Historical events from 1 January 1600 to 31 December 1699
Page last modified 14/3/2021
(-9999) = Day count to end of World
War Two in Europe (day zero� =Tuesday). Easter Sundays derived from https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm
For dates from 1/1/1700 click here
7/1/1700,
Sunday (-89,595) Raphael Fabretti, Italian historical writer,
died (born 1618).
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20/12/1699,
Wednesday (-89,613)
Peter the Great changed New Year�s day in Russia from September 1 to January 1.
19/12/1699,
Tuesday (-89,614) William Bowyer, printer, was
born in London.
29/11/1699,
Wednesday (-96,634) Patrick Gordon,
Scottish-born Russian General, died (born 1635).
20/10/1699,
Friday (-89,674)
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22/9/1699,
Friday (-89,702)
Citizens of Rotterdam went on strike over the high price of butter.
1/9/1699,
Friday (-89,723) George Benson, English
ecclesiastical writer, was born in Cumberland (died 6/4/1762).
25/8/1699,
Friday (-89,730) (Denmark)
Christian V, King of Norway and Denmark, died in a hunting accident (born
15/4/1646). He was succeeded by his 28-year-old son who ruled until 1730 as
King Frederick IV.
17/8/1699, Thursday (-89,738) Bernard de Jussieu, writer,
was born (died 6/11/1777).
14/7/1699,
Friday (-89,772) William Bates, English
writer, died in Hackney (born in London 11/1625).
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Q.2 1699,
Early steam
engine demonstrated to the Royal Society.
14/6/1699,
Wednesday (-89,802)
Thomas Savery demonstrated his first steam engine to the Royal Society.
1/5/1699,
Monday (-89,846)
Pierre le Moyne d�Iberville founded the first European settlement on the
Mississippi at Fort Maurepas, now Ocean Springs, Mississippi.
9/4/1699,
Sunday (-89,868) Easter Sunday.
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Q.1 1699,
Peace of
Carlowitz; Turkey gave up Hungary to Austria.
25/3/1699,
Saturday (-49,883) Johann Hasse, German composer, was born
(died 23/12/1783).
12/3/1699,
Sunday (-89,896) Peder Griffenfeldt, Danish statesman, died
(born 24/3/1635).
4/3/1699,
Saturday (-89,904) The
Jews were expelled from Lubeck, Germany.
11/2/1699, Saturday (-89,925) Bertrand la Bourdonnais,
French naval Commender, was born (died 10/11/1753).
26/1/1699,
Thursday (-89,941) Prince Eugene (see 29/8/1697), having invaded Serbia and Bosnia, forced
the Turks to conclude the Peace of Carlowitz. �This restored the entire Kingdom of Hungary,
with the exception of the Banat of Temesvar, to Austria from Turkey.� This
was the start of the rise to power of the Hapsburg Dynasty.
14/1/1699,
Saturday (-89,953) Massachusetts
held a day of mourning for having wrongly persecuted witches.
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Q.4 1698,
25/12/1698,
Sunday (-89,973) Jacobus Houbraken, Dutch engraver, was born
(died 14/11/1780).
28/11/1698,
Monday (-90,000) Frontenac, French colonial
Governor of Canada, died. He was very much mourned by the French Canadians.
16/11/1698,
Wednesday (-90,012)
A congress began in Sremski Karlovici to discuss an end to the war between the
Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire.
23/10/1698, Sunday (-90,036) John Jortin, English religious
writer, was born (died 5/9/1770).
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Q.3 1698,
Russia imposed a
beard tax, to Europeanise the country. Early steam pump engine patented, for
mines.
5/9/1698, Monday (-90,084) (Russia)
Tsar Peter I of Russia imposed a tax on beards
in an effort to move his country from Asiatic to European customs.
3/9/1698, Saturday (-90,086) Sir Robert Howard, English dramatist, died
(born 1626).
19/7/1698,
Tuesday (-90,132) Johann Bodmer, author, was
born near Zurich (died in Zurich 2/1/1783).
14/7/1698,
Thursday (-90,137)
The first settlers left Scotland for an ill-fated scheme to colonise Panama;
the Darien scheme.
