Chronography of events from 1 January 1800 to 31 December 1809

Page last modified 12 September 2023

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(-9999) = Day count to end of World War Two in Europe (day zero = Tuesday). Easter Sundays derived from https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm

See also Julian Day Count, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day

For dates from 1 January 1810 click here

4 January 1810, Thursday (-49,432) Catherine Dashkov, Russian writer, died (born 1744).

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29 December 1809, Friday (-49,438) William Ewart Gladstone, four times Liberal Prime Minister, was born in Liverpool.� He was the son of a wealthy Scottish merchant.

24 December 1809, Sunday (-49,443) Kit Carson, US soldier and fur trapper who did much to open up the West to White settlers, was born in Kentucky (died 23 May 1868)

23 December 1809, Saturday (-49,444) Antoine Christophe Saliceti, French Revolutionist, died in Naples (born 26 August 1757 in Saliceto, Corsica)

21 December 1809, Thursday (-49,446) (Electrical) Tiberius Cavallo, electrical scientist, died (born 30 March 1749).

18 December 1809, Monday (-49,449) Alexander Adam, Scottish teacher and antiquarian (born 24 June 1741), died.

16 December 1809, Saturday (-49,451) Napoleon divorced Josephine Beauharnais, because she has not given him a son, during their 13-year marriage.

3 December 1809, Sunday (-49,464) Charles St John, E glish author, was born (died 22 July 1856 near Southampton)

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27 November 1809, Monday (-49,470) Frances Kemble, author, was born (died 15 January 1893)

25 November 1809, Saturday (-49,472) Richard Shilleto, English scholarly writer, was born in Ulleskelf, Yorkshire (died 24 September 1876 in Cambridge)

20 November 1809, Monday (-49,477) William Chappell, English writer on music, was born (died 1888).

19 November 1809, Sunday (-49,478) Spanish forces were defeated at Ocana. The French now overran all of Andalusia, apart from Cadiz, which remained capital of free Spain.

13 November 1809, Monday (-49,484) John Dahlgren, US naval commander, was born (died 12 July 1870)

9 November 1809, Thursday (-49,488) Paul Sandby, English water colour painter, died in London (born 1725)

7 November 1809, Tuesday (-49,490) Paul Sandby, English artist, died in London (born 1731 in Nottingham)

5 November 1809, Sunday (-49,492) Edmond Leboeuf, Marshal of France, was born (died 7 June 1888)

4 November 1809, Saturday (-49,493) Benjamin Curtis, US jurist, was born (died 15 September 1874).

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30 October 1809, Monday (-49,498) William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, Duke of Portland, Prime Minister of England, died (born 14 April 1738)

27 October 1809, Friday (-49,501) Lewis Edwards, Welsh religious writer, was born (died 19 July 1887)

24 October 1809, Tuesday (-49,504) Joseph Schmittbauer, German composer, died in Karlsruhe (born 8 November 1718 in Bamberg)

22 October 1809, Sunday (-49,506) Frederico Ricci, Italian composer, was born in Naples (died 10 Decemebr 1877 in Conegliano)

20 October 1809, Friday (-49,508) (Britain) Sir Alexander Ball, British rear-admiral and Governor of Malta, died (born 1759).

15 October 1809, Sunday (-49,513) Samuel Morley, English politician, was born (died 5 September 1886).

14 October 1809, Saturday (-49,514) Austria signed the Peace of Schonbrunn, ceding its Illyrian provinces to France.� Austria lost Galicia, Salzburg, and Istria.

13 October 1809, Friday (-49,515)

12 October 1809, Thursday (-49,516) John Hatton, English composer, was born (died 20 September 1886).

11 October 1809, Wednesday (-49,517) Meriwether Lewis, explorer of the US Midwest, died (born 18 August 1774).

8 October 1809, Sunday (-49,520) Metternich was appointed Austrian Foreign Minister.

4 October 1809, Wednesday (-49,524) Spencer Perceval, Tory, succeeded the Duke of Portland as British Prime Minister.

2 October 1809, Monday (-49,526) Richard Gough, English antiquarian writer, died (born 21/10.1735).

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30 September 1809, Saturday (-49,528) The Treaty of Fort Wayne was signed by Governor Harrison and Chiefs of the Delaware, Miami and Potawatomi Indian tribes, ceding 5,500 square miles of territory to the Federal Government. Two tribal leaders, Tecumseh and Tensquatawa, refused to sign.

29 September 1809, Friday (-49,529) Charles Dupuis, French scientific writer, died (born 26/10.1742).

28 September 1809, Thursday (-49,530)

27 September 1809, Wednesday (-49,531) Francois Jules Pictet de la Rive, Swiss zoologist, was born in Geneva (died15 March 1872 in Geneva)

26 September 1809, Tuesday (-49,532) Ottoman forces at the fortresses of Brailoff and Silestria, in the Danubian Provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia, were defeated by the Russians.

21 September 1809, Thursday (-49,537) Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, Minister of War, was affronted by the resignation of George Canning, British Foreign Secretary, and challenged him to a duel. Canning was wounded.

18 September 1809, Monday (-49,540) The Royal Opera House in London opened with a performance of Macbeth. The building burnt down in 1856, and a foundation stone from it was incorporated into the current structure (opened 1858). An earlier Royal Opera House had burnt down on 19 September 1808.

17 September 1809, Sunday (-49,541) (Russia, Sweden, Finland) In February 1808 Tsar Alexander invaded Finland, then part of Sweden, without a declaration of war.� On this day the Treaty of Fredrikshamn ended the war; Sweden ceded Finland and the Aland Islands to Russia. Sweden was unable to secure an undertaking by Russia not to fortify the Aland Islands, which were close to Stockholm, but see 30 March 1856.

15 September 1809, Friday (-49,543) Ludwig Preller, German scholarly writer, was born in Hamburg (died 21 June 1861 in Weimar)

9 September 1809, Saturday (-49,549) George Canning, British Foreign Secretary, resigned, complaining about the mismanagement of the Peninsular War.

7 September 1809, Thursday (-49,551) Karoline Schelling, German scholar of Shakespeare, died in Maulbronn (born 2 September 1763 in Gottingen)

6 September 1809, Wednesday (-49,552) Bruno Bauer, German writer, was in Elsenburg (died in Rixdorf 13 April 1882).

5 September 1809, Tuesday (-49,553) Manuel Montt, Chilean statesman, was born (died 20 September 1880).

4 September 1809, Monday (-49,554) Luigi Menabrea, Italian statesman, was born (died 24 May 1896).

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31 August 1809, Thursday (-49,558) Oswald Heer, Swiss geologist, was born (died 27 September 1883).

29 August 1809, Tuesday (-49,560) Oliver Wendell Holmes, US writer, was born (died 7/10.1894).

27 August 1809, Sunday (-49,562) Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President of the USA, was born (died 4 July 1891).

22 August 1809, Tuesday (-49,567) John Burton, historical writer, was born (died 10 August 1881)

21 August 1809, Monday (-49,568) Francesco Schira, Italian composer, was born in Malta (died 15 October 1883 in London)

18 August 1809, Friday (-49,571) Matthew Boulton, partner of James Watt, British engineer, died in Soho, London

16 August 1809, Wednesday (-49,573) The University of Berlin was re-founded. Originally founded,1574, it was refounded by German scholar, diplomat and educator, Wilhelm von Humboldt, who believed education was necessary to produce patriotic citizens. The German nationalist philosopher Johann Gottleib Fichte became the first Rector.

10 August 1809, Thursday (-49,579) Ecuador revolted against Spanish rule.

8 August 1809, Tuesday (-49,581) Heinrich Abeken, Prussian government official, was born (died 1872).

6 August 1809, Sunday (-49,583) Alfred Lord Tennyson, poet, was born.

5 August 1809, Saturday (-49,584) Alexander Kinglake, English historical writer, was born (died 2 January 1891).

4 August 1809, Friday (-49,585) Sir Samuel Morton Peto, railway builder, was born in Woking, Surrey (died 13 November 1889)

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31 July 1809, Monday (-49,590)

29 July 1809, Saturday (-49,591) Etienne Vacherot, French writer, wsas born near Langres (died 28 July 1897)

28 July 1809, Friday (-49,592) At the Battle of Talavera, in the Peninsular War, The Duke of Wellington was victorious over the French Admiral Soult.

24 July 1809, Monday (-49,596) Johann Eckhardt, German composer, died in Paris (born 21 July 1735 in Augsburg)

22 July 1809, Saturday (-49,598) Jean Senebier, researcher on plant physiology, died in Geneva (born 6 May 1742 in Geneva)

16 July 1809, Sunday (-49,604) (Bolivia) Anti-Spanish uprising inspired by Simon Bolivar took place in Chuquisaca (Sucre), La Paz and Cochabamba. They all failed.

15 July 1809, Saturday (-49,605) Napoleon Bonaparte annulled his marriage to Josephine. He married the Austrian Archduchess Marie Louise in April 1810.

12 July 1809, Wednesday (-49,608) Austria sued for peace, and the Armistice of Znaim (Moravia) was signed.

9 July 1809, Sunday (-49,611) Friedrich Henle, German anatomist, was born (died 13 May 1885).

7 July 1809, Friday (-49,613)

6 July 1809. Thursday (-49,614) Napoleon gained victory at Wagram over Austria. Pope Pius VII was arrested.� Austria had tried to regain its old position whilst Napoleon was occupied in Spain.� See 14 October 1809.

5 July 1809, Wednesday (-49,615) Napoleon annexed the Papal States.

1 July 1809, Saturday (-49,619)

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27 June 1809, Tuesday (-49,623) Francois Canrobert, Marshal of France, was born (died 28 January 1895).

26 June 1809, Monday (-49,624) Iceland declared independence from Denmark. Denmark had attempted to remain neutral during the Napoleonic Wars, but this position became increasingly untenable. Britian then acted first, before Napoleon could, bombarding Copenhagen into surrender and confiscating the Danish fleet. Denmark then declared war on Britain, a position it maintained until the war ended in 1814. Britain now became a trading partner with Iceland, bringing essential goods to market at fair prices.

24 June 1809, Saturday (-49,626) Xavier Marmier, French author, was born (died 11 October 1892).

21 June 1809, Wednesday (-49,629) Pascual Gayangos, Spanish historical writer, was born (died 4 October 1897).

20 June 1809, Tuesday (-49,630) Isaac Dorner, German religious writer, was born (died 8 July 1884).

19 June 1809, Monday (-49,631) Richard Houghton, English poet, was born (died 11 August 1885).

14 June 1809, Wednesday (-49,636) Sir Henry Keppel, British Admiral, was born (died 17 January 1904).

10 June 1809, Saturday (-49,640) Napoleon was excommunicated by Pope Pius VII. On 6 July 1809 Pope Pius was arrested for this act.

8 June 1809, Thursday (-49,642) Thomas Paine, American revolutionary, died.

7 June 1809, Wednesday (-49,643) William Forbes Skene, Scottish historical writer, was born near Aberdeen (died 29 August 1892 in Edinburgh)

6 June 1809, Tuesday (-49,644) Franz Ahrens, German scholar (died 25 September 1881) was born.

5 June 1809, Monday (-49,645) (1) A peace treaty was signed in Chanak between England and Turkey

(2) Charles XIII became King of Sweden.

4 June 1809, Sunday (-49,646) Nicolai Abraham Abikdgaard, Danish painter, died (born Copenhagen 11 September 1743)

3 June 1809, Saturday (-49,647) Austrian forces occupying warsaw were forced to withdraw by advancing Russian and Polish forcesand the city bcame under French control again.

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31 May 1809. Wednesday (-49,650) Franz Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer, died in Vienna.

29 May 1809, Monday (-49,652) Johannes Muller, Swiss historical writer, died (born 3 January 1752).

27 May 1809, Saturday (-49,654) Joseph Haussonville, French historical writer, was born (died 28 May 1884).

24 May 1809. Wednesday (-49,657) Dartmoor Prison was opened to house French prisoners of war. From 1850 it was used for British convicts.

22 May 1809, Monday (-49,659) William Spalding, British author, was born in Aberdeen (died 16 November 1859 in St Andrews)

21 May 1809, Sunday (-49,660) Battle of Aspern-Essling, fought between Napoleon�s French troops and the Austrians.� Napoleon lost.� Austria had reopened hostilities against France in 1809, with a re-organised army.� However Napoleon reacted swiftly and pushed down the Danube to occupy Vienna.

17 May 1809, Wednesday (-49,664) The French under Napoleon annexed the Papal States. Pope Pius VII then excommunicated Napoleon, who in return held the Pope prisoner.

13 May 1809, Saturday (-49,668) French forces took the Austrian capital Vienna.

12 May 1809, Friday (-49,669) The Duke of Wellington crossed the Douro River (Pensinsular War)� and drove the French under Marshal Soult out of Oporto.

8 May 1809, Monday (-49,673) Edward Miall, English Nonconformist journalist, was born (died 29 April 1881).

6 May 1809, Saturday (-49,675) Cortes Donoso, Spanish author, was born (died 3 May 1853).

5 May 1809, Friday (-49,676) (Science) Frederick Barnard, scientist, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts (died in New York City 27 April 1889).

4 May 1809, Thursday (-49,677)

3 May 1809, Wednesday (-49,678) Laurent Koninck, Belgian scientific writer, was born (died 16 July 1887).

2 May 1809, Tuesday (-49,679) Heinrich Henke, German religious writer, died (born 3 July 1752).

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30 April 1809, Sunday (-49,681)

25 April 1809, Tuesday (-49,686) The British in India concluded a Treaty of Friendship with the Sikhs at Amritsar, setting the boundary of British influence in the NW at the River Sutlej.

24 April 1809, Monday (-49,687) (USA) Joseph Addison Alexander, US scholar (died 28 January 1860 in Princeton) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

23 April 1809, Sunday (-49,688) Eugene Prevost, French composer, was born in Paris (died 19 August 1872 in new Orleans)

22 April 1809, Saturday (-49,689) Napoleon defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Eckmuhl.

21 April 1809, Friday (-49,690) Robert Hunter, US statesman, was born (died 18 July 1887).

20 April 1809, Thursday (-49,691) (France) Napoleon inflicted a major defeat on the Austrian Army under Archduke Louis and General Hiller at Abensburg, Bavaria.

18 April 1809, Tuesday (-49,693)

15 April 1809, Saturday (-40,696) Hermann Grassmann, mathematician, was born.

14 April 1809, Friday (-40,697) Friedrich Adolph Roemer, German geologist, was born in Prussia (died 14 December 1891 in Breslau)

10 April 1809. Monday (-49,701) Austria declared war on France and its army entered Bavaria.

7 April 1809, Friday (-49,704) James Glaisher, English meteorologist, was born (died 7 February 1903).

5 April 1809, Wednesday (-49,706) Carl Halm, German scholarly writer, was born (died 5 October 1882).

4 April 1809, Tuesday (-49,707) (Austria) Britain agreed to provide Austria with a monthly subsidy of �150,000 for the war against France, and for Austria to invade the Schedlt region of the French-dominated Kingdom of Holland.

2 April 1809, Sunday (-49,709) Easter Sunday

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31 March 1809, Friday (-49,711) Nikolai Gogol, Russian author, was born in Sorochinsty, Poltava.

29 March 1809, Friday (-40,713) King Gustavus IV of Sweden officially abdicated. This followed military defeats in the war with Denmark.

28 March 1809, Tuesday (-49,714) Battle of Medellin (Peninsular War). The French under Marshal Victor heavily defeated the Spanish iunder Cuesta.

27 March 1809, Monday (-49,715) Baron Georges Hausmann, who planned the long boulevards of Paris, was born.

26 March 1809, Sunday (-49,716) Gabriel Piozzi, music teacher and composer, died in Denbighshire, Wales (born 8 June 1740 in Brescia, Italy)

23 March 1809, Thursday (-49,719) Thomas Holcroft, English writer, died (born 10 December 1745).

21 March 1809, Tuesday (-49,721) Jules Favre, French statesman, was born (died 20 January 1880).

19 March 1809, Sunday (-49,723) Bettino Ricasoli, Italian statesman, was born in Broglio (died 23 October 1880 in Broglio)

15 March 1809, Wednesday (-49,727) Karl Hefele, German religious writer, was born (died 6 June 1893).

13 March 1809, Monday (-49,729) Swedish Army officers seized King Gustavus IV of Sweden and put him under house arrest in the royal apartments. A provisional government was announced, led by the Duke of Sudermania. On 29 March 1809 Gustavus IV officially abdicated, and on 10 May 1809 the Swedish Government announced that the Gustavus family would not regain the throne.

12 March 1809. Sunday (-49,730) Britain signed a treaty with Persia, forcing the French out of the country.

11 March 1809, Saturday (-49,731) Hannah Cowley, English poet, died (born 1743).

10 March 1809, Friday (-49,732) Thomas Hake, English poet, was born (died 11 January 1895).

7 March 1809, Tuesday (-49,735) Jean Pierre Blanchard, French balloonist, who was the first person to cross the English Channel by air, died at La Haye during practice jumps from a balloon.

4 March 1809. Saturday (-49,738) James Madison was inaugurated as President of the USA.

1 March 1809, Wednesday (-49,741) Prussia created a General Staff under General von Scharnhorst.

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25 February 1809, Saturday (-49,745) French forces under Marshal Gouvion St Cyr defeated a Spanish force under Swiss General Aloys Reding at the Battle of Valls, Spain.

24 February 1809, Friday (-49,746) Edwin Manteuffel, Prussian Field Marshal, was born (died 17 June 1885).

23 February 1809, Thursday (-49,747) Dirck van der Aa, Dutch painter, died (born 1731 in The Hague)

15 February 1809, Wednesday (-49,755) Cyrus Hall McCormick, American inventor of the first mechanical crop reaper, was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia.

12 February 1809, Sunday (-49,758) (1) Abraham Lincoln was born on a farm in Hodgenville, Kentucky.

(2) (Britain, Technology) Charles Darwin was born.� His father, Robert Darwin, was a doctor and financier, and his mother, Susannah Darwin, was the daughter of pottery magnate Josiah Wedgewood.

8 February 1809, Wednesday (-49,762) (Austria) Emperor Francis I of Austria, fearing that Napoleon would overrun and dismember Austria, launched a pre-emptive attack on France.

7 February 1809, Tuesday (-49,763) Frederik Paludan Miller, Danish poet, was born in Funen (died 27 December 1876 in Copenhagen).

6 February 1809, Monday (-49,764) Antoine Joseph Santerre, French Revolutionist, died in Paris (born 16 March 1752 in Paris)

3 February 1809, Friday (-49,767) Felix Mendelssohn, German composer, was born in Hamburg, son of a banker.

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28 January 1809, Saturday (-49,773) Theodor Benfrey, German writer, was born neat Gottingen (died in Gottingen 26 June 1881)

24 February 1809, Tuesday (-49,777) Sebastien Yradier, Spanish composer, was born in Lanciego, Alva (died 6 December 1865 in Vittoria)

21 January 1809, Saturday (-49,780)

19 January 1809, Thursday (-49,782) Edgar Allen Poe, American writer of macabre stories, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, of theatrical parents.

18 January 1809, Wednesday (-49,783) Francisque� Michel, French historical writer, was born (died 18 May 1887).

17 January 1809, Tuesday (-49,784) Pierre Cheruel, French historical writer, was born (died 1 May 1891).

16 January 1809, Monday (-49,785) (France-Germany, Spain) The British won a rearguard action against the French, under Nicolas Soult, at Corunna in the Peninsular War. Moore had invaded Spain in the hope of raising anti-Napoleonic support but found this lacking. Corunna enabled the British forces to be successfully evacuated. However the British commander, Sir John Moore, was killed in this battle.

15 January 1809, Sunday (-49,786) Pierre Joseph Proudhon, French socialist and political writer (died 1895) was born.

14 January 1809, Saturday (-49,787)

13 January 1809, Friday (-49,788) Friedrich Beust, Austrian statesman, was born Dresden (died near Vienna 24 October 1886).

12 January 1809, Thursday (-49,789) Leopold O�Donnell, Spanish statesman, was born in Santa Cruz, Tenerife (died 5 November 1867 in Bayonne).

