse.

8 February 1825, Tuesday (-43,918) (Biology) Henry Walter Bates was born in Leicester, England. His theory of insect mimicry, developed during an 11-year stay in South America, contributed to the acceptance of Darwin�s Theory of Evolution.

6 February 1825, Sunday (-43,920)

5 February 1825, Saturday (-43,921) Pierre Gaveaux, French composer, died in Paris (born 9 October 1760 in Beziers)

4 February 1825, Friday (-43,922) Frederick Furnivall, English writer, was born (died 2 July 1910),

1 February 1825, Tuesday (-43,925) Francis Child, scholarly writer, was born (died11 September 1896).

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30 January 1825, Sunday (-43,927) The Redruth and Chacewater Railway opened, horsedrawn, steam from 1854.

29 January 1825, Saturday (-43,928)

28 January 1825, Friday (-43,929) (Italy) Benedetto Cairoli, Italian statesman, was born (died 8 August 1889).

27 January 1825, Thursday (-43,930) William Green, US Hebrew scholarly writer, was born (died 10 February 1900).

24 January 1825, Monday (-43,933) John MacGregor, geographical writer, was born (died 16 July 1892).

22 January 1825, Saturday (-43,935) Guiseppe Carpani, Italian poet, died in Vienna (born 28 January 1752 near Como)

18 January 1825, Tuesday (-43,939) Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, was born (died 9 August 1899).

17 January 1825, Monday (-43,940) Antoine Ferrand, French political writer, died (4 July 1751)

15 January 1825, Saturday (-43,942)

14 January 1825, Friday (-43,943) George Dance, painter, died

11 January 1825, Tuesday (-43,946) William Spottiswoode, English mathematician, was born in London (died 27 June 1883 in London)

8 January 1825, Saturday (-43,949) Eli Whitney, American inventor of the cotton gin, which made separating of fibre and seed easier, died in New Haven, Connecticut.

4 January 1825, Tuesday (-43,953) Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies, died aged 73. He was succeeded 47-year old son, Francesco I.

2 January 1825, Sunday (-43,955) The Munich Opera House reopened, after being burnt down when some scenery caught fire.

1 January 1825, Saturday (-43,956)

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30 December 1824, Thursday (-43,958) Alexis Lobanov-Rostovski, Russian statesman, was born (died 30 August 1896).

25 December 1824, Saturday (-43,963) Rodolphe Dareste, French writer, was born.

24 December 1824, Friday (-43,964) Carl Cornelius, German poet, was born (died 26 October 1874).

21 December 1824, Tuesday (-43,967) James Parkinson, scientific writer, died in London (born 1824)

19 December 1824, Sunday (-43,969) Hercules Rosmead, British colonial administrator in Africa, was born (died 28 October 1897 in London)

14 December 1824, Tuesday (-43,974) Pierre Cecile Puvis de Chavannes, French painter, was born in Lyons (died 24 October 1898)

11 December 1824, Saturday (-43,977) Victor Balaguer, Spanish author, was born in Barcelona (died in Madrid 14 January 1901).

9 December 1824, Thursday (-43,979) Battle of Ayacucho. Further Spanish defeat in the war to retain Peru as a colony.

6 December 1824, Monday (-43,982) Sir Joseph Fayrer, English physician, was born (died 21 May 1907).

5 December 1824, Sunday (-43,983) William Blades, English writer, was born in Clapham, London (died in Sutton, Surrey 27 April 1890).

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30 November 1824, Tuesday (+43,988) (London) Henry Faultleroy, convicted of forgery, was executed in London (born 1785)

25 November 1824, Thursday (-43,993) Michel Marie Charles Verlat, Belgian painter, was born in Antwerp (died 23 October 1890 in Antwerp)

18 November 1824, Thursday (-44,000) (USA) Franz Sigel, German and US soldier, was born in Baden (died 21 August 1902 in New York City)

16 November 1824, Tuesday (-44,002) The Murray River, Australia, was discovered by explorer Hamilton Hume. See 9 February 1830.

9 November 1824, Tuesday (-44,009) Anne Girodet, French painter, died (born 5 January 1767).

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30 October 1824, Saturday (-44,019) Charles Maturin, Irish novelist, died.

29 October 1824, Friday (-44,020) Charles Pinckney, Us statesman, died in Charleston, South Carolina (born 26 1757 in Charleston, South Carolina).

27 October 1824, Wednesday (-44,022) Edward Maitland, English humanitarian writer, was born (died 2 October 1897).

23 October 1824, Saturday (-44,026) Charles Fechter, actor, was born (died 5 August 1879).

21 October 1824, Thursday (-44,028) Portland cement was patented by Joseph Aspdin of Wakefield, Yorkshire.

18 October 1824, Monday (-44,031) Juan Valera, Spanish novelist, was born in Cordova (died 18 April 1905)

14 October 1824, Thursday (-44,035) The Higham and Strood Canal Tunnels opened, taking the Thames and Medway Canal.

4 October 1824, Monday (-44,045) Mexico became a republic.

3 October 1824, Sunday (-44,046) Harry Arnim, German diplomat, was born (died 1881).

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30 September 1824 Thursday (-44,049) Charles Pomeroy Stone, US soldier, was born in Massachusetts (died 24 January 1887 in New York City)

28 September 1824, Tuesday (-44,051) Francis Turner Palgrave, English poet, was born in Great Yarmouth (died 24 October 1897 in London).

27 September 1824, Monday (-44,052) Benjamin Gould, astronomer, was born (died 26 November 1896).

21 September 1824, Tuesday (-44,058)

16 September 1824, Thursday (-44,063) Louis XVIII, King of France, died aged 68, leaving a strong and prosperous country, in contrast to its defeat under Napoleon. However his attempts at constitutional reform were thwarted by the ultra-royalists. He was succeeded by his brother, Charles X.

15 September 1824, Wednesday (-44,064) Joseph Hergenrother, German religious writer, was born (died 3 October 1890).

11 September 1824, Saturday (-44,068) Jakob Bernays, German writer, was born in Hamburg (died in Bonn 26 May 1881)

5 September 1824, Sunday (-44,074) John Christian Schetky, Scottish marine painter, died (born in Edinbiurgh 11 August 1778)

4 September 1824, Saturday (-44,075) Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer, was born (died 11 October 1896).

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24 August 1824, Tuesday (-44,086) Antonio Stoppani, Italian geologist, was born in Lecco (died 1 January 1891 in Milan)

21 August 1824, Saturday (-44,089) (Africa) William Baikie, explorer of Africa, was born in Kirkwall, Orkney (died in Sierra Leone, 30 November 1864)

19 August 1824, Thursday (-44,091) Georg Goltermann, German composer, was born in Hanover (died 29 December 1898 in Frankfurt)

13 August 1824, Friday (-44,097) August Potthast, German historical writer, was bornin Hoxter (died 13 February 1898)

6 August 1824, Friday (-44,104) Spain finally lost Peru after the Battles of Junin and Ayacucho, led by Simon Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre.

4 August 1824, Wednesday (-44,106) The USA gave formal diplomatic recognition to the newly independent Brazil.

====================================================================================

29 July 1824, Thursday (-44,112) Eastman Johnson, artist, was born (died 5 April 1906)

28 July 1824, Wednesday (-44,113) Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn, British geologist, was born in Kilimington, Somerset (died 19 October 1902 in Vancouver)

27 July 1824, Tuesday (-44,114) (Britain) Sir Andrew Clarke, British military administrator, was born (died 29 March 1902).

26 July 1824, Monday (-44,115)

25 July 1824, Sunday (-44,116) William Sharp, English line engraver, died in Chiswick (born 29 January 1749 in London)

24 July 1824, Saturday (-44,117) The result of the first public opinion poll was published in the Harrisburg Pennsylvanian.The poll was conducted at Wilmington to determine voters� intentions in the 1824 Presidential election.

23 July 1824, Friday (-44,118) Ernst Fischer, German philosophical writer, was born (died 4 July 1907).

21 July 1824, Wednesday (-44,120) Stanley Matthews, US jurist, was born (died 22 March 1889).

19 July 1824, Monday (-44,122) Former Emperor Iturbide was executed in Mexico for having returned in defiance of exile. He had landed in disguise on 14 July 1824 at Soto la Marina but was immediately recognised.

14 July 1824, Wednesday (-44,127) Kamehameha II, King of Hawaii and his wife died of measles during a visit to Britain.

12 July 1824, Monday (-44,129) Eugene Boudin, French painter, was born in Honfleur (died 8 August 1898 in Deauville)

10 July 1824, Saturday (-44,131) (Germany) Rudolf Bennigsen, German politician, was born in Luneburg (died 7 August 1902).

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28 June 1824, Monday (-44,143) (Medical) Paul Broca, French surgeon and anthropologist, was born (died 9 July 1880).

26 June 1824, Saturday (-44,145) Physicist and mathematician Lord Kelvin was born in Belfast as William Thomson.

23 June 1824, Wednesday (-44,148) Carl Reinecke, German composer, was born in Altona (died March 1910)

20 June 1824, Sunday (-44,151) Edmund George Street, English architect, was born in Woodford, Essex (died 18 December 1881)

19 June 1824, Saturday (-44,152) Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, Dutch painter, was born in The Hague (died 24 March 1903 in The JHague)

17 June 1824, Thursday (-44,154)

16 June 1824, Wednesday (-44,155) Charles LeBrun, French statesman, died (born 19 March 1739).

15 June 1824, Tuesday (-44,156) The RSPCA was founded.

13 June 1824, Sunday (-44,158) Julius Eichberg, German composer, was born (died 28 January 1893).

10 June 1824, Thursday (-44,161) The British under Sir Archibald Campbell defeated Burmese troops at the Battle of Kemendine, First Burma War.

6 June 1824, Sunday (-44,165) A law was passed in Britain recognising the right to strike. The Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 were repealed.

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29 May 1824, Saturday (-44,173) Morley William Punshon, English religious writer, was born in Doncaster (died 1881)

26 May 1824, Wednesday (-44,176) Capel Lofft, English writer, died (born 14 November 1751).

24 May 1824, Monday (-44,178) US President James Monroe signed a Bill establishing the US Army Corps of Engineers, to assist in building civilian transport infrastructure as well as in military campaigns.

23 May 1824, Sunday (-44,179) (USA) Ambrose Burnside, US soldier, was born (died 13 September 1881).

18 May 1824, Tuesday (-44,184) Wilhelm Hofmeister, German botanical writer, was born (died 12 January 1877).

16 May 1824, Sunday (-44,186) Levi Morton, US politician, was born.

11 May 1824, Tuesday (-44,191) (1) The British, with a force of 11,000 troops, invaded Burma and captured Rangoon in retaliation for the King of Burma�s invasion of Shahpuri, in British India, in February 1824. This was the first time steamboats had been used in warfare.

(2) Iturbide, who had been deposed for his totalitarian method of rule, attempted to return to Mexico, setting sail from Italy this day.Mexico immeidately declared him an outlaw, forbidden to enter Mexico on pain of death.

8 May 1824, Saturday (-44,194) William Walker, US adventurer, was born in Nashville, Tennessee (executed in Honduras 12 September 1860)

7 May 1824, Friday (-44,195) Beethoven�s 9th Choral symphony premiered in Vienna.

5 May 1824, Wednesday (-44,197)

4 May 1824, Tuesday (-44,198) Rufus Putnam, who pioneered the European settlement of Ohio, died in Marietta, Ohio (born 9 April 1738 in Sutton, Massachusetts

3 May 1824, Monday (-44,199) Joseph Joubert, French moralistic writer, died (born 6 May 1754).

1 May 1824, Saturday (-44,201) Sir Johann Haast, British-German geologist, was born (died 15 August 1887).

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27 April 1824, Tuesday (-44,205) Sir Edward Hamley, British military writer, was born (died 12 August 1893)

23 April 1824, Friday (-44,209) Richard Payne Knight, English art expert, died in London (born 11 February 1751 in Herefordshire)

20 April 1824, Tuesday (-44,212) Peter Duncan, English palaeontologist, was born (died 28 May 1891).

19 April 1824, Monday (-44,213) Lord Byron died at sunset of marsh fever (malaria) at Missolonghi, helping the Greeks during their struggle for independence from Ottoman Turkey; he was 36. See 22 March 1829.

18 April 1824, Sunday (-44,214) Easter Sunday

13 April 1824, Tuesday (-44,219) (Ireland) William Alexander, Protestant Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, was born in Londonderry.

11 April 1824, Sunday (-44,221) (France) Jean Drouet, French Revolutionary, died (born 1763).

5 April 1824, Monday (-44,227) Sydney Dobell, English poet, was born (died 22 August 1874).

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31 March 1824, Wednesday (-44,232) William Hunt, US painter, was born (died 31 July 1895).

29 March 1824, Monday (-44,234) Hans Hauge, Norwegian religious writer, died (born 3 April 1771).

27 March 1824, Saturday (-44,236) Louis la Revelliere-Lepaux, French politician, died (born 24 August 1753).

24 March 1824, Wednesday (-44,239) 1st performance of Beethoven�s �Missa Solemnis; in St Petersburg

22 March 1824, Monday (-44,241) The British Government agreed to spend �57,000 to purchase 38 paintings to establish a national collection.

20 March 1824, Saturday (-44,243) Theodor von Heuglin, German travel writer, was born (died 5 November 1876).

19 March 1824, Friday (-44,244) William Allingham, Irish poet, was born in Ballyshannon, Donegal (died in Hampstead, London, on 18 November 1889).

15 March 1824, Monday (-44,248) Construction work began on John Rennie�s London Bridge.

13 March 1824, Saturday (-44,250) Sophia Lee, English novelist, died.

12 March 1824, Friday (-44,251) (Electricity) Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born in Konigsberg, Kaliningrad. He discovered in 1857 that static electric forces and magnetic forces were related by a constant that was discovered to be the speed of light in a vacuum; the first clue that electromagnetism and light were linked.

11 March 1824, Thursday (+44,252) The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by US Secretary of War, John C Calhoun.

8 March 1824, Monday (-44,255)

5 March 1824, Friday (-44,258) Anne Charton-Demeur, French soprano singer, was born in Saujon (died 30 November 1892 in Paris)

4 March 1824. Thursday (-44,259) In Britain, Sir William Hillary founded the National Institute for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck. This became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in 1854.

3 March 1824, Wednesday (-44,260)

2 March 1824, Tuesday (-44,261) Bedrich Smetana, Czech composer, was born in Litomysl, Bohemia.

1 March 1824, Monday (-44,262) Sir Donald Martin Stewart, British Field-Marshal, was born (died 26 March 1900).

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28 February 1824, Saturday (-44,264) Charles Blondin, French tightrope walker famous for his crossings of Niagara Falls, was born in Hesdin near Calais, as Jean Francois Gravelet.

26 February 1824, Thursday (-44,266) Carlos Calvi, Argentine historian (died 1906) was born in Buenos Aires.

24 February 1824, Tuesday (-44,268) The Burmese War began, between Britain and Burma, when Burma invaded the Indian island of Shahpuri. Lord Amherst, British Governor-General of India, declared war on Burma.

22 February 1824, Sunday (-44,270) Pierre Janssen, French astronomer, was born (died 23 December 1907)

17 February 1824, Tuesday (-44,275) William Farrar Smith, US General, was born in St Albans, Vermont (died 28 February 1903 in Philadelphia)

16 February 1824, Monday (-44,276) The Athenaeum Club, London, was founded.

15 February 1824, Sunday (-44,277) Rajendra Mitra, Indian Orientalist writer, was born (died 26 July 1891).

14 February 1824, Saturday (-44,278) Winfield Hancock, US General, was born (died 9 February 1886).

13 February 1824, Friday (-44,279) Sir George Jessel, English Judge, was born (died 21 March 1883).

10 February 1824, Tuesday (-44,282) Samuel Plimsoll, naval inventor, was born at Bristol.

8 February 1824, Sunday (-44,284) Rhijnvis Feith, Dutch poet, died (born 7 February 1753).

7 February 1824, Saturday (-44,285) Sir William Huggins, English astronomer, was born (died 12 May 1910).

5 February 1824, Thursday (-44,287) Charles Dickens, then aged 12, was sent out to work labelling shoe polish bottles.

=====================================================================================

29 January 1824, Thursday (-44,294) (France) Louise Caroline, Countess of Albany, died

27 January 1824, Tuesday (-44,296) Josef Israels, Dutch painter, was born.

26 January 1824, Monday (-44,297) Jean Gericault, French painter, died (born 1791).

25 January 1824, Sunday (-44,298) Michael Dutt, Indian poet, was born (died 29 June 1873).

24 January 1824, Saturday (-44,299) Ercole Consalvi, Italian statesman, died (born 8 June 1757).

23 January 1824, Friday (-44,300)

22 January 1824, Thursday (-44,301) The Ashanti army heavily defeated the British in the Gold Coast.

21 January 1824, Wednesday (-44,302) The Ashanti defeated the British at the battle of Nsamankow.

10 January 1824, Saturday (-44,313) Thomas Bowditch, English explorer of west Africa, died in Bathurst (born 1790).

8 January 1824, Thursday (-44,315) William Collins, English novelist, was born (died 23 September 1889).

7 January 1824, Wednesday (-44,316) Edmond Dehaulte de Pressense, French religious writer, was born in Paris (died 8 April 1891)

==================================================================================

29 December 1823, Monday (-44,325) Augusta Drane, English writer, was born (died 29 April 1894).

27 December 1823, Saturday (-44,327) Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Canadian politician, was born.

24 December 1823, Wednesday (-44,330) Giovanni Bottesini, Italian composer, was born in Lombardy (died in Parma 7 July 1889).