2/7/1698,
Saturday (-90,149) (Innovation)
Thomas Savery patented an early steam engine. This engine could be used to pump water out of mines, an increasing
problem as miners went ever deeper. However Savery�s (1650-1715) engine was fairly
primitive. It could not pump water up from more than 10metres below it, meaning
it had to be installed deep within mines. This was dangerous as Savery�s
engine� was prone to explosions. In 1721
Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729), working with Savery, produced an improved
atmospheric engine. The full potential of the steam engine was not realised until
James Watt (1736-1819) added a condenser in 1769, with the backing of
businessman Matthew Boulton.
Q.3 1698,
Russia imposed a
beard tax, to Europeanise the country. Early steam pump engine patented, for
mines.
===================================================================================
8/5/1698, Sunday (-90,204) (Science)
Henry Baker, English scientist, was born in London (died in London).
24/4/1698,
Sunday (-90,218) Easter Sunday.
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Q.1 1698,
Massachusetts
colonists made peace with Amerindians.
2/3/1698,
Wednesday (-90,271)
16/2/1698,
Wednesday (-90,285) Pierre Bouguer, French
scientist, was born (died15/8/1758).
18/1/1698,
Tuesday (-90,114) Johann Heidegger, Swiss
religious writer, died (born 1/7/1633).
15/1/1698,
Saturday (-90,117) Richard Boyle, Irish statesman, died (born
1612).
4/1/1698,
Tuesday (-90,328)
The Palace of Whitehall, London, was destroyed by fire.
1/1/1698,
Saturday (-90,331) The
Abenaki tribe and the Massachusetts colonists signed a treaty ending the
conflict in New England.
Q.1 1698,
Massachusetts
colonists made peace with Amerindians.
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Q.4 1697, Hogarth and Canaletto born. St Pauls Cathedral opened.
14/12/1697,
Tuesday (-90,349)
Charles XII was crowned King of Sweden, aged 15.
5/12/1697,
Sunday (-90,358) The
first Sunday service was held in Sir Christopher Wren�s new St Paul�s Cathedral (consecrated 2/12/1697),
London; the foundation stone had been laid on 22/6/1675.
10/11/1697,
Wednesday (-90,383)
Painter William Hogarth was born at Smithfield, London, the son of
a teacher.
27/10/1697,
Wednesday (-90,397)
Lightning struck Athlone Castle, Ireland, igniting 260 barrels of gunpowder
along with other munitions. The resultant fire destroyed the town of Athlone,
although only 8 people were killed.
19/10/1697,
Tuesday (-90,405) Claude Goujet, French
religious writer, was born (died 1/2/1767).
18/10/1697,
Monday (-90,406)
Birth of the painter Canaletto. He was born in Venice, as Giovanni Antonio
Canal, and was trained by his father who was a scene painter. As a youth Canaletto
went to Rome to study under the classical painter Pannini. He returned to
Venice to become the most famous painter of Venetian views of the 18th
century. His patron was Joseph Smith who served as English consul in Venice; as
a result Canaletto�s work became popular with English travellers and he came to
England in 1746, staying there for most of the next 10 years. He painted his
four views of Warwick Castle, the two largest of which are (2001) in the
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.
16/10/1697,
Saturday (-30,408) Nicholas Amhurst, English poet, was born in
Marden, Kent (died 27/4/1742 in Twickenham).
Q.4 1697, Hogarth and Canaletto born. St Pauls Cathedral opened.
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Q.3 1697, End of the Nine Years War. Britain assists Netherlands
against France; Dutch curb UK Jacobites.
27/9/1697, Monday (-90,427) (Geology)
Franz Bruckmann, German geologist, was born (died 21/3/1753).
20/9/1697, Monday (-90,434) (Benelux,
Britain)
The Treaty of Ryswick ended the Nine
Years War. This Treaty led to the Barrier
Treaties (1709-15) between Britain and the Netherlands, with the idea that
Britain would assist The Netherlands to maintain a line of fortresses against
any future French attacks. These fortresses included Ypres, Lille, Tournai,
Valenciennes and Namur. In return the Dutch promised to send 6,000 troops to
help Britain resist a Jacobite uprising, which they did supply in 1715. France
recognised William
III as King of England.