9 January 1809, Monday (-49,792)

6 January 1809, Friday (-49,795) Johann Eberhard, German scholarly writer, died (born 1739).

5 January 1809, Thursday (-49,796) (Turkey) Britain, now in opposition to Russia, concluded the Treaty of the Dardanelles with Ottoman Turkey.

4 January 1809, Wednesday (-49,797) Louis Braille, French benefactor of the blind, was born in Coupvray, near Paris.

1 January 1809, Sunday (-49,800) The Spanish Supreme Junta and Britain agreed not to make any separate peace with Napoleon.

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29 December 1808, Thursday (-49,803) Andrew Johnson, American Democrat and 17^th President, was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, the son of an inn porter.

27 December 1808, Tuesday (-49,805) Horatio Hackett, US Biblical scholarly writer, was born (died 2 November 1875)

26 December 1808, Monday (-49,806) Albert Grisar, Belgian composer, was born in Antwerp (died15 June 1869 in Asnueres)

24 December 1808, Saturday (-49,808) Thomas Beddoes, English scientific writer, died (born in Shifnal, Shropshire 13 April 1760).

22 December 1808, Thursday (-49,810) Beethoven�s 5^th and 6^th symphonies received their premiere in Vienna.

21 December 1808, Wednesday (-49,811) Battle of Molinos del Rey, Peninsular War. The French under General St Cyr defeated the Spanish under Reding.

19 December 1808, Monday (-49,813) Horatius Bonar, Scottish clerical writer, was born in Edinburgh (died 31 July 1889).

17 December 1808, Saturday (-49,815) Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool, died (born 16 May 1729).

7 December 1808, Wednesday (-49,825) Hugh McCulloch, Us financier, was born (died 24 May 1895).

4 December 1808, Sunday (-49,828) Napoleon abolished the Spanish Inquisition.

3 December 1808, Saturday (-49,829) Napoleon entered Madrid. He installed Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain.

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24 November 1808, Thursday (-49,838) Jean Karr, French novelist, was born (died 29 September 1890).

22 November 1808, Tuesday (-49,840) Pioneer travel agent Thomas Cook was born in Melbourne, Derbyshire.� He died in 1892.

20 November 1808, Sunday (-49,842) Don Jose Floridablanca, Spanish statesman, died (born 1728).

12 November 1808, Saturday (-49,850) Ray Palmer, US hymn writer, was born in Rhode Island (died 29 March 1887 in Newark, New Jersey)

10 November 1808, Thursday (-49,852) (Canada) Guy Dorchester, British Governor of Canada, died (born 3 September 1724).

3 November 1808, Thursday (-49,859) Theophilus Lindsey, English religious writer, died.

2 November 1808, Wednesday (-49,860) Jules Barbey, French writer, was born (died in Paris 23 April 1889).

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28 October 1808, Friday (-49,865) Prosper Derivis, French bass singer, was born in Paris (died 11 February 1880 in Livry)

24 October 1808, Monday (-49,869) Bernhard Cotta, German geologist, was born (died 14 September 1879)

20 October 1808, Thursday, (-49,873) (Cartography) Karl Andree, German cartographer and geographer, was born in Brunswick (died 10 August 1875 in Wildungen).

15 October 1808, Saturday (-49,878) (Britain) James Anderson, Scottish economist (born 1739) died.

14 October 1808, Friday (-49,879) The closure of the Conference of Erfurt (began 27 September 1808); a settlement of European affairs between Napoleon I of France and Czar Alexander I of Russia. It was also attended by the 34 princes of the Confederation of the Rhine. In return for territorial gains in Europe (Finland, Moldova and Wallachia) Alexander I agreed not to hinder the French war effort in Spain, and to assist France if it was attacked by Austria.

12 October 1808, Wednesday (-49,881) Victor Considerant, French socialist, was born (died 1893)

1 October 1808, Saturday (-49,892) Regina Mingotti, Austro-Itralian soprano singer, died in Neuburg on Danube (born 16 February 1722 in Naples)

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25 September 1808, Sunday (-49,898) Richard Porson, English scholarly writer, d8ied (born 25 December 1759 near North Walsham, Norfolk)

22 September 1808, Thursday (-49,901) George Hillard, US author, was born (died 21 January 1879).

19 September 1808, Monday (-49,904) London�s first Covent garden Theatre, opened 7 December 1732, burnt down. It reopened 18 September 1809 and again burnt down 1856, reopened 1858.

15 September 1808, Thursday (-49,908) Antoine Clapisson, French composer, was born in Naples (died 19 March 1866 in Paris)

13 September 1808, Tuesday (-49,910) Saverio Bettinelli, Jesuit writer, died (born in Mantua 18 July 1718).

7 September 1808, Wednesday (-49,916) William Lindley, English engineer, was born (died 22 May 1900).

6 September 1808, Tuesday (-49,917) (France) Louis Anquetil, French historian, died (born 21 February 1723 in Paris).

5 September 1808, Monday (-49,918) John Home, Scottish poet, died (born 22 September 1722).

3 September 1808, Saturday (-49,920)

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29 August 1808, Monday (-49,925) Franz Hermann Schultze Delitzsch, German economics writer, was born in Saxony (died 29 April 1883 in Potsdam)

25 August 1808, Thursday (-49,929) Narcisse Diaz, French painter, was born (died 18 November 1876).

24 August 1808, Wednesday (-49,930) (Britain) William Lindsay Alexander, Scottish church scholar (died 20 December 1884 in Edinburgh) was born in Leith.

21 August 1808, Sunday (-49,933) British troops under Wellington defeated the French under General Junot.� This was at the Battle of Vimiero, during the Peninsular War.� The Peninsular War absorbed some 300,000 of Napoleon�s best troops, and� ended when Napoleon heard reports that Austria, backed by Britain, was arming against him.

19 August 1808, Friday (-49,935) James Nasymth, Scottish engineer who invented the first steam hammer, was born in Edinburgh.

15 August 1808, Monday (-49,939) Alfred von Reumont, German scholarly writer, was born (died 27 April 1887 in Aix la Chapelle)

3 August 1808, Wednesday (-49,951) Hamilton Fish, US politician, was born (died 7 September 1983).

1 August 1808, Monday (-49,953) A British Army under Sir Arthur Wellesley, future Duke of Wellington, arrived in Portugal to support Spanish fighters against Napoleon.

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27 July 1808, Wednesday (-49,958) Moritz Haupt, German scholarly writer, was born (died 5 February 1874).

23 July 1808, Saturday (-49,962) Spanish fighters defeated French General Dupont de l�Etang, whose army was poorly equipped, at Bailen in southern Spain.

22 July 1808, Friday (-49,963) Sir James Grant, English General, was born (died 7 March 1875).

20 July 1808, Wednesday (-49,965) Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, entered Madrid; meanwhile Spanish patriots defeated the French army at Bailen.

15 July 1808, Friday (-49,970) Sir Henry Cole, English civil servant, was born (died 18 April 1882).

13 July 1808, Wednesday (-49,972) Marie MacMahon, French President, was born (died 17 October 1893).

6 July 1808, Wednesday (-49,979) Johann Droysen, German historical writer, was born (died 19 June 1884).

5 July 1808, Tuesday (-49,980) Jacques Demogeot, French writer was born (died 1894).

4 July 1808, Monday (-49,981) (USA) Ames Fisher, US statesman, died (born 9 April 1878 in Dedham, Massachusetts).

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29 June 1808, Wednesday (-49,986) (Germany) Johann Baptist Alzog, German theologian, was born in Ohlau, Silesia (died 1 March 1878)

26 June 1808, Sunday (-49,989) James Spedding, English author, was born in Cumberland (died 9 March 1881 due to a cab accident in London)

17 June 1808, Friday (-49,998) (Finland) Czar Alexander I of Russia restored priveliged to Finland. He suspected France of intentions to attack him and wanted to secure Finnish loyalty.

16 June 1808, Thursday (-49,999) James Ferrier, Scottish philosophical writer, was born (died 11 June 1864).

15 June 1808, Wednesday (-50,000) French forces laid siege to Saragossa, Spain, after the Spanish garrison and local people resisted French attempts to use the town as a point of communication for the military with central Spain and Portugal.

12 June 1808, Sunday (-50,003) George Bramwell, English judge, was born in London (died 9 May 1892).

6 June 1808, Monday (-50,009) The Tugendbund, or Society of Virtue, a nationalist movement, was established in Konigsberg, East Prussia.

3 June 1808, Friday (-50,012) Jefferson Davis, American President of the Confederate States during the Civil War, was born in Fairview, Kentucky.

1 June 1808, Wednesday (-50,014) The first students were admitted to Ohio University; its charter had been approved on 18 February 1804.

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28 May 1808, Saturday (-50,018) Richard Hurd, English religious writer, died (born 13 January 1720).

22 May 1808, Sunday (-50,024) Gerard de Nerval, French writer, was born (died 25 January 1855).

18 May 1808, Wednesday (-50,028) (USA) Jacob Albright, US clergyman, died 18 May 1808 in Muhlbach, Pennsylvania (born 1 May 1759 near Pottstown, Pennsylvania).

15 May 1808, Sunday (-50,031) Michael Balfe, Irish composer, was born in Dublin (died 20 October 1870).

5 May 1808, Thursday (-50,041) (Medical) Pierre Cabanis, French physiologist, died (born 5 June 1757).

3 May 1808, Tuesday (-50,043) The first duel to be fought from two hot air balloons was held over Paris; one combatant was shot dead.

2 May 1808, Monday (-50,044) (Spain, France) The people of Madrid rebelled against Napoleon�s rule. The French had replaced the Spanish monarch with Napoleon�s elder brother, Joseph. Moreover, Marshal Joachim Murat proposed removing the children of the Royal Family to France. This precipitated a riot with a crowd assembled at the Royal palace to prevent this removal. The French dealt with the protest harshly, killing many, which merely inflamed matters further.

1 May 1808, Sunday (-50,045) King Charles IV of Spain abdicated in favour of Joseph Bonaparte.

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26 April 1808, Tuesday (-50,050) Jean Baptiste Pillement, French painter, died in Lyons (born 24 May 1728 in Lyons)

20 April 1808, Wednesday (-50,056) Napoleon III, Emperor of France, was born.

17 April 1808, Sunday (-50,059) Easter Sunday

15 April 1808, Friday (-50,061) Hubert Robert, French painter, died (born 1753 in Paris)

12 April 1808, Tuesday (-50,064) Pauline Craven, French author, was born (died 1 April 1891)

10 April 1808, Sunday (-50,066) Auguste Franchomme, French cellist, was born in Lille (died 21 January 1884 in Paris)

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25 March 1808, Friday (-50,082) Jose Espronceda, Spanish poet, was born (died 23 May 1842).

24 March 1808, Thursday (-50,083) Marie Malibran, French operatic singer, was born (died 23 September 1836).

23 March 1808, Wednesday (-50,084) (Spain, France) French forces occupied Madrid.

22 March 1808, Tuesday (-50,085) August Reichensperger, German politician, was born in Coblenz (died 16 July 1895 in Cologne)

21 March 1808, Monday (-50,086)

20 March 1808, Sunday (-50,087) Charles Cooper, English writer, was born (died 21 March 1866).

19 March 1808, Saturday (-50,088) Spanish King Charles V abdicated, in favour of his son Ferdinand. Charles had aroused antipathy for his pro-French policies.

18 March 1808, Friday (-50,089) Manuel de Godoy, Spanish Chief Minister, was forced out of office by popular protest due to his pro-French policies that had encouraged Napoleon I to occupy Spain.

17 March 1808, Thursday (-50,090) (Jewish) In France, Napoleon imposed economic sanctions on the Jews (The �Infamous Decrees�), ruining many. This followed accusation made in 1806 by Louis Count Mole, Napoleon�s Commissioner, that French Jews were evading conscription and fleecing the population through usurious moneylending.

13 March 1808, Sunday (-50,094) (Denmark) King Christian VII of Norway and Denmark died (born 1749)

10 March 1808, Thursday (-50,097) Napoleone Moriani, Italian tenor, was born in Florence (died 4 March 1878 in Florence)

9 March 1808, Wednesday (-50,098) Guiseppe Bonomi, English architect, died in London (born in Rome 19 January 1739).

8 March 1808, Tuesday (-50,099) Charles Merivale, English historical writer, was born (died 27 December 1893).

7 March 1808, Monday (-50,100) Johann Bluntschell, Swiss political writer, was born in Zurich (died in Karlsruhe 21/01/1881).

6 March 1808, Sunday (-50,101) Joseph Blakesley, English cleric, was born in London (died 18 April 1885).

3 March 1808, Thursday (-50,104) Johann Fabricius, Danish scientific writer, died (born 7 January 1745).

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29 February 1808, Monday (-50,107) France occupied Barcelona, as part of a plan to conquer Spain and consolidate Napoleonic control of southern Europe.

28 February 1808, Sunday (-50,108) Austria joined the Continental system of Napoleon I against Britain.

26 February 1808, Friday (-50,110) Honore Daumier, painter and sculptor, was born.

21 February 1808, Sunday (-50,115) Russia occupied Finland, which was formerly under Swedish domination.

20 February 1808, Saturday (-50,116) Gerard Lake, British General died (born 27 February 1744)

17 February 1808, Wednesday (-50,119)

15 February 1808, Monday (-50,121) Karl Friedrich Lessing, German painter, was born in Breslau (died� 5 June 1880 in Karlsruhe)

14 February 1808, Sunday (-50,122) Sir Michael Costa, British composer, was born (died 29 April 1884)

10 February 1808, Wednesday (-50,126) Hugh Douglas Hamilton, Irish painter, died in Dublin (born 1736 in Dublin)

5 February 1808, Friday (-50,131) Carl Spitzweg, German painter, was born in Munich (died 23 March 1885 in Munich)

4 February 1808, Thursday (-50,132) Mary Anne Talbot, British adventuress, died (born 2 February 1778 in London)

2 February 1808, Tuesday (-50,134) French forces occupied Rome.

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27 January 1808, Wednesday (-50,140) David Friedrich Strauss, German religious writer, was born near Stuttgart (died 8 February 1874)

22 January 1808, Friday (-50,145) James Ferguson, Scottish architectural writer, was born (died 9 January 1886).

13 January 1808, Wednesday (-50,154) Salmon Chase, US jurist, was born (died 7 May 1873).

11 January 1808, Monday (-50,156) Jean Persigny, French statesman, was born (died 11 January 1872 in Nice).

4 January 1808, Monday (-50,163) Friedrich Haase, German scholarly writer, was born (died 16 August 1867).

1 January 1808, Friday (-50,166) The USA passed a law banning the import of slaves, but this was widely ignored.

===================================================================================

31 December 1807, Thursday (-50,167) John Newton, English writer, died in London (born 24 July 1725 in London).

22 December 1807, Tuesday (-50,176) US President Thomas Jefferson signed the Embargo Act, to reduce imports from Britain where the goods could be produced domestically or sourced form another country. Desigtned to hit back at British and French wartime restrictions on US trade with enemy countries, the move in fact harmed the US econmy.

19 December 1807, Saturday (-50,179) Friedrich Grimm, French author, died (born 26 December 1723).

17 December 1807, Thursday (-50,181) The Milan Decree was issued.

3 December 1807, Thursday (-50,195) (Newspapers) Gamaliel Bailey, US journalist, was born in New Jersey (died 5 June 1859)

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30 November 1807, Monday (-50,198) William Farr, English statistician, was born (died 14 April 1883).

29 November 1807, Sunday (-50,199) As France invaded Portugal, the Portuguese Royal Family, the Braganzas, fled to Portugal, under the protection of British Admiral Sidney Smith. They took with them the fleet that Napoleon hoped to use to invade Britain.

28 November 1807, Saturday (-50,200)

27 November 1807, Friday (-50,201) Oliver Ellsworth, US politician, died (born 19 April 1745)

26 November 1807, Thursday (-50,202) Sidney William Mount, US painter, was born in Long Island (died 19 November 1868 in Long Island)

25 November 1807, Wednesday (-50,203)

24 November 1807, Tuesday (-50,204) (USA-Amerindian) Joseph Brant, American Indian chief of the Mohawks, died (born 1742).

23 November 1807, Monday (-50,205) Jean Francois Rewbell, French politician, died in Colmar (born 8 October 1747 in Colmar)

21 November 1807, Saturday (-50,207)

19 November 1807, Thursday (-50,209) Naploeonic France, along with Spain, invaded Portugal because of its refusal to join the Comntiental system, the closure of European ports to British ships.

18 November 1807, Wednesday (-50,210) John Stoughton, English religious writer, was born in Norwich (died 24 October 1897 in Ealing, London)

16 November 1807, Monday (-50,212) Jonas Hallgrimson, poet, was born.

11 November 1807, Wednesday (-50,217) Britain extended its naval blockade to Russia after the Anglo-Russian alliance against France was broken, see 7 July 1807.

6 November 1807, Friday (-50,222) Cornelius Felton, US scholarly writer, was born (died 26 February 1862).

5 November 1807, Thursday (-50,223) Angelica Kauffman, Swiss neoclassical painter, died in Rome aged 66.

2 November 1807, Monday (-50,226) (France) Louis Breteuil, French diplomat, died (born 7 March 1730).

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23 October 1807, Friday (-50,236) Jemima Tautphoeus, British novelist, was born in County Donegal (died 12 November 1893)

19 October 1807, Monday (-50,240) Elemental sodium metal was first isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy.

14 October 1807, Wednesday (-50,245) As part of a programme to modernise its agriculture, Prussia ended serfdom. An Act of Emancipation meant peasants were no longer tied to their landlords and to the land they worked.

13 October 1807, Tuesday (-50,246) Hans Gabelentz, German scholarly writer, was born (died 3 September 1874).

6 October 1807, Tuesday (-50,253) Sir Humphrey Davy discovered a new metal which he called potassium.

4 October 1807, Sunday (-50,255) Sir Louis Lafontaine, Canadian statesman, was born (died 26 February 1864).

====================================================================================

28 September 1807, Monday (-50,261) Arnold Guyot, Swiss geological writer, was born (died 8 February 1884).

20 September 1807, Sunday (-50,269) Friedrich Gauermann, Austrian painter, was born (died 7 July 1862)

14 September 1807, Monday (-50,275) George Townshend, English politician, died (born 28 February 1724)

11 September 1807, Friday (-50,278) Ignaz Lachner, German composer, was born in Rain (died 24 February 1895 in Hanover)

9 September 1807, Wednesday (-50,280) Richard Chevenix Trench, poet, was born in Dublin (died 28 march 1886 in London)

7 September 1807, Monday (-50,282) What was left of the Danish fleet surrendered to the British, and was confiscated by them.

6 September 1807, Sunday (-50,283) Robert Hunt, English scientist, was born (died 17 October 1887).

5 September 1807, Saturday (-50,284) British forces seized the North Sea island of Heligoland from Denmark. In 1980 Britain ceded the island to Germany in return for Zanzibar.

2 September 1807, Wednesday (-50,287) Britain bombarded and destroyed the Danish fleet at Copenhagen, to prevent its use by France.

===================================================================================

31 August 1807, Monday (-50,289)

Ponce Lebrun, French poet, (died (born 11 August 1729)

25 August 1807, Tuesday (-50,295) Jean Etienne Marie Portalis, French jurist, died in Paris (born 1 April 1746 in Bausset, Provence)

21 August 1807, Friday (-50,299) Narcisse Diaz de la Pena, French painter, was born in Bordeaux (died18 November 1876 in Menton)

18 August 1807, Tuesday (-50,302) Napoleon I created the Kingdom of Westphalia, and set up his brother Jerome as ruler.

17 August 1807, Monday (-50,303) Robert Fulton made the first practical steamboat trip, 150 miles in the Clermont from New York City to Albany.

12 August 1807, Wednesday (-50,308) (Biology) George Busk, zoologist, was born (died 10 August 1886).

8 August 1807, Saturday (-50,312) Jerome Bonaparte, brother of French Emperor Napoleon I, was constituted King of Westphalia, a territory comprising former Prussian lands west of the River Elbe. The city of Erfurt, formerly Prussian, was incorporated into France.

1 August 1807, Saturday (-50,319) John Walker, English writer, died in London (born 18 March 1732 in Colney Hatch, Middlesex)

====================================================================================

21 July 1809, Tuesday (-50,330) Daniel Lambert, Englishman famous for his great size, died (born 13 March 1770)

19 July 1807, Sunday (-50,332) The Grand Duchy of Warsaw was formed. It was ruled by Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony and ally of France, thereby establishing a strong Naploeonic presence in eastern Europe.