22 December 1823, Monday (-44,332) Thomas Higginson, US writer, was born.

13 December 1823, Saturday (-44,339) William How, English religious writer, was born (died 10 August 1897).

8 December 1823, Monday (-44,346) Robert Collyer, English religious writer, was born.

6 December 1823, Saturday (-44,348) (South Africa) Sir John Brand, President of the Orange Free State, was born in Cape Town (died 14 July 1888).

4 December 1823, Thursday (-44,350) Franz Reusch, Old Catholic theologian, was born in Westphalia (died 3 March 1900)

3 December 1823, Wednesday (-44,351) (Egypt) Giovanni Belzoni, Egyptologist, died in Egypt (born in Padua 1778)

2 December 1823, Tuesday (-44,352) (1) President Monroe of the USA declared that no part of the Americas is now �res nullius�, or open to further European colonisation, although existing European influences would be tolerated. This was the basis of the Monroe Doctrine.

(2) Birkbeck College, University of London, was founded.

1 December 1823, Monday (-44,353) Ernest Reyer, French composer, was born.

===================================================================================

30 November 1823, Sunday (-44,354) Nathaniel Pringsheim, German botanist, was born in Wziesko, Silesia (died 6 October 1894 in Berlin)

25 November 1823, Tuesday (-44,359) Brighton�s Chain Pier was opened.

18 November 1823, Tuesday (-44,366) Jean Nicolas Pache, French politician, died (born 1746 in Paris)

17 November 1823, Monday (-44,367) Thomas Erskine, Lord Chancellor of England, died (born 10 January 1750)

12 November 1823, Wednesday (-44,372) Emanuel Aloys Forster, German composer, died in Vienna (born 26 January 1748 in Silesia)

7 November 1823, Friday (-44,377) Riego Nunez, Spanish Army Officer who began a long series of mutinies in Spain, was hanged in Madrid (born 2 April 1784 in Asturias)

1 November 1823, Saturday (-44,383) Heinrich Gerstenberg, German poet, died (born 3 January 1737).

=====================================================================================

31 October 1823, Friday (-44,384) Charles Grant, British politician, died (born 16 April 1746).

30 October 1823, Thursday (-44,385) Edmund Cartwright, invented the power loom, 1785, died at Hastings, Sussex, aged 80.

29 October 1823, Wednesday (-44,386) Clement Ingleby, English writer on Shakespeare, was born (died 26 September 1886).

28 October 1823, Tuesday (-44,387) Lodovico Corti, Italian diplomat, was born (died 9 April 1888)

21 October 1823, Tuesday (-44,394) Emilio Arrieta y Corera, Spanish composer, was born in Navarre (died 11 February 1894 in Madrid.

14 October 1823, Tuesday (-44,401) Chicksaw Indian tribal chiefs ceded land east of the Mississippi River to the United States Government.

13 October 1823, Monday (-44,402) Immanuel Faisst, German composer, was born near Stuttgart (died 5 June 1894 in Stuttgart)

5 October 1823, Sunday (-44,410) (Medical) The British medical journal, The Lancet, was first published. It was set up by English surgeon Thomas Wakley.

==================================================================================

30 September 1823, Tuesday (-44,415) Rudolf von Gottschall, German writer, was born (died 21 March 1909).

28 September 1823, Sunday (-44,417) Pope Leo XII was elected Pope.

26 September 1823, Friday (-44,419) The Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway opened (horsedrawn) as far up as Kings Tor.

23 September 1823, Tuesday (-44,422) French troops, suppressing a rebellion in Spain, took Cadiz. The rebels surrendered Ferdinand VII, who was restored to the Spanish throne.

20 September 1823, Saturday (-44,425) Daniel Steibelt, German composer and pianist, died.

16 September 1823, Tuesday (-44,429) Francis Parkman, US historical writer, was born in Boston (died near Boston 8 November 1893)

11 September 1823, Thursday (-44,434) Economist David Ricardo died.

10 September 1823, Wednesday (-44,435) Simon Bolivar became dictator of Peru.

9 September 1823, Tuesday (-44,436) Joseph Leidy, naturalist writer, was born (died 30 April 1891).

====================================================================================

31 August 1823, Sunday (-44,445) At the Battle of the Trocadero, French troops defeated Spanish rebels.

24 August 1823, Sunday (-44,452) John Newton, US General, was born in Norfolk, Virginia (died 1 May 1895).

20 August 1823, Wednesday (-44,456) Pope Pius VII died.

19 August 1823, Tuesday (-44,457) Robert Bloomfield, English poet, died in Shefford, Bedfordshire (born in Honington, Suffolk 3 December 1766)

18 August 1823, Monday (-44,458) Slave rebellion in Guyana; European militia put down the rebellion by 20 August 1763.

15 August 1823, Friday (-44,461) Marie Boissier, French scholarly writer, was born in Nimes (died 6/1908)

13 August 1823, Wednesday (-44,463) Goldwin Smith, British historical writer, was born in Reading, Berkshire (died 7 June 1910 in Toronto)

10 August 1823, Sunday (-44,466) Charles Keene, English artist, was born (died 4 January 1891).

4 August 1823, Monday (-44,472) Oliver Morton, US politician, was born (died 1 November 1877).

3 August 1823, Sunday (-44.473) Thomas Meagher, US soldier, was born (died 1 July 1867)

2 August 1823, Saturday (-44,474) (France) Lazare Carnot, French General, died (born 1753).

====================================================================================

30 July 1823, Wednesday (-44,477) Charles Lory, French geologist, was born (died 3 May 1889).

28 July 1823, Monday (-44,479) Manasseh Cutler, US statesman, died (born 13 May 1742).

23 July 1823, Wednesday (-44,484) Coventry Patmore, English poet, was born in Woodford, Essex (died 26 November 1896 in Lymington)

22 July 1823, Tuesday (-44,485) (Germany) Ludwig Bamberger, German politician, was born in Mainz (died 1899).

18 July 1823, Friday (-44,489) (Iran, Turkey) The Treaty of Erzerum was signed, between the Sultan of Ottoman Turkey and the Qajar Shah of Persia; this Treaty defined their common frontier in lower Iraq. However the two powers continued to dispute possession of the town of Muhammara, at the mouth of the Karun River, a disagreement dating from 1812. In 1847 a second Treaty of Erzerum was signed, giving Muhammara to Persia.

13 July 1823, Sunday (-44,094) Eugene Manuel, French poet, was born.

10 July 1823, Thursday (-44,497) Sandford Gifford, US painter, was born (died 29 August 1880).

8 July 1823, Tuesday (-44,499) Sir Henry Raeburn, Scottish portrait painter, died in Edinburgh (born 4 March 1756 in Stockbridge, Edinburgh

7 July 1823, Monday (-44,500) John Ingram, Irish scholarly writer, was born (died 18 May 1907).

4 July 1823, Friday (-44,503)

2 July 1823, Wednesday (-44,505) (Brazil) Portuguese forces, sent tio Bahia to recover the rebel colony of Brazil, were forced by Brazilian troops to retreat to their ships.

1 July 1823, Tuesday (-44,506) An assembly at Guatemala City declared the independence of the United Provinces of Central America.

======================================================================================

30 June 1823, Monday (-44,507) (Iran) Sir Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, Parsee philanthropist, was born (died February 1901)

29 June 1823, Sunday (-44,508)

28 June 1823, Saturday (-44,509) Oskar Redwitz, German poet, was born near Ansbach (died 6 July 1891 near Bayreuth)

27 June 1823, Friday (-44,510) Dorman Eaton, US lawyer, was born (died 23 December 1899).

22 June 1823, Sunday (-44,515) Jose de Elduayen, Spanish politician, was born (died 24 June 1898).

17 June 1823, Tuesday (-44,520) Charles Macintosh patented a waterproof material for clothes.

5 June 1823, Thursday (-44,532) (USA) George Angell, US philanthropist, was born in Southbridge, Massachusetts (died 16 March 1909 in Boston).

2 June 1823, Monday (-44,535) Adolf Hilgenfeld, German religious writer, was born (died 12 January 1907).

1 June 1823, Sunday (-44,536) Louis Davout, Marshal of France, died (born 10 May 1770).

=====================================================================================

25 May 1823, Sunday (-44,543) Reinhold Pauli, German historical writer, was born in Berlin (died 3 June 1882 in Bremen)

19 May 1823, Monday (-44,549) William Combe, English writer, died (born 1741)

16 May 1823, Friday (-44,552) Heymann Steinthal, German scholarly writer, was born in Anhalt (died 1899)

15 May 1823, Thursday (-44,553) Thomas Harris, US poet and preacher, was born

13 May 1823, Tuesday (-44,555) Alfred Emile Stevens, Belgian painter, was born in Brussels (died 24 August 1906 in Paris)

11 May 1823, Sunday (-44,557) Daniel Murray became Archbishop of Dublin following the death of Archbishop Troy.

10 May 1823, Saturday (-44,558) John Sherman, US statesman, was born in Lancaster, Ohio (died 22 October 1900 in Washington DC)

7 May 1823, Wednesday (-44,561) Despite his deafness, Beethoven conducted the first performance of his Ninth Symphony.

======================================================================================

30 April 1823, Wednesday (-44,568) Paul Janet, French philosophical writer, was born (died 10/1899).

25 April 1823, Friday (-44,573) Christian Dillmann, religious writer, was born (died 4 July 1894).

24 April 1823, Thursday (-44,574) The United Provinces of Central America abolished slavery.

23 April 1823, Wednesday (-44,575) Sultan Adbul Mejid was born, see 25 June 1861.

22 April 1823, Tuesday (-44,576) The Baltic Exchange, London, was established, as the Baltic Club.

20 April 1823, Sunday (-44,578) Johann Falke, German historical writer, was born (died 2 March 1876).

18 April 1823, Friday (-44,580) (USA) George Cabot, US politician, died (born 16 December 1751)

17 April 1823, Thursday (-44,581) The rest of Europe was alarmed at the rise of counter-monarchist forces in Spain, and authorised France to invade to restore King Ferdinand VII. This day French forces under Louis Antpoine de Bourbon, Duke of Angoulmeme (1775-1844) crossed the Pyrenees into Spain, welcomed by the Basques and Catalans. He then sent some forces to besiege San Sebastian whilst directing his main attack on Madrid.

16 April 1823, Wednesday (-44,582) Ferdinand Eisenstein, mathematician, was born.

11 April 1823, Friday (-44,587) Alexander Nikolaivitch Ostrovsky, Russian author, was born in Moscow (died 24 June 1886)

7 April 1823, Monday (-44,591) Jacques Charles, mathematician, died (born 12 November 1746)

4 April 1823, Friday (-44,594) (Scitech) Sir William Siemens, British inventor, was born in Hanover (died 19 November 1883 in London)

1 April 1823, Tuesday (-44,597) (USA) Simon Buckner, US soldier and politician, was born.

====================================================================================

31 March 1823, Monday (-44,598) William Hart, US painter, was born.

30 March 1823, Sunday (-44,599) Easter Sunday

28 March 1823, Friday (-44,601) Auguste Himly, French historical writer, was born (died 6 October 1906).

25 March 1823, Tuesday (-44,604) Britain recognised the Greek insurgents as a belligerent party.This was despite fears that the Greek rebellion would spark another Turkish-Russian war.

24 March 1823, Monday (-44,605) Thomas Baynes, English writer, was born in Wellington, Somerset (died 31 May 1887).

23 March 1823, Sunday (-44,606) Schuyler Colfax, US politician, was born (died 13 January 1885).

22 March 1823, Saturday (-44,607) Christoph Luthardt, German religious writer, was born (died 21 September 1902)

20 March 1823, Thursday (-44,609) Simone Arturo Saint Bon, Italian Admiral, was born in Chambery (died 26 November 1892)

18 March 1823, Tuesday (-44,611) Antoine Chanzy, French General, was born (died 4 January 1883).

14 March 1823, Friday (-44,615) Theodore Banville, French poet, was born in Moulins (died in Paris 15 3/1891).

13 March 1823, Thursday (-44,616) John James Stewart Perowne, religious writer, was born in Bengal (died 6 November 1904)

10 March 1823, Monday (-44,619) George Keith, Briitsh Admiral, died (born 7 January 1746).

8 March 1823, Saturday (-44,621) (Hungary) Birth of Hungarian statesman Julius Andrassy, in Kassa, Hungary

6 March 1823, Thursday (-44,623) Gustaf Ljunggren, Swedish writer, was born.

1 March 1823, Saturday (-44,628) Pierre Garat, French singer, died (born 25 April 1764).

======================================================================================

27 February 1823, Thursday (-44,630) William Franklin, US Federal General in the Civil War, was born (died 8 March 1903).

26 February 1823, Wednesday (-44,631) John Philip Kemble, actor, died (born 1 February 1757)

21 February 1823, Friday (-44,636) Pierre Lafitte, French philosophical writer, was born (died 4 January 1903).

18 February 1823, Tuesday (-44,639) Permission for the colony in what is now Texas (see 17 January 1821) was withdrawn by Mexico, following the accession of Iturbide.

16 February 1823, Sunday (-44,641) Li Hung Chang, Chinese statesman, was born (died 7 November 1901).

11 February 1823, Tuesday (-44,646) (Cartography) Karl Gumbel, publisher of the first geological map of Bavaria in 1858, was born (died 18 June 1898).

7 February 1823, Friday (-44,650) Franz Genee, Polish composer, was born in Danzig (died 15 June 1895 in Baden)

5 February 1823, Wednesday (-44,652) Juan Llorente, Spanish historical writer, died (born 30 March 1756).

3 February 1823, Monday (-44,654) (Biology) Spencer Baird, US naturalist, was born in Reading, Pennsylvania (died in Massachusetts 19 August 1887).

=====================================================================================

27 January 1823, Monday (-44,661) Charles Hutton, Eglish mathematical writer, died (born 14 August 1737).

26 January 1823, Sunday (-44,662) Edward Jenner, pioneer of vaccination, died in Berkeley, Gloucestershire.

23 January 1823, Thursday (-44,665) The USA recognised the independent states of Argentina and Chile.

9 January 1823, Thursday (-44,679) William Corey, English scholarly writer, was born (died 11 June 1892)

8 January 1823, Wednesday (-44,680) Alfred Russell Wallace, English naturalist, was born in Usk, Monmouthshire.

3 January 1823, Friday (-44,685) Robert Whitehead, English engineer and inventor of the naval torpedo, was born in Bolton Le Moors, Lancashire.

1 January 1823, Wednesday (-44,687) Alexander Petofi, Hungarian poet, was born (died 31 July 1849)

====================================================================================

29 December 1822, Sunday (-44,690) John Campbell, Gaelic scholar (died 17 February 1885) was born.

27 December 1822, Friday (-44,692) Louis Pasteur was born in Dole, France.

26 December 1822, Thursday (-44,693) Dion Boucicault, Irish playwright, was born in Dublin (died in New York 18 September 1890).

24 December 1822, Tuesday (-44,695) Matthew Arnold, British poet, was born in Laleham, Staines (died 15 April 1888 in Liverpool).

22 December 1822, Sunday (-44,697) John Newberry, US geologist, was born (died 7 December 1892).

11 December 1822, Wednesday (-44,708) John Nicholson, admi nistrator im British India, was born (died 23 September 1857).

10 December 1822, Tuesday (-44,709) Cesar Franck, French composer, was born (died 8 November 1890).

6 December 1822, Friday (-44,713)

2 December 1822, Monday (-44,717) David Masson, Scottish writer, was born (died 6 October 1907).

1 December 1822, Sunday (-44,718) Dom Pedro was crowned Emperor of newly independent Brazil.

=====================================================================================

26 November 1822, Tuesday (-44,723) Karl Hardenberg, Prussian statesman, died (born 31 May 1750)

10 November 1822, Sunday (-44,739) William Henry Trescot, US diplomatist, was born in Charleston, South Carolina (died 4 May 1898 in South Carolina)

6 November 1822, Wednesday (-44,743) Claude Berthollet, French chemist, died in Arcueil (born in Talloire, Savoy 9 December 1748).