11/9/1697, Saturday (-90,443) At
the Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy, leading an Austrian army, defeated
the Ottomans under Mustafa II, see 26/1/1699.
6/8/1697, Friday (-90,481) Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor, was born
(died 20/1/1745).
11/7/1697, Sunday (-90,505) (Cartographer)
Jean Anville, French cartographer, was born in Paris (died 1781).
7/7/1697, Wednesday (-90,509) John Eachard, English religious writer,
died.
Q.3 1697, End of the Nine Years War. Britain assists Netherlands
against France; Dutch curb UK Jacobites.
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Q.2 1697,
30/6/1697, Wednesday (-90,516) Sir Thomas Blount, English author, died
in Tittenhanger (born in Upper Holloway 12/9/1649)
7/5/1697, Friday (-90,570) The Royal Castle, Tree Kronor (Three Crowns) in
Sweden burnt down, destroying a large part of the Royal Library.
23/4/1697, Friday (-90,584) (Britain)
George Anson, British Admiral, was born in Shugborough, Staffordshire (died
6/6/1762).
9/4/1697, Friday (-90,598)
William Craven, Lord Mayor of London, died (born 6/1608).
8/4/1697, Thursday (-90,599) Neils
Juel, Danish Admiral, died (born 8/5/1629).
6/4/1697, Tuesday (-90,601)
5/4/1697, Monday (-90,602) Death of King Charles XI of
Sweden, aged 40, after a 37-year reign. He was succeeded by his 14-year-old
son, Charles XII, who ruled until 1718, see 14/12/1697.
4/4/1697, Sunday (-90,603) Easter
Sunday.
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Q.1 1697,
6/3/1697, Saturday (-90,632) Stringer Lawrence, British soldier, was
born (died 10/1/1775).
14/2/1697, Sunday (-90,652) (Medical)
Bernhard Albinus, German anatomist, was born in Frankfurt on Oder (died
9/9/1770 in Leiden).
28/1/1697, Thursday (-90,669) (Britain) Sir
John Fenwick, Jacobite conspirator against King William, was executed.
1/1/1697, Friday (-90,696) (India)
Joseph Dupleix, French colonial governor of India, was born (died 10/11/1763).
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Q.4 1696,
12/12/1696, Saturday (-90,716) John Hampden, English historical writer,
died.
17/10/1696, Saturday (-90,772) (Poland)
Augustus III, King of Poland, was born in Dresden (died in Saxony 5/10/1763).
13/10/1696, Tuesday (-90,776) John Hervey, English writer, was born
(died 5/8/1743)
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Q.3 1696, Russia occupied Azov, at the mouth of the Don,
27/9/1696, Sunday (-90,792) (Christian) Alfonso Liguori, Roman Catholic
saint, was born.
22/8/1696, Saturday (-90,828) Forces
of Venice and Turkey fought near Molino.
28/7/1696, Tuesday (-90,853) (Russia, Turkey) Russian forces under Peter the Great
captured the fortress commanding the Sea of Azov from its Ottoman defenders.
Russian troops also conquered Kamchatka.
18/7/1696, Saturday (-90,863) The
Fleet of Tsar Peter I of Russia occupied Azov, at the mouth of the River Don.
6/7/1696, Monday (-90,875) Frontenac, French colonial Governor of
Canada, left Lachine for a campaign against the Iroquois people. However the
Iroquois abandoned their villages and pursuit of them proved impracticable so
on 10/8/1696 Frontenac left the area.
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Q.2 1696, Greenwich Hospital founded. Britain further curbed export
rights of American colonists.
30/6/1696. Tuesday (-90,881)
Greenwich Hospital founded.
17/6/1696, Wednesday (-90,894)
John III Sobieski, King of Poland, died aged 72, after a 20-year reign. In 1697
Poland chose the Elector of Saxony, Frederick Augustus, aged 27, to succeed
him. He was crowned in September 1697 and ruled as Augustus II until his death
in 1733.