13 July 1807, Monday (-50,338) Jean Bernoulli, mathematician, died (born 4 November 1744)

12 July 1807, Sunday (-50,339) Thomas Hawkesley, English engineer, was born (died 23 September 1893).

7 July 1807. Tuesday (-50,344) Napoleon signed the Treaty of Tilsit, making peace with Russia and Prussia.� Prussia continued to exist as a kingdom, but was forced to cede all its lands west of the Elbe, as well as most of its recent acquisitions in Poland.� Out of the former Prussian territory between the Elbe and the Weser, Napoleon created the Kingdom of Westphalia, installing his brother Jerome as King. Napoleon and Alexander of Russia ostensibly saw themselves as Emperors of the West and East respectively. Only the stubborn resistance of Britain marred this vision. However the underlying truth was that Russia and France were ultimately in conflict, not allies, as they both wanted to control the Near East, from Turkey to Palestine.

4 July 1807, Saturday (-50,347) Giuseppe Garibaldi, soldier who played a major role in the unification of Italy, was born.

2 July 1807, Thursday (-50,349) US President Jefferson closed all US ports to British warships.

===================================================================================

30 June 1807, Tuesday (-50,351) Friedrich Theodor Vischer, German scholarly writer, was born in Ludwigsburg (died 14 September 1887 in Gmunden)

28 June 1807, Sunday (-50,353) Richard Hildreth, US writer, was born (died 11 July 1865).

27 June 1807, Saturday (-50,354) Britain joined the Convention of Bartenstein, a Prussian-Russian alliance to drive the French out of Germany.

25 June 1807, Thursday (-50,356) Napoleon and Tsar Alexander held talks at Tilsit.

23 June 1807, Tuesday (-50,358) Ferdinand Hitzig, German religious writer, was born (died 22 January 1875).

14 June 1807. Sunday (-50,367) Napoleon gained victory at Friedland Prussia, against the Russians, under Levin Bennigsen.

8 June 1807, Monday (-50,373) (Cartography) Arnold Escher, Swiss geologist, was born (died 12 July 1872). In 1852-53 he produced the first detailed geological map of Switzerland.

6 June 1807, Saturday (-50,375) Marietta Brambilla, Italian contralto singer, was born (died 6 November 1875 in Milan)

1 June 1807, Monday (-50,380) John Floyd, US politician, was born (died 26 August 1863)

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31 May 1807, Sunday (-50,381) A open air meeting was helfd at Mow Cop, southern Pennines, that is conse=idered to be the start of Primitive Methodism.

30 May 1807, Saturday (-50,382)

29 May 1807, Friday (-50,383) John Russell Colvin, Governor of the north-west provinces of India, was born in Kolkata (died 24 March 1908).

28 May 1807, Thursday (-50,384) (1) Ottoman Sultan Selim III was deposed by the Janissaries. He was succeeded by the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid.

(2) Louis Agassiz, who developed the theory of Ice Ages, was born in Motier en Vully, Switzerland. His father, a Christian minister, wanted his son to become a medical doctor, although as a boy he showed a strong interest in zoology. Later, during his travels through the Alps, in 1836, he developed the theory that much of the Earth had once been underneath great ice sheets. He died on 14 December 1873.

26 May 1807, Tuesday (-50,386) The French took Danzig.

22 May 1807, Friday (-50,390) (France) Henry Edgeworth de Firmont, last confessor to Louis XVI, died (born 1745).

18 May 1807, Monday (-50,394) John Douglas, Scottish religious writer, died (born 14 July 1721)

10 May 1807, Sunday (-50,402) Jean Rochambeau, French soldier, died in Thore (born 1 July 1725 in Vendome)

7 May 1807, Thursday (-50,405) (Innovation) Sir Isaac Holden, British inventor, was born (died 13 August 1897).

4 May 1807. Monday (-50,408) (France, Iran) The Finkenstein Treaty was signed between France and Persia. The French agreed to military aid and advice, to assist Persia in expelling the Russians from Georgia. In return Persia pro missed to assist France in any French invasion of British-held India.

===================================================================================

26 April 1807, Sunday (-50,416) The Convention of Bartenstein. Russia and Prussia allied to drive the French out of German territories.

25 April 1807, Saturday (-50,417) Marie Cottin, French novelist, died (born 1770)

24 April 1807, Friday (-30,418) Jakob Philipp Hackert, German landscape painter, die dnear Florence (born 15 September 1737 in Prenzlau)

12 April 1807, Sunday (-50,430)

9 April 1807, Thursday (-50,433) John Opie, English painter, died in London aged 45.

4 April 1807, Saturday (-50,438) Joseph Lalande, French astronomer, died (born 11 July 1732).

3 April 1807, Friday (-50,439) (Education-Schools) Mary Carpenter, English educational reformer, was born (died 14 June 1877).

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29 March 1807, Sunday (-50,444) Easter Sunday

26 March 1807, Thursday (-50,447) H W Longfellow (Henry Wadsworth), American poet, was born in Portland, Maine.

25 March 1807. Wednesday (-50,448) (1) The UK Parliament passed the Bill for the abolition of the Slave Trade. This was the culmination of a 20-year campaign by William Wilberforce, the 47 year old MP for Yorkshire who took up the anti-slavery cause in 1787. Wilberforce moved the first anti-slavery Bill in May 1789, but was then defeated by the interests of landed gentry and the sugar cane industry.

(2) The Swansea and Mumbles Railway opened. It was a horse drawn service until steam traction took over in 1877. It was the first rail service open to the fare-paying public.

24 March 1807, Tuesday (-50,449) In Britain, King George III dissolved Parliament rather than grant civil rights to British Roman Catholics. The Whig Ministry of all the Talents fell, and the Duke of Portland, a Whig, became the (largely nominal) prime Minister of a fractious Tory administration.

20 March 1807, Friday (-50,483)

18 March 1807, Wednesday (-50,455) British troops occupied Alexandria, but were forced out again by the Turks.

17 March 1807, Tuesday (-50,456) (Germany, Newspapers) Karl Mathy, baden statesman who worked for German unity, and who helped found the newspaper Deutsche Zeitung, which promoted the unification of the German states, was born (died 3 February 1868).

13 March 1807, Friday (-50,460) Reinhold Klotz, German sacholarly writer, was born (died 10 August 1870).

11 March 1807, Wednesday (-50,462) John Doran, English author, was born (died 25 January 1878).

8 March 1807, Sunday (-50,465) Nicolai Petrovich de Rezanov, Russian administrator, died in Krasnoiarsk, Siberia.

5 March 1807, Thursday (-50,468) 1^st performance of Ludwig van Beethoven�s 4^th symphony in B

2 March 1807, Monday (-50,471) US Congress banned the import of slaves to America.

1 March 1807, Sunday (-50,472) Neil Gow, Scottish composer, died in Inver (born 22 March 1727 in Strathband, Petrthshire)

===================================================================================

27 February 1807, Friday (-50,474) Henry Longfellow, US poet, was born (died 24 March 1882).

19 February 1807, Thursday (-50,482) Former US Vice-President Aaron Burr was acquitted of treason. He had been accused of wanting to establish a new country comprising Mexico and parts of Louisiana.

14 February 1807, Saturday (-50,487) (Arts) Maximillian Ainmuller, German artist, was born in Munich (died 9 December 1870).

12 February 1807, Thursday (-50,491) David Rontgen, German cabinet maker, died in Wiesbaden (born 1743)

8 February 1807, Sunday (-50,493) Napoleon�s army fought a combined force of Russians and Prussians at Eylau, East Prussia.� Napoleon�s advance into Poland was halted, temporarily.

5 February 1807, Thursday (-50,496) Gabriel Legouve, French dramatist, was born (died 14 March 1903).

3 February 1807, Tuesday (-50,498) British forces captured Montevideo, Uruguay.

2 February 1807, Monday (-50,499) Alexandre Ledru-Rollin, French politician, was born (died 31 December 1874).

====================================================================================

28 January 1807. Wednesday (-50,504) (London, Technology) London�s Pall Mall became the first street in the world to be lit by gaslight. This was an initiative to publicise the new method of illumination by German migrant FA Winzer (later Anglicised to Winsor), and his company, the Gas Light and Coke Company, floated in 1812. In 1814 street gas lighting began in Westminster and by the end of 1816 London had 26 miles of gas mains. This rose to 122 miles by 1823 and 600 miles by 1834. By 1823 52 English towns had gas lighting and by 1859 Britain had nearly 1,000 gas works. The gas industry produced many useful by-products such as ammonia, naphtha and crude tar.

26 January 1807, Monday (-50,506) William Mount, US artist, was born (died 19 November 1868).

25 January 1807, Sunday (-50,507) William Enniskillen, British palaeontologist, was born (died 21 November 1886).

22 January 1807, Thursday (-50,510) Augustine Brohan, French actress, was born (died 16 August 1887).

19 January 1807, Monday (-50,513) Robert E Lee, American Confederate Commander in Chief, was born in Stratford, Virginia.

17 January 1807, Saturday (-50,515) (Biology) Pierre Broussonet, French naturalist, died (born 28 February 1761).

11 January 1807, Sunday (-50,521) Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University, New York, was born.

8 January 1807, Thursday (-50,524) Sam Chifney, jockey, died

7 January 1807, Wednesday (-50,525) Britain began a blockade of French ports, and even prohibited ships of neutral nations from trading with France.

6 January 1807, Tuesday (-50,526)

5 January 1807, Monday (-50,527) Isaac Reed, English writer on Shakespeare, died (born 1 January 1742 in London)

4 January 1807, Sunday (-56,528) Baron Heinrich von Stein, Prussian trade minister, was replaced due to his abarasive manner and demand for complete control of policy.

1 January 1807, Thursday (-50,531)

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27 December 1806, Saturday (-50,536) (Turkey) Russian troops sacked Bucharest in the Ottoman Danubian province of Wallachia.

26 December 1806, Friday (-50,537) Battle of Pultusk, fought 60 km NNE of Warsaw, between the Russians and the French. The French came off slightly better, although both sides claimed victory.

16 December 1806, Tuesday (-50,547)

11 December 1806, Thursday (-50,552) (Geology) Otto Abich, German mineralogist (died 1 July 1886) was born in Berlin.

10 December 1806, Wednesday (-50,553) Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, an association of German strates under French protection, by the Treaty of Posen (Poznan). The Elector Augustus was King of this Confederation.

6 December 1806, Saturday (-50,557) Gilbert Duprez, French composer, was born in Paris (died 23 September 1896 in Paris)

1 December 1806, Monday (-50,562)

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28 November 1806, Friday (-50,565) (Germany) French Marshal Joachim Murat pursued retreating Prussian and Russian forces into Warsaw, Poland.

27 November 1806, Thursday (-50,566) The Adelphi Theatre, London, opened

23 November 1806, Sunday (-50,270) Sir Roger Newdigate, English philanthropist, died (born 30 May 1719).

21 November 1806, Friday (-50,572) Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding the importation of British goods and even excluding from harbours under his control or in friendly countries any vessel that had touched at a British port. This was effectively an economic blockade of Britain, causing British food prices to rise and the British textile industry to decline. However ultimately this Napoleonic �Continental System� did more harm to France than to Britain, and France abandoned it in 1813. To make it work Napoleon had to control ever more of the European coastline, against hostile populations, yet Britain could still freely trade outside of Europe.

15 November 1806, Saturday (-50,578) The first issue of the Yale University Literary Cabinet, the first college magazine in the USA, was published.

13 November 1806, Thursday (-50,580) Sir Philip Egerton, British palaeontologist, was born (died 6 April 1881).

11 November 1806, Tuesday (-50,582) France now controlled all the major German fortresses of Spandau, Stettin (Szeczin) Lustrin (Kostryzn) and Magdeburg.

8 November 1806, Saturday (-50,585) Eugene de Bully, French writer, was born in Paris (died in Paris 27 August 1866).

7 November 1806, Friday (-50,586) German forces under General Gebhard von Blucher in the Baltic port of Lubeck surrendered to the French.

4 November 1806, Tuesday (-50,589) Karl Mohr, German chemistry writer, was born (died 28 September 1879).

====================================================================================

28 October 1806, Tuesday (-50,596) Alphonse Candolle, botanical writer, was born (died 4 April 1893).

27 October 1806, Monday (-50,597) French forces entered Berlin. Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine.� Napoleon united the states he had created, including Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, and Berg.� The Confederation of the Rhine had an independent internal policy but no foreign policy independent of Napoleon, and had to supply troops to Napoleon if required.� The old German Empire ceased to exist politically; Germany became a mere geographical area.

26 October 1806, Sunday (-50,598) Timothy Dexter, US merchant, died (born 22 February 1747).

25 October 1806, Saturday (-50,599) Henry Knox, US General, died (born 25 July 1750).

24 October 1806, Friday (-50,600) (Britain) Thomas Braidwood, English teacher if the deaf and dumb, died in Hackney (born 1715).

22 October 1806, Wednesday (-50,602) Thomas Sheraton, furniture designer and cabinet maker, died.

17 October 1806, Friday (-50,607) The tyrannical Emperor Jacques I, first ruler of Haiti, was assassinated.

16 October 1806, Thursday (-50,608) (Turkey) War started between Ottoman Tiurkey and Russia. The French had persuaded Sultan Selim III to loosen his rule over the Danubian Provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia, but Russia then invaded them.

15 October 1806, Wednesday (-50,609) (Medical) Paul Barthez, French physician, died in Paris (born in Montpellier 11 December 1734).

14 October 1806, Tuesday (-50,610) Napoleon�s army defeated the Prussians at Jena. The French General Davout also defeated the Prussians this day at Auerstadt.� Napoleon entered Berlin in triumph and Frederick William had to flee to Konigsberg.

13 October 1806, Monday (-50,611) (Chemistry) Otto Unverdorben was born. In 1826 he discovered the dye aniline by distilling indigo.

11 October 1806, Saturday (-50,613)

10 October 1806, Friday (-50,614) Jeremie Jacques Oberlin, archeological writer, died (born in Strassburg 8 August 1735).

9 October 1806, Thursday (-50,615) Prussia�s ultimatum to France over Prussian retention of Hanover expired, and Prussia declared war on France.

7 October 1806, Tuesday (-50,617) Ralph Wedgewood of London patented carbon paper. In the 1820s Wedgwood had a successful business selling his invention at 4 Rathbone Place, near Oxford Street, London.

4 October 1806, Saturday (-50,620) Samuel Horsley, English religious writer, died (born 15 September 1733).

1 October 1806, Wednesday (-50,623) Prussia issued an ultimatum to France over Prussian rentention of Hanover. Prussia feared France might return Hanover to Britain as part of a peace settlement.

====================================================================================

24 September 1806, Wednesday (-50,630) George Alexander Osborne, Irish pianist, was born in Limerick (died 16 November 1893 in London)

19 September 1806, Friday (-50,635) William Dyce, Scottish painter, was born in Aberdeen (died 15 February 1864 in London)

18 September 1806, Thursday (-50,636) Heinrich Laube, German novelist, was born (died 1 August 1884).

17 September 1806, Wednesday (-50,637) Guillaume Duchenne, French physician, was born (died 17 September 1875).

15 September 1806, Monday (-50,639)

13 September 1806, Saturday (-50,641) English statesman Charles James Fox was taken ill and died at his London home, just as he was about to introduce a Bill to abolish slavery.

12 September 1806, Friday (-50,642) Andrew Foote, US Admiral, was born (died 26 June 1863).

11 September 1806, Thursday (-50,643) Christophe Lamoriciere, French General, was born (died 11 September 1865).

10 September 1806, Wednesday (-50,644) Johann Adelung, German grammarian (born 8 August 1732) died.

6 September 1806, Saturday (-50,648) Juan Hartzenbusch, Spanish dramatist, was born (died 1880).

3 September 1806, Wednesday (-50,651) In the USA, the Lewis and Clarke expedition (1805) returned to St Louis, Missouri.

1 September 1806, Monday (-50,653) Leon Gozlan, French novelist, was born (died 14 September 1866).

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31 August 1806, Sunday (-50,654) Charles Lever, Irish novelist, was born (died 1 June 1872).

25 August 1806, Monday (-50,660) 17 November 1768, Thursday (-64,454) Johann Philipp Palm, German bookseller unjustly executed during the Napoleonic tyranny, died at Braunau (born in Wurttemnerg 17 November 1768)

23 August 1806, Saturday (-50,662) Charles Coulomb, electrical scientist, died (born 14 June 1736).

22 August 1806, Friday (-50,663) Jean Honore Fragonard, eminent French rococo painter before the revolution, died in poverty. He no longer had any clients for his artwork.

13 August 1806, Wednesday (-50,672) Pierre Desforges, French dramatist, died (born 15 September 1746).

11 August 1806, Monday (-50,674) (Newspapers) Bernard Cassagnac, French journalist, was born (died 31 January 1880).

10 August 1806, Sunday (-50,675) Michael Haydn, composer, died

8 August 1806, Friday (-50,677) Spanish troops recaptured Buenos Aires from the British.

6 August 1806, Wednesday (-50,679)

4 August 1806, Monday (-50,681) London�s East India Docks opened.

3 August 1806, Sunday (-50,682) Michel Adanson, French naturalist, died in Paris (born 7 April 1727 in Aix en Provence).

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31 July 1806, Thursday (-50,685)

28 July 1806, Monday (-50,688) Alexander Ivanov, Russian painter, was born in St Petersburg (died15 July 1858 in St Petersburg)

20 July 1806, Sunday (-50,696) John Sterling, British author, was born in Bute (died 18 September 1844 in Ventnor, Isle of Wight)

19 July 1806, Saturday (-50,697) (Science) Alexander Bache, US scientist, was born in Philadelphia (died 17 February 1867 in Newport, Rhode Island).

18 July 1806, Friday (-50,698) French Marshal Andre Massena captured Gaeta, southern Italy.

17 July 1806, Thursday (-50,699) Franz Movers, German religious writer, was born (died 28 September 1856).

12 July 1806, Saturday (-50,701) The ruler of Austria, then Francis II, dropped the title Holy Roman Emperor, at Napoleon�s insistence, after 1,000 years of possessing this title.

10 July 1806, Thursday (-50,706) George Stubbs, British painter and engraver, famous for his sports-related pictures, especially of horses, died in London.

3 July 1806, Thursday (-50,713) Michael Keen, of Isleworth, exhibited the first edible cultivated strawberry.

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28 June 1806, Saturday (-50,718) Sir Henry Lawrence, British colonial administrator in India, was born (died 4 July 1857).

27 June 1806, Friday (-50,719) The city of Buenos Aires, vice-Royalty of Rio de la Plata, surrendered to a small British force.

26 June 1809, Thursday (-50,720)

23 June 1806, Monday (-50,723) (Biology) Mathurin Brisson, French zoologist, died (born 30 April 1723).

22 June 1805, Sunday (-50,724) Ida Hahn-Hahn, German author, was born (died 12 January 1880).

18 June 1806, Wednesday (-50,728)

14 June 1806, Saturday (-50,732) (Railways, Britain) George Bidder, English railway engineering expert, was born in Moreton Hampstead, Devon (died in Dartmouth 28 September 1878).

13 June 1806, Friday (-50,733) (Medical) Julia Brace, US blind deaf mute, who contributed much to studies in this area, was born in Connecticut (died in Connecticut 12 August 1884)

12 June 1806, Thursday (-50,734) John Augustus Roebling, German-born IUS architect who pioneered the contruction of suspension bridges and designed the Brooklyn Bridge, was born in Mulhausen, Prussia (died 1869).

10 June 1806, Tuesday (-50,736) The first harness race, horse trotting, took place in the US.

6 June 1806, Friday (-50,740) (USA) John Augustus Roebling, US engineer, was born in Prussia (died 22 July 1869 in Brooklyn)

5 June 1806, Thursday (-50,741) Louis Bonaparte was declared King of the Netherlands.

4 June 1806, Wednesday (-50,742) British General John Stuart defeated a small French force at Maida, Calabria, but then withdrew to his base in Sicily.