3 November 1822, Sunday (-44,746) Sir Charles Mark Palmer, English shipbuilder, was born in South Shields (died 4 June 1907 in London)

======================================================================================

29 October 1822, Tuesday (-44,751) The Caledonian Canal, Scotland, opened (construction began 1803)

25 October 1822, Friday (-44,755) James Sowerby, English natural-history artist, died (born in London 21 March 1757)

20 October 1822, Sunday (-44,760) The Sunday Times was first published.

19 October 1822, Saturday (-44,761) Louis Menard, French writer, was born (died 12 February 1901)

15 October 1822, Tuesday (-44,765) Kormel Abranyi, Hubgarian music critic, was born in Szentygyorgy-Abranu (died 20 December 1903 in Budapest).

13 October 1822, Sunday (-44,767) Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor, died (born 1 November 1757)

10 December 1822, Thursday (-44,770) Cesar Franck, French composer, was born (died 8 November 1890)

9 October 1822, Wednesday (-44,771) Onno Klopp, German historical writer, was born (died 9 August 1903).

6 October 1822, Sunday (-44,774) Albert Harkness, US scholarly writer, was born (died 27 May 1907).

4 October 1822, Friday (-44,776) Rutherford Hayes, USA Republican and 19th President, was born in Delaware, Ohio, son of a farmer.

1 October 1822, Tuesday (-44,779) Francois Got, French actor, was born (died 1901).

=====================================================================================

27 September 1822, Friday (-44,783) French linguist Jean Francois Champollion decipehered the Rosetts Stone, paving the way for translating Egyptian hieroglyphics.

24 September 1822, Tuesday (-44,786) Achille Etna Michallon, French landscape painter, died in Paris (born 22 October 1796 in Paris)

18 September 1822, Wednesday (-44,792) Johann Nauck, German scholarly writer, was born (died 3 August 1892).

15 September 1822, Sunday (-44,795) Henry Morley, British writer, was born (died 14 May 1894).

7 September 1822, Saturday (-44,803) Brazil proclaimed its independence from Portugal, with Pedro I as Emperor.

=====================================================================================

31 August 1822, Saturday (-44,810) Fitz John Porter, US soldier, was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire (died 21 May 1901 in Morristown, New Jersey)

25 August 1822, Sunday (-44,816) Astronomer Sir William Herschel died.He discovered Uranus in 1781.

23 August 1822, Friday (-44,818) Sir Peter de la Page Renouf, Egyptolist, was born in Guernsey (died 14 October 1897 in London)

17 August 1822, Saturday (-44,824) Louis Gueymard, French tenor singer, was born in Chapponay (died July 1880 in Paris)

15 August 1822, Thursday (-44,826) Sir Henry Maine, English historical writer, was born (died 3 February 1888).

12 August 1822, Monday (-44,829) (Ireland) Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquis of Londonderry, died

11 August 1822, Sunday (-44,830) (Britain) Sir Samuel Auchmuty, British General, died (born 1756).

8 August 1822, Thursday (-44,833) George Stoneman, US soldier, was born in New York State (died 5 September 1894 in Buffalo, New York)

4 August 1822, Sunday (-44,837)

1 August 1822, Thursday (-44,840) James Grant, British novelist, was born (died 5 May 1887).

======================================================================================

31 July 1822, Wednesday (-44,841) Abram Hewitt, US politician, was born (died 18 January 1903).

30 July 1822, Tuesday (-44,842)

26 July 1822, Friday (-44,846) San Martin and Simon Bolivar met at Guayaquil. San Martin turned over control of the anti-Spanish independence struggle to Bolivar and retired from further revolutionary action.

25 July 1822, Thursday (-44,847) Agostin de Turbide was crowned Emperor of Mexico. He wanted to use military force to bring other newly-independent Latin American states into his empire.

24 July 1822, Wednesday (-44,848) Ernst Hoffmann, German writer, died (born 24 January 1776)

23 July 1822, Tuesday (-44,849) Darius Couch, US soldier, was born (died 12 February 1897).

22 July 1822, Monday (-44,850) Gregor Mendel, Austrian monk and botanist who discovered the principles of modern genetics, was born at Heinzendorf near Odrau, in Austrian Silesia.

18 July 1822, Thursday (-44,854) Theodore Dwight, US jurist, was born (died 28 June 1892).

11 July 1822, Thursday (-44,861) Edward John Phelps, US lawyer and diplomat, was born in Vermont (died 9 March 1900 in New Haven, Connecticut)

8 July 1822, Monday (-44,864) Percy Bysshe Shelley died. He drowned in a storm whilst sailing off the coast of Italy.

4 July 1822, Thursday (-44,868) Jean Baptiste Guillaume, French sculptor, was born (died 1905).

=====================================================================================

30 June 1822, Sunday (-44,872) In Spain, rebels took King Ferdinand VII prisoner.

25 June 1822, Tuesday (-44,877) German composer ETA Hoffmann died in Hamburg.

19 June 1822, Wednesday (-44,883) The Greeks under Constantine Kanaris destroyed an Ottoman Turkish fleet. A large Ottoman army invaded Greece in July 1822. In January 1823 the Ottomans failed to capture the key fort of Missolonghi at the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth and were forced to withdraw.

14 June 1822, Friday (-44,888) Mathematician Charles Babbage first proposed a �Difference Engine� to perform calculations.

3 June 1822, Monday (-44,899) Rene Hauy, French mineralogist, died (born 28 February 1743).

2 June 1822, Sunday (-44,900) Anton Csengery, Hungarian historical writer, was born (died 13 July 1880).

=====================================================================================

31 May 1822, Friday (-44,902)

27 May 1822, Monday (-44,906) Louis Bouilhet, French poet, was born in Cany (died in Rouen 18 July 1869)

26 May 1822, Sunday (-44,907) Edmond de Goncourt, French art expert, was born in nancy (died 16 July 1896 in Champrosay)

24 May 1822, Friday (-44,909) (Ecuador) At the Battle of Pinchincha, near Quito, Jose de Sucre decisively defeated a Spanish army.

22 May 1822, Wednesday (-44,911) Charles Lefebvre-Desnoettes, French cavalry General, died,

17 May 1822, Friday (-44,916) Armand Richelieu, French statesman, died (born 25 September 1766 in Paris)

16 May 1822, Thursday (-44,917) Henry Dixon, English sports writer, was born (died 16 March 1870)

10 May 1822, Friday (-44,923) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, instructor of deaf-mutes, died in Paris (born 20 September 1742 in Haute-Garonne)

8 May 1822, Wednesday (-44,925) John Stark, US soldier, died in New Hampshire (born 28 August 1728 in New Hampshire)

5 May 1822, Sunday (-44,928) Thomas Truxton, US naval officer, died in Philadelphia (born 17 February 1755 in Long Island

=====================================================================================

30 April 1822, Tuesday (-44,933) At Rotherhithe, London, the world�s first iron steamship, the Aaron Manby, was launched. It became a cross-Channel cargo ship.

27 April 1822, Saturday (-44,936) Ulysses Grant, General in the Union Army, Democrat, and 18th President, was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, the son of a tanner.

25 April 1822, Thursday (-44,938) Sherard Osborn, Arctic explorer, was born (died 1875)

18 April 1822, Thursday (-44,945) August Heinrich Petermann, German cartographer, was born (died 25 September 1878 in Gotha)

12 April 1822, Friday (-44,951) Donald Mitchell, US author, was born.

7 April 1822, Sunday (-44,956) Easter Sunday

5 April 1822, Friday (-44,958) Emile Labvaleye, Belgian economics writer, was born (died 3 January 1892).

3 April 1822, Wednesday (-44,960) Henry Field, US author, was born (died 26 January 1907).

1 April 1822, Monday (-44,962) (France) Louis Bertillon, French anthropologist, was born in Paris (died in Neuilly 28 February 1883).

====================================================================================

30 March 1822, Saturday (-44,964) Andries Cornelis Lens, Flemish artist, died in Brussels (born 31 March 1739 in Antwerp)

29 March 1822, Friday (-44,965) Johann Wilhelm Haessler, German composer, died in Moscow (born 29 March 1747 in Erfurt)

27 March 1822, Wednesday (-44,967)

25 March 1822, Monday (-44,969) Albrecht Ritschl, German theologian, was born in Berlin (died 20 March 1889 in Gottingen)

24 March 1822, Sunday (-44,970) Henry Murger, French writer, was born (died 28 January 1861)

17 March 1822, Sunday (-44,977)

14 March 1822, Thursday (-44,980) Jozsef Szabo von Szentmiklos, Hungarian geologist, was born in Kalocsa (died 12 April 1894 in Budapest)

13 March 1822, Wednesday (-44,981) Moritz Strachwitz, German poet, was born in Silesia (died 11 December 1847 in Vienna)

12 March 1822, Tuesday (-44,982)

10 March 1822, Sunday (-44,984) (Electrical) Josiah Clark, British electrical engineer, was born (died 30 October 1898).

9 March 1822, Saturday (-44,985) (Geology) Edward Clarke, English mineralogist, died (born 5 June 1769)

8 March 1822, Friday (-44,986) Morgan Lewis, US General, was born in Oswego, New York (died 8 November 1876 in Bloomington, Illinois)

7 March 1822, Thursday (-44,987) Victor Masse, French composer, was born in Lorient, Morbihan (died 5 July 1884 in Paris)

3 March 1822, Sunday (-44,991) Abraham Benard, French actor, died (born 26 October 1750).

====================================================================================

25 February 1822, Monday (-44,997) William Pinckney, US statesman, diedin Washington DC (born 17 March 1764 in Annapolis, Maryland)

24 February 1822, Sunday (-44,998) (Price) Thomas Coutts, founder of Coutts Bank, died (born 7 September 1735).

23 February 1822, Saturday (-44,999)

22 February 1822, Friday (-45,000) Rosa Bonheur, French painter, was born in Bordeaux (died 1899).

21 February 1822, Thursday (-45,001) Oliver Gibbs, US chemist, was born (died 9 December 1908)

20 February 1822, Wednesday (-45,002) John Stewart, British traveller, died (born 1763)

16 February 1822, Saturday (-45,006) Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, founder of a new science called eugenics, was born in Birmingham, England. Among his ideas was the systematic creation of a superior race of human beings, an idea later adopted by Hitler.

14 February 1822, Thursday (-45,008) The increasing popularity of Valentines Cards forced the Post Office to employ extra sorters. See 14 February 1477.

10 February 1822, Sunday (-45,012) Eliza Linton, English novelist, was born (died 14 July 1898).

9 February 1822, Saturday (-45,013) James Parton, US biographer, was born in Canterbury, England (died 17 october 1891 in Newburyport, Massachusetts)

8 February 1822, Friday (-45,014) Maxime du Camp, French writer, was born (died 9 February 1894).

====================================================================================

30 January 1822, Wednesday (-45,023) (Cartography) Franz Hauer, geologist, who made the first geological map of Austro-Hungary in 1871, was born (died 20 March 1889).

28 January 1822, Monday (-45,025) Alexander MacKenzie, Canadian statesman, was born (died 17 April 1892).

16 January 1822, Wednesday (-45,037) (France) Henri Aumale, French statesman, was born in Paris (died in Zucco, Sicily 7 May 1897).

13 January 1822, Sunday (-45,040) (Greece) Greek rebels proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Turks at Epirus.

12 January 1822, Saturday (-45,041) (Roads) Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir was born in Mussay la Ville, Belgium. In 1859 he developed the first working internal combustion engine, using coal gas as fuel; however his design was very inefficient.

8 January 1822, Tuesday (-45,045) Carlo Alfredo Piatti, Italian musician, was born in Bergamo (died 19 July 1901 in Bergamo)

6 January 1822, Sunday (-45,047) Heinrich Schliemann, German archeological writer, was born in Mecklenburg-Schwerin (died 25 December 1890 in Naples)

2 January 1822, Wednesday (-45,051) (Innovation) Rudolf Clausius, German physicist, was born (died 24 August 1888).

====================================================================================

30 December 1821, Sunday (-45,054) Joseph Farington, English landscape painter, died in Didsbury, Manchester (born in Leigh,. Lancashire, 21 November 1747)

22 December 1821, Saturday (-45,062) Giovanni Bottesini, Italian composer, was born in Crema (died 7 July 1889 in Parma)

21 December 1821, Friday (-45,063) Samuel Haughton, Irish scientific writer, was born (died 31 October 1897)

20 December 1821, Thursday (-45,064) James Hammond Trumbull, US scholarly writer, was born in Connecticut (died 5 August 1897 in Connecticut)

19 December 1821, Wednesday (-45,065) Mary Livermore, US social campaigner and writer, was born (died 23 May 1905)

16 December 1821, Sunday (-45,068)

13 December 1821, Thursday (-45,071) Sir Joseph Noel Paton, painter, was born in Dunfermline (died 26 November 1901 in Edinburgh)

12 December 1821, Wednesday (-45,072) Gustave Flaubert, French novelist, was born (died 8 May 1880).

11 December 1821, Tuesday (-45,073) George Bradley, English scholarly writer, was born in Brecon (died 13/31903).

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30 November 1821, Friday (-45,084) The Dominican Republic (eastern half of Hispaniola, west = Haiti) became independent from Spain.

28 November 1821, Wednesday (-45,086) (France) Henri Baudrillart, French economist, was born in Paris (died in Paris 24 January 1892)

27 November 1821, Tuesday (-45,087) Hercules Brabazon, English watercolour painter, was born in Paris (died 14 May 1906 near Battle, Sussex)

25 November 1821, Sunday (-45,089)

24 November 1821, Saturday (-45,090) (Britain) Henry Buckle, English historian, was born (died 29 May 1862)

23 November 1821, Friday (-45,091) Charles Meryon, French etcher, was born in Paris (died 14 February 1868 in Charenton, near Paris)

21 November 1821, Wednesday (-45,093)

19 November 1821, Monday (-45,095) Edward Thring, English schoolmaster and educationalist, was born in Alford, Somerset (died 1887)

18 November 1821, Sunday (-45,096) (Astronomy) Franz Brunnow, German astronomer, was born (died 20 August 1891)

15 November 1821, Thursday (-45,099)

12 November 1821, Monday (-45,102) Sir Harry Lumsden, British soldier, was born (died 12 August 1896)

2 November 1821, Friday (-45,112) (Britain) Sir George Bowen, British colonial governor, was born (died in Brighton 21 February 1899).

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30 October 1821, Tuesday (-45,115) Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russian novelist, was born.

24 October 1821, Wednesday (-45,121) Elias Boudinot, US revolutionary leader, died in Burlington, New Jersey (born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2 May 1740).

21 October 1821, Sunday (-45,124) Ann Gilbert, US actress, was born (died 2 December 1904)

16 October 1821, Tuesday (-45,129) Albert Franz Doppler, flautist, was born near Lvov (died 27 July 1883 near Vienna)

15 October 1821, Monday (-45,130) Moritz Hartmann, German poet, was born (died 13 May 1872).

13 October 1821, Saturday (-45,132) Henry Coppee, US author, was born (died 22 March 1895).

11 October 1821, Thursday (-45,134) Sir George Williams, founder of the YMCA in 1844, was born in Dulverton, Somerset.

9 October 1821, Tuesday (-45,136) Guiseppe Saracco, Italian politician, was born in Bistagno (died 19 January 1907)

7 October 1821, Sunday (-45,138) (USA) Henry Richard Anderson, US soldier, was born in South Carolina (died 26 June 1879 in Beaufort, South Carolina).

5 October 1821, Friday (-45,140) Rudolf Haym, German writer, was born (died 27 August 1901).

4 October 1821, Thursday (-45,141) The Scottish civil engineer John Rennie, bridge designer, died in London.

2 October 1821, Tuesday (-45,143) Nino Bixio, Italian soldier, was born (died 16 December 1873).

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27 September 1821, Thursday (-45,148) Mexico achieved independence under General Iturbe, who proclaimed himself Emperor as Augustin I.

22 September 1821, Saturday (-45,153) Louise Rosalie Dugazon, French mezzo singer died in Paris (born 18 June 1755 in Berlin)

17 September 1821, Monday (-45,158) Jules Husson (Champfleury), French writer, was born in Laon (died 6 December 1889 in Sevres

15 September 1821, Saturday (-45,160) (1) El Salvador proclaimed its independence and became a member of the United Provinces of Central America.

(2) (Costa Rica) Costa Rica became independent from Spain, and initially joined the Mexican Empire under Iturbide. However upon the establishment of the Mexican Republic in 1823, there was conflict in Costa Rica between the Conservatives who wishes to maintain the union with Mexico and the Liberals who desired independence for Costa Rica. After a battle near the Ochomogo Pass, the Liberal republicans were victorious. The Costa Rican capital was transferred from Cartago to San Jose, the Liberal headquarters.