11/6/1696, Friday (-90,899) Francis Keith, Prussian Field Marshal, was
born (died 14/10/1758).
15/5/1698, Friday (-90,927) Marie Champmesle, French actress, died
(born 1642).
27/4/1696, Monday (-90,945) Simon Foucher, French philosophical writer,
died (born 1/3/1644).
16/4/1696, Thursday (-90,956)
Giovanni Batista Tiepolo, Venetian painter, was born.
12/4/1696, Sunday (-90,960)
Easter Sunday
10/4/1696, Friday (-90,962) England�s Navigation Act forbade the
Colonies in America from exporting directly to Ireland or Scotland.
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Q.1 1696, Peter the Great became Russian Tsar, succeeding Ivan V
18/3/1696, Wednesday (-90,985) (Britain)
Robert Charnock, conspirator to kill King William III of England near Turnham
Green London, and restore a Stuart monarchy, was hanged.
14/3/1696, Saturday (-90,989) Jean Domat, French legal writer, died (born
30/11/1625).
29/1/1696, Wednesday (-91,034)
Ivan V, Tsar of Russia, died.� Peter the
Great became Tsar. He decreed that all Russians should be clean � shaven, or
pay a beard tax.
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Q.4 1695, Britain imposed a window tax. The Bank of England was
founded.
31/12/1695. Tuesday (-91,063)
A window tax was imposed in
Britain, resulting in many being blocked up.
8/12/1695, Sunday (-91,086) Barthelemy Herbelot, French orientalist
writer, died (born 14/12/1625).
28/11/1695, Thursday (-91,096) Giovanni Colonna, Italian musician, died.
21/11/1695, Thursday (-91,103)
Henry Purcell, English composer, died in London from tuberculosis.
5/10/1695, Saturday (-91,150) John Glas, Scottish religious writer, was
born (died 1773).
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Q.3 1693, First dating advertisement in Britain.
21/9/1695, Saturday (-91,164)
6/8/1695, Tuesday (-91,210) (France)
Francois de Harlay, 5th Archbishop of Paris, died (born 14/8/1625).
19/7/1695, Friday (-91,228) The first dating advertisement appeared, in
Britain. A gentleman of about 30 years of age of some wealth sought a woman
with an estate of around �3,000 to match with.
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Q.2 1693,
11/6/1695, Tuesday (-91,266) Andre Felibien, French writer, died (born
5/1619).
8/6/1695, Saturday (-91,269) (Innovation)
Christiaan Huygens, the Dutch scientist who invented the pendulum clock, died
(born 1629)
10/5/1696, Friday (-91,298) Jean de la�
Bruyere, French essayist, died (born 16/8/1645).
8/4/1695, Monday (-91,330) Johann
Gunther, German poet, was born (died 15/3/1723).
3/4/1695, Wednesday (-91,335) Melchior d�Hondecoeterk Dutch painter,
died.
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Q.1 1693,
24/3/1695, �Sunday (-91,345) Easter
Sunday.
6/2/1695, Wednesday (-91,391) Ottoman Sultan Ahmed II died (born 1642,
acceded 1691, succeeding his brother Suleiman II). He was defeated by the
Austrians at Slankamen (20/8/1691), which denied possession of Hungary to the
Ottomans, This battle established the Danube as the boundary between Austria
and Ottoman Turkey.
2/2/1695, Saturday (-91,395) William Borlase, geologist, was born in
Penden, Cornwall (died 31/8/1771).
27/1/1695, Sunday (-91,401) Nicolas Bernoulli, mathematician, was born
(died 26/7/`1726).
4/1/1695, Friday (-91,424) (France)
France�s Marshal Luxembourg died aged 66. He was succeeded� by Duc de Villeroi Francois de Neufville,
aged 51, who proved to be a far less capable military commander in the War of
the League of Augsburg than his predecessor. In September 1695 England
recaptured Namur from the French.
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Q.4 1694,
28/12/1694. Friday (-91,431) (Britain)
Queen Mary II died from smallpox (born 1662), leaving William III to reign
alone.