==================================================================================

31 May 1806, Saturday (-50,746) George Macartney, British statesman, died (born 14 May 1737).

27 May 1806, Tuesday (-50,750) Charles Joseph Tolbecque, violinist, was born in Paris (died 29 December 1835 in Paris)

25 May 1806, Sunday (-50,755) Barbara Gerl, Austrian singer, died in Mannheim (born 1770).

20 May 1806, Tuesday (-50,757) John Stuart Mill, English philosopher and economist, was born.

16 May 1806, Friday (-50,761) Britain blockaded the European coast from Brest to Hamburg.

12 May 1806, Monday (-50,765) Georg Adolf Erman, scientific writer, was born (died 12 July 1877).

10 May 1806, Saturday (-50,767) The University of France was founded.

7 May 1806, Wednesday (-50,770) Pascual Madoz, Spanish writer, was born.

2 May 1806, Friday (-50,775) Marc Gleyre, French painter, was born (died 5 May 1874).

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29 April 1806, Tuesday (-50,778) Ernst Feuchtersleben, Austrian poet, was born (died 3 September 1849).

27 April 1806, Sunday (-50,780) Paul Lacroix, French author, was born (died 16 October 1884).

26 April 1806, Saturday (-50,781) (Christian) Alexander Duff, Scottish missionary to India, was born (died 12 February 1878).

24 April 1806, Thursday (-50,783)

22 April 1806, Tuesday (-50,785) Pierre Villeneuve, French Admiral, died in Rennes (born 31 December 1763 in Provence)

21 April 1806, Monday (-50,786) Sir George Lewis, English writer, was born.

17 April 1806, Thursday (-50,790) William Gilmore Simms, US author, was born in Charleston, South Carolina (died 11 June 1870 in Charleston)

15 April 1806, Tuesday (-50,792) Emile Souvestre, French novelist, was born in Morlaix (died 5 July 1854 in Paris)

11 April 1806, Friday (-50,796) Anton Auersperg, Austrian poet, was born in Laibach (died in Graz 12 September 1876).

10 April 1806, Thursday (-50,797) Horatio Gates, US General, died (born 1728).

9 April 1806, Wednesday (-50,798) Engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth. He was the son of Marc Isambard Brunel, a refugee from the French Revolution.

6 April 1806, Sunday (-50,801) Easter Sunday. Daniel Sharpe, English geologist, was born in Marylebone, London (died 31 May 1856)

4 April 1806, Friday, (-50,803) Carlo Gozzi, Italian dramatist, died (born 3/1722).

2 April 1806, Wednesday (-50,805) (Italy) Giacomo Antonelli, Italian Cardinal, was born in Sonnino (died 6 November 1876).

1 April 1806, Tuesday (-50,806) Britain declared war on Prussia, following the seizure of the Electorate of Hanover.

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31 March 1806, Monday (-50,807) John Hale, US politician, was born (died 19 December 1873).

30 March 1806, Sunday (-50,808) Napoleon placed his elder brother Joseph on the throne as King of Naples.

28 March 1806, Friday (-50,810) Carl Nagelsbach, German scholarly writer, was born (died 21 April 1859).

23 March 1806, Sunday (-50,815) Robert Candlish, Scottish religious writer, was born (died 19 October 1873).

21 March 1806, Friday (-50,817) The foundation stone of Dartmoor Prison in Devon was laid. See 24 May 1809.

20 March 1806, Thursday (-50,818) Jean Marie Nisard, French author, was born in Chatillon sur Seine (died 27 March 1888 in San Remo).

18 March 1806, Tuesday (-50,820)

16 March 1806, Sunday (-50,822) Guiseppe Colla, Italian composer, died in Parma (born 4 August 1731 in Parma)

14 March 1806, Friday (-50,824) Johann Karl Wilhelm von Vatke, German religious writer, was born near Magdeburg (died 18 April 1882)

13 March 1806, Thursday (-50,825) Adolphe Didron, French archeological writer, was born (died 13 November 1867).

12 March 1806, Wednesday (-50,826) Francesco de Miranda started an independence movement against Spain, raising his red blue and yellow flag.

11 March 1806, Tuesday (-50,827)

10 March 1806, Monday (-50,828) Francois Denis Tronchet, French jurist, died (born 23 March 1726 in Paris)

9 March 1806, Sunday (-50,829) Edwin Forrest, US actor, was born (died 12 December 1872)

8 March 1806, Saturday (-50,830) Antonio Maria Esquivel, Spanish painter, was born in Seville (died 9 April 1857 in Madrid)

6 March 1806, Thursday (-50,832) Elizabeth Barrett Browning, poet, was born.

3 March 1806, Monday (-50,835) Heinrich Boie, German author, died in Meldorf (born in Meldorf 19 July 1744).

1 March 1806, Saturday (-50,837) John Henry Parker, English writer on architecture, was born (died 31 January 1884 in Oxford)

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28 February 1806, Friday (-50,838) Paolo Sealabrini, Italian composer, died in Lucea.

26 February 1806, Wednesday (-50,840)

24 February 1806, Monday (-50,842) Jean Collin D�Harleville, French dramatist, died (born 30 May 1755)

23 February 1806, Sunday (-50,843) John Alcock, English composer, died in Lichfield (born 11 April 1715 in London)

22 February 1806, Saturday (-50,844) James Barry, English painter, died (born in Cork 11 October 1741).

19 February 1806, Wednesday (-50,847) Elizabeth Carter, English poet, died (born 16 December 1717)

15 February 1806, Saturday (-50,851) France and Prussia signed the Treaty of Paris, by which Prussia closed its ports to British goods. Britain declared war on Prussia.

13 February 1806, Thursday (-50,853) Gabriel Gaillard, French historical writer, died (born 1726)

11 February 1806, Tuesday (-50,855) Vicente Martin y Soler, Spanish composer, died in St Petersburg (born 2 May 1754 in Valencia)

10 February 1806, Monday (-50,856) In Britain, following the death of Pitt the Younger, the Ministry of all the Talents was formed. Lord Grenville was Prime Minister and Charles James Fox was Foreign Secretary.

2 February 1806, Sunday (-50,864) Nicolas Restif, French novelist, died (born in Yonne 23 October 1734)

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28 January 1806, Tuesday (-50,869) Jean Mounier, French politician, died (died 12 November 1758).

27 January 1806, Monday (-50,870) Wilhelm Freund, German scholarly writer, was born (died 4 June 1894).

25 January 1806, Saturday (-50,872)

24 January 1806, Friday (-50,873) Matthew Maury, US naval officer, was born (died 1 February 1873).

23 January 1806, Thursday (-50,874) (1) (Britain) William Pitt the Younger, twice Prime Minister (the first when only 24), died at Putney aged 47. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Napoleon was still strong in Europe. Prussia, who had been reluctant to join the Allies, now had to live with French domination of the puppet state of the Confederation of the Rhine.

(2) (Italy) King Ferdinand of Naples fled to Palermo, Sicily, as Napoleon invaded Italy. Ferdinand had signed a treaty of neutrality with France as war between France and Austria broke out; however a few days later he allied himself with Austria, and allowed an Anglo-Russian force to land at Naples.

20 January 1806, Monday (-50,877),

16 January 1806, Thursday (-50,881) Nicolas LeBlanc, French chemist, died.

15 January 1806, Wednesday (-50,882) Andre Hasselt, Belgian poet, was born (died 1 December 1874).

14 January 1806, Tuesday (-50,883) Matthew Fontaine Maury, US naval officer and a founder of oceanography, was born in Spottsylvania County, Virginia (died 1873)

13 January 1806, Monday (-50,884) Michel Chevalier, French writer in economics, was born (died 28 November 1879).

11 January 1806, Saturday (-50,886)

10 January 1806, Friday (-50,887) Britain seized the Cape Colony (South Africa) from the Dutch, whose government in Europe was a puppet of Napoleon. The Boers were defeated at the Battle of Blaawberg. However the Boers, despite having little love for the French, seemed to like the British even less; Britain seized this colony in 1795, at the Battle of Muizenberg, but faced a Boer rebellion there in 1801 and gave it up at the Treaty of Amiens, 1802.

9 January 1806, Thursday (-50,888) The funeral and burial of Admiral Lord Nelson at St Paul�s Cathedral.

5 January 1806, Sunday (-50,892)

3 January 1806, Friday (-50,894) Henriette Sontag, German soprano singer, was born in Koblenz (died 17 June 1854 in Mexico City)

I January 1806, Wednesday (-50,896)

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31 December 1805, Tuesday (-50,897) The French Revolutionary Calendar introduced after the Revolution was abandoned for the Gregorian Calendar.

29 December 1805, Sunday (-50,899) Asa Packer, US industrialist ad philanthropist, was born in Connecticut (died 17 May 1879 in Philadelphia).

27 December 1805, Friday (-50,901) Sir Hector Munro, British General, died

26 December 1805, Thursday (-50,902) Austria abandoned the Third Coalition by signing the Peace of Pressburg with France.� Austria was forced to surrender Venetia to the Kingdom of Italy, newly founded by Napoleon.� Austria also surrendered Tyrol to Bavaria and its remaining Swabian lands to Wurttemberg and Baden.

23 December 1805, Monday (-50,905) Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons), was born in Sharon, Vermont.

21 December 1805, Saturday (-50,907) Manuel Bocage, Portuguese poet, died (born 1765).

20 December 1805, Friday (-50,908) Thomas Graham, chemist whose 1829 paper on gaseous diffusion introduced Graham�s Law, was born in Glasgow.

18 December 1805, Wednesday (-51,910)

16 December 1805, Monday (-51,912) Saint Hilaire Geoffroy French zoological writer, was born (died 10 November 1861)

15 December 1805, Sunday (-51,913) Prussia signed the Treaty of Schonnbrunn, ceding Cleves, Neuchatel and Ausbach to France, and accepting French territorial gains elsewhere in Germany and Italy.

14 December 1805, Saturday (-51,914) Nelson blockaded the French Mediterranean ports, and Spain declared war on Britain.

13 December 1805, Friday (-51,915) Johann von Lamont, German astronomer, was born (died 6 August 1879).

12 December 1805, Thursday (-50,916) (Britain) John Almon, political pamphleteer, died (born 17 December 1737 in Liverpool).

11 December 1805, Wednesday (-50,917) George Denison, English religious writer, was born (died 21 March 1896).

10 December 1805, Tuesday (-50,918) William Garrison, US anti-slavery campaigner, was born (died 24 May 1879).

6 December 1805, Friday (-50,922) Nicolas Conte, French chemist, died (born 4 August 1755).

2 December 1805, Monday (-50,926) Battle of Austerlitz near Brunn, Moravia. The French under Napoleon I defeated a combined force of the Russians and Austrians. Napoleon, with 70,000 troops, faced an enemy reinforced to 86,000 men by the arrival of new Russian troops. A Russian attempt to outflank Napoleon�s right was thwarted by Napoleon�s thrust towards the weakened Allied centre. The Allies lost 18,500 men to just 900 French casualties. Austria sued for peace, and was forced to abandon her territorial interests in Italy, also losing lands in the western Alps. The British Prime Minister, Pitt, was dismayed.� The Russians withdrew from fighting France, and Napoleon now occupied much of southern Germany.� See 26 December 1805.

=====================================================================================

28 November 1805, Thursday (-50,930) John Lloyd Stephens, US travel writer, was born in New Jersey (died 10 October 1852 in New York)

24 November 1805, Sunday (-50,934) Jacques Cazales, French politician, died (born 1758).

23 November 1805, Saturday (-50,935) A peace treaty was signed between the British East India company and the Maratha Prince Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior, ending war between them. Britain was granted favourable trade terms.

21 November 1805, Thursday (-50,937)

20 November 1805, Wednesday (-50,938) Beethoven�s only opera, Fidelio, premiered at the Theater an der Wein, in Vienna.

19 November 1805, Tuesday (-50,939) Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and engineer, builder of the Suez Canal, was born in Versailles.

14 November 1805, Thursday (-50,944) Napoleon�s army entered Vienna.

7 November 1805,� Thursday (-50,951) (USA) �18 months after they set out from St Louis, Captain Merriwether Lewis and William Clark reached the Pacific coast of Oregon. The expedition, backed by President Jefferson, was to open up a trade route to the Pacific.

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23 October 1805, Wednesday (-50,966) (USA) John Bartlett, US historian, was born in Providence, Rhode Island (died in Providence 28 May 1886).

21 October 1805. Monday (-50,968) Battle of Trafalgar. Death of Nelson. Nelson blockaded the combined fleets of France and Spain in Cadiz. The French Admiral, Villeneuve, attempted to break out, but British ships sank or captured most of the French and Spanish ships. The French had planned to link up with the Spanish fleet in the West Indies and so lure the British into giving chase across the Atlantic. However Nelson guessed at the French tactics and the Admiralty was warned. A British fleet under Calder found the French fleet off Cape Finistere and they put into Spanish harbours. The French fleet later emerged to sail, not for Britain, but to return to the Mediterranean. The French were intercepted off Cape Trafalgar, and destroyed in the Battle of Trafalgar. This destroyed Napoleon�s chances of dominating the English Channel, so prevented a French invasion of England.

20 October 1805, Sunday (-50,969) (France-Germany) The outnumbered French army of Napoleon defeated an Austrian army at Ulm; 27,000 Austrian troops surrendered. Napoleon had already realised he could not gain control of the English Channel, or overcome British naval supremacy, so before the Battle of Trafalgar he had directed his forces eastwards, against Austria. Austria had to submit to the Treaty of Presburg, by which Venetia was ceded to the French Kingdom of Italy and the States of the Lower Rhine were forced into the Confederation of the Rhine, a French dependency. The Electors of Bavaria and Wurttemberg became Kings independent of Austria, and Austria had to pay Napoleon a war contribution of 40 million francs.

15 October 1805, Tuesday (-50,974) Karl Mack, Prussian General, was forced to surrender to Napoleon at Ulm.

12 October 1805, Saturday (-50,977) The Theatre Royal, Bath, was founded.

5 October 1805, Saturday (-50,984) Charles Cornwallis, British soldier, died (born 31 December 1738).

2 October 1805, Wednesday (-50,987) (Britain) William Cunningham, Scottish theologian, was born (died 14 December 1861).

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28 September 1805, Saturday (-50,991) Henri, Marquis de la Rochejacquelin, was born (died 7 January 1867).

27 September 1805, Friday (-50,992) William Moultrie, US soldier, died (born 23 November 1730).

25 September 1805, Wednesday (-50,994) Edward Evanson, English religious writer, died (born 21 April 1731)

23 September 1805, Monday (-50,996) France annexed the Italian Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Gustalla.

18 September 1805, Wednesday (-51,001) (Arts) John Abbott, US writer, was born in Brunswick, Maine.

12 September 1805, Thursday (-51,007) Johann Herzog, German religious writer, was born (died 30 September 1882)

8 September 1805, Sunday (-51,011) (France-Germany) The Austrian Army under Baron Karl Mack von Leiberich opened hostilities against France by invading Bavaria and taking up positions on the River danuve near Ulm.

6 September 1805, Friday (-51,013) Horatio Greenhough, US sculptor, was born (died 18 December 1852).

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31 August 1805, Saturday (-51,019) James Currie, Scottish physician, died (born 31 May 1756).

29 August 1805, Thursday (-51,021) John Maurice, English religious writer, was born (died 1 April 1872).

28 August 1805, Wednesday (-51,022) (Christian) Alexander Carlyle, Scottish religious leader, died (born 26 January 1722)

27 August 1805, Tuesday (-51,023) Napoleon gave up on waiting for his navy to be ready to invade England, and ordered his army out of Boulogne to head for Germany.

23 August 1805, Friday (-51,027) Anton von Schmerling, Austrian statesman, was born in Vienna (died 2q3 May 1893 in Vienna)

21 August 1805, Wednesday (-51,029) Gowrishankar Vodeyshankar, Indian Government Minister, was born (died December 1892)

19 August 1805, Monday (-51,031) (France) Saint Hilaire Barthelemy, French politician, was born in Paris (died 24 November 1895).

9 August 1805, Friday (-51,041) (Austria) Austria joined Britain, Russia and Sweden as a signatory to the Treaty of St Petersburg, an alliance against France.

4 August 1805, Sunday (-51,046) Sir William Hamilton, Scottish mathematician, was born (died 2 September 1865).

3 August 1805, Saturday (-51,047) Christopher Anstey, poet, died (born 31 October 1724 in Brinkley, Cambridgeshire)

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31 July 1805, Wednesday (-51,050)

29 July 1805, Monday (-51,052) Alexis Tocqueville, French politician, was born in Verneuil (died 16 April 1859 in Cannes)

28 July 1805, Sunday (-51,053) Guiditta Grisi, Italian soprano singer, was born in Milan (died29 November 1869 in Berlin)

26 July 1805, Friday (-51,055)

24 July 1805, Wednesday (-51,057) The Croydon and Merstham railway opened.

23 July 1805, Tuesday (-51,058) (Hungary) Count Balint Miklos died (born 1740)

22 July 1805, Monday (-51,059) (France) British Admiral Robert Calder�s naval squadron clashed with a Franco-Spanish fleet under Vice Admiral Pierre Villeneuve off Cape Finisterre, NW Spain. Two French ships were captured but most of the French escaped to the port of Cadiz.

14 July 1805, Sunday (-51,067) John Frederick Lewis, English painter, was born in London (died 15 August 1876 in Walton on Thames)

8 July 1805, Monday (-51,073) Luigi Ricci, Italian composer, was born in Naples (died 31 December 1859 in Prague)

5 July 1805, Friday (-51,076) Henry Martyn, English missionary to India, began his work when he obtained a chaplaincy under the East India Company, and set out for India.

3 July 1805, Wednesday (-51,078) Jean Baptiste Nothomb, Belgian statesman, was born (died 6 September 1881).

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30 June 1805, Sunday (-51,081) Rudolph Wagner, German zoologist, was born in Bayreuth (died13 May 1864 in Gottingen)

29 June 1805, Saturday (-51,082) Hiram Powers, US sculptor, was born in Woodstock, Vermont (died 27 June 1873)

27 June 1805, Thursday (-51,084) Francis Newman, English scholarly writer, was born (died 7 October 1897).

22 June 1805, Saturday (-51,089) Guiseppe Mazzini, Italian patriot, was born (died 10 March 1872).

19 June 1805, Wednesday (-51,092) Louis Lagrenee, French painter, died (born 30 December 1721.

18 June 1805, Tuesday (-51,093) Arthur Murphy, Irish dramatist, died (born 27 December 1727).

13 June 1805, Thursday (--51,098) Johann Erdmann, German philosophical writer, was born (died 12 June 1892).

4 June 1805, Tuesday (-51,107) (1) First Trooping The Colour ceremony in Horse Guards Parade, London.

(2) France annexed the Ligurian Republic, Italy, thus gaining the port of Genoa.

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28 May 1805, Tuesday (-51,114) Luigi Boccherini, Italian composer, died in Madrid (born 1743).

26 May 1805, Sunday (-51,116) Napoleon was crowned King of Italy in Milan Cathedral.

25 May 1805, Saturday (-51,117) William Paley, English scholarly writer, died (born 1734)

20 May 1805, Monday (-51,122) Georg Gervinus, German historical writer, was born (died 18 March 1871).

12 May 1805, Sunday (-51,130) Julius Furst, German writer on the Orient, was born (died 9 February 1873).

9 May 1805, Thursday (-51,133) Johann Schiller, German poet, died in Weimar (born 10 November 1759 in Marbach)

7 May 1805, Tuesday (-51,135) William Lansdowne, British statesman, died (born 20 May 1737).

5 May 1805, Sunday (-51,137) (USA) Britain began to halt the trade between the West Indies and tye USA. This caused deterioration in UK-US relations, leading to war in 1812.

====================================================================================

29 April 1805, Monday (-51,143) Henri Barbier, French poet, was born in Paris (died in Nice 13 February 1882)

25 April 1805, Thursday (-51,147) Jean Villoison, French scholarly writer, died.

23 April 1805, Tuesday (-51,149) Augustus Gould, US writer on conchology, was born (died 15 September 1866).

21 April 1805, Sunday (-51,151) James Martineau, English philosophical writer, was born (died 11 January 1900)

20 April 1805, Saturday (-51,152) Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter, was born in tye Black Forest (died in Frankfurt, 8 July 1873).