10 September 1821, Monday (-45,165) Johann Fiorillo, German painter, died (born 13 October 1748)

4 September 1821, Tuesday (-45,171) (1) Czar Alexander declared that Russian influence in Alaska extended as far south as Oregon and closed Alaskan waters to foreigners.

(2) Jose Miguel Carrera, leader in the Chilean fight for independence from Spain, died (born 15 October 1785).

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31 August 1821, Friday (-45,175) (Biology) Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz was born in Potsdam, Prussia. He researched the relationship between nerve cells and nerve fibres.

30 August 1821, Thursday (-45,176) (Venezuela) Simon Bolivar was named President of Venezuela.

29 August 1821, Wednesday (-45,177) (Biology) Anthropologist Louis Laurent Mortillet was born in Meylan, Isere, France. He subdivided the Palaeolithic (older Stone Age) into separate periods, based on the tools in use at the time.

28 August 1821, Tuesday (-45,178) Thomas Seddon, English landscape painter, was born in London (died 23 November 1856 in Cairo)

24 August 1821, Friday (-45,182) Amedee Mouchez, French astronomer, was born (died 25 June 1892).

22 August 1821, Wednesday (-45,184) (Peru) Mariano Felipe Paz soldan, Peruvian geographer and historian, was born in Arequipa (died 31 December 1886)

18 August 1821, Saturday (-45,188) Adam von Bartsch, Austrian art historian, died in Vienna (born n17 August 1757 in Vienna)

16 August 1821, Thursday (-45,190) Arthur Cayley, English mathematician, was born (died 26 January 1895).

13 August 1821, Monday (-45,193) Henry Dexter US religious writer, was born (died 13 November 1890).

11 August 1821, Saturday (-45,195) Octave Feuillet, French novelist, was born (died 29 December 1890).

10 August 1821, Friday (-45,196) (USA) Missouri became the 24th State of the Union.

8 August 1821, Wednesday (-45,198)

7 August 1821, Tuesday (-45,199) Caroline, Queen of King George IV of Britain, died (born 17 May 1768).

6 August 1821, Monday (-45,200) Edward Hayes Plumptre, English religious writer, was born in London (died 1 February 1891 in Wells

1 August 1821, Wednesday (-45,205) Elizabeth Inchbald, English novelist, died (born 15/10.1753).

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28 July 1821, Saturday (-45,209) (Peru) San Martin and his forces liberated Peru, and proclaimed its independence from Spain.

21 July 1821, Saturday (-45,216) (Arts) Vasile Alecsandri, Rumanian poet, was born in Bacau, Moldova (died 26 August 1890 in Mircesti).

19 July 1821, Thursday (-45,218) Coronation of King George IV in Westminster Abbey

16 July 1821, Monday (-45,221) Mary Baker Eddy, American religious leader who founded the Christian Scientists, was born in Bow, New Hampshire.

13 July 1821, Friday (-45,224) Nathan Forrest, US Confederate General, was born (died 29 October 1877).

12 July 1821, Thursday (-45,225) Daniel Hill, US Confederate soldier, was born (died 24 September 1889).

4 July 1821, Wednesday (-45,233) Richard Cosway, English miniature painter, died

2 July 1821, Monday (-45,235) Sir Charles Tupper, Britrish colonial administrator of Canada, was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia.

1 July 1821, Sunday (-45,236) Anatole Barthelemy, French writer, was born in Reims (died 1904).

====================================================================================

30 June 1821, Saturday (-45,237) William Dixon, English author, was born (died 26 December 1879).

24 June 1821, Sunday (-45,243) Simon Bolivar defeated a Spanish army at Carabobo, Venezuela.

19 June 1821, Tuesday (-45,248) At the Battle of Dragashani, a Greek uprising against Turkish rule was defeated.

17 June 1821, Sunday (-45,250) Tom Morris, golfer, was born (died 24 May 1908).

13 June 1821, Wednesday (-45,254) Jacques Duc de Broglie, poet, was born (died 19 January 1901).

8 June 1821, Friday (-45,259) (Africa) Sir Samuel Baker, explorer of Africa, was born in London (died in Sandford Orleigh 30 December 1893).

6 June 1821, Wednesday (-45,261) Leone Levi, economics writer, was born (died 7 May 1888).

2 June 1821, Saturday (-45,265) (Romania) Ion Bratianu, Romanian statesman, was born (died16 May 1891).

=====================================================================================

29 May 1821, Tuesday (-45,269) Frederick Locker-Lampson, Enbglish writer, was born (died 30 May 1895)

27 May 1821, Sunday (-45,271) Charles Alfred Stothard, draughtsman, died (born 5 July 1786 in London)

26 May 1821, Saturday (-45,272) Pafnutiy Chebichev, Russian mathematician, was born (died 8 December 1894).

25 May 1821, Friday (-45,273) (Belgium) Henri Alexis Brialmont, Belgian military engineer, was born.

24 May 1821, Thursday, (-45,274) Juan Bauptista Topete, Spanish politician, was born in Mexico (died 29 October 1885 in Madrid)

22 May 1821, Tuesday (-45,276) Karl Elze, German literary writer, was born (died 21 January 1889).

19 May 1821, Saturday (-45,279) Camille Jordan, French political writer, died.

17 May 1821, Thursday (-45,281) Charlotte Helen Sainton-Dolby, English contralto singer, was born in London (died 18 February 1885)

15 May 1821, Tuesday (-45,283) John Callcott, English musician (born 20 November 1766) died.

8 May 1821, Tuesday (-45,290) William Henry Vanderbilt, son of Cornelius Vanderbilt and philanthropist, was born in New Jersey (died 8 December 1885 in New York)

5 May 1821, Saturday (-45,293) Napoleon Bonaparte died, in exile on St Helena, in the Atlantic (born 15 August 1769).The cause may have been arsenic poisoning, or it may have been stomach cancer, which also killed Napoleon�s father.

2 May 1821, Wednesday (-45,296) Hester Lynch Piozzo, English writer, died in Clifton, Bristol (born 16 January 1741)

===================================================================================

23 April 1821, Monday (-45,305) Pierre Dupont, French song writer, was born (died 24 July 1870).

22 April 1821, Sunday (-45,306) Easter Sunday; John Crome, English landscape painter, died (born 21 December 1780).

20 April 1821, Friday (-45,308) (Chemistry) Franz Achard, Prussian chemist (born 28 April 1753 in Berlin) died in Silesia.

16 April 1821, Monday (-45,312) Ford Brown, English painter, was born (died 6 October 1893).

12 April 1821, Thursday (-45,316) (Britain) Frederick Alcester, British Admiral, was born (died 30 March 1895).

9 April 1821, Monday (-45,319) Charles Baudelaire, French poet, was born in Paris (died in Paris 31 August 1867).

8 April 1821, Sunday (-45,320) The revolt in Piedmont was suppressed, its leaders defeated at the Battle of Novara.

2 April 1821, Monday (-45,326) (Greece) The Greeks under Turkish rule began a revolt under Archbishop Germanos of Patras.The Greek population rose en masse, captured the capital of the Morea Peninsula, Tripolitza, and the revolt then spread north, and to the Greek Islands. These islands were the main recruiting ground of the Ottoman Navy, so Turkish sea power was weakened.

====================================================================================

31 March 1821, Saturday (-45,328) McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, founded

30 March 1821, Friday (-45,329) James Hadley, US scholarly writer, was born (died 14 November 1872)

28 March 1821, Wednesday (-45,331) William Clark Russell, British war journalist, was born near Dublin (died 11 February 1907)

21 March 1821, Wednesday (-45,338) Ernst Engel, German political economist, was born (died 8 December 1896).

20 March 1821, Tuesday (-45,339) Gustav Putlitz, German author was born near Perleberg (died 5 September 1890)

19 March 1821, Monday (-45,340) Sir Richard Burton, writer on the Orient, was born (died 20 October 1890).

18 March 1821,

17 March 1821, Saturday (-45,342) Louis Fontanes, French poet, died (born 6 March 1757),

16 March 1821, Friday (-45,343) Ernest-Aime Feydeau, French writer, was born (died 27 October 1873).

15 March 1821, Thursday (-45,344) (Chemistry) Austrian chemist Johann Joseph Loschmidt was born in Putschirn, Bohemia. He was the first to use the convention of single lines for single chemical bonds, double lines for double bonds.

14 March 1821, Wednesday (-45,345)

12 March 1821, Monday (-45,347) Hermann Hettner, German historical writer, was born (died 29 May 1882).

11 March 1821, Sunday (-45,348) (Britain) Churchill Babington, English archaeologist, was born in Roecliffe, Leicestershire (died 12 January 1889 in Suffolk).

10 March 1821, Saturday (-45,349) Revolt in Piedmont against the rule of King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia (Piedmont was then a part of the Kingdom of Sardinia).See 8 April 1821.

7 March 1821, Wednesday (-45,352) Battle of Rieti. The Austrians defeated the Neapolitans under Pepe. They then entered Naples and reinstated Ferdinand IV to the throne.

4 March 1821, Sunday (-45,355) James Monroe began his second term as US President.

2 March 1821, Friday (-45,357) George Banks, British writer, was born in Birmingham (died in London 3 May 1881).

1 March 1821, Thursday (-45,358) Joseph Reinkens, Old Catholic German Bishop, was born near aix la Chapelle (died 4 January 1896 in Bonn)

====================================================================================

28 February 1821, Wednesday (-45,359) Elizabeth Felix, French actress, was born in Aargau, Swittzerland (died 4 January 1858 near Nice)

27 February 1821, Tuesday (-45,360) Joseph Kay, economics writer, was born (died 9 October 1878).

26 February 1821, Monday (-45,361) Joseph de Maistre, French polemical writer, died (born 1 April 1754).

25 February 1821, Sunday (-45,362)

24 February 1821, Saturday (-45,363) Augustin de Iturbide, an officer in the Mexican Army, published his plan for an independent Mexico.

23 February 1821, Friday (-45,364) John Keats, English poet, died of tuberculosis in Rome, aged only 25.

22 February 1821, Thursday (-45,365) Jan van Beers, Belgian poet, was born in Antwerp (died 14 November 1888 in Antwerp)

21 February 1821, Wednesday (-45,366) Georg Martens, German legal writer, died (born 22 February 1756).

16 February 1821, Friday (-45,371) (Africa) Heinrich Barth, German explorer of Africa, was born in Hamburg (died in Berlin 25 November 1865).

13 February 1821, Tuesday (-45,374) Julius Busch, German publicist, was born (died 16 November 1899).

11 February 1821, Sunday (-45,376) Auguste Marriette, French Egyptologist writer, was born (died 19 January 1881)

10 February 1821, Saturday (-45,377) August Schliecher, German scholarly writer, was born in Meiningen (died 6 decemebr 1868 in Jena)

8 February 1821, Thursday (-45,379) James Longstreet, US Confederate soldier, was born (died 2 January 1904).

3 February 1821, Saturday (-45,384) Elizabeth Blackwell, first English woman doctor, was born.

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21 January 1821, Sunday (-45,397) (USA) John Breckinbridge, US soldier and political leader, was born (died 17 May 1875).

19 January 1821, Friday (-45,399) Ferdinand Gregorovius, German historical writer, was born (died 1 May 1891).

18 January 1821, Thursday (-45,400) The Theatre Royal, Dublin, opened

17 January 1821, Wednesday (-45,401) Mexico granted permission for emigrants from the US east coast to found a colony in what is now Texas. See 18 February 1823.

16 January 1821, Tuesday (-45,402) James Harrison Rigg, English Nonconformist divine, was born inNewcastle on Tyne (died 17 April 1909 in Brixton)

6 January 1821, Saturday (-45,412) Jakob Frohschammer, German scholarly writer, was born (died 14 June 1893).

2 January 1821, Tuesday (-45,416) James Croll, Scottish scientific writer, was born (died 15 December 1890).

===================================================================================

29 December 1820, Friday (-45,420) Antoine Montyon, French philanthropist, died (born 23 December 1733).

25 December 1820, Monday (-45,424) Joseph Fouche, French statesman, died (born 21 May 1763).

20 December 1820, Wednesday (-45,429) The Academie de Medicine was established in Paris

17 December 1820, Sunday (-45,432) John Bull, the magazine �for God, The King, and The People� went on sale with 750 copies printed. After 6 weeks, circulation rose to 10,000.

16 December 1820, Saturday (-45,433) Sir George Scharf, director of the British National Portrait Gallery, was born (died 19 April 1895).

15 December 1820, Friday (-45,434) John Caird, Scottish religious writer, was born (died 30 July 1898)

12 December 1820, Tuesday (-45,437)

7 December 1820, Thursday (-45,442) Carl Eckert, German composer, was born in Potsdam (died 14 October 1879 in Berlin)

6 December 1820, Wednesday (-45,443) Monroe was re-elected President of the USA with an overwhelming majority.

5 December 1820, Tuesday (-45,444)

4 December 1820, Monday (-45,445) Charles Deems, US religious writer, was born (died 18 November 1893).

3 December 1820, Sunday (-45,446) John Coleridge, Lord Chief Justice of England, was born (died 14 June 1894).

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27 November 1820, Monday (-45,452) Friedrich Engels, German socialist and associate of Karl Marx, was born in Barmen.

23 November 1820, Thursday (-45,456) Isaac Todhunter, English mathematician, was born in Rye (died 1 March 1884 in Cambridge)

21 November 1820, Tuesday (-45,458) James Malmesbury, English statesman, died (born 21 April 1746).

18 November 1820, Saturday (-45,461) Russian explorer, Thaddeus von Bellingshausen, became the first European to sight Antarctica. Captain of a US sealing ship, the Hero, he had sailed south in search of more hunting grounds.

16 November 1820, Thursday (-45,463) Jean lambert Tallien, French Revolunionist, died in Paris (born 1767)

14 November 1820, Tuesday (-45,465) (USA) Anson Burlingame, US statesman, was born (died 23 February 1870).

12 November 1820, Sunday (-45,467) William Hayley, English writer, died (born 9 November 1745).

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30 October 1820, Monday (-45,480) Sir John Dawson, Canadian geologist, was born (died 2 March 1901).

28 October 1820, Saturday (-45,482) Antoine Dareste, French historical writer, was born (died 6 August 1882)

24 October 1820, Tuesday (-45,486) Eugene Fromentin, French painter, was born in La Rochelle (died 27 August 1876 near La Rochelle)

23 October 1820, Monday (-45,487) John Birkinshaw of the Bedlington iron works was granted a patent for his rolled rails.

17 October 1820, Tuesday (-45,593)

6 October 1820, Friday (-45,504) Jenny Lind, Swedish singer, was born (died 2 November 1887)

5 October 1820, Thursday (-45,505) Sir James Stansfeld, English politician, was born in Halifax (died 17 February 1898)

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29 September 1820, Friday (-45,511) Henri Chambord, contender for the French throne, was born (died 24 August 1883)

27 September 1820, Wednesday (-45,413) Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel, german scholarly writer, was born Wurttemberg (died 8 March 1878 in Tubingen)

26 September 1820, Tuesday (-45,514) Death of US frontiersman Daniel Boone. He explored the Kentucky area.

25 September 1820, Monday (-45,515)

24 September 1820, Sunday (-45,516) Pedro Aranaz , Spanish composer, died in Cuenca (born 1740 in Tudela)

23 September 1820, Saturday (-45,517) Carl Fleickeisen, German writer, was born (died 7 August 1899)

20 September 1820, Wednesday (-45,520) John Fulton Reynolds, US soldier, was born (died at the Battle of Fredericksburg, 1 July 1863)

17 September 1820, Sunday (-45,523) Guillaume Augier, French dramatist, was born in Valence, Drome (died 25 October 1889 in Croissy).

15 September 1820, Friday (-45,525) The Portuguese revolution reached the capital, Lisbon. The British were evicted.

14 September 1820, Thursday (-45,526) Pierre Lefebvre, Marshal of France, died (born 20 October 1755).

13 September 1820, Wednesday (-45,527) Christoph Giebel, German zoological writer, was born (died 14 November 1881).

10 September 1820, Sunday (-45,530) Sir Home Riggs, British Admiral, died in Cheltenham (born 1762)

===================================================================================

30 August 1820, Wednesday (-45,541) George Frederick Root, US composer, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts (died 6 August 1895 in Bailey�s Island, Maine).

26 August 1820, Saturday (-45,545) James Harlan, US politician, was born (died 5 October 1899).

24 August 1820, Thursday (-45,547) A revolt broke out in Portugal as discontent grew over excessive British influence in the country, and the absence of the King, who was still in Brazil.