26/12/1694, Wednesday (-91,433) Charles, 2nd Earl of
Dunfermline, died.
21/11/1694, Wednesday (-91,468) (Education-Philosophers)
Voltaire, French philosopher and writer, was born in Paris as Jean
Francois-Marie Arouet (died 1778).
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Q.3 1694, Bank of England founded.
22/9/1694, Saturday (-91,528) Philip Stanhope, British Earl and politician,
was born (died 24/3/1773).
8/8/1694, Wednesday (-91,573) Frances Hutcheson, English philosophical
writer, was born (died 1746).
5/8/1694, Sunday (-91,576) Leonardo Leo, Italian composer, was born
(died 31/10/1744).
27/7/1694, Friday (-91,585) The
Bank of England was founded, by
Montagu, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, with government backing. Its remit
was to carry out all the monetary business of the government and to obtain
interest on the government�s money.
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Q.2 1694,
24/6/1694, Sunday (-91,618) Jean Burlamaqui, Swiss writer was born (died
3/4/1748).
11/5/1694, Friday (-91,662)
27/4/1694, Friday (-91,676) John George IV, Elector of Saxony, died (born
18/10/1668).
11/4/1694, Wednesday (-91,692)
The Dukedom of Bedford was created.
8/4/1695, Sunday (-91,695) Easter Sunday.
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Q.1 1694, Last Palmares (escaped Black slave community) captured by the
Portuguese colonists.
27/3/1694, Tuesday (-91,707)
19/2/1694, Monday (-91,743) Earthquake in Ugo,Japan,390 killed.
17/2/1694, Saturday (-91,745) Antoinette Deshoulieres, French poet, died
(born 1/1/1638).
6/2/1694, Tuesday (-91,756)
Portuguese forces in Brazil captured Macaco, the last stronghold of the
Palmares, after a siege of 42 days. The Palmares were Africans, Mocambos, who
had fled from the Brazilian plantations and established their own de-facto
independent state in eastern Brazil in the early 1600s. The name Palmares
derives from the palm trees of the area which provided food and shelter.
27/1/1694, Saturday (-91,766)
7/1/1694, Sunday (-91,786) Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of
Macclesfield, died.
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Q.4 1693, Bank of Scotland founded,
27/12/1693, Wednesday (-91,797)
1/11/1693, Wednesday (-91,853)
The Bank of Scotland was founded.
11/10/1693, Wednesday (-91,874) Charleroi surrendered to the
French.
====================================================================================
11/8/1693, Thursday (-91,935)
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Q.2 1693, In Britain, the first ladies magazine was published.
27/6/1693, Tuesday (-91,980) The Ladies Mercury, the first
magazine for women, was published.
1/6/1693, Thursday (-92,006)
Alexius Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Grand Chancellor of Russia, born in Moscow (died
21/4/1768).
22/5/1693, Monday (-92,016) Heidelberg
was captured by the French; Heidelberg Castle surrendered on 23/5/1693.
16/4/1693, Sunday (-92,052) Easter Sunday.
9/4/1693, Sunday (-92,059) Roger Bussy, French writer, died (born
13/4/1618).
3/4/1693, Monday (-92,065) George Edwards, British naturalist, was
born (died 23/7/1773).
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Q.1 1693,
7/3/1693, Tuesday (-92,092) Pope Clement XIII was born.
4/2/1693, Saturday (-92,123) George Lillo, English dramatist, was
born� (died 3/9/1739).
23/1/1693, Monday (-92,135) Georg Bilfinger, German statesman, was born
in Wurttemberg (died in Stuttgart 18/2/1750).
11/1/1693, Wednesday (-92,147)
Mount Etna erupted; a large earthquake affected Sicily and Malta.
8/1/1693, Sunday (-92,150) Marguerite de la Sabliere, patron of La
Fontaine, died in Paris.
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Q.4 1692,
21/11/1692, Monday (-92,198) Carlo Frugoni, Italian poet, was born (died
20/12/1768).
15/11/1692, Tuesday (-92,204) (Christian)
Eusebius Amort, German Catholic Theologian, was born in Bibermuhle, Upper
Bavaria (died 5/2/1775 in Pulling, Bavaria).