14 April 1805, Sunday (-51,158) Easter Sunday

11 April 1805, Thursday (-51,161) (Britain) Britain and Russia concluded the Treaty of St Petersburg. They agreed to protect areas of Europe including Germany, Italy the Netherlands and Switzerland from French domination.

8 April 1805, Monday (-51,164) Hugo von Mohl, German botanical writer, was born (died 1 April 1872).

7 April 1805, Sunday (-51,165) Ludwig van Beethoven conducted the first public performance of his Symphony No.3 in E Flat Major, also known as the Eroica Symphony, in Vienna.

2 April 1805, Tuesday (-51,170) Hans Christian Anderson, Danish fairy tale writer, was born in Odense, son of a shoemaker.

===================================================================================

30 March 1805, Saturday (-51,173) French Admiral Villeneuve broke the British blockade of his fleet in Toulon, and intended to provide protection for the French invasion fleet in Bolougne. However he lacked thye confidence to sail into the Channel, and so allowed British Admiral Horatio Nelson to blockade his fleet in Cadiz, Spain.

28 March 1805, Thursday (-51,175) Sears Cook Walker, US astronomer, was born in Massachusetts (died 30 January 1853 near Cincinatti)

21 March 1805, Thursday (-51,182) Jean Baptiste Greuze, French portrait painter,m died in Paris aged 79.

20 March 1805, Wednesday (-51,183) (Britain) Thomas Cooper, Chartist, was born (died 15 July 1892)

17 March 1805, Sunday (-51.186) Manuel Garcia, Spanish singing teacher, was born in Madrid (died 1 July 1906 in London)

10 March 1805, Sunday (-51,193) Auguste Gratry, French author, was born (died 6 February 1872).

4 March 1805, Monday (-51,199) The foundation stone of London�s East India Docks was laid.

====================================================================================

27 February 1805, Wednesday (-51,204) Giovanni Cimadoro, Italian composer, died in Bath, England 9born 1761 in Venice)

25 February 1805, Monday (-51,206) Leonard Defrance, Flemish painter, died in Liege (born 5 November 21735 in Liege)

20 February 1805, Wednesday (-51,211) Angelina Grimke, US social reformer, was born (died 26 October 1879).

13 February 1805, Wednesday (-51,218) David Field, US lawyer, was born (died 13 April 1894).

4 February 1805, Monday (-51,227) William Ainsworth, English novelist (died 3 January 1882) was born.

2 February 1805, Saturday (-51,229) Thomas Banks, English sculptor, died in London (born in London 29 December 1735).

1 February 1805, Friday (-51,230) Auguste Blanqui, French socialist revolutionary, was born in Puget-Theniers (died 1881)

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30 January 1805, Wednesday (-51,232) Philip Henry 5^th Earl Stanhope, historical writer, was born (died 24 December 1875)

27 January 1805, Sunday (-51,235) Samuel Palmer, artist, was born.

23 January 1805, Wednesday (-51,239) Wenzel Pichl, Bohemian composer, died in Vienna (born 25 September 1741 near Tabor)

20 January 1805, Sunday (-51,242) London docks opened.

17 January 1805, Thursday (-51,245) (France) Duperron Anquetil, French orientalist, died in Paris (born 27 December 1731 in Paris).

16 January 1805, Wednesday (-51,246) William Henwood, English geological writer, was born (died 5 August 1875)

14 January 1805, Monday (-51,248) Carlo Marochetti, Italian sculptor, was born in Turin (died 29 December 1867 in Paris)

9 January 1805, Wednesday (-51,253) Charles Gayarre, US historical writer, was born (died 11 February 1895)

3 January 1805, Thursday (-51,259) (Britain) Charles Towneley, English archaeologist, died in Westminster (born 1737 near Burnley, Lancashire)

2 January 1805, Wednesday (-51,260) Alexander Rosslyn, Lord Chancellor of Great Britian, died near Windsor (born in East Lothian 13 February 1733)

1 January 1805, Tuesday (-51,261) Jean Latude, French writer and prisoner in the Bastille, died (born 23 March 1725).

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28 December 1804, Friday (-51,265) Alexander Johnston, Scottish geographical writer, was born (died 9 July 1871)

24 December 1804, Monday (-51,269) Ludwig Huber, German author, died (born 14 September 1764)

23 December 1804, Sunday (-51,270) Charles Saint Beuve, French writer, was born in Boulogne sur Mer (died 13 October 1869 in Paris)

21 December 1804, Friday (-51,272) Benjamin D�Israeli, British statesman, was born.

13 December 1804, Thursday (-51,280) Joseph Howe, Canadian statesman, was born (died 1 June 1873).

12 December 1804, Wednesday (-51,281) Spain reliuctantly declared war on Britain, at French insistence.

11 December 1804, Tuesday (-51,282)

10 December 1804, Monday (-51,283) Karl Jacobi, German mathematician, was born (died 18 February 1851)

9 December 1804, Sunday (-51,284) Wilhelm Abraham Teller, German religious writer, died (born in Leipzig 9 January 1734)

6 December 1804, Thursday (-51,287) Wilhelmine Schroder Devrient, German opera singer, was born in Hamburg (died 26 January 1860 in Coburg)

4 December 1804, Tuesday (-51,289) John Kitto, English Biblical writer, was born (died 25 November 1854).

2 December 1804, Sunday (-51,291) Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of France at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, by Pope Pius VII.

1 December 1804, Saturday (-51,292) Napoleon Bonaparte married Josephine of Martinique.

===================================================================================

27 November 1804, Tuesday (-51,296) Sir Julius Benedict, composer, was born in Stuttgart (died in London 5 June 1885).

23 November 1804, Friday (-51,300) Franklin Pierce, American Democrat and 14^th President, was born at Hillsborough, New Hampshire.

19 November 1804, Monday (-51,304) Pietro Guglielmi, Italian composer, died (born 5/1727).

18 November 1804, Sunday (-51,305) Alfonso la Marmora, Italian statesman, was born (died 5 January 1878).

17 November 1804, Saturday (-51306) British forces defeated the Maharatha Maharaja Jaswwant Rao Holkar of Indore.

11 November 1804, Sunday (-51,312) (Turkey) Austria and Russia made a joint declaration to maintain the shaky Ottoman Empire against French expsjnsion in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

6 November 1804, Tuesday (-51, 316) (Italy) Austrian Emperor Francis II made a secret treaty with Russia to resist further French aggression in Italy.

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29 October 1804, Monday (-51,325) George Morland, English painter, died (born 26 June 1763).

27 October 1804, Saturday (-51,327) In Prussia, Liberal reformer Baron Heinrich von Stein was appointed Minister of Trade.

15 October 1804, Monday (-51,339) (Chemistry) Antoine Baume, chemist, died in Paris (born in Senlis 26 February 1728).

9 October 1804, Tuesday (-51,345) Hobart, Tasmania, was founded.

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16 September 1804, Sunday (-51,368) French physicist Gay Lussac attained a height of 7,016 metres in a hydrogen balloon. This altitude record remained unbroken for 50 years.

11 September 1804, Tuesday (-51,373) Sir Patrick Grant, British Field Marshal, was born (died 28 March 1895).

8 September 1804, Saturday (-51,376) Eduard Morike, German poet, was born (died 4 June 1875).

1 September 1804, Saturday (-51,383) The asteroid Juno was discovered by Professor Harding.

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25 August 1804, Saturday (-51,390) Alicia Meynell became the first known female horse jockey.

24 August 1804, Friday (-51,391) (Aviation) French physicists Jean Biot and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac ascended 4,000 metres in a hydrogen balloon to study the effects of altitude on fluctuations in the Earth�s magnetic field.

11 August 1804, Saturday (-51,404) Francis II of Austria asumedthe title of hereditary emperor of Austrian possessions, although he still retained the title of |Holy Roman Emperor

7 August 1804, Tuesday (-51,408) Johan Madvig, Danish scholarly writer, was born (died 12 December 1886)

6 August 1804, Monday (-51,409) Thomas Twining, English scholarly writer, died in Colchester.

4 August 1804, Saturday (-51,411) Adam Duncan, British naval commander, died (born 1/71731).

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31 July 1804, Tuesday (-51,415) George Baxter, English engraver, was born in Lewes, Sussex (died 11 January 1867 in Sydenham, London)

28 July 1804, Saturday (-51,418) Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosophical writer, was born (died 13 September 1872)

21 July 1804, Saturday (-51,425) Victor Schoelcher, French musicologist, was born in Paris (died 24 December 1893 in Huoilles)

20 July 1804, Friday (-51,426) Sir James Kay-Shutlleworth, English educational writer, was born (died 26 May 1877).

18 July 1804, Wednesday (-51,428) Gustav Hindersin, Prussian General, was born (died 23 January 1872).

14 July 1804, Saturday (-51,432) (Austria) Ludwig Benedek, Austrian General, was born in Odenburg, Hungary (died in Graz 27 April 1881).

12 July 1804, Thursday (-51,434) Alexander Hamilton, US statesman, died (born 11 January 1757).

4 July 1804, Wednesday (-51,442) Nathaniel Hawthorne, US writer, was born (died 19 May 1864).

1 July 1804, Sunday (-51.445) Writer George Sand (born Amamdine Duvant) was born.

====================================================================================

29 June 1804, Friday (-51,447) The first passenger railway opened, from Swansea to Oystermouth. Horse drawn goods traffic began on the 7 � mile route from April 1806.

22 June 1804, Friday (-53,454) Sir Thomas Hardy, British historical writer, was born (died 15 June 1878).

17 June 1804, Sunday (-51,459) Henry Cowley, English diplomat, was born (died 15 July 1884).

16 June 1804, Saturday (-51,460) Johann Hiller, German composer, died (born 25 December 1725)

10 June 1804, Sunday (-51,466) (France) Georges Cadoudal, French Royalist, was executed in France (born 1771)

5 June 1804, Tuesday (-51,471) Sir Robvert Hermann Schomburgk, British travel writer, was born in Saxony (died 11 march 1865 in Berlin).

3 June 1804, Sunday (-51,473) Richard Cobden, British politician and economist, was born in Heyshott, near Midhurst, Sussex, the son of a farmer.

1 June 1804, Friday (-51,475) Michael Ivanovich Glinka, Russian composer, was born in Novospasskoye (died 1857)

===================================================================================

21 May 1804, Monday (-51,486) The Pere Lachaise cemetery was opened in Paris.

18 May 1804, Friday (-51,489) Napoleon Bonaparte was appointed Emperor of France. He was crowned Emperor on 2 December 1804 in the presence of Pope Pius VII. He had ruled in name since he was made Consul for Life in 1802, when a referendum gave him 3 million votes, with only a few thousand against. He had reformed the economy and government, and made France a great power again.

16 May 1804, Wednesday (-51,491) Elizabeth Peabody, kindergarten pioneer, was born.

15 May 1804, Tuesday (-51,492) Samuel Blanchard, British author, was born in Great Yarmouth (died 15 February 1845).

14 May 1804, Monday (-51,493)

13 May 1804, Sunday (-51,494) Daniele Manin, Venetian statesman, was born (died 22 September 1857).

12 May 1804, Saturday (-51,495) (Canada) Robert Baldwin, Canadian statesman, was born in York (now Toronto); died 9 December 1858.

10 May 1804, Thursday (-51,497) William Pitt the Younger resumed office as Prime Minister.

4 May 1804, Friday (-51,503) Antonio Cavanilles, painter, died (born 16 January 1745)

===================================================================================

30 April 1804, Monday (-51,507) The British used shrapnel in warfare for the first time, against the Dutch in Suriname.

27 April 1804, Friday (-51,510) Jonathan Boucher, English scholarly writer, died in Epsom, Surrey (born near Wigton 12 March 1738).

25 April 1804, Wednesday (-51,512) Friedrich Preller, German landscape painter, was born in Eisenach (died 23 April 1878 in Weimar)

23 April 1804, Monday (-51,514) Maria Taglioni, Italian ballet dancer, was born in Stockholm (died 23 April 1884 in Marseilles)

16 April 1804, Monday (-51,521) War began between the British East India Company and the Maharatha Maharaja Jaswant Rao Holkar of Indore.

15 April 1804, Sunday (-51,522) Charles Pichegru, French General, died (born 16 February 1761)

12 April 1804, Thursday (-51,525) Joseph Carlyle, writer on the Orient, died (born 1759).

11 April 1804, Wednesday (-51,526) Otto Erdmann, physician who introduced vaccination into Saxony, was born (died 9 October 1869.

7 April 1804, Saturday (-51,530) Sir James Emerson Tennent, British politician, was born in Belfast (died 6 march 1869 in London)

5 April 1804, Thursday (-51,532) The High Possil meteorite strike, near Glasgow, Scotland. This was the first meteorite strike to be both witnessed and scientifically investigated.

4 April 1804, Wednesday (-51,533) Nicola Fabrizi, Italian patriot, was born (died 31 March 1885).

1 April 1804, Sunday (-51,536) Easter Sunday

===================================================================================

21 March 1804, Wednesday (-51,547) A new civil code, the Code Napoleon, came into force in Paris.

20 March 1804, Tuesday (-51,548) The Duc d�Enghien was shot at Vincennes for plotting to restore the French monarchy.

14 March 1804, Wednesday (-51,554) Johann Strauss the Elder, Austrian composer, was born in Vienna, son of an innkeeper.

10 March 1804, Saturday (-51,558) (Britain) Thomas Camelford, English politician (born 1737) was killed in a duel.

7 March 1804, Wednesday (-51,561) John Wedgwood, son of the famous Midland pottery manufacturer, and uncle to Charles Darwin, founded the Royal Horticultural Society. John�s mother�s garden inspired his interest in plants and in 1801 he wrote to William Forsyth, gardener to George III, suggesting the formation of a horticultural society. Forsyth passed the idea on to the Royal Society President, Sir Joseph Banks, and the society was founded three years later. The inaugural meeting was at the London booksellers, Mr Hatchard, at 187 Piccadilly. In 2003 the Royal Horticultural Society had over 300,000 members who have access to over 80 gardens in the UK. It organises the Chelsea Flower Show, runs courses at Wisley in Surrey, and organises over 1,000 lectures and talks annually.

4 March 1804, Sunday (-51,564) The Castle Hill Rising; an Irish convict revolt in New South Wales, Australia was put down by armed troops, whilst the two sides were parleying under a flag of truce.

===================================================================================

29 February 1804, Wednesday (-51,368) Antoine Plamondon, Canadian painter, was born near Quebec City (died near Quebec City 4 September 1895)

24 February 1804, Friday (-51,573) London�s Drury Lane Theatre burnt down, bankrupting its owner, Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

21 February 1804, Tuesday (-51,576) (1) Richard Trevithick, born 13 April 1771, demonstrated a self-powered locomotive on the Penydarran tramroad near Merthyr Tydfil, south Wales.

(2) Benjamin Disraeli, British Tory Prime Minister, was born at 22 Theobald�s Road, London.

16 February 1804, Thursday (-51,581) Jules Janin, French writer, was born (died 19 June 1874)

14 February 1803, Tuesday (-51,583) A Serbian rebellion against Turkish rule under Karageorgevic (Black George, or George Petrovitch) regained the district of Belgrade. However the Ottoman Turks soon regained control of the region.

13 February 1804, Monday (-51,584) Samuel Phelps, English actor, was born in Devonport (died 6 November 1878)

12 February 1804, Sunday (-51,585) Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, died in Konigsberg.

10 February 1804, Friday (-51,587) (Medical) Carl Rokitansky, founder of the Vienna School of Pathoological Anatomy, was born in Bohemia (died 23 July 1878 in Vienna)

7 February 1804, Tuesday (-51,590) John Deere, manufacturer of agricultural equipment, was born in Vermont.

6 February 1804, Monday (-51,591) Joseph Priestley, English clergyman and chemist who discovered oxygen, died in Northumberland, Pennsylvania.

5 February 1804, Sunday (-51,592) Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Swedish poet, was born in Jakobstad, Finland (died 6 May 1877 in Borga)

1 February 1804, Wednesday (-51,596)

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26 January 1804, Thursday (-51,602) Delphine de Girardin, French author, was born (died 29 June 1855)

25 January 1804, Wednesday (-51,603) French police in Paris uncovered a Royalist plot against Napoleon

24 January 1804, Tuesday (-51,604)

23 January 1804, Monday (-51,605) William Sewell, English author, was born in Newport, Isle of Wight (died 14 November 1874)

22 January 1804, Sunday (-51,606) Charles O�Conor, US lawyer, was born in New York City (died 12 May 1884 in Nantucket, Massachusetts).

21 January 1804, Saturday (-51,607) (Medical) Ernst Baldinger, German physician, died in Marburg (born near Erfurt 13 May 1738)

20 January 1804, Friday (-51,608) Eugene Sue, French novelist, was born in Paris (died 3 August 1857 in Annecy, Savoy)

17 January 1804, Tuesday (-51,611)

14 January 1804, Saturday (-51,614) (Schools) Sir Hugh Owen, Welsh educationalist, was born in Anglesey (died 20 November 1881 in Mentone)

13 January 1804, Friday (-51,615) Paul Gavarni, French artist, was born in Paris (died 24 November 1866 in Paris)

11 January 1804, Wednesday (-51,617)

10 January 1804, Tuesday (-51,618) (Railways) Oakes Ames, US industrialist who played a major role in the construction of the transcontinental railway across the USA to California, was born in Easton, Massachusetts (died in North Easton, Massachusetts, 8 May 1873).

9 January 1804, Monday (-51,619) (France) Aurelle de Paladines, French General, was born in Malzieu, Lozere (died in Versailles 17 December 1877).

7 January 1804, Saturday (-51,621)

5 January 1804, Thursday (-51,623) Elie Forey, Marshal of France, was born (died 20 June 1872).

3 January 1804, Tuesday (-51,627)

1 January 1804, Sunday (-51,627) Haiti became independent from France after an 11-year anti-colonial war. Haiti was the first state in Latin America to gain independence.

====================================================================================

31 December 1803, Saturday (-51,628) Jose Heredia, Cuban poet, was born (died 21 May 1839).

30 December 1803, Friday (-51,629) Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior finally submitted to British forces.

28 December 1803, Wednesday (-51,631)

26 December 1803, Monday (-51,633) Charles Matthews, English actor, was born (died 8 June 1878).

25 December 1803, Sunday (-51,634) William Gregory, chemistry writer, was born (died 24 April 1858).

23 December 1803, Friday (-51,636)

21 December 1803, Wednesday (-51,638) Sir Joseph Whitworth, engineer, was born.

20 December 1803, Tuesday (-51,639) Samuel Hopkins, US writer, died (born 17 September 1721).

18 December 1803, Sunday (-51,641) Johann Herder, German writer, died (born 25 August 1744).

12 December 1803, Monday (-51,647) Gerald Griffin, Irish novelist, was born (died 12 June 1840).

11 December 1803, Sunday (-51,648) Hector Berlioz, French composer, was born in La Cote St Andre, near Grenoble, son of a doctor.

6 December 1803, Tuesday (-51,653)

3 December 1803, Saturday (-51,656) Robert Hawker, English poet, was born (died 15 August 1875).

2 December 1803, Friday (-51,657) The French army set up camp at Boulogne, preparing to invade England.

=================================================================================

30 November 1803, Wednesday (-51,659)

29 November 1803, Tuesday (-51,660) (Sound) Christian Johann Doppler was born in Salzburg, Austria. In 1842 he discovered that the frequency of sound waves emitted by a moving source changes according to relative speed towards or away from the observer; this is called the Doppler Effect.

28 November 1803, Monday (-51,661) The British army, led by Major John Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, won a great victory over the Indians at Argaum, Madhya Pradesh.

25 November 1803, Friday (-51,664) Joesph Wilton, English sculptor, died in London (born 16 July 1722 in London)

16 November 1803, Wednesday (-51,673) Georg Ewald, German scholarly writer, was born (died 4 May 1875).

14 November 1803, Monday (-51,675) Jacob Abbott, US writer of books for children, was born in Hallowell, Maine.

8 November 1803, Tuesday (-51,681) Henry Bell, Scottish writer, was born in Glasgow (died 7 November 1874).

7 November 1803, Monday (-51,682) Luise von Ploennies, German poet, was born in Hanau (died 22 January 1872 in Darmstadt)

5 November 1803, Saturday (-51,684) Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French author who pioneered the psychological novel, died in Tarranto aged 62.