13 August 1820, Sunday (-45,558) Sir George Grove, English writer on music, was born (died 28 May 1900).

7 August 1820, Monday (-45,564) The Kington to New Radnor railway opened (tramway).

6 August 1820, Sunday (-46,565) Lord Strathcona, Canadian businessman, was born.

2 August 1820, Wednesday (-46,569) John Tyndall, British scientific c writer, was born in Carlow, Ireland (died 4 Decemebr 1893 in Hindhead)

===================================================================================

30 July 1820, Sunday (-46,572) Henry Vizetelly, English writer, was born in London (died 1 January 1894)

29 July 1820, Saturday (-46,573) Clement Laird Vallandigham, US politician, was born in Ohio (died 17 June 1871 in Ohio)

25 July 1820, Tuesday (-46,577) (Technology) Sir Henry Doulton, English inventor, was born (died 18 November 1897).

22 July 1820, Saturday (-46,580) Sir Oliver Mowat, Canadian statesman, was born (died 19 April 1803).

7 July 1820, Friday (-46,595) King Ferdinand I of Naples promised a national Constitution after a rebellion organised by secret societies, including the Carbonari. The Inquisition was also abolished in Naples.

5 July 1820, Wednesday (-46,597) William Rankine, Scottish scientific writer, was born in Edinburgh (died 24 December 1872 in Glasgow)

====================================================================================

22 June 1820, Thursday (-45,610) James Hutchison Stirling, Scottish philosopher, was born in Glasgow (died March 1909)

21 June 1820, Wednesday (-45,611) James Halliwell-Phillips, English writer on Shakespeare, was born (died 3 January 1889).

19 June 1820, Monday (-45,613) Sir Joseph Banks, English botanist who accompanied Cook on his voyage round the world in The Endeavour, died aged 77.

16 June 1820, Friday (-45,616) Athanase Coquerel, French religious writer, was born (died 24 July 1875).

14 June 1820, Wednesday (-45,618) John Bartlett, US writer, was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts (died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 3 December 1905.

12 June 1820, Monday (-45,620) Jose Conde, Spanish writer on the Orient, died (born 28 October 1766).

6 June 1820, Tuesday (-45,626) Henry Grattan, Irish statesman, died (born 3 July 1746).

===================================================================================

31 May 1820, Wednesday (-45,632) (Christian) The Inquisition was finally suppressed in Mexico.

24 May 1820, Wednesday (-45,639) William Bruce Robertson, Scottish divine, was born in Stirlingshire (died 27 June 1886 at Bridge of Allan)

23 May 1820, Tuesday (-45,640) (USA) James Eads, US engineer, was born (died 8 March 1887).

21 May 1820, Sunday (-45,642) Nicholas Giers, Russian statesman, was born (died 26 January 1895).

15 May 1820, Monday (-45,648) Congress in the USA designated the slave trade as a form of piracy.

12 May 1820, Friday (-45,651) Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy; she was named after the city. She had a privileged education but shocked her family by turning down several marriage proposals to pursue a career in nursing. In 1854 she nursed soldiers in the Crimean War and resolved to improve the appalling medical conditions there.

10 May 1820, Wednesday (-45,653) Hermann Ebel, German scholarly writer, was born (died 19 August 1875).

8 May 1820, Monday (-45,655) The United States Botanic Garden was established in Washington, DC.

4 May 1820, Thursday (-45,659) The English publisher, Joseph Whitaker, was born in London, the son of a silversmith.

1 May 1820, Monday (-45,662) The militant radicals involved in the Cato Street conspiracy (just off the Edgware Road) to kill the Prime Minister were executed. Their leader, Arthur Thistlewood, was suspected of being a police informer.

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27 April 1820, Thursday (-45,666) Herbert Spencer, English philosopher, was born in Derby (died 8 December 1903)

26 April 1820, Wednesday (-45,667) Alice Cary, US poet, was born (died 12 February 1871)

25 April 1820, Tuesday (-45,668) Constantin Volney, French scholarly writer, died in Paris (born 3 February 1757 in Craon)

21 April 1820, Friday (-45,672)

16 April 1820, Sunday (-45,677) Georg Curtius, German writer, was born (died 12 August 1885).

15 April 1820, Saturday (-45,678) (Medical) John Bell, Scottish surgeon, died in Rome (born in Edinburgh 12 May 1763).

14 April 1820, Friday (-45,679) Pierre Chesnelong, French politician, was born (died1894)

12 April 1820, Wednesday (-45,081) JosefManes, Czech painter, was born in Pargue (died 9 December 1871 in Prague)

8 April 1820, Saturday (-45,685) The famous Venus de Milo sculpture was discovered by a peasant on the Aegean island of Melos. Thought to have been crafted by Alexandros of Antioch, the object was given to King Louis XVIII, who donated it to the Louvre.

7 April 1820, Friday (-45,686) Georg Klapka, Hungarian soldier, was born (died 17 May 1892).

6 April 1820, Thursday (-45,687) Felix Nadar, photographer, was born.

5 April 1820, Wednesday (-45,688) Sam Cowell, British music hall performer, was born in London (died in Blandford, 11 March 1864)

4 April 1820, Tuesday (-45,689) Charles Devens, US lawyer, was born (died 7 January 1891).

2 April 1820, Sunday (-45,691) Easter Sunday; Thomas Brown, Scottish writer, died (born 1778).

====================================================================================

31 March 1820, Friday (-45,693) First Christian missionaries arrived in Hawaii, from New England, USA.

30 March 1820, Thursday (-45,694) Anna Sewell, author of Black Beauty, was born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk.

29 March 1820, Wednesday (-45,695)

28 March 1820, Tuesday (-45,696) Louis XVIII of France and King William of the Netherlands agreed that the frontier of their countries should be as it was in 1790.

27 March 1820, Monday (-45,697) Sir Edward Inglefield, British Admiral, was born (died 5 September 1894).

22 March 1820, Wednesday (-45,702) Stephen Decatur, US naval commander, died (born 5 January 1779).

20 March 1820, Monday (-45,704) Alexander Cuza, First Prince of Romania, was born.

17 March 1820, Friday (-45,707) Jean Ingelow, English poet, was born (died 20 July 1897).

15 March 1820, Wednesday (-45,709) US Congress reached a compromise on the slavery issue by admitting Maine (23rd state of the Union) to the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. This measure was to keep the number of slave and non-slave states equal.

14 March 1820, Tuesday (-45,710) Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia and first King of a united Italy, was born.

11 March 1820, Saturday (-45,713) Benjamin West, painter, died aged 81 in London.

9 March 1820, Thursday (-45,715) The USA passed the Land Act, paving the way for westward expansion by rich land speculators.

7 March 1820, Tuesday (-45,717) King Ferdinand VII of Spain was forced to restore the Loiberal constitution of1812 after a rebellion led by Colonel Farael Riego.

2 March 1820, Thursday (-45,722) Edward Dekker, Dutch writer, was born (died 19 February 1887).

1 March 1820, Wednesday (-45,723) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, literary critic, died.

===================================================================================

28 February 1820, Monday (-45,725) Sir John Tenniel, illustrator and cartoonist, was born.

23 February 1820, Wednesday (-45,730) The Cato Street conspiracy was discovered. This was a plot to blow up the entire Cabinet with explosives and set up a provisional government. The conspiracy was led by Arthur Thistlewood. This led to renewed fears of radicalism and set back the cause of moderate reformists.

20 February 1820, Sunday (-45,733) Johann Eschenburg, German historical writer, died (born 7 December 1743).

17 February 1820, Thursday (-45,736) Alfred Bate Richards, English journalist, was born in Worcestershire (died 12 June 1876)

15 February 1820, Tuesday (-45,738) Susan Anthony, American social reformer and champion of women�s suffrage, was born in Adams, Massachusetts.

13 February 1820, Sunday (-45,740) Leonard MacNally, Irish informer for the British Crown on Robert Emmet, died.

8 February 1820, Tuesday (-45,745) General William Sherman, American Union Army commander during the Civil War, was born in Lancaster, Ohio.

6 February 1820, Sunday (-45,747) The ship Mayflower of Liberia left New York for Liberia with 86 free Black people aboard.

5 February 1820, Saturday (-45,748) William Blaikie, theological writer, was born in Aberdeen (died 11 June 1899).

2 February 1820, Wednesday (-45,751)

====================================================================================

29 January 1820, Saturday (-45,755) King George III, longest lived and longest reigning (over 59 years) King of England, died at Windsor aged 81 (26 October 1760, coronation of George III). Accession of King George IV; his long-separated wife Caroline returned form the Continent to claim her position as Queen. Caroline was warmly welcomed by the British public, who perceived her as having been badly treated by her husband. George IV nevertheless persuaded his Cabinet ministers to immediately begin divorce proceedings.

28 January 1820, Friday (-45,756) Montague Bernard, English lawyer, was born on Gloucestershire (died 1882).

26 January 1820, Wednesday (-45,758)

24 January 1820, Monday (-45,760) Henry Jarvis Raymond, US journalist, was born in New York State (died 18 June 1869 in New York City)

23 January 1820, Sunday (-45,761) Edward Augustus, 4th son of King George IV and Field Marshal in the British Army, died (born 2 November 1767).

20 January 1820, Thursday (-45,764) (Education-University) Anne Clough, promoter of women�s adult education, was born (died 27 February 1892).

17 January 1820, Monday (-45,767) Novelist Anne Bronte (known as Acton Bell) was born, the youngest of three sisters, at Thornton, Yorkshire.

10 January 1820, Monday (-45,774) Sir Neville Chamberlain, British Field-Marshal, was born (died 18 February 1902).

9 January 1820, Sunday (-45,775) Matthew Dawson, jockey, was born (died 18 August 1898).

7 January 1820, Friday (-45,777) Austin Phelps, US religious writer, was born in Massachiusetts (died 13 October 1890 in Maine)

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30 December 1819, Thursday (-45,785) Theodor Fontane, German novelist, was born (died 20 September 1898).

28 December 1819, Tuesday (-45,787) Joaquin Jovellar y Soler, Captain-General of Spain, was born (died 17 April 1892).

27 December 1819, Monday (-45,788) (Ireland) Hugh Cairns, Irish statesman, was born (died 2 April 1885)

26 December 1819, Sunday (-45,789) Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte Southworth, US noverlist, was born in Washington DC (died 30 June 1899)

25 December 1819, Saturday (-45,790)

23 December 1819, Thursday (-45,792) William Kingsford, English historical writer, was born (died 28 September 1898).

22 December 1819, Wednesday (-45,793) (Arts) Franz Abt, German composer, (died 31 March 1885 in Weisbaden) was born in Eilenburg, Saxony.

20 December 1819, Monday (-45,795) Sir Dinkar Rao, Indian statesman, was born (died 9 January 1896)

18 December 1819, Saturday (-45,797) Isaac Hecker, US religious writer, was born (died 22 December 1888)

17 December 1819, Friday (-45,798) Simon Bolivar, who had already secured the independence of Venezuela, became the President of the newly independent Bolivia.

15 December 1819, Wednesday (-45,800)

14 December 1819, Tuesday (-45,801) Alabama became the 22nd state of the USA.

13 December 1819, Monday (-45,802) (Farming) Vincenzo Dandolo, Italian agriculturalist, died (born 1758)

5 December 1819, Sunday (-45,810) Friedrich Leopold Stolberg, German poet, died near Osnabruck (born 7 November 1750 in Holstein)

3 December 1819, Friday (-45,812) Robert Etheridge, English geologist, was born (died 18 December 1903).

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30 November 1819, Tuesday (-45,815) (Communications) Cyrus Field, US capitalist who projected the first transatlantic cable, was born (died 12 July 1892)

24 November 1819, Wednesday (-45,821) William Rogers, educational reformer, was born in London (died 19 January 1896)

23 November 1819, Tuesday (-45,822) Quintin Crauford, British author, died (born 22 September 1743).

22 November 1819, Monday (-45,823) Novelist George Elliot was born as Marian Evans, near Nuneaton.

21 November 1819, Sunday (-45,824) James Hook, English painter, was born (died 14 April 1907)

19 November 1819, Friday (-45,826) Auguste Vacquerie, French writer, was born in Villequier (died19 February 1895 in Paris)

14 November 1819, Sunday (-45,831) (Chemistry) Frederick Calvert, English chemist, was born (died 24 October 1873).

12 November 1819, Friday (-45,833) (India) Sir Herbert Edwardes, British soldier in India, was born (died 23 December 1868)

11 November 1819, Thursday (+45,834) (Germany) Austrian chief minister Klemens, Prince Metternich, convened a conferemcein Vienna with the aim of modifying the Fedreal Sct of the German States to proscribe them from pursuing liberal policies.

10 November 1819, Wednesday (-45,835) Arthur Hobhouse, English Judge, was born (died 6 December 1904).

1 November 1819, Monday (-45,844) (Britain) Sir John Miller Adye, British General, was born in Sevenoaks, Kent (died 26 August 1900).

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19 October 1819, Tuesday (-45,857) Hugh Munro, British scholarly writer, was born (died 30 March 1885)

10 October 1819, Sunday (-45,866) Prussia concluded a tariff treaty with the State of Schwarburg-Sonderhausen. Th is was the start of the creation of the zollverein, customs union.

4 October 1819, Monday (-45,872) Francesco Crispi, Italian statesman, was born (died 12 August 1901).

1 October 1819, Friday (-45,875) Thomas Jones, English geologist, was born,

====================================================================================

25 September 1819, Saturday (-45,881) The German Sate of Wurttemberg adopted limited Parliamentary representation, similar to that adopted in Bavaria and Baden.

23 September 1819, Thursday (-45,883) Birth of Armand Hippolyte, French physicist who was the first to measure the speed of light in 1849. Methods to find this speed include, 1) timing the eclipses of Jupiter�s satellites when at closest and furthest point from Earth, 2) Adjusting the speed of a rotating cog wheel so it turns just one tooth-breadth whilst light travels to a distant mirror and back, and 3) Send a light beam from a source to a rotating mirror and thence to a distant mirror and back, by which time the first mirror has rotated a little, and see how the beam direction has changed.

20 September 1819, Monday (-45,886) The Frankfurt Diet (Assembly) of the German Confederation sanctioned the Carlsbad Decrees. These abolished freedom of the press, placed universities under State control, and suppressed all political agitation. This was to curb revolutionary and liberal movememnts within Germany.

18 September 1819, Saturday (-45,888) Jean Foucault, French scientist, was born in Paris.

17 September 1819, Friday (-45,889) Peter Lesley, US geologist, was born (died 1 June 1903).

16 September 1819, Thursday (-45,890) Anna Bosboom-Toussaint, Dutch novelist, was born in Alkmaar (died in The Hague, 13 April 1886).

15 September 1819, Wednesday (-45,891) Francis Napier, British diplomat, was born (died 19 December 1898).

14 September 1819, Tuesday (-45,892) Henry Hunt, US soldier, was born (died 11 February 1889).

13 September 1819, Monday (-45,893) Clara Schumann, German pianist, was born (died 20 May 1986).

12 September 1819, Sunday (-45,894) Gebhard von Blucher, Prussian Field Marshall who helped the Allies to victory against Napoleon, died in Silesia.

10 September 1819, Friday (-45,896)

7 September 1819, Tuesday (-45,899) Jeanne Arnould-Plessey, French actress, was born in Metz (died 1897)

6 September 1819, Monday (-45,900) William Starke Rosecrans, US soldier, was born in Kingston Ohio (died 11 March 1898 in California)

3 September 1819, Friday (-45,903) Alexander Fraser, Scottish philosophical writer, was born.

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26 August 1819, Thursday (-45,911) Prince Albert was born at Rosenau, near Coburg, in Bavaria.

25 August 1819, Wednesday (-45,912) Allan Pinkerton, founder of the Pinkerton detective agency, which specialised in railway theft, was born.

24 August 1819, Tuesday (-45,913) Henry Stevens, US writer, was born in Vermont (died 28 February 1886 in Hampstead, London, UK)

23 August 1819, Monday (-45,914) Oliver Hazard Perry, US naval officer, died (born 23 August 1785 in Rhode Island

19 August 1819, Thursday (-45,918) James Watt, Scottish engineer, inventor of the steam engine (patented 1769), died in Heathfield Hall near Birmingham aged 83.

16 August 1819, Monday (-45,921) (Britain, food) At St Peters Fields, or Peterloo, Manchester, a meeting demanding parliamentary reforms was dispersed by the military. There was a crowd of 60,000 present to hear the speech of the pugnacious reformer Henry Hunt, who also demanded an end to the Corn Laws. 11 demonstrators were killed and 600 injured by the Manchester Yeomanry. After this the UK government issued the Six Laws, in 1819, banning any gathering of over 50 people, and any flag-bearing procession, authorising the arrest of anyone carrying a firearm, and imposing a tax on newspapers.

14 August 1819, Saturday (-45,923) Antoine Gramont, French statesman was born (died 18 January 1880).

13 August 1819, Friday (-45,924) (Medical) Erik Acharius, Swedish botanist (born 28 April 1753) died 13 August 1819 in Wadstena.

10 August 1819, Tuesday (-45,927)

8 August 1819, Sunday (-45,929) Charles Dana, US journalist, was born (died 17 October 1897).

7 August 1819, Saturday (-45,930) At the Battle of Boyaca, Simon Bolivar�s forces won decisively over the Spanish. As a result of this battle, New Granada (Colombia) gained independence from Spain, and eventually Bolivar was able to create the state of Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador)

5 August 1819, Thursday (-45,932) Arthur Fitzwilliam, US artist, was born near Liverpool, England (died in Yonkers, New York 28 April 1905)

1 August 1819, Sunday (-45,936) Herman Melville, author of Moby Dick, was born.

==================================================================================

31 July 1819, Saturday (-45,937) Jurriaen Andriessen, Dutch painter, died in Amsterdam (born 12 June 1`742 in Amsterdam)

30 July 1819, Friday (-45,938) John Campbell Shairp, Scottish writer, was born in Llinlithgowshire (died 18 September 1885 in Argyllshire)

24 July 1819, Saturday (-45,944) Josiah Holland, US writer, was born (died 12 October 1881).

20 July 1819, Tuesday (-45,948) John Playfair, Scottish mathematician, died in Edinburgh (born 10 March 1748 in Benvie, Forfarshire)

19 July 1819, Monday (-45,949) Gottfried Keller, German novelist, was born (died 15 July 1890).

18 July 1819, Sunday (-45,950) Barthelemy Faujas, French geological writer, died (born 17 May 1741).

14 July 1819, Wednesday (-45,954)

10 July 1819, Saturday (-45,958) Alfred Arneth, Austrian historian, was born in Vienna (died 1897).

9 July 1819, Friday (-45,959) Elias Howe, inventor of the first practical sewing machine, was born in Spencer, Massachusetts.

8 July 1819, Thursday (-45,960) Sir Francis McClintock, British Arctic explorer, wa born (died 17 November 1907).

7 July 1819, Wednesday (-45,961) The widow of Blanchard, who had continued his aviation career after he died of a heart attack, herself died in a ballooning accident. Her craft was ignited by a stray firework during a display at the Tivoli Gardens, Paris.

5 July 1819, Monday (-45,963) Sir William Cornwallis, British Admiral, died (born 20 February 1744).

2 July 1819, Friday (-45,966) In Britain the Cotton Mills and Factories Act prohibited the employment of children under 9 in cotton mills. Those aged 9 and over were restricted to a 12-hour day. Peel and Owen had wanted a 10-year age limit.

===================================================================================

30 June 1819, Wednesday (-45,968) Ernst Gerber, German musical writer, died (born 29 September 1746).

26 June 1819, Saturday (-45,972) Abner Doubleday, US soldier, was born (died 26 January 1893).

24 June 1819, Thursday (-45,974) Thomas Farrer, English civil servant, was born (died 11 October 1899).

23 June 1819, Wednesday (-45,975) Henry Gray, US painter, was born (died 12 November 1877).

22 June 1819, Tuesday (-45,976)

21 June 1819, Monday (-45,977) Jacques Offenbach, French composer, was born in Cologne (died 5 Ocotber 1880 in Paris)

20 June 1819, Sunday (-45,978) The steamship Savannah arrived in Liverpool, under the command of Captain Moses Rogers, after crossing the Atlantic in just 27 days after leaving Savannah, Georgia on 24 May 1819. She was the first ship to cross the Atlantic by steam power.

12 June 1819, Saturday (-45,986) Charles Kingsley, English novelist, was born (died 23 January 1875).

10 June 1819, Thursday (-45,988) Gustave Courbet, French painter, was born (died 31 December 1877).

5 June 1819, Saturday (-45,993) John Couch Adams, who co-discovered Neptune, was born near Launceston, Cornwall.

3 June 1819, Thursday (-45,995) Thomas Ball, US sculptor, was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts (died 11 December 1911 in Montclair, New Jersey)

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31 May 1819, Monday (-45,998) Walt Whitman, poet, was born.

28 May 1819, Friday (-46,001) Frederic Huntington, US religious writer, was born (died 11 July 1904).

27 May 1819, Thursday (-46,002) George V, King of Hanover, was born.

24 May 1819, Monday (-46,005) Queen (Alexandrine) Victoria was born at Kensington Palace, daughter of Edward Duke of Kent and Mary, daughter of Francis, Duke of Saxe � Coburg - Saalfeld. She was the granddaughter of King George III, and niece of King William IV.

17 May 1819, Monday (-46,012) The first bicycles, or �swift walkers� appeared on the streets of New York.

8 May 1819, Saturday (-46,021) Death of King Kamehameha, who united Hawaii, aged 82. He was succeeded by his 22-year old son, Kamehameha II, who welcomed Christian missionaries and allowed the indigenous culture to be undermined.

5 May 1819, Wednesday (-46,024) Achille de Bassini, Italian baritone singer, was born in Milan (died 3 July 1881 in Cavadei Tirrero)

2 May 1819, Sunday (-46,927) Mary Moser, English flower painter, died in London (born 27 October 1744 in London)

1 May 1819, Saturday (-46,926) France introduced freedom of the press.

==================================================================================

30 April 1819, Friday (-46,029)

28 April 1819, Wednesday (-46,031) (USA) Ezra Abbot, US scholar of the Bible, was born in Jackson, Maine.

27 April 1819, Tuesday (-46,832) Sir William Muir, Scottish Orientalist writer, was born.

26 April 1819, Monday (-46,033)

25 April 1819, Sunday (-46,034) Mark Firth, British steel maker and philanthropist, was born (died 28 November 1880).

24 April 1819, Saturday (-46,035) Klaus Groth, German poet, was born (died 1 June 1899).

23 April 1819, Friday (-46,036) Bernard Quaritch, English bookseller, was born in Worbis, Germany (died 17 December 1899 in Hampstead, London)

22 April 1819, Thursday (-46,037) Friedrich Bodenstedt, German author, was born in Hanover (died in Wiesbaden 19 April 1892).

21 April 1819, Wednesday (-46,038) Oliver Evans, US industrialist, died (born 1755).

18 April 1819, Sunday (-46,041) Franz von Suppe, composer, was bormn in Split (died 21 May 1895 in Vienna)

13 April 1819, Tuesday (-46,046) The Mansfield and Pinxton railway opened. It was taken over by the Midland Railway in 1848, adapted for steam traction, and reopened on 9 October 1849.

11 April 1819, Sunday (-46,048) Easter Sunday. Sir Charles Halle, German musician who founded the Halle Orchestra in Manchester, was born.

4 April 1819, Sunday (-46,055) Louis Gustave Vapereau, French writer, was born in Orleans (died 1906)

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29 March 1819, Monday (-46,061) (Geology) Edward Laurentine Drake was born in Greenville, New York, USA. On 28 August 1859 he drilled the world�s first oil well.

28 March 1819, Sunday (-46,062) Engineer Sir Joseph William Bazalgette was born.

27 March 1819, Saturday (-46,063)

26 March 1819, Friday (-46,064) (Britain) George William Frederick Charles, Duke of Cambridge, was born (died 17 March 1904).

25 March 1819, Thursday (-46,065) Auguste Lambermont, Belgian statesman, was born (died 7 March 1905)

24 March 1819, Wednesday (-46,066) Southwark Bridge, London, opened

23 March 1819, Tuesday (-46,067) August Kotzebue, German dramatist, died (born 3 May 1761)

20 March 1819, Saturday (-46,070) Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly, London, opened

11 March 1819, Thursday (-46,079) Sir Henry Tate, the British sugar magnate and philanthropist whose money and pictures formed the foundation of the Tate Gallery in 1897, was born in Chorley.

10 March 1819, Wednesday (-46,080) Friedrich Jacobi, German philosophical writer, died (born 25 January 1743)

8 March 1819, Monday (-46,082) Maidstone Prison, Kent, opened. It began with 141 inmates.

6 March 1819, Saturday (-46,084)

2 March 1819, Tuesday (-46,088) (Aviation) Henry Coxwell, English balloonist, was born (died 5 January 1900).

1 March 1819, Monday (-46,089) (USA) Alexander Bell, US educationalist, was born (died 1905).

===================================================================================

22 February 1819, Monday (-46,096) The USA annexed all of Florida from Spain.

16 February 1819, Tuesday (-46,102) Pierre Henri de Valenciennes, French landscape painter, died in Paris (born 6 December 1750 in Toulouse)

14 February 1819, Sunday (-46,104) American inventor Christopher Latham Stokes, who invented an early typewriter, was born near Mooresburg, Pennsylvania.

12 February 1819, Friday (-46,106) William Wetmore Story, US poet, was born in Salem, Massachusetts (died 7 October 1895 in Vallombroso, Italy)

11 February 1819, Thursday (-46,107) William Thomson, English religious writer, was born in Whitehaven, Cumberland (died 25 December 1890)

10 February 1819, Wednesday (-46,108) Albert Schwegler, German religious writer, was born in Wurttemberg (died 25 January 1857)

8 February 1819, Monday (-46,110) (1) Rioting and looting followed a protest march by the unemployed in Trafalgar Square.

(2) John Ruskin, English writer and art critic, was born in Dulwich, London, the son of a wine dealer

=================================================================================

29 January 1819, Friday (-46,120) Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles landed at Singapore and set up a trading post there.

25 January 1819, Monday (-46,124) Ernest Jones, English Chartist, was born (died 26 January 1869).

21 January 1819, Thursday (-46,128) Edward Capern, English poet, was born (died 5 June 1894).

20 January 1819, Wednesday (-46,129) Charles IV of Spain died (born 11 November 1748).

17 January 1819, Sunday (-46,132) Karl Christian Planck, German scholarly writer, was born

14 January 1819, Thursday (-46,135) Sir James Cockle, English mathematician, was born (died 27 January 1895).

12 January 1819, Tuesday (-46,137) Andre Morellet, French writer, died (born 7 March 1727).

9 January 1819, Saturday (-46,140) William Frith, English painter, was born (died 2 November 1909)

3 January 1819, Sunday (-46,146) Chaarles Piazzi Smyth, British astronomer, was born in Naples (died 21 February 1`900 in Ripon, Yorkshire)

1 January 1819, Friday (-46,148) Arthur Clough, English poet, was born (died 13 November 1861).

================================================================================

31 December 1818, Thursday (-46,149) Richard Baird Smith, English military engineer, was born (died 13 December 1861)

29 December 1818, Tuesday (-46,151)

28 December 1818, Monday (-46,152) Karl Fresenius, German chemist, was born (died 11 June 1897).

27 December 1818, Sunday (-46,153) Henry Drisler, US scholarly writer, was born (died 30 November 1897).

25 December 1818, Friday (-46,155)

24 December 1818, Thursday (-46,156) Physicist James Joule was born at Salford, Manchester.

23 December 1818, Wednesday (-46,157) Sir Philip Francis, English politician, died (born 22 October 1740)

21 December 1818, Monday (-46,159) In France, Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu, resigned as Prime Minister, and was succeeded by Elie, duc de Decazes. October elections had shown increasing support for the Left.

19 December 1818, Saturday (-46,161) Mary Brunton, Scottish novelist, died (born 1 November 1778)

18 December 1818, Friday (-46,162) Philipp Rieger, Bohemian politician, was born in Jicin (died 3 Marcxh 1903)

13 December 1818, Sunday (-46,167) (Britain) Edward Ellenborough, English Judge, died (born 16 November 1750).

9 December 1818, Wednesday (-46,171) Abraham Lincoln�s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln, died aged 34. In 1819 his father, Thomas Lincoln married Sarah Bush Johnston.

8 December 1818, Tuesday (-46,172) (Geology) Mineralogist Johann Gottleib Gahn died in Falun, Kopparburg, Sweden.

5 December 1818, Saturday (-46,175) Nikolai Koksharov, Russian geologist, was born (died 3 January 1893).

3 December 1818. Thursday (-46,177) Illinois became the 21st state of the USA.

====================================================================================

29 November 1818, Sunday (-46,181) (Canada) George Brown, Canadian statesman, was born (died 9 May 1880).

24 November 1818, Tuesday (-46,186) David Agnew, US surgeon (died 22 March 1892) was born.

21 November 1818. Saturday (-46,189) France was admitted to the Quadruple alliance, now the Quintuple alliance (see 20 November 1815).France�s war indemnity was cut.

20 November 1818, Friday (-46,190) Simon Bolivar proclaimed Venezuela independent of Spain.

18 November 1818, Wednesday (-46,192) Marco Minghetti, Italian statesman, was born (died 10 December 1886).

12 November 1818, Thursday (-46,198)

9 November 1818, Monday (-46,201) Ivan Turgenev, Russian novelist, was born in Oryol, Russia. (died 1883)

7 November 1818, Saturday (-46,203) (Biology) Emil Dobois-Reymond, physiologist, was born (died 26 November 1896).

6 November 1818, Friday (-46,204) Malcolm Laing, Scottish historical writer, died.

5 November 1818, Thursday (-46,205) (USA) Benjamin Butler, US politician, was born (died 11 January 1893)

2 November 1818, Monday (-46,208) Sir Samuel Romilly, English legal reformer, died (born 1 March 1757)

====================================================================================

31 October 1818, Saturday (-46,210)

28 October 1818, Wednesday (-46,213) Abigail Adams, US First Lady, was born.

27 October 1818, Tuesday (-46,214) Stafford Iddesleigh, British statesman, was born (died 12 January 1887).

24 October 1818, Saturday (-46,217)

22 October 1818, Thursday (-46,219) Charles leconte, French poet, was born (died 18 July 1894).

21 October 1818, Wednesday (-46,220) John Dalgairns, English religious writer, was born (died 6 April 1879).

20 October 1818. Tuesday (-46,221) The USA and Britain agreed the border between the USA and Canada to be the 49th parallel.

18 October 1818, Sunday (-46,223) Charles Mudie, Engliah publisher, was born (died 28 October 1890).

15 October 1818, Thursday (-46,226) Irvin McDowell, US soldier, was born (died 4 May 1885).

13 October 1818, Tuesday (-46,228) (Britain) Henry Allon, English non-conformist preacher, was born in Welton near Hull (died March 1892).

10 October 1818. Saturday (-46,231) The first reference to school exam marks was made, by Dr Samuel Butler, the Headmaster of Shrewsbury School.

9 October 1818, Friday (+46,232) The Allies (Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia) agreed to evacuate their Armies of Occupation from France by 30 November, as France was paying its Napoleonic war indmnities.

8 October 1818, Thursday (-46,233) John Henninger Reagan, US politician, was born in Tennessee (died 6 March 1905 in Texas)

4 October 1818, Sunday (-46,237) Francis Edward Smedley, English novelist, was born in Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire (died 1864)

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29 September 1818, Tuesday (-46,242) (France / Germany) The Congress of Aix La Chapelle began.

27 September 1818, Sunday (+46,244) (Chemistry) Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was born in Elliehausen, Germany. In 1845 he synthesised acetic acid from non-organic compounds.

26 September 1818, Saturday (-46,245) John Sims Reeves, English vocalist, was born (died 25 October 1900).

25 September 1818, Friday (-46,246) The first blood transfusion using human blood, as opposed to animal blood, took place in London, at Guys Hospital.

20 September 1818, Sunday (-46,251)

18 September 1818, Friday (-46,253) Mary Ann Vincent, Us actress, was born in Portsmouth, England (died 4 September 1887 in Boston, Masachusetts)

16 September 1818, Wednesday (-46,255) Sir Francis Haden, English arts writer, was born (died 1 June 1910)

15 September 1818, Tuesday (-46,256) Justus Roth, German mineralogist, was born in Hamburg (died 1 April 1892 in Berlin)

14 September 1818, Monday (-46,257)

13 September 1818, Sunday (-46,258) (Arts) Gustave Aimarde, French novelist, was born in Paris (died 20 June 1883 in Paris).

12 September 1818, Saturday (-46,259) Richard Gatling, US inventor of the revolving battery gun, was born in Winton, North Carolina.

11 September 1818, Friday (-46,260) John Marshall, English surgeon, was born (died 1 January 1891).

8 September 1818, Tuesday (-46,263)

5 September 1818, Saturday (-46,266) Charles King, English historical writer, was born (died 25 March 1888).

4 September 1818, Friday (-46,267) Richard Congreve, English Positivist, was born (died 5 July 1899).

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31 August 1818, Monday (-46,271) (Britain) Sir Robert Calder, British Admiral, died (born 2 July 1745).

25 August 1818, Tuesday (-46,277) Elizabeth Billington, opera singer, died near Venice.

23 August 1818, Sunday (-46,279) First steamship service began on the Great Lakes, North America.

22 August 1818, Saturday (-46,280) Warren Hastings, British administrator and first Governor-General of British India, died in Worcestershire aged 85.