1 November 1803, Tuesday (-51,688) The British won the Battle of Laswari, against the Marathas of India.

======================================================================================

26 October 1803. Wednesday (-51,694) Birth of Joseph Hansom, inventor of the famous London Hansom Cab in 1834. Later they were introduced to New York.

23 October 1803, Sunday (-51,697) Edmund Pendleton, US statesman, died in Richmond, Virginia (born 9 September 1721 in Virginia)

21 October 1803, Friday (-51,699) The Louisiana Purchase was ratified.

17 October 1803, Monday (-51,703) Francis Deak, Hungarian statesman, was born (died 28 July 1876).

16 October 1803, Sunday (-51,704) Robert Stephenson, English civil engineer, was born in Willington Quay, Northumberland, the son of a famous father, George Stephenson.

14 October 1803, Friday (-51,706)

12 Ooctober 1803, Wednesday (-51,708) Alexander Turney Stewart, US merchant, was born near Belfast, Ireland (died 10 April 1876 in New York)

11 October 1803, Tuesday (-51,709) Barend Cornelis Koekkoek, Dutch painter, was born in Middelburg (died 5 April 1862 in Cleve)

10 October 1803, Monday (-51,710) George Moberley, English religious writer, was born (died 6 July 1885)

8 October 1803, Saturday (-51,712) (Arts) Alfieri, poet, died in Florence

2 October 1803, Sunday (-51,718) Samuel Adams, US Revolutionary statesman, died.

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29 September 1803, Thursday (-51,721) Gregor Helmersen, Russian geologist, was born (died 3 February 1885).

28 September 1803, Wednesday (-51,722) Prosper Merimee, French novelist, was born (died 23 September 1870).

26 September 1803, Monday (-51,724) Thomas Cooper, English painter, was born (died 7 February 1902).

23 September 1803, Friday (-51,727) The British won the Battle of Assaye, India, defeating the Marathas in the Second Maratha War.

22 September 1803, Thursday (-51,728) Angelo Fabbroni, Italian biographer, died (born 25 September 1732).

20 September 1803, Tuesday (-51,730) Robert Emmet, Irish patriot, was hanged for his part as a leader in the uprising.

17 September 1803, Saturday (-51,733) Austrian composer Franz Xavier Sussmayr died in Vienna.

16 September 1803, Friday (-51,734) Orestes Bronson, US writer, was born (died 17 April 1876)

15 September 1803, Thursday (-51,735) Jean Gerard (Grandville), French artist, was born in Nancy (died 17 March 1847 in Paris)

14 September 1803, Wednesday (-51,736) British General Lake captured Delhi, India.

13 September 1803, Tuesday (-51,737) Jean Gerard, French caricaturist, was born (died 17 March 1847)

12 September 1803, Monday (-51,738) Julien Brizeux, poet, was born (died 3 May 1858).

8 September 1803, Thursday (-51,742) Leonard Faucher, French political writer, was born (died 14 December 1854).

5 September 1803, Monday (-51,745) Francois Devienne, composer, died

4 September 1803, Sunday (-51,746) Gustav Devreint, German actor, was born (died 7 August 1872).

3 September 1803, Saturday (-51,747) (Race Equality) Prudence Crandall, campaigner for education for Black people in the US, was born (died 28 January 1889)

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29 August 1803. Monday (-51,752) General Dessalines proclaimed the independence of Haiti. In 1844 the Dominican Republic seceded from Haiti.

27 August 1803, Saturday (-51,754) Edward Beecher, US writer, was born in East Hampton, Long Island (died in Brooklyn, New York, 28 July 1895).

25 August 1803, Thursday (-51,756) Irish rebel leader Robert Emmet was captured by the British.

24 August 1803, Wednesday (-51,757) James Naapper Tandy, Irish political activist, died (born 1740 in Dublin)

23 August 1803, Tuesday (-51,758) France established military camps at St Omer, and at Bruges in French-occupied Belgium, to assemble an army to invade Britain. Work also began on a French invasion fleet.

18 August 1803, Thursday (-51,763) James Beattie, Scottish poet, died (born in Kincardine 25 October 1735)

16 August 1803, Tuesday (-51,765) Gabriel Senac de Meilhan, French writer, died (born 1736 in Paris)

5 August 1803, Friday (-51,776) (Newspapers) The Ayr advertiser was first published; the first newspaper in Ayrshire, Scotland.

3 August 1803, Wednesday (-51,778) The Second Maharatha War began when the British attacked the Sindhia dynasty of Gwalior.

2 August 1803, Tuesday (-51,779) Nicolas Wiseman, first Archbishop of Westminster, was born.

====================================================================================

31 July 1803, Sunday (-51,781) (Maritime) John Ericsson, Swedish naval engineer, was born (died 8 March 1889)

26 July 1803, Tuesday (-51,786) The Surrey Iron Railway opened, from Wandsworth to Croydon.

24 July 1803, Sunday (-51,788) Adolphe Adam, French composer, was born (died 3 May 1856).

23 July 1803, Saturday (-51,789) An explosion at one of Emmett�s arms caches made an early start to his attempted revolution imperative. He was hoping for aid from the French. However his plans dissolve dinto chaos as one contingent of rebels never arrived, a second went home thinking the revolution had been postponed and a third waited for s signal that someone forgot to give. Emmett himself, with just 100 men, attempted unsuccesfully to storm Dublin Castle, then flked and hid in the Wicklow Mountains for a time. He was arrested when he returned to be near his fianc�e.

22 July 1803. Friday (-51,790) Irish patriots under Robert Emmet rebelled against the Union of Ireland with Britain, established 1 January 1801.

21 July 1803, Thursday (-51,791)

20 July 1803, Wednesday (-51,792) Thomas Beddoes, English dramatist, was born in Clifton (died 26 January 1849).

19 July 1803, Tuesday (-51,793) Wolfgang Kobell, German mineraological writer, was born (died 11 November 1882).

15 July 1803, Friday (-51,797) Napoleon established a camp at Boulougne for the �Army of England�, which he intended to invade once France had established control of the seas.

12 July 1803, Tuesday (-51,800) Thomas Guthrie, Scottish social affairs writer, was born (died 24 February 1873)

8 July 1803, Friday (-51,804) (Britain) Frederick Augustus Hervey, Fourth Earl of Bristol, died (born 1 August 1730).

5 July 1803, Tuesday (-51,807) (Britain) George Borrow, English traveller, was born in East Dereham, Norfolk (died 26 July 1881).

==================================================================================

24 June 1803, Friday (-51,818) In Britain, abortion, alrady an offence under Canon law, was made a statutory crime.

22 June 1803, Wednesday (-51,820) Johann Heinse, German author, died (born 16 February 1749).

12 June 1803, Sunday (-51,830) Richard Brunck, French scholarly writer, died (born 30 December 1729).

6 June 1803, Monday (-51,836) British forces occupied the French Caribbean colonies of St Lucia and Tobago.

2 June 1803, Thursday (-51,840) Michael Glinka, Russian composer, was born (died 2 February 1857).

1 June 1803, Wednesday (-51,841) French forces invaded the British-ruled Electorate of Hanover.

===================================================================================

31 May 1803, Tuesday (-51,842) Robert Jephson, British dramatist, died (born 1736).

25 May 1803, Wednesday (-51,848) Ralph Waldo Emerson, US poet and essayist, was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

17 May 1803, Tuesday (-51,856) Britain placed an embargo on all Dutch and Frenchy shipping in Britisah ports.

16 May 1803, Monday (-51,857) Britain and France were at war again. Britain was concerned at Napoleon�s continued influence on Italian and Swiss affairs, and France was angered that Britian had not given up Malta, despite agreeing to under the 1802 Treaty of Amiens.

15 May 1803, Sunday (-51,858) Sir Arthur Cotton, irrigation engineer in India, was born (died 24 July 1899)

12 May 1803, Thursday (-51,861) Justus von Liebig, German chermist and pioneer in organic chemistry, biochemistry and agricultural chemistry, was born in Darmstadt, Germany (died 1873)

3 May 1803, Tuesday (-51,870) Alexandre Gabriel Decamps, French painter, was born in Paris (died 22 August 1860 in Fontainebleau)

1 May 1803, Sunday (-51,872) James Mangan, Irish poet, was born (died 20 June 1849).

===================================================================================

30 April 1803, Saturday (-51,873) The USA purchased Louisiana from France. The deal was completed by President Thomas Jefferson, and worked out at just under 3 cents per acre. This area of 831,000 square miles doubled the size of the USA, and was bought for $15 million. French Foreign Minister Talleyrand offered the land unexpectedly. The USA had been keen to buy this land, concerned about the prospect of Napoleonic territory on their doorstep, but until now France had been reluctant to sell.

29 April 1803, Friday (-51,874) (Malaysia) Sir James Brooke, British colonial administrator of Borneo, was born (died 11 June 1868).

28 April 1803, Thursday (-51,875) Johann Carpzov, scholarly writer, died (born 1720).

19 April 1803, Tuesday (-51,884) Near the village of L�agle, France, a ball of fire in the sky caused a noise like thunder, and then stones fell from the sky, fast enough to bury themselves in the ground. The largest stone weighed 17.5 lbs.� Jean Baptiste Piot, born Paris 21 April 1774, studied these meteorites and concluded they were extra-terrestrial in origin.

14 April 1803, Thursday (-51,889) The Bank of France was granted a monopoly of banknote issues, stabilising the country�s finances.

10 April 1803, Sunday (-51,893) Easter Sunday; Johann Kaup, German naturalist, was born (died 4 July 1873).

7 April 1803, Thursday (-51,896) Toussaint L�Ouverture died in prison in France.

6 April 1803, Wednesday (-51,897) Sir William Hamilton, British diplomat, died (born 13 December 1730).

5 April 1803, Tuesday (-51,898) 1^st performance of Ludwig van Beethoven�s 2^nd symphony in D, in Vienna

4 April 1803, Monday (-51,899)

2 April 1803, Saturday (-51,901) John Hoole, English author, died (born 1727).

1 April 1803, Friday (-51,902) (Biology) Miles Berkeley, English botanist, was born in Northamptonshire (died in Sibbertoft 30 July 1889).

=====================================================================================

18 March 1803, Friday (-51,916) France and England were at war again, in contravention of the Treaty of Amiens, signed in 1802 See 25 March 1802.

14 March 1803, Monday (-51,920) Gottleib Kloppstock, German poet, died (born 2 July 1724)

8 March 1803, Tuesday (-51,926) (Canals) The Duke of Bridgewater, who pioneered Britain�s canal network, died.

5 March 1803, Saturday (-51,929) August Gfrorer, German historical writer, was born (died 6 July 1861).

3 March 1803, Thursday (-51,931) Aleixandre Decamps, French painter, was born (died 22 August 1860).

1 March 1803, Tuesday (-51,933) (USA) Ohio became the 17^th state of the USA.

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25 February 1803, Friday (-51,937) Heinrich Guericke, German religious writer, was born (died 4 February 1878).

21 February 1803, Monday (-51,941) (Britain) Edward Despard, conspirator against King George III, was executed.

20 February 1803, Sunday (-51,942) (Sri Lanka) The British captured the town of Kandy, Ceylon (Sri Lanka).

19 February 1803, Saturday (-51,943)

18 February 1803, Friday (-51,944) Johann Gleim, German poet, died (born 2 April 1719).

17 February 1803, Thursday (-51,945) Edgar Quinet, French historical writer, was born in Bourg en Bresse (died 27 March 1875 in Versailles)

11 February 1803, Friday (-51,951) Jean la Harpe, French writer, died (born 20 November 1739).

6 February 1803, Sunday (-51,956) Georg Fulleborn, German scholarly writer, died (born 2 March 1769).

3 February 1803, Thursday (-51,959) Albert Johnston, Confederate general in the US Civil War, was born.

=====================================================================================

29 January 1803, Saturday (-51,964) Sir James Outram, British soldier, was born (died 11 March 1863)

23 January 1803, Sunday (-51,970) Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer, died.

19 January 1803, Wednesday (-51,974) John Erskine, Scottish religious writer, died (born 2 June 1721)

18 January 1803, Tuesday (-51,975) Sir Francis Grant, Scottish portrait painter, was born in Edinburgh (died 5 October 1878 in Melton Mowbray)

6 January 1803, Thursday (-51,987) Henri Herz, Austrian composer, was born in Vienna (died 5 January 1888 in Paris)

3 January 1803, Monday (-51,990) Douglas Jerrold, English writer,was born (died 8 June 1857)

2 January 1803, Sunday (-51,991) Thomas Shotter Boys, English watercolour painter, was born in London (died 10 Octrober 1874 in London)

1 January 1803, Saturday (-51,992) Richard Horne, English poet, was born (died 13 March 1884).

====================================================================================

31 December 1802, Friday (-51,993) By the Treaty of Bassein, the Peshwa of Poona, India, effectively surrendered his authority to the British East India Company. He agreed not to make treaties without consulting the British and to accept the �protection� of a large British force.

29 December 1802, Wednesday (-51,995)

28 December 1802, Tuesday (-51,996) Henry Grey, British statesman, was born (died 9 October 1894)

27 December 1802, Monday (-51,997) Jens Juel, Danish painter, died in Copenhagen (born 12 May 1745 in Balslev, Fyn)

25 December 1802, Saturday (-51,999)

24 December 1802, Friday (-52,000) Sir Alexander Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice of England, was born (died 20 November 1880).

23 December 1802, Thursday (-52,001) Sara Coleridge, English author, was born (died 3 May 1852).

20 December 1802, Monday (-52,004) Johann Dubner, German scholarly writer, was born (died 13 December 1867).

13 December 1802, Monday (-52,011) Thomas Conant, US writer on the Bible, was born (died 30 April 1891).

5 December 1802, Sunday (-52,019) (Britain) James Baird, Scottish ironmaster, was born in Kirkwood, Lanarkshire (died in Ayrshire 20 June 1876)

3 December 1802, Friday (-52,021) Constantin Guys, French illustrator, was born in Vlissingen (died 13 March 1892 in Paris)

===================================================================================

30 November 1802, Tuesday (-52,024) Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, German philosopher, was born near Lubeck (died 24 January 1872)

29 November 1802, Monday (-52,025) Wilhelm Hauff, German poet, was born (died 18 November 1827)

23 November 1802, Tuesday (-52,031)

15 November 1802, Monday (-52,039) George Romney, British painter, died.

14 November 1802, Sunday (-52,040) August Friedrich Pott, German scholarly writer, was born near Hanover (died 5 July 1887 in Halle)

9 November 1802, Tuesday (-52,045) Thomas Girtin, British watercolour painter, died.

===================================================================================

30 October 1802, Saturday (-52,055) (France) Charles Calonne, French statesman (born 1734) died.

29 October 1802, Friday (-52,056) Ernst Hengstenberg, German religious writer, was born (died 28 May 1869)

27 October 1802, Wednesday (-52,058)

26 October 1802, Tuesday (-52,059) Maria Miguel, King of Portugal, was born (died 14 November 1866).

25 October 1802, Monday (-52,060) Richard Parkes Bonnington, English painter, was born in Arnold, Nottingham (died 23 September 1828 in London

24 October 1802, Sunday (-52,061)

23 October 1802, Saturday (-52,062) At Poona, India, the Maharaja (Prince) Jaswant Rao Holkar of Indore defeated both Baji Rao, Peshwa of Poona, head of the Maratha Confedreacy, and pro British, and also Madhoji Rao Sindhia of Gwalior, a powerful leader in central India.

22 October 1802, Friday (-52,063) (Arts) Samuel Arnold, English composer, died in London (born 10 August 1740 in London).

18 October 1802, Monday (-52,067) Ludovic Vitet, French dramatist, was born in Paris (died 1873)

16 November 1802, Saturday (-52,069) Andre Michaux, French botanical writer, died (born 7 March 1746).

15 October 1802, Friday (-52,070) Napoleon intervened in the civil war in Switzerland between the towns and the forest cantons. He styled himself �Mediator of the Helvetic League� and imposed a settlement.

14 October 1802, Thursday (-52,071) (Islam) Emir Sbdul Aziz of Arabia, aged 82, was murdered by a Shia fanatic.

12 October 1802, Tuesday (-52,073)

11 October 1802, Monday (-52,074) French aviation pioneer Andre Jacques Garnierin patented the parachute. On September 1802 he had made a 2,440 metre parachute descent into Grosvenor Square, London, England.

10 October 1802, Sunday (-52,075) Hugh Miller, Scottish geologist, was born (died 23 December 1856).

9 October 1802, Saturday (-52,076)

8 October 1802, Friday (-52,077) Petrus Hofstede, Dutch religious writer, was born (died 5 December 1886).

7 October 1802, Thursday (-52,078) Wilhelm Molique, German composer, was born.

6 October 1802, Wednesday (-52,079)

5 October 1892, Tuesday (-52,080) Ernst Ettmuller, scholarly writer, was born (died 4/1877).

4 October 1802, Monday (-52,081) Adolphe Niel, Marshal of France, was born in Muret (died 13 August 1869 in Paris)

3 October 1802, Sunday (-52,081) George Ripley, US writer, was born in Massachusetts (died 4 July 1880 in New York City)

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30 September 1802, Thursday (-52,085) (Chemistry) Antoine Balard, chemist, was born in Montpellier, France (died in Paris 30 April 1876).

24 September 1802, Friday (-52,091) (Geology) Etienne Archiac, French geologist, was born in Reims (died 24 December 1868).

21 September 1802, Tuesday (-52,094) The Italian Republic (see 26 January 1802) annexed Piedmont, and also Parma and Piacenza in 10/1802.

19 September 1802, Sunday (-52,096) Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian patriot, was born (died 20 March 1894).

17 September 1802, Friday (-52,098) Richard Cambridge, English poet, died (born 14 February 1717).

14 September 1802, Tuesday (-52,101) John Buckstone, English dramatic writer, was born (died 31 October 1879)

13 September 1802, Monday (-52,102) Arnold Ruge, German political writer, was born in Rugen (died31 December 1880)

6 September 1802, Monday (-52,109) Alcide Orbigny, French palaeontologist, was born (died 30 June 1857 near St Denis).

===================================================================================

28 August 1802, Saturday (-52,118) (Arts) Thomas Aird, Scottish poet, was born in Bowden, Roxburghshire (died 25 April 1867 in Dumfries).

26 August 1802, Thursday (-52,120) (Italy) France annexed the island of Elba, which had been abandoned by Britain in 1797.

25 August 1802, Wednesday (-52,121) (Mathematics) Neils Abel, Norwegian mathematician (died 1829) was born in Findoe.

24 August 1802, Tuesday (-52,122)

23 August 1802, Monday (-52,123) Corona Schroter, German composer, died in Ilmenau (born 14 January 1751 in Guben)

22 August 1802, Sunday (-52,124) George Thomas, British military adventurer in I ndia, died.

21 August 1802, Saturday (-52,125) Joseph Louis Elzear Ortolan, French jurist, was born in Toulon (died 27 march 1873 in Paris)

17 August 1802, Tuesday (-52,129)

16 August 1802, Monday (-52,130) Napoleon amended the French Constitution so as to increase the power of the Senate, which he controlled, at the expense of the Tribunate and other other legislative bodies.

15 August 1802, Sunday (-52,131) Nikolaus von Strehlenau, Austrian poet, was born (died 22 August 1850).

14 August 1802, Saturday (-52,132) Letitia Landon, English poet ad novelist, was born (died 15 October 1838).

10 August 1802, Tuesday (-52,136) (Germany) Franz Aepinus, German natural philosopher, died 10 August 1802 in Dorpat (born 13 December 1724 in Rostock).