20 August 1818, Thursday (-46,282) (Biology) John Ball, Irish politician and naturalist, was born in Dublin (died in London 21 October 1889).

18 August 1818, Tuesday (-46,284) (Britain) James Fraser, English Bishop, was born (died 22 October 1885). He did much to secure the provision of churches for the rapidly-growing population of Manchester, exceeding even the efforts of his predecessor, James Lee, who had consecrated 130 Manchester churches.

14 August 1818, Friday (-46,288) Francois Joinville, French statesman, was born (died 16 June 1900).

13 August 1818, Thursday (-46,289) Lucy Stone, US feminist and reformer, was born in West Brookfield, Massachusetts.

7 August 1818, Friday (-46,295) French composer Henry Litolff was born in London.

1 August 1818, Saturday (-46,301) Maria Mitchell, US astronomer, was born (died 28 June 1889).

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31 July 1818, Friday (-46,302) Heinrich Kiepert, German geographical writer, was born (died 21 April 1899).

30 July 1818, Thursday (-46,303) Novelist Emily Bronte was born at Thornton, Yorkshire. One of the three famous sisters, she wrote Wuthering Heights under the name of Ellis Bell in 1846.

28 July 1818, Tuesday (-46,305) Edward Cope, English scholarly writer, was born (died 5 August 1873)

26 July 1818, Sunday (-46,307) Sir Richard Wallace, founder of the Wallace art collection, was born in London (died 20 July 1890 in Paris)

25 July 1818, Saturday (-46,308) (India) Sir Albert Abdullah David Sassoon, Indian philanthropist, was born in Baghdad (died 24 October 1896 in Brighton)

21 July 1818, Tuesday (-46,312)

19 July 1818, Sunday (-46,314) Sir John Erichsen, British surgeon, was born (died 23 September 1896).

18 July 1818, Saturday (-46,315) Louis de Geer, Swedish writer, was born (died 1896).

16 July 1818, Thursday (-46,317)

15 July 1818, Wednesday (-46,318) Work began on the construction of Berkeley Docks, Gloucestershire.

14 July 1818, Tuesday (-46,319) Nathaniel Lyon, US soldier, was born (died 10 August 1861).

11 July 1818, Saturday (-46,322) William Forster, British statesman, was born (died 6 April 1886).

1 July 1818, Wednesday (-46,332) Sir Thomas Bernard, English social reformer, died (born in Lincoln 27 April 1750).

===================================================================================

30 June 1818, Tuesday (-46,333) Britian extended the suspension of habeus Corpus (so allowing detention without trial) until 1 March 1819.

29 June 1818, Monday (-46,334) Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer, was born in Reggio, Lombardy (died 26 February 1878 in Rome)

21 June 1818, Sunday (-46,342) Sir Richard Wallace, art collector and philanthropist, was born.

17 June 1818, Wednesday (-46,346) Charles Gounod, French composer, was born (died 18 October 1893).

11 June 1818, Thursday (-46,352) (Britain) Alexander Bain, Scottish educationalist, was born in Aberdeen (died in Aberdeen 18 September 1903).

3 June 1818, Wednesday (-46,360) Louis Faidherbe, French General, was born (died 29 September 1889)

2 June 1818, Tuesday (-46,261) Third Maratha War, India, ended with the surrender of the Peshwa of Poona. The East India Company now ruled India mostly unchallenged.

===================================================================================

31 May 1818, Sunday (-46,363) (USA) John Albion Andrew, US politician, was born in Windham, Maine (died 30 October 1867 in Boston).

28 May 1818, Thursday (-46,366) The Prussian Tariff Reform Act standardised taxes and tariff across Prussia.

27 May 1818, Wednesday (-46,367) Amelia Bloomer, American Women�s Rights campaigner who popularised �bloomers�, was born in Homer, New York.

26 May 1818, Tuesday (-46,368) A Bill presented by the economist and councillor Karl Maaseen was adopted. It abolished customs procedures within Prussia and lifted trade restrictions.

25 May 1818, Monday (-46,369) Jakob Burckhardt, Swiss writer on art, was born (died 1897).

24 May 1818, Sunday (-46,370) John Foley, Irish sculptor, was born (died 27 August 1874).

23 May 1818, Saturday (-46,371)

21 May 1818, Thursday (-46,373) Lyon Playfair, UK politician, was born in Chunar, Bengal Province (died29 May 1898 in London)

20 May 1818, Wednesday (-46,374) William Fargo, co-founder of the freight carrier Wells Fargo, was born.

18 May 1818, Monday (-46,376) Sir Samuel LeonardTilley, Canadian statesman, was born in New Brunswick (died 25 June 1896)

14 May 1818, Thursday (-46,380) Matthew Lewis, romance writer, died (born 9 July 1775).

10 May 1818, Sunday (-46,384) Paul Revere, who made the famous ride from Charlestown to Lexington to warn US militia of British troops, died aged 83 in Boston, Massachusetts.

5 May 1818, Tuesday (-46,389) Karl Heinrich Marx, father of Communism, was born in Trier, Germany, son of a Jewish lawyer.

4 May 1818, Monday (-46,390) Manuel Mila, Spanish scholarly writer, was born (died 16 July 1884).

1 May 1818, Friday (-46,393)

===================================================================================

30 April 1818, Thursday (-46,394) Jean Francois Portaels, Belgian painter, was born in Vilvorde (died 8 February 1895 in Brussels)

29 April 1818, Wednesday (-46,395) Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, was born.

23 April 1818, Thursday (-46,401) James Froude, English historical writer, was born (died 20 October 1894)

21 April 1818, Tuesday (-46,403) Henry Wheeler Shaw, US humorous writer, was born in Massachusetts (died 14 October 1885 in California)

20 April 1818, Monday (-46,404) Heinrich Gobel, inventor, was born.

13 April 1818, Monday (-46,411) Fedor Buslaev, Russian scholarly writer, was born (died 1898).

8 April 1818, Wednesday (-46,416) August Hofmann, German chemist, was born (died 5 May 1892)

6 April 1818, Monday (+46,418) German inventor Karl Drais exhibited his Dtraisine, a two wheeled machine propelled by pushing with the feet along the ground. It became popular in Britian in 1819 as the �hobby horse�

5 April 1818, Sunday (-46,419) Chile achieved independence from Spanish rule, after a revolutionary war led by Bernard O�Higgins.

4 April 1818, Saturday (-46,420) Thomas Mayne Reid, British novelist, was born in County Down, Ireland (died 22 October 1883 in London)

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30 March 1818, Monday (-46,425) (Germany) Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, founder of the German agricultural co-operative banks, was born (died 11 March 1888)

27 March 1818, Friday 9-46,428) Erminia Frezzolini, Italian soprano singer, was birn in Orvieto (died5 November 1884 in Paris)

25 March 1818, Wednesday (-46,430) Henry Lee, US General, died (born 29 January 1756).

23 March 1818, Monday (-46,432) (USA) Don Carlos Buell, US soldier, was born (died 19 November 1898).

22 March 1818, Sunday (-46,433) Easter Sunday; John Kensett, US painter, was born.

20 March 1818, Friday (-46,435) Johann Forkel, German musician, died (born 22 February 1749).

18 March 1818, Wednesday (-46,437) Jean Challamel, French historical writer, was born (died 20 October 1894).

15 March 1818, Sunday (-46,440) Hector MacNeill, Scottish poet, died.

8 March 1818, Sunday (-46,447) Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, Scottish writer, was born near Glasgow (died 15 January 1878 in Venice)

7 March 1818, Saturday (-46,448) Heinrich Julian Schmidt, German writer, was born in East Prussia (died 27 Marcxh 1886 in Berlin)

3 March 1818, Tuesday (-46,452) Constantine Kauffman, Russian General, was born (died 15 May 1882).

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18 February 1818, Wednesday (-46,465) Marianna Barbieri-Nini, Italian soprano singer, was born in Florence (died 27 November 1887 in Florence).

17 February 1818, Tuesday (-46,466) Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun patented the Draisine , forerunner of the bicycle.

15 February 1818, Sunday (-46,468)

13 February 1818, Friday (-46,470) (USA) George Clarke, US frontiersman, died (born 19 November 1752).

12 February 1818, Thursday (-46,471) Chile proclaimed independence from Spain after a revolution led by San Martin and Bernard O�Higgins.

11 February 1818, Wednesday (-46,472) Edward Goulburn, English religious writer, was born (died 3 May 1897).

9 February 1818, Monday (-46,474)

7 February 1818, Saturday (-46,476) Francois Meurice, French dramatist, was born (died 12 December 1905).

6 February 1818, Friday (-46,477) William Maxwell Evarts, US statesman, was born in Boston, Massachusetts (died 28 February 1901 in New York City).

5 February 1818, Thursday (-46,478) Charles XIII of Sweden died aged 69. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Jean Bernadotte (55), who now became Charles XIV.

1 February 1818, Sunday (-46,482) Guiseppe Gazzaniga, Italian composer, died in Crema (born 5 october 1743 in Verona)

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30 January 1818, Friday (-46,484) Arthur Gorgei, Hungarian soldier, was born.

28 January 1818, Wednesday (-46,486) George Boutwell, US statesman, was born in Brookline, Massachusetts (died in Groton, Massachusetts, 28 February 1905)

25 January 1818, Sunday (-46,489) Elias Martin, Swedish landscape painter, died in Stockholm (born 1739 in Stockholm)

24 January 1818, Saturday (-46,490) John Neale, English religious writer, was born (died 6 August 1866).

18 January 1818, Sunday (-46.496) Johannes Ebrard, German religious writer, was born (died 23 July 1888)

14 January 1818, Wednesday (-46,500) Zakris Topelius, Finnish author, was born in Kuddnas (died 13 March 1898 in Helsingfors)

13 January 1818, Tuesday (-46,501) George Rose, English politician, died in Hampshire (born 17 June 1744)

10 Jaunary 1818, Saturday (-46,504)

6 January 1818, Tuesday (-46,508) In India, under the Treaty of Mundoseer, the dominions of the Maratha Holkar Dynasty were combined administratively with the Rajput States of NW India amd put under British protection.

5 January 1818, Monday (-46,509) The first regular scheduled service across the Atlantic began, between New York and Liverpool.

3 January 1818, Saturday (-46,511)

1 January 1818, Thursday (-46,513) Mary Shelley�s novel Frankenstein was published. It was subtiiled �The Modern Prometheus�.

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31 December 1817, Wednesday (-46,514) James Fields, US author, was born (died 24 April 1881)

27 December 1817, Saturday (-46,518) Henry Thoreau, writer, was born in Concord, Massachusetts.

25 December 1817, Thursday (-46,520) The Hincaster Tunnel, at the northern end of the Lancaster Canal in Cumbria, opened.

21 December 1817, Sunday (-46,524) British forces under Thomas Hyslop decisively defeated the army of Holkar II of Indore, one of the major Mratha clans, at Mahidput (Third Maratha War)

19 December 1817, Friday (-46,526) Jean Baptiste Dancla, Frenbch violinist, was orn in bagneres de Bigorre (died10 November 1907 in Tunis)

16 December 1817, Tuesday (-46,529) Saint Rene Taillandier, French writer, was born in Paris (died 22 February 1879)

10 December 1817, Wednesday (-46,535) Mississippi became the 20th state of the USA.

7 December 1817, Sunday (-46,538) Captain Bligh, captain of The Bounty, died in London.

2 December 1817, Tuesday (-46,543) Heinrich von Sybel , German historical writer, was born in Westphalia (died 1 August 1895 in Marburg)

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30 November 1817, Sunday (-46,545) Theodore Mommsen, German historical writer, was born (died 1 November 1903)

28 Noivember 1817, Friday (-46,547) Hisatmitsu Shimazu, Japoanese feudal lord, one of the ringleaders in the rebellion against the Tokugawa Shogunate, was born in Kagoshima, Japan (died 1887)

25 November 1817, Tuesday (-46,550) John Bigelow, US journalist, was born in New York State.

13 November 1817, Thursday (-46,562) French composer Louis lefebure Wely was born in Paris.

12 November 1817, Wednesday (-46,563) (Iran) Baha�u�llah, founder of the Bahai faith, was born.

10 November 1817, Monday (-46,565)

8 November 1817, Saturday (-46,567) Andrea Appiani, Italian painter, died in Milan (born 31 May 1754 in Milan)

7 November 1817, Friday (-46,568) Jean Deluc, Swiss geologist, died (born 8 February 1727).

5 November 1817, Wednesday (-46,570) Serbia was granted partial autonomy by the Ottoman Turks.

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30 October 1817, Thursday (-46,576) Revolutionary Simon Bolivar organised a Government of Venezuela, but not 0n liberal principles.

26 October 1817, Sunday (-46,580) Moritz August von Thummel, German humourist writer, died in Coburg (born 27 May 1738 near Leipzig)

25 October 1817, Saturday (-46,581) Lothar Bucher, German writer, was born (died 12 October 1892).

23 October 1817, Thursday (-46,583) Pierre Larousse, French lexicographer, was born.

21 October 1817, Tuesday (-46,585) Wilhelm Roscher, German economics writer, was born in Hanover (died m4 June 1894 in Leipzig)

18 October 1817, Saturday (-46,588) At the Wartburg Festival in Jena, German students gathered to celebrate the anniversaries oi the death of German Protestant reformer Martin Luther and the Battle of the Natiomns at :Leipzig, where Napoleon I was defeated.. This was an aspect of growing nationalism within Germany.

17 October 1817, Friday (-46,589) Alfred des Cloizeaux, French mineralogist, was born (died 5/1897).

16 October 1817, Thursday (-46,590)

15 October 1817, Wednesday (-46,591) John Burckhardt, Swiss writer and orientalist, died (born 24 November 1784).

14 October 1817, Tuesday (-46,592) John Curran, Irish politician, died (born 24 July 1750)

13 October 1817, Monday (-46,593) Julius Caesar Ibbotson, English painter, died in Masham, Yorkshire (born 29 December 1759 in Farnley Moor near Leeds)

11 October 1817, Saturday (-46,595) John Delane, editor of The Times, London, was born (died 22 November 1879).

8 October 1817, Wednesday (-46,598) Henry Erskine, Lord Advocate of Scotland, died (born 1 November 1746)

3 October 1817, Friday (-46,603) Johannes Scherr, German novelist, was born in Wurttemberg (died 21 November 1886 in Zurich)

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29 September 1817, Monday (-46,607) Under the Fort Meigs Treaty, 6,000 square miles of land previously belonging to the Ohio Indians was ceded to the US Government. In return the Indians received 144 square miles, the �Grand Reserve, on the Upper Sandusky.

27 September 1817, Saturday (-46,609) Paul Feval, French novelist, was born (died 8 March 1887).

24 September 1817, Wednesday (-46,612) Ramon de Campoamor, Spanish poet, was born (died 12 February 1901)

23 September 1817, Tuesday (-46,613) By a Treaty with Britain, Spain ended the slave trade.

16 September 1817, Tuesday (-46,620)

14 September 1817, Sunday (-46,622) Henry Brampton, English judge, was born in Hitchin (died in London 6 October 1907).

13 September 1817, Saturday (-46,623) John McAuley Palmer, US soldier and politician, was born in Eagle Creek, Kentucky (died 25 September 1900 in Springfield Illinois)

9 September 1817, Tuesday (-46,627) In France, the ultra-Royalists, those Conservatives desiring a return to an absolute monarchy, lost seats in French elections.

6 September 1817, Saturday (-46,630) Sir Alexander Galt, Canadian statesman, was born (died 19 September 1893).

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29 August 1817, Friday (-46,638) John Leech, English caricaturist, was born (died 29 October 1864)

26 August 1817, Tuesday (-46,641) Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth, British geologist, was born in Naples (died 19 June 1890 in London)

17 August 1817, Sunday (-46,650) Andrew Pickens, US soldier, died in South Carolina (born 19 September 1739 in Pennsylvania)

16 August 1817, Saturday (-46,651) Henry Davis, US politician, was born (died 30 December 1865).

15 August 1817, Friday (-46,652) Roswell Hitchcock, US writer, was born (died 16 June 1887).

13 August 1817, Wednesday (-46,654) William Esher, English Judge, was born (died 24 May 1899).

10 August 1817, Sunday (-46,657) Francis Lowell, US cotton industrialist, died (born 7 April 1775).

6 August 1817, Wednesday (-46,661) Pierre Dupont, French statesman, died (born 14 September 1739).

4 August 1817, Monday (-46,663) Frederick Frelinghuysen, US statesman, was born (died 20 May 1885).

3 August 1817, Sunday (-46,664) (Austria) Friedrich Albert, Austrian Field Marshal, was born in Vienna (died 18 February 1895).

1 August 1817, Friday (-46,666) Sir Joseph Gilbert, English chemist, was born (died 23 December 1901).

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24 July 1817, Thursday (-46,674) Sir Richard Stracey, British colonial administrator of India, was born in Somerset (died 12 February 1908)

22 July 1817, Tuesday (-46,676) First flight over the Irish Sea. William Sadler flew a balloon from Dublin to Holyhead.

21 July 1817, Monday (-46,677) Sir John Gilbert, English painter, was born (died 6 October 1897).

18 July 1817, Friday (-46,680) (Arts) Jane Austen died, at her house in Winchester.

15 July 1817, Tuesday (-46,683) (Railways GB) Sir John Fowler, British railway engineer, was born (died 20 November 1898)

14 July 1817, Monday (-46,684) Madame de Stael, French novelist, died (born22 April 1766 in Paris)

12 July 1817, Saturday (-46,686) David Henry Thoreau, writer, was born.

9 July 1817, Wednesday (-46,689)

6 July 1817, Sunday (-46,692) (Biology) Rudolf Albert von Kolliker was born in Zurich, Switzerland. In 1844 he showed that the egg is a cell and all cells in the organism originate by divisions from the egg cell.

5 July 1817, Saturday (-46,693) The first gold sovereigns were issued in Britain.

4 July 1817, Friday (-46,694) Construction work began on the Erie Canal; actually called the New York State Barge Canal.The canal opened on 26 October 1825.

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30 June 1817,Monday (-46,698) Sir Joseph Hooker, English botanist, was born.

24 June 1817, Tuesday (-46,704) The Tavistock Canal, linking Tavistock to the port at Morwelham, opened.

22 June 1817, Sunday (-46,706) (1) London�s Waterloo Bridge, built by John Rennie, was opened. It was originally called Strand Bridge but was renamed on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo.

(2) Windham Sadler crossed the St George�s Channel by balloon.

21 June 1817, Saturday (-46,707) Robert Monkswell, English Judge, was born (died 3 November 1886).

19 June 1817, Thursday (-46,709)

17 June 1817, Tuesday (-46,711) Thomas German Reed, British composer, was born in Bristol (died 21 March 1888 in London)

16 June 1817, Monday (-46,712) Alexander Dallas, US statesman, died (born 21 June 1759)

14 June 1817, Saturday (-46,714)

13 June 1817, Friday (-46,715) Richard Edgeworth, British writer, died (born 31 May 1744)

12 June 1817, Thursday (-46,716) (Road Technology) Baron Karl von Drais made the first public ride on his Laufmaschine, a prototype bicycle.

9 June 1817, Monday (-46,719) Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt, French Revolutionary, died

6 June 1817, Friday (-46,722) Alexander Forbes, Scottish religious writer, was born (died 8 October 1875)

5 June 1817, Thursday (-46,723) Karl Christoph Vogt, German geologist, was born in Giessen (died 5 May 1895 in Geneva)

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31 May 1817, Saturday (-46,728) Joseph Durocher, French geologist, was born (died 3 December 1858).

26 May 1817, Monday (-46,733) Denis MacCarthy, Irish poet, was born (died 7 April 1882)

23 May 1817, Friday (-46,736) Gustave Adolphe Thuret, French botanist, was born in Paris (died 10 May 1875 in Nice)

22 May 1817, Thursday (-46,737) Sir George Dasent, English writer, was born (died 11 June 1896).

21 May 1817, Wednesday (-46,738) Rudolf Lotze, German philosophical writer, was born (died 1 July 1881).

17 May 1817, Saturday (-46,742) (Geology) Henry William Bristow, English geologist, was born (died 14 June .1889)

5 May 1817, Monday (-46,754) Sweden joined the Holy Alliance, originally in 1815 of Austria, Russia and Prussia.

3 May 1817, Saturday (-46,756) Horatio Hale, US ethnological writer, was born (died 28 December 1896)

2 May 1817, Friday (-46,757) Anton Berlijn, Dutch composer, was born in Amsterdam (died18 January 1870 in Amsterdam)

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29 April 1817, Tuesday (-46,760) (France) Vincent Benedetti, French diplomat, was born in Bastia, Corsica (died in Paris 28 March 1900).

26 April 1817, Saturday (-46,763) Richard Lyons, British diplomat, was born (died 5 December 1887).

24 April 1817, Thursday (-46,765) Jean Marignac, Swiss chemist, was born (died 15 April 1894).

22 April 1817, Tuesday (-46,767) Andrew Curtin, US politician, was born (died 7 October 1894).

19 April 1817, Saturday (-46,770) John Phillip, Scottish painter, was born in Aberdeen (died 27 February 1867 in London)

16 April 1817, Wednesday (-46,773) Martin Delbruck, Prussian statesman, was born (died 1 February 1903).

15 April 1817, Tuesday (-46,774) Benjamin Jowett, scholarly writer, was born (died 1 October 1893).

14 April 1817, Monday (-46,775) Sir John Duckworth, British Admiral, died (born 28 February 1748).

13 April 1817, Sunday (-46,776) George Holyoake, English writer, was born (died 22 January 1906).

12 April 1817, Saturday (-46,777) Charles Messier, French astronomer who made a list of nebulae known as the Messier catalogue, died.

11 April 1817, Friday (-46,778) Juan Masdeu, Spanish historical writer, died (born 4 October 1744).

10 April 1817, Thursday (-46,779)

8 April 1817, Tuesday (-46,781) (Biology) Charles Brown-Sequard, neurologist, was born (died 2 April 1894).

7 April 1817, Monday (-46,782) Some 200 slaves in Maryland rioted, attacking Whites.

6 April 1817, Sunday (-46,783) Easter Sunday

4 April 1817, Friday (-46,785) Andre Massena, one of Napoleon�s Marshals, died (born 6 May 1756).

2 April 1817, Wednesday (-46,787) Johann Jung, German author, died (born 12 September 1740).

1 April 1817, Tuesday (-46,788) Jan Jacob Van Oosterzee, Dutch religious writer, was born in Rotterdam (died 29 July 1882).

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27 March 1817, Thursday (-46,793) Karl Naegeli, Swiss botaniucal writer, was born (died 11 May 1891).

23 March 1817, Sunday (-46,797) Louis Maury, French scholarly writer, was born (died 11 February 1892).

22 March 1817, Saturday (-46,798) Braxton Bragg, US soldier, was born in North Carolina (died in Galveston, Texas, 27 September 1876).

17 March 1817, Monday (-46,803) Pasquale Mancini, Italian statesman, was born (died 26 December 1888).

10 March 1817, Monday (-46,810) Several hundred Manchester weavers set out from St Peters Fields, Manchester, to march to Westminster, demanding Parliamentary Reform. They were called the Blanketeers, as they carried blankets to keep warm at night. Troops stopped most of them at Stockport but some reached Derbyshire, and one made it as far as London. This march later inspired the Jarrow March.

8 March 1817, Saturday (-46,812) Tbe New York Stock exchange was founded.

5 March 1817, Wednesday (-46,815) Moritz Carriere, German historical writer, was born (died 19 January 1895)

4 March 1817, Tuesday (-46,816) James Monroe took office as the 5th President of the USA.

3 March 1817, Monday (-46,817) Prussian Chancellor Karl August., Prince von Hardenberg, created Councils of State, with advisory powers, to supervise Prussia�s separate provinces.

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25 February 1817, Tuesday (-46,823) Gottleib Hufeland, German scholarly writer, died (born 19 October 1760).

23 February 1817, Sunday (-46,825) John Brown, Scottish writer, was born (died 20 September 1856).

22 February 1817, Saturday (-46,826) Niels Gade, Danish composer, was born (died 21 December 1890)

21 February 1817, Friday (-46,827) Pietro Carlo Gugliemi, Italian composer, died in Naples.

20 February 1817, Thursday (-46,828)

18 February 1817, Tuesday (-46,830) Johannes Bosboom, Dutch poainter, was born in The Hague (died 14 September 1891 in The Hague)

17 February 1817, Monday (-46,831) William III, King of the Netherlands, was born.

15 February 1817, Saturday (-46,833) Charles Daubigny, French landscape painter, was born (died 19 February 1878).

12 February 1817, Wednesday (-46,836) Battle of Chacabuco; Chile asserted independence from Spain.

10 February 1817, Monday (-46,838) Britian, Prussia, Austroia and Russia agreed to decrease the size of the Army of Occupation within France.

8 February 1817, Saturday (-46,840) Francis Horner, British economist, died (born 12 August 1778)

5 February 1817, Wednesday (-46,843) France changed its electoral franchise laws to increase the power of the middle classes, so stabilising the regime.

3 February 1817, Monday (-46,845) Louis Delescluze, French geologist, was born (died 24 March 1881).

2 February 1817, Sunday (-46,846) Richard Ewell, US soldier, was born (died 25 January 1872).

1 February 1817, Saturday (-46,847)

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29 January 1817, Wednesday (-46,850) John Horsley, English painter, was born (died 18 October 1903)

28 January 1817, Tuesday (-46,851) Madhowdas Vurjeevandas, Indian philanthropist, was born (died 12 January 1896)

27 January 1817, Monday (-46,852)

26 January 1817, Sunday (-46,853) Jean Godin, French socialist, was born (died 1888).

25 January 1817, Saturday (-46,854) First performance, in Rome, of Rossini�s opera La Cerentola

23 January 1817, Thursday (-46,856) John Cassell, British publisher, was born (died 2 April 1865).

12 January 1817, Sunday (-46,867) Juan Andres, Spanish writer, died in Rome (born 1740 in Planes, Valencia).

11 January 1817, Saturday (-46,868) Timothy Dwight, US religious writer, died (born 14 May 1752)

10 January 1817, Friday (-46,869)

9 January 1817, Thursday (-46,870) Sir Rupert Kettle, English County Court Judge and industrial dispute arbiter, was born (died 6 October 1894)

8 January 1817, Wednesday (-46,871) Sir Theophilus Shepstone, South African statesman, was born in Westbiry, near Bristol, England (died 23 June 1893 in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa)

5 January 1817, Sunday (-46,874)

1 January 1817, Wednesday (-46,878) Martin Klaproth, German chemistry writer, died (born 1 December 1743).

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31 December 1816, Tuesday (-46,879) Sir William Gull, English physician, was born (died 29 January 1890).

30 December 1816, Monday (-46,860)

29 December 1816, Sunday (-46,881) (Medical) Karl Freidrich Wilhelm Ludwig was born in Witzenhausen, Germany. In 1847 he demonstrated that the blood circulation is purely mechanical, due to heart pumping action.

28 December 1816, Saturday (-46,882) Presbyterian clergyman Robert Finley established the American Colonisation Society, whose aim was to recolonise American Black slaves in Africa.

24 December 1816, Tuesday (-46,886) Manuel Tolsa, Spanish sculptor, died in Mexico City (born 1757 near Valencia)

15 December 1816, Sunday (-46,895) Charles 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman, died in Chevening, Kent (born 3 August 1775)

13 December 1816, Friday (-46,897) Ernst Werner von Siemens, founder of the electrical engineering giant Siemens in 1847, was born.

12 December 1816, Thursday (-46,898) (Italy) King Ferdinand of Naples abolished the Sicilian Constitution and proclaimed himself King of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily). As a monarch he had made himself virtually an Austrian vassal (see 23 January 1806), even having an Austrian, Count Nugent, as Commander in Chief of the Army. Ferdinand�s ruthless suppression of opposition in Sicily led to the emergence of the Carbonari, who eventually penetrated large sections of the Army. A Sicilian military revolt under General Pepe did intimidate Ferdinand into making some constitutional reforms; however a pro-independence revolt in Sicily was harshly suppressed with Neapolitan troops.

11 December 1816, Wednesday (-46,899) (USA) Indiana became the 19th state of the USA.

10 December 1816, Tuesday (-46,900) August Goeben, Prussian General, was born (died 1880)

9 December 1816, Monday (-48,901)

8 December 1816, Sunday (-46,902) (USA) August Belmont, US financier, was born in Prussia (died in New York 24 November 1890).

6 December 1816, Friday (-46,904) (Britain) Sir John Brown, Sheffield armour plate manufacturer, was born (died 27 December 1896).

4 December 1816, Wednesday (-46,906) President Monroe, having served as US Secretary of State under President Madison, was elected to succeed him. See 2 December 1823.

2 December 1816, Monday (-46,908) Rioting broke out at Spa Fields in London during a meeting to promote demands for parliamentary reform. Demands were for the vote for all men aged 18 and over, and for no property qualifications for MPs. The response was a series of Coercion Acts, including a temporary suspension of Habeas Corpus and an extension of the 1978 Act against seditious meetings.

===================================================================================

29 November 1816, Friday (-46,911) Morrison Remick Waite, US jurist, was born in Connecticut (died 23 March 1888 in Washington DC)

17 November 1816, Sunday (-46,923) August Wilhelm Ambros, Czech-born German musicologist, was born in Vysoke Myto (died 28 June 1876 in Vienna).

14 November 1816, Thursday (-46,926) John Curwen, music educationalist, was born in Heckmondwike, Yorkshire (died 26 May 1880- in Manchester).

11 November 1816, Monday (-46,929) (Britain) Sir John Coode, British engineer, was born (died 2 March 1892).

6 November 1816, Wednesday (-46,934) Gouverneur Morris, US statesman, died (born 31 January 1752)

5 November 1816, Tuesday (-46,935) The Diet (National Assembly) of the German Confederation (the newly-created association f German States, set up to replace mthe former Holy Roman Empire) opened at Frankfurt am main, under Klemens, Prince Metternich, the Austrian Chief Minister.

4 November 1816, Monday (-46,936) Stephen Field, US jurist, was born (died 9 April 1899).

3 November 1816, Sunday (-46,937) Jubal Early, US soldier, was born (died 2 March 1894).

1 November 1816, Friday (-46,939) Friedrich Hacklander, German novelist, was born (died 6 July 1877).

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30 October 1816, Wednesday (-46,941) Henry Dawes, US lawyer, was born (died 5 February 1903).

15 October 1816, Tuesday (-46,956) (France) Stanislas Dupuy, French naval architect, was born (died 1 February 1885).

14 October 1816, Monday (-46,957) Daniel Huntingdon, US artist, was born (died 19 April 1906)

12 October 1816, Saturday (-46,959)

10 October 1816, Thursday (-46,961) Sir John Simon, English physician, was born in London (died 23 July 1904)

9 October 1816, Wednesday (-46,962) Edward Blomfield, English scholarly writer, died in Cambridge (born in Bury St Edmunds 14 February 1788)

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26 September 1816, Thursday (-46,975) Paul Gervais, French palaeontological writer, was born (died 10 February 1879).

16 September 1816, Monday (-46,985) Sir Theodore Martin, British author, was born (died 18 August 1909).

10 September 1816, Tuesday (-46,991) Sir John Pender, British cable pioneer, was born (died 7 July 1896 in Footscray, Kent)

5 September 1816, Thursday (-48,996) King Louis XVIII of France dissolved the ultra-conservative Chambre Itrouvable (Chamber of Deputies, convened in 1815) so moderate deputies obtained a majority in the upcoming election.

3 September 1816, Tuesday (-46,998) Friedrich Ludwig Schroder, German dramatist, died (born in Schwerin 3 November 1744)

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29 August 1816, Thursday (-47,003) Johann Hieronymous Schroter, German astronomer, died (born in Erfurt 10 August 1745)

24 August 1816, Saturday (-47,008) Tristan da Cunha, four islands in the south Atlantic, were annexed and garrisoned by the UK.

21 August 1816, Wednesday (-47,011) Charles Gerhardt, French chemist, was born (died 19 August 1856).

16 August 1816, Friday (-47,016) (Railways GB) Sir Daniel Gooch, engineer and railway administrator, was born (died 15 October 1889). He turned the Great Western railway around from near bankruptcy in 1866, when he became Chairman of the Board, to healthy profitability in 1889; his last year on the Board.

13 August 1816, Tuesday (-47,019) Heinrich Gneist, German politician, was born (died 22 July 1895)

8 August 1816, Thursday (-47,024) Bavaria jpoined the Holy Alliance formed between Austria, Russia and Prussia in 1815.

7 August 1816, Wednesday (-47,025) Karl Johann Formes, German bass singer, was born in Mulheim (died15 December 1889 in San Francisco)

4 August 1816, Sunday (-47,028) Russell Sage, US financier, was born in New York State (died 22 July 1906 in New York City)

1 August 1816, Thursday (-47,031)

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31 July 1816, Wednesday (-47,032) George Henry Thomas, US General, was born in Virginia (died 28 March 1870in San Francisco)

30 July 1816, Tuesday (-47,033) Johan Sverdrup, Norwegian statesman, was born in Jarlsberg (died 17 February 1892 in Christiania.

28 July 1816, Sunday (-47,035) Robert Harkness, English geologist, was born (died 4 October 1878)