2 August 1802, Monday (-52,144) (France) Napoleon Bonaparte was made Consul for life.

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28 July 1802, Wednesday (-52,149) Guiseppe Sarti, Italian composer, died in Berlin (born 28 December 1729 in Faenza)

26 July 1802, Monday (-52,151) Winhrop Mackworth Praed, English poet, was born in London (died 15 July 1839 of consumption in Chester Square, London)

24 July 1802, Saturday (-52,153) Alexandre Dumas, French novelist, was born (died 5 December 1870).

22 July 1802, Thursday (-52,155) Marie Bichat, French anatomist, died (born in Jura 14 November 1771).

20 July 1802, Tuesday (-52,157) (Britain) Isaac Barre, British soldier and politician, died (born 1726)

15 July 1802, Thursday (-52,162) John Barnett, English composer, was born in Bedford� (died 16 April 1890 near Cheltenham)

10 July 1802, Saturday (-52,167) (Britain) Robert Chambers, Scottish bookseller and publisher, was born in Peebles.

6 July 1802, Tuesday (-52,171) Daniel Morgan, US soldier, died.

4 July 1802, Sunday (-52,173) Bela Edwards, US writer, was born (died 20 April 1852).

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29 June 1802, Tuesday (-52,178) A new Genoese Constitution was enacted, making the city a vassal of France, whichb was extending its influence across Italy.

28 June 1802, Monday (-52,179) Johann Engel, German author, died (born 11 September 1741).

17 June 1802, Thursday (-52,190) Hermann Goldschmidt, German painter, was born (died 26 August 1866).

12 June 1802, Saturday (-52,195) Harriet Martineau, English writer, was born (died 27 June 1876).

5 June 1802, Saturday (-52,202) Johann Ernesti, German scholarly writer, died.

2 June 1802, Wednesday (-52,205) Karl Lehrs, German scholarly writer, was born (died 9 June 1878).

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23 May 1802, Sunday (-52,215) Francois Feller, Belgian author, died (born 18 August 1735).

20 May 1802, Thursday (-52,218) The French restored slavery to their colonies.

19 May 1802, Wednesday (-52,219) France instituted the Legion d�Honneur, the highest award for civil or military distinction.

18 May 1802, Tuesday (-52,220) Britain declared war on Napoleonic France.

6 May 1802, Thursday (-52,232) John Lowell, US jurist, died (born 17 June 1743).

3 May 1802, Monday (-52,235) Heinrich Grafe, educationalist writer, was born (died 21 July 1868).

2 May 1802, Sunday (-52,236) Heinrich Magnus, German chemist, was born (died 4 April 1870).

1 May 1802, Saturday (-52,237) Napoleon reformed the French education system, introducing lycees (State run secondary schools) which were run with military discipline.

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30 April 1802, Friday (-52,238) Sweden signed the 1801 Treaty of St Petersburg, allowing Britian to search merchant vessels.

28 April 1802, Wednesday (-52,240)

27 April 1802, Tuesday (-52,241) Louis Niedermeyer, Swiss composer, was born in Nyon, Vaud (died 14 March 1861 in Paris)

26 April 1802, Monday (-52,242) France announced an amnesty for opponents of the Napoleonic regime who had fled abroad, in a reconciliation effort.

18 April 1802, Sunday (-52,250) (Britain) Easter Sunday; George Howard, 7^th Earl of Carlisle, was born (died 5 December 1864).

14 April 1802, Wednesday (-52,254) Horace Bushnell, religious writer, was born (died17 February 1876),

10 April 1802, Saturday (-52,258) (Cartography) The Great Trignometrical Survey of India, a project conceived in 1799, actually began. Lieutenant William Lambton was in charge; he estanblsied a baseline in Madras. He died in 1823 and the project was continued by George Everest, who extended the trigonometric survey up to the Himalayas in 1843, then retired. This survey now covered 21 degrees latitude south to north, The British-produced maps were somewhat colonial in that, for example, the 1842 �Calcutta� map showed banks and police stations, but not temples or mosques.

9 April 1802, Friday (-52,259) Elias Lonnrot, Finnish writer, was born (died 19 March 1884).

4 April 1802, Sunday (-52,264) Dorothea Dix, US philanthropist, was born (died 17 July 1887).

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28 March 1802, Sunday (-52,271) Asteroid Pallas was first observed by Heinrich Olbers.

25 March 1802, Thursday (-52,274) The Treaty of Amiens was signed between the British, Spanish, Dutch, and the French, ushering in a fragile peace between the 2 countries that lasted just over 12 months.� Both counties were exhausted from continual warfare.� Napoleon still detested the British and both countries built up their navies as Britain still feared a French invasion.

24 March 1802, Wednesday (-52,275) Vivian and Trevithick patented a steam locomotive that could operate on road or rail.

20 March 1802, Saturday (-52,279) Isidore Bertheaume, French composer, died in St Petersburg.

16 March 1802, Tuesday (-52,283) The United States Military Academy at West Point, New York State, was founded.

12 March 1802, Friday (-52,287) Jean Lacordaire, French religious writer, was born (died 22 November 1861).

7 March 1802, Sunday (-52,292) Sculptor and animal painter Sir Edward Landseer was born in London, the son of an engraver. He designed the bronze lions at the base of Nelson�s Column in Trafalgar Square.

3 March 1802, Wednesday (-52,296) Beethoven�s opera �Moonlight Sonata� was published.

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27 February 1802, Saturday (-52,300) Lord William Bentinck, British politician, was born (died in Welbeck 21 September 1848).

26 February 1802, Friday (-52,301) Victor Hugo, French poet and novelist, was born in Besancon, the son of a professional soldier.

23 February 1802, Tuesday (-52,304) Luigi Cibrario, Italian politician, was born (died 10/1870)

20 February 1802, Saturday (-52,307) Charles Beriot, Belgian composer, was born in Louvain (died 8 April 1870 in Brussels)

19 February 1802, Friday (-52,308) Leonard Bacon, writer, was born in Detroit, Michigan (died 24 December 1881 in New Haven, Connecticut).

18 February 1802, Thursday (-52,309) Gustav Flugel, German writer on the Orient, was born (died 5 July 1870).

11 February 1802, Thursday (-52,316) Lydia Child, US author, was born (died 20 October 1880).

9 February 1802, Tuesday (-52,318) (USA) Horatio Potter, Bishop of New York, was born in New York State (died 2 January 1887 in New York City)

6 February 1802, Saturday (-52,321) Sir Charles Wheatstone, physicist and pioneer of telegraphy, was born in Gloucester.

5 February 1802, Friday (-52,322) Bonaparte, Consul in France, sent his brother in law, General LeClerc, with 25,000 troops, to restore French rule. They landed at Cap Francais (now, Cap Hatien) this day, to find the city set on fire by retereating Black troops under Henry Chtristophe (1767-1820). Neither side could gain supremacy and France offered a peace treaty to Toussaint L�Ouverture. This however was a ruse and as soon as Toussaint L�Ouverture had laid down arms he was seized and taken to prison in France, where he died in 1803. This infuriated the Black population who restarted the rebellion under General Dessalines (1758-1806).

4 February 1802, Thursday (-52,323) Mark Hopkins, US philosopher, was born in Stocksbridge, Massachusetts.

3 February 1802, Wednesday (-52,324) Arsenio Campos, Spanish statesman (born 1 July 1723) died.

2 February 1802, Tuesday (-52,325) (Biology) Jean Baptiste Dieudonne Boussingault was born in Paris. In 1840 he proved that plants obtain their nitrogen from nitrates in the soil.

==================================================================================

28 January 1802, Thursday (-52,330) (Ireland) John Clare, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, died (born 1749).

26 January 1802, Tuesday (-52,332) Following the Treaty of Luneberg between France and Austria (9 February 1801), the Cisalpine Republic, established by Napoleon in 4/1797 as a French satellite State in northern Italy, was renamed this day the Italian Republic. Napoleon Bnaparte was its President. See 21 September 1902.

21 January 1802, Thursday (-52,337) Adolphe Monod, French religious writer, was born (died 6 April 1856)

16 January 1802, Saturday (-52,342) Friedrich Julius Stahl, German politician, was born in Munich (died 10 August 1861 in Bruckenau)

13 January 1802, Wednesday (-52,345) Edouard Bauernfeld, Austrian dramatist, was born in Vienna (died in Vienna 9 August 1890).

10 January 1802, Sunday (-52,348) John Romilly, English Judge, was born (died 23 December 1874 in London)

3 January 1802, Sunday (-52,355) Felix Dupanloup, French religious writer, was born (died 11 October 1878).

2 January 1802, Saturday (-52,356) Karl Dindorf, German scholarly writer, was born (died 1 August 1883).

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31 December 1801, Thursday (-52,358)

28 December 1801, Monday (-52,361) John Arthur Roebuck, British politician, was born in Madras, India (died 30 November 1879 in London)

27 December 1801, Sunday (-52,362) Charles Clay, English surgeon, was born (died 19 September 1893)

26 December 1801, Saturday (-52,363)

25 December 1801, Friday (-52,364) Hester Chapone, English writer, died (born 27 October 1727).

24 December 1801, Thursday (-52,365) Richard Trevithick trialled his steam carriage, the first steam powered vehicle, on British roads. James Watt warned that the boiler pressures would blow the vehicle up. On 27 December 1801 Trevithick took some friends to the pub in his steam carriage, and later emerged to find the vehicle a smoking wreck.

17 December 1801, Thursday (-52,372)

12 December 1801, Saturday (-52,377) John, King of Saxony, was born (died 19 October 1873).

11 December 1801, Friday (-52,378) Christian Grabbe, German dramatist, was born (died 12 September 1836)

10 December 1801, Thursday (-52,379) Jonathan Battishill, English composer, died in London (born may 1738 in London)

4 December 1801, Friday (-52,385) Karl Michelet, German philosophical writer, was born (died 16 December 1893).

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29 November 1801, Sunday (-52,390) William Hatherley, Lord Chancellor of Britain, was born (died 10 July 1881).

26 November 1801, Thursday (-52,393) Deodat Dolomieu, French geologist, died (born 24 June 1750).

24 November 1801, Tuesday (-52,395) Franz Lacy, Austrian Field Marshal, died (born 21 October 1725).

22 November 1801, Sunday (-52,397) Abraham Hayward, English writer, was born (died 2 February 1884).

16 November 1801, Monday (-52,403) The New York Evening Post began publication, directed by politicians John Jat and Alexander Hamilton.

10 November 1801, Tuesday (-52,409) Samuel Howe, US philanthropist, was born (died 9 January 1876).

4 November 1801, Wednesday (-52,415) Louis Fontan, French writer, was born (died 10 October 1839).

3 November 1801, Tuesday (-52,416) Karl Baedeker, guide book publisher, was born.

1 November 1801, Sunday (-52,418) Vincenzo Bellini, operatic composer, was born in Catania, Sicily (died in Puteaux, Paris, 24 September 1835).

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23 October 1801, Friday (-53,427) Denmark signed the Treaty of St Petersburg, recogtnising the British right of search of merchant vessels.

20 October 1801, Tuesday (-53,430) Henry Inman, US artist, was born (died 17 January 1846).

17 October 1801, Saturday (-53,433) (Britain) George Elkington, founder of the Birmingham electroplating industry, was born.

16 October 1801, Friday (-53,434) Josef Jellachich, Croatian statesman, was born (died 20 May 1859).

14 October 1801, Wednesday (-53,436) Joseph Plateau, physicist, was born.

9 October 1801, Friday (-53,441) (Science) Auguste de la Rive, Swiss physicist, was born (died 27 November 1873).

6 October 1801, Tuesday (-52,444) (France) Lazare Carnot, French statesman, was born (died 16 March 1888)

3 October 1801, Saturday (-52,447) Philippe Henri Segur, Marshal of France, died in Paris (born 1724)

1 October 1801, Thursday (-52,449) Preliminaries of peace were signed between Britain and France. Britain would restore all overseas conquests to France, Spain and The Netherlands, excepting Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Trinidad, taken from France. France agreed to withdraw from Naples and the Papal States. The independen ce of Portugal was guaranteed. Britian and France would pull out of Egypt, which was restored to the Ottoman Empire. Britain would restore Malta to the Knights of St John.

====================================================================================

29 September 1801, Tuesday (-52,451) The Treaty of Madrid between France and Portugal confirmed the Treaty of Badajoz, ending the war between Spain and Portugal

24 September 1801, Thursday (-52,456) James St John, British author, was born in Carmarthenshire, Wales (died 22 September 1875 in London)

17 September 1801, Thursday (-52,463) Edward Lane, English Arabic scholary writer, was born.

12 September 1801, Saturday (-52,468) Czar Alexander I of Russia announced the annexation of the Kingdom of Georgia, and George XIII, Regent of Georgia, accepted Russian suzerainty rather than that of Persia, as had been traditional.

9 September 1801, Wednesday (-52,471) Gilbert Wakefield, English scholarly writer, died (born 22 February 1756 in Nottingham)

4 September 1801, Friday (-52,476) Alfred d�Orsay, French artist, was born (died 4 August 1852).

3 September 1801, Thursday (-52,477) Christian Meyer, German paleontological writer, was born (died 2 April 1869).

===================================================================================

31 August 1801, Monday (-52,480) (1) The British captured Alexandria, Egypt, from the French under Napoleon. Alexandria had, despite its classical prominence, become by 1801 an insignificant town. The French occupied the town on 2 July 1798, and captured Cairo on 3 August 1801, The French surrendered and were offered free passage home, ending Napoleon�s hopes of oriental conquest.

28 August 1801, Friday (-52,483) Antoine Cournot, French mathematician, was born (died 31 March 1877).

21 August 1801, Friday (-52,490) Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, Dutch historical writer, was born (died 19 May 1876)

20 August 1801, Thursday (-52,491) Jacques Saint Arnaud, Marshal of France, was born in Paris (died 29 September 1854)

18 August 1801, Tuesday (-52,493)

17 August 1801, Monday (-52,494) Fredrika Bremer, novelist, was born (died 31 December 1865).

16 August 1801, Sunday (-52,495) Ralph Earle, US portrait painter, died (born 11 May 1771)

13 August 1801, Thursday (-52,498) Henry Phillips, English baritone singer, was born (died 8 November 1876).

11 August 1801, Tuesday (-52,500) Eduard Devrient, German baritone singer, was born in Berlin (died 4 October 1877 in Karlsruhe)

3 August 1801, Monday (-52,508) Sir Joseph Paxton, English architect, was born near Woburn, Bedfordshire (died 8 June 1865 in Sydenham, London)

1 August 1801, Saturday (-52,510) Jonathan Edwards, philosophical writer, died (born 26 May 1745).

====================================================================================

29 July 1801, Wednesday (-52,513) George Bradshaw, English publisher and originator of the railway timetables, was born near Pendleton, Manchester. He died of cholera in Norway in 1853.

27 July 1801, Monday (-52,515) (Astronomy) Sir George Airy, British astronomer, was born in Alnwick (died 2 January 1892 in Greenwich, London)

23 July 1801, Thursday (-52,519) Robert James Walker, US politician, was born in Pennsylvania (died 11 November 1869 in Washington DC)

17 July 1801, Friday (-52,525) A squadron of the US Navy under Richard Dale was blockading Tripoli in protest at pirate attacks on US shipping.

15 July 1801. Wednesday (-52,527) A concordat between the Pope and Napoleonic France effectively placed the French Church under State control. The Pope was allowed to retain the Papal States, excepting Ferrara, Bologna and Romagna, which were annexed by France.

14 July 1801, Tuesday (-52,528) (Biology) German physiologist Johannes Peter Muller was born in Koblenz. He researched the action of the nerves.

12 July 1801, Sunday (-52,530) (Spain) British Admiral James Saumarez defeated a larger French-Spanish fleet off the coast of Morocco in the Second Battle of Algecieras.

10 July 1801, Friday (-52,532) The Paddington Branch of the Grand Union Canal opened.

8 July 1801, Wednesday (-52,534) The British iunder Saumarez defeated the French under Linois at the naval Battle of Algeciras Bay.

6 July 1801, Monday (-52,536) The English and Spanish fleets fought an inconclusoive battle off Algeciras.

5 July 1801, Sunday (-52,537) David Farragut, US naval hero of the Civil War, was born in Tennessee.

===================================================================================

29 June 1801, Monday (-52,543) The figures from Britain�s first census were published. Britain�s population was set at 8,872,000.

27 June 1801, Saturday (-52,545) British troops captured Cairo, Egypt, from the French.

25 June 1801, Thursday (-52,547) Antonio d�Antoni, Italian composer, was born in Palermo (died 18 August 1859 in Trieste.

17 June 1801, Wednesday (-52,555) The League of Armed Neutrality of the North broke up when Britian, Prussia and Russia signed the Treaty of St Petersburg, recognising the Briitsh right to search merchant vessels for goods destined for Naploeonic France.

16 June 1801, Tuesday (-52,556) Julius Plucker, German mathematician, was born in Elberfeld (died 22 May 1868)

14 June 1801, Sunday (-52,558) (USA) Benedict Arnold, US soldier, died in London, England (born in Norwich, Connecticut, 14 January 1741)

1 June 1801, Monday (-52,571) Brigham Young, American Mormon leader, was born in Whittingham, Vermont.

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31 May 1801, Sunday (-52,572) Johann Baiter, Swiss writer, was born in Zurich (died in Zurich 10 October 1877).

24 May 1801, Sunday (-52,579)

17 May 1801, Sunday (-52,586) William Heberden, English physician, died (born 1710).

16 May 1801, Saturday (-52,587) William H Seward, USA, who bought Alaska for 2 cents an acre, was born.

15 May 1801, Friday (-52,588) Joseph Fournet, French geologist, was born (died 8 January 1869),

14 May 1801, Thursday (-52,589) Pasha Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli declared war on the USA.

9 May 1801, Saturday (-52,594) Samuel Cousins, English engraver, was born (died 7 May 1887).

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25 April 1801, Saturday (-52,608) Marthe Montalivet, Fremnch statesman, was born (died 4 January 1880).

22 April 1801, Wednesday (-52,611) Fox Dalhousie, British statesman, was born (died 6 July 1874).

19 April 1801, Sunday (-52,614) Gustav Fechner, medical writer, was born (died 18 November 1887).

14 April 1801, Tuesday (-52,619) In Britain, Habeas Corpus was suspended to allow the detention of political suspects without trial.

12 April 1801, Sunday (-52,621) Josef Lanner, Austrian composer, was born in St Ulrich, Vienna (died 14 April 1843 in Oberdobling)

11 April 1801, Saturday (-52,622) Antoine de Rivarol, French writer, died in Berlin (born 26 June �in Languedoc)

10 April 1801, Friday (-52,623) Julius Muller, german religious writer, was born.

9 April 1801, Thursday (-52,624) Following their defeat by Nelson at Copenhagen, the Danes are forced to withdraw from the League of Armed Neutrality against Britain. This League, formed to defend the right to export goods to naploeonic France, now comprised Russia, Sweden, and Prussia.

8 April 1801, Wednesday (-52,625) Eugene Burnouf, French writer on the Orient, was born (died 28 May 1852).

7 April 1801, Tuesday (-52,626) Noel Francois de Wailly, French scholarly writer, died in Paris (born 31 July 1724 in Amiens)

6 April 1801, Monday (-52.627) (Geology) William Hallowes Miller was born in Llandovery, Wales. In 1839 he developed a system for classifying crystals in rocks that is still used today.

5 April 1801, Sunday (-52,628) Easter Sunday: Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian writer, was born (died 26 October 1852).

4 April 1801, Saturday (-52,629)

3 April 1801, Friday (-52,630) The Electorate of Hanover, ruled by British monarch George III, was overrun by Prussian troops.

2 April 1801, Thursday (-52,631) Nelson put his blind eye to his telescope at the Battle of Copenhagen, aboard the Elephant, thus failing to see Admiral Parker�s command to stop fighting. He continued the action until the French-Danish fleet was totally subdued.

1 April 1801, Wednesday (-52,632)

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29 March 1801, Sunday (-52,635) Denmark placed an embargo on British ships visiting its ports. Danish forces also entered the free city of Hamburg, Germany, to close that port and the River Elbe to British shipping.

28 March 1801, Saturday (-52,636) Napoleonic France signed the Peace of Florence with the Kingdom of Naples. This excluded British vessels from Neapolitan ports.

25 March 1801, Wednesday (-52,639) Friedrich von Hardenberg, German writer, died in Weissenfels (born in Saxony 2 May 1772)

21 March 1801, Saturday (-52,643) At the Battle of Alexandria, The French made a surprise attack on the British near Alexandria, Egypt. The British under General Abercrombie defeated the French, but Abercrombie himself was mortally wounded.

20 March 1801, Friday (-52,644) Bogumil Goltz, German writer, was born (died 12 November 1870).

17 March 1801, Tuesday (-52,647)

16 March 1801, Monday (-52,648) Henry William Seward, US statesman, was born in New York State (died 10 October 1872)

15 March 1801, Sunday (-52,649) George Marsh, US scholarly writer, was born (died 23 July 1882).

14 March 1801, Saturday (-52,650) William Pitt the Younger left office as Prime Minister.

12 March 1801, Thursday (-52,652)

11 March 1801, Wednesday (-52,653) Paul I, Tsar of Russia, was strangled in a scuffle with his officers, who were conspiring to compel him to abdicate.

10 March 1801, Tuesday (-52,654) Britain�s first census was held.

9 March 1801, Monday (-52,655) Johann Ackermann, German physician (born 17 February 1756) died.

8 March 1801, Sunday (-52,656) The British Army captured Aboukir, Egypt.

6 March 1801, Friday (-52,658)

4 March 1801, Wednesday (-52,660) Thomas Jefferson became 3^rd US President. He was the first to be inaugurated at Washington DC,

3 March 1801, Tuesday (-52,661) Britian seized Danish and Swedish held islands in the Caribbean, principally St Thomas and St Croix, because Sweden and Denmark were allied to France in the Revolutionary Wars.

2 March 1801, Monday (-52,662) The British landed a force at Aboukir Bay, Egypt, to try and evict the French from that country.

1 March 1801, Sunday (-52,663)

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28 February 1801, Saturday (-52,664) Auguste Josephe Tolbecque, violinist, was born in Hanzinne (died 27 May 1869 in Paris)

27 February 1801, Friday (-52,665) Theodore Aylward, English composer, died in London.

24 February 1801, Tuesday (-52,668)

22 February 1801, Sunday (-52,670) Marc Guradin, French writer, was born in Paris (died 1 April 1873 in Morsang sur Seine)

21 February 1801, Saturday (-52,671) Heinrich Fleischer, German writer on The Orient, was born (died 10 February 1888).

16 February 1801, Monday (-52,676) Sir Frederic Madden, English historica; writer, was born (died 8 March 1873).

13 February 1801, Friday (-52,679) Sir Henry Bulwer, British author, was born (died 23 May 1872).

9 February 1801, Monday (-52,683) By the Peace of Luneville, the cession of the west bank of the Rhine to France was confirmed. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved.

7 February 1801, Saturday (-52,085) Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki, German painter, died in Berlin (born 16 Ocotber 1726 in Danzig, now Gdansk Poland.

6 February 1801, Friday (-52,686) Laure Cinti-Damoreau, French opera singer, was bornin Paris (died 25 February 1863 in Paris)

4 February 1801, Wednesday (-52,688)

2 February 1801, Monday (-52,690) The Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland sat for the first time.

1 February 1801, Sunday (-52,691) Thomas Cole, US landscape painter, was born (died 11 February 1848).

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31 January 1801, Saturday (-52,692) (Chemistry) Thomas Clark, Scottish chemist, was born (died 27 November 1867).

29 January 1801, Thursday (-52,694) (France) France and Spain agreed to issue a joint ultimatum to Portugal to break their traditional alliance with Britain.

14 January 1801, Wednesday (-52,709) (Biology) Adolphe Brongniart, French botanist, was born (died 18 February 1876).

13 January 1801, Tuesday (-52,710) Robert Orme, historical writer on India, died (born 25 december 1728)

11 January 1801, Sunday (-52,712) Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer, died (born 17 December 1749)

6 Janaury 1801, Tuesday ((-52,717) Georg Kaspar Nagler, German art historian, was born in Oberbayern (died 20 January 1866 in Munich)

2 January 1801, Friday (-52,721) Johann Lavater, German poet, died (born 15 November 1741).

1 January 1801, Thursday (-52,722) (1) (Britain, Ireland) The Act of Union between Britain and Ireland came into force. Irish MPs could sit at Westminster. However some smaller Irish boroughs were disenfranchised so as to limit the number of Irish MPs to 100.

(2) Guiseppe Piazzi at Palermo, Italy discovered Ceres, the largest of the minor planets. He named it after the patron saint oif Sicily.

=================================================================================

29 December 1800, Monday (-52,725) Charles Goodyear, US inventor who developed vulcanised rubber, was born in New Haven, Connecticut.

27 December 1800, Saturday (-52,727) Hugh Blair, Scottish cleric, died (born in Edinburgh 7 April 1718).

25 December 1800, Thursday (-52,729) Britain�s first Christmas Tree was erected at Windsor by Queen Charlotte.

24 December 1800, Wednesday (-52,730) An unsuccessful attempt was made on Napoleon�s life at Rue St Nicaise by French Royalists.

16 December 1800, Tuesday (-52,738) (France) A second Armed Neutrality League of the North, against France, was agreed by Denmark, Prussia, Russia and Sweden.

3 December 1800, Wednesday (-52,751) Battle of Hohenstaufen; the French defeated the Austrians. They now advanced towards Vienna.

1 December 1800, Monday (-52,753) Mihaly Vorosmarty, Hungarian poet, was born.

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22 November 1800, Saturday (-52,762) Jules Bastide, French writer, was born in Paris (died 2 March 1879).

18 November 1800, Tuesday (-52,766) Alessandro Volta invented the first battery, and demonstrated it this day to the Institut Francais. Made of layers of zinc, cardboard soaked in salt water, and silver, it generated electricity when a wire was joined to each end, but it was not rechargeable. See 1859.

17 November 1800, Monday (-52,767) US Congress met for the first time at Washington DC, the new Fedreal capital, the centre of government having moved from New York.

7 November 1800, Friday (-52,777) Russian Emperor Paul I imposed an embargo on British vessels in Russian ports until Britian restored Malta to the Knights of St John.

5 November 1800, Wednesday (-52,779) Jesse Ramsden, British astronomical instrument maker, died in Brighton (born 6 October 1735 near Halifax, Yorkshire

4 November 1800, Tuesday (-52,780) George Long, English scholarly writer, was born (died 10 August 1879).

1 November 1800, Saturday (-52,783) Middlebury College was founded in Middlebury,Vermont.

===================================================================================

27 October 1800, Monday (-52,788) Benjamin Franklin Wade, US statesman, was born in Massachusetts (died 2 March 1878 in Ohio)

26 October 1800, Sunday (-52,789) Helmuth von Moltke, Prussian General, was born in Mecklenberg.

25 October 1800, Saturday (-52,790) Lord Macaulay, English Liberal MP, member of the Supreme Council of India 1834-38 and campaigner for the abolition of slavery, was born.

24 October 1800, Friday (-52,791)

23 October 1800, Thursday (-52,792) Henry Milne-Edwards, French zoological writer, was born (died 29 July 1885)

22 October 1800, Wednesday (-52,793) Christian Lassen, German orientalist writer, was born (died 8 May 1876)

18 October 1800, Saturday (-52,797) Sir Henry Taylor, English writer, was born in Durham (died 27 March 1886)

10 October 1800, Friday (-52,805) (Africa) Charles Beke, explorer of Africa and the Bible Lands, was born in Stepney, London (died in Bromley, Kent, 31 July 1874).

8 October 1800, Wednesday (-52,807) Jules Desnoyers, French geologist, was born (died 1887).

3 October 1800, Friday (-52,812) (USA) George Bancroft, US politician, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts (died in Washington 17 January 1891).

2 October 1800, Thursday (-52,813) Nat Turner, US slave who led a briefly-succesful slave revolt, was born in Southampton County, Virginia (died 1831).

1 October 1800, Wednesday (-52,814)

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30 September 1800, Tuesday (-52,815) Napoleon signed the Treaty of Mortefontaine, settling a naval dispute between France and America.

29 September 1800, Monday (-52,816) Johann Denis, Austrian poet, died (born 27 September 1729).

22 September 1800, Monday (-52,823) (Biology) George Bentham, English botanist, was born near Portsmouth (died 10 September 1884).

13 September 1800, Saturday (-52,832) Claud Martin, French adventurer, died (born 4 January 1735).

6 September 1800, Saturday (-52,839) Catherine Esther, US writer and educationalist, was born in East Hampton, Long Island (died in Elmira, New York, 12 May 1878)

5 September 1800, Friday (-52,840) French troops occupying Malta surrendered to Britain.

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30 August 1800, Saturday (-52,846) Gabriel Prosser, a deeply religioius Black slave, mmounted a rebellion in Henrico County, Voirginia, USA, with some 1,000 fellow slaves and planned a march on Richmond township. However their plans were disrupted by heavy rain that washed out roads and bridhges, and disperrsed hos army. Governor James Monroe o9 Voirginia (1758-1831) ordered out 600 militia and arrested the rebel slaves, all of who wer tried and then hanged in 9/1900.

28 August 1800, Thursday (-52,848) Karl Hase, German religious writer, was born (died 3 January 1890).

25 August 1800, Monday (-52,851) Elizabeth Montagu, English soclalite, died (born 2 October 1720).

22 August 1800, Friday (-52,854) Bouverie Edward Pusey, English religious writer, was born in Pusey, Oxfordshire (died 16 September 1882)

17 August 1800, Sunday (-52,859) Charles Latour Rogier, Belgian statesman, was born in St Quentin (died 27 May 1885 in Brussels)

12 August 1800, Tuesday (-52,864) Jean Jacques Ampere, writer, son of the famous scientist, was born in Lyons (died 27 March 1864 in Pau)

10 August 1800, Sunday (-52,866) George Cattermole, English watercolour painter, was born near Diss, Norfolk (died24 July 1868 in London)

4 August 1800, Monday (-52,872) Ramon Narvaez, Spanish statesman, was born (died 23 April 1868)

3 August 1800, Sunday (-52,873) Carl Fasch, German composer, died in Berlin (born 18 November 1736 in Zerbst)

2 August 1800, Saturday (-52,874)

1 August 1800, Friday (-52,875) (Ireland) King George III of Britain gave the Royal Assent to the Act of Union, passed in the British and Irish Parliaments in 3/1800. William Pitt bribed the Irish Parliament to vote itself out of existence.

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31 July 1800, Thursday (-52,876) Friedrich Wohler, German chemist, was born in Escherheim, near Frankfurt am Main (died 1882)

28 July 1800, Monday (-52,879) Antoine Frederick-Lemaitre, French actor, was born (died 26 January 1876)

23 July 1800, Wednesday (-52,884) John Rutledge, US politician, died in Charleston, South Carolina (born 1739 in Charleston)

15 July 1800, Tuesday (-52,892) Jean Dumas, chemist, was born (died 11 April 1884).

6 July 1800, Sunday (-52,901) (USA) Alonzo Potter, Bishop of Pennsylvania, was born in New York State (died 4 July 1865 in San Francisco).

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27 June 1800, Friday (-52,910) Theophile la Tour, French soldier, died (born 23 December 1743).

23 June 1800, Monday (-52,914) Charlotte Birch-Pfieffer, German dramatist, was born in Stuttgart (died in 24 August 1868).

21 June 1800, Saturday (-52,916) John Rutledge, US Chief Justice who helped write the US Constitution, died in Charleston, South Carolina, aged 60.

17 June 1800, Tuesday (-52,920) William Parsons Rosse, Irish telescope constructor, was born in York (died 31 October 1867 in Monkstown).

14 June 1800, Saturday (-52,923) (France, Italy) At the Battle of Marengo, near Alessandria, north west Italy, the French under Napoleon heavily defeated the Austrians during the French Revolutionary Wars.� The French thus won back Italy, gaining control of the Po Valley, and advanced victoriously into southern Germany.

10 June 1800, Tuesday (-52,927) Johann Schulz, German composer, died in Schwedt (born 31 March 1747 in Luneberg)

9 June 1800, Monday (-52,928) Napoleon won the Battle of Montebello, south of Milan.

2 June 1800, Monday (-52,935) Napoleon�s army occupied Milan.

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19 May 1800, Monday (-52,949) Sarah Miriam Peale, US portrait painter, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (died 1885)

18 May 1800, Sunday (-52,950) Alexander Suvarov, Russian field marshal, died in St Petersburg (born 24 November 1729 in Moscow)

17 May 1800, Saturday (-52,951) Napoleon�s army reached Aosta. Italy, having traversed the Great St Bernard Pass. They aimed to reconquer Italy from the Austrians.

16 May 1800, Friday (-52,952) Ebenezer Emmons, US geologist, was born (died 12/120/1863).

15 May 1800, Thursday (-52,953) King George III survived two assassination attempts in one day. James Hatfield tried to assassinate the King at a theatre in Drury Lane.

14 May 1800, Wednesday (-52,954) Napoleon�s army reached Martigny on its march south east into Italy.

12 May 1800, Monday (-52,956)

9 May 1800, Friday (-52,959) (USA) John Brown, US campaigner for the abolition of slavery, was born (died 2 December 1859).

8 May 1800, Thursday (-52,960) Jean Carrel, French publicist, was born (died 24 July 1836).

7 May 1800, Wednesday (-52,961) US Congress created the Indiana Territory (later, State) out of the Northwest Territory.

5 May 1800, Monday (-52,963) Louis Hachette, French publisher, was born (died 31 July 1864).

1 May 1800, Thursday (-52,967) (Railway Tunnels) Chapel Milton Tunnel, on the Peak Forest Tramway, Derbyshire, UK, opened.

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30 April 1800, Wednesday (-52,968) Olaf Wallqvist, Swedish statesman, died (born 1755)

29 April 1800, Tuesday (-52,969) Johann Christoian Fischer, German composer, died in London (born 1733 in Freiburg im Bau)

27 April 1800, Sunday (-52,971)

25 April 1800, Friday (-52,973) William Cowper, English poet, died (born 26 January 1731).

24 April 1800, Thursday (-52,974) US President John Adams approved the spending of US$5,000 to set up a Library of Congress. This library was established on Capitol Hill, and is now the largest library in the world.

20 April 1800, Sunday (-52,978)

16 April 1800, Wednesday (-52,982) William Chambers, Scottish publisher, was born (died 20 May 1883).

15 April 1800, Tuesday (-52,983) Sir James Clark Ross, Antarctic explorer, was born in England.

13 April 1800, Sunday (-52,985) Easter Sunday

9 April 1800, Wednesday (-52,989) (Chemistry) Humphrey Davy (born 17 December 1778 in Penzance, England) discovered nitrous oxide, N₂O, also known as laughing gas.

5 April 1800, Saturday (-52,993) The end of the tax year was moved back a day from 4 April. Originally ending on 25 March, the old Roman New Year, it had been moved forward 11 days to 4 April when Britain moved from the Julian to the Gregorian Calendar (see 3 September 1752). However under the new Gregorian Calendar 1800 was not a leap year whereas under the Julian Calendar it would have been. People demanded an extra day to pay their taxes. Nobody demanded the extra day in 1900.

4 April 1800, Friday (-52,994) In Aylesbury the highwayman known as Galloping Dick was executed.

2 April 1800, Wednesday (-52,996) First performance of Ludwig van Beethoven�s 1^st symphony in C.

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29 March 1800, Saturday (-53,000) Marc Montalambert, French military writer, died (born 16 July 1714).

28 March 1800, Friday (-53,001) The Irish Parliament passed the Act of Union with Britain,

26 March 1800, Wednesday (-53,003)

25 March 1800, Tuesday (-53,004) Ernst Dechen, German geologist, was born (died 15 February 1889).

24 March 1800, Monday (-53,005) A French army under Kleber defeated the Turks at Heliopolis.

22 March 1800, Saturday (-53,007)

21 March 1800, Friday (-53,008) William Blount, US politician, died in Knoxville (born in North Carolina 26 March 1749).

20 March 1800, Thursday (-53,009) The French under General Kleber routed the Turks at Heliopolis in Egypt under Ibrahim Bey. The French now advanced towards Cairo.

19 March 1800, Wednesday (-53,010)

18 March 1800, Tuesday (-53,011) Francis Lieber, US-German writer, was born (died 2 October 1872)

17 March 1800, Monday (-53,010) Rudolf Ewald Stier, German religious writer, was born in Posen (died 16 December 1862 in Eisleben)

14 March 1800, Friday (-53,015) Pope Pius VII (251st Pope) was elected (died 1823)

12 March 1800, Wednesday (-55,017) Louis Gachard, Belgian writer, was born (died 24 December 1885).

3 March 1800, Monday (-53,026) (Geology) Henirich Bronn, German geologist, was born (died 5 July 1862)

2 March 1800, Sunday (-53,027) Christian Friedrich Schale, German composer, died in Berlin (born 10 March 1713 in Brandenburg)

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22 February 1800, Saturday (-53,035) William Barnes, poet, was born in Rushay, Dorset (died in Winterbourne 7 October 1886).

19 February 1800, Wednesday (-53,038) Napoleon Bonaparte appointed himself First Consul of the newly formed French dictatorship.

13 February 1800, Thursday (-53,044) Bank of France was founded.

11 February 1800, Tuesday (-53,046) William Henry Fox Talbot, English chemist ad pioneer of photography, was born in Melbury Abbas, Dorset (died 1877).

9 February 1800, Sunday (-53,048) Joseph von Fuhrich, Austrian painter, was born (died 13 March 1876).

7 February 1800, Friday (-53,050) French plebiscite gave 3 million votes in favour of the new Constitution and just 1,500 against.

1 February 1800, Saturday (-53,056) Brian Hodgson, British writer on Buddhism, was born (died 23 May 1894).

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27 January 1800, Monday (-53,061) John Evelyn Denison Ossington, English statesman, was born in Ossington, Nottinghamshire (died 7 March 1873)

24 January 1800, Friday (-53,064) Sir Edwin Chadwick, physician who promoted the Ten Hour Bill in the UK Parliament, which restricted children working in factories to a ten-hour day, was born in Longsight, Lancashire.

23 January 1800, Thursday (-53,065) Edward Rutledge, Governor of South Carolina and a signatory of the Declaration of Independence, died in Charleston, South Carlonia, aged 50.

22 January 1800, Wednesday (-53,066) George Stevens, English commentator o n Shalkespeare, died in Hampstead, London (born 10 May 1736 in Poplar, London)

21 January 1800, Tuesday (-53,067) (Prisons) Theodor Fliedner, German prison reformer, was born (died 4 October 1864).

20 January 1800, Monday (-53,068) Thomas Mifflin, US politician, died (born 10 January 1744).

19 January 1800, Sunday (-53,069)

18 January 1800, Saturday (-53,070) The Banque De France was established, under Napoleon Bonaparte, to finance the war.

17 January 1800, Friday (-53,071) The Treaty of Montlucon ended Royalist dissent in the Vendee, SW France, and released more Republican troops for fresh French offensives in Europe.

16 January 1800, Thursday (-53,072) Robert Bell, Irish writer, was born in Cork (died 12 April 1867)

14 January 1800, Tuesday (-53,074) Austrian musicologist Ludwig von Kochel was born in Stein.

12 January 1800, Sunday (-53,076) George Clarendon, British statesman, was born (died 27 June 1870)

11 January 1800, Saturday (-53,077) Guiseppina Ronzi de Begnis, Italian soprano singer, was born in Milan (died7 July 1853 in Florence)

10 January 1800, Friday (-53,078) Heinrich Meyer, German religious writer, was born (died 21 June 1873).

9 January 1800, Thursday (-53,079) Jean Championnet, French General, died (born 1762).

8 January 1800, Wednesday (-53,080) The first soup kitchens for the poor opened in London, UK.

7 January 1800, Tuesday (-53,081) Millard Fillimore, American Whig and 13^th President, was born in Summerhill, New York State, the son of a farmer.

6 January 1800, Monday (-53,082) William Jones, English religious writer, died (born 30 July 1726).

3 January 1800, Friday (-53,085)

2 January 1800, Thursday (-53,086) Karl Friedrich Plattner, German metallurgical chemist, was born in Saxony (died 22 January 1858)

1 January 1800, Wednesday (-53,087) Louis Jean Marie Daubenton, French naturalist and palaeontologist, died in Paris aged 83.

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31 December 1799, Tuesday (-53,088) Jean Marmontel, French writer, died (born 11 July 1723).

30 December 1799, Monday (-53,089) John Moultrie, English poet, was born (died 26 December 1874).

27 December 1799, Friday (-53,092) Calderon Estebanez, Spanish author, was born (died 5 February 1867).

For dates up to 31 December 1799 click here

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