31/10/1692, Monday (-92,219) Anne Claude Caylus, writer, was born (died
1765).
25/10/1692, Tuesday (-92,225) (Spain)
Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain, was born (died 1766).
4/10/1692, Tuesday (-92,246) Charles Fleetwood, English politician, died.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1692,
11/9/1962, Sunday (-92,269)
10/8/1962, Wednesday (-92,301)
3/8/1692, Wednesday (-92,308) John Henley, English writer and cleric,
was born (died 13/10/1759).
24/7/1692, Sunday (-92,318) (France) At
the Battle of Steinkirk (Steenkirken), the French under the Duc de Luxembourg
defeated England�s King William III.
===================================================================================
Q.2 1692, French fleet for invasion of England destroyed. First of
Salem Wicthes hanged.
10/6/1692, Friday (-92,362) The
first of the Salem Witches was hanged.�
She was Bridget Bishop, one of 150 respectable citizens accused of
witchcraft by a hysterical band of young girls in the isolated Puritan town in
Massachusetts.
7/6/1692, Tuesday (-92,365) (Earthquake,
Jamaica)
Earthquake in Jamaica. 3,000 killed,
as Port Royal subsided into the sea.
25/5/1692, Wednesday (-92,378) Marie Lafayette, French novelist, died (born
18/3/1634).
19/5/1692, Thursday
(-92,384) At the Battle of La Hogue,
the British and Dutch destroyed a French fleet off Cap de la
Hague. The French
fleet under Colbert was severely reduced, ending French hopes of invading
England.
18/5/1692, Wednesday
(-92,385) Elias Ashmole, founder of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, died
(born 23/5/1617).
5/4/1692, Tuesday
(-92,428) Adrienne Lecouvreur, Frenchy actress, was born (died 20/3/1730).
====================================================================================
Q.1 1692, Glencoe Massacre, of Scottish Jacobites.
27/3/1692, Sunday (-92,437)
Easter Sunday.
1/3/1692, Tuesday
(-92,463) In the US, the Salem witch
hunt began.
29/2/1692, Monday
(-92,464) John Byrom, English poet, was born (died 26/9/12763).
13/2/1692, Saturday (-92,480)
Massacre at Glencoe. 40 members of the MacDonald clan were massacred by the
Campbells. This massacre was on the
orders of William III, because of their Jacobite
sympathies of the MacDonalds and their delay in swearing an oath of
allegiance. On 27/8/1691 a proclamation was issued offering indemnity to
all who took the oath of allegiance before 1/1/1692. All Scottish chiefs took
the oath except MacIan, chief of the MacDonalds of Glencoe, who postponed the
submission until 31/12/1691. He then could not take the oath until 6/1/1692
because there was no magistrate at Fort William. This irregularity gave
Breadalbane (John Campbell, First Earl of Breadalbane) the excuse to destroy
the clan that had for generations plundered the lands of himself and his
neighbours. The Macdonalds were in fact giving hospitality to their murderers
when they rose up and killed them.�
Breadalbane managed to prevent most of the evidence against him from
being presented; he was imprisoned for a short time in Edinburgh Castle on the
grounds of earlier negotiations with the Highland chiefs, but was released when
it was known he was acting with the knowledge of King William.
Q.1 1692, Glencoe Massacre, of Scottish Jacobites.
===================================================================================
Q.4 1691, Defeated pro-Jacobite Irish soldiers allowed to depart for France.
30/12/1691, Wednesday (-92,525)
Robert Boyle, scientist, died.� He
formulated Boyle�s Laws on gases.
29/10/1691, Thursday (-92,587) William Hulme, English philanthropist,
died.
16/10/1691, Friday (-92,600) Isaac de Benserade, French poet, died.
3/10/1691, Saturday (-92,613) The
surrender of Limerick. Irish soldiers were allowed to depart for France; 11,000
did so.
29/9/1691, Tuesday (-92,617) Richard Challoner, English religious
writer, was born (died 12/1/1781).
12/9/1691, Saturday (-92,634) John George III, Elector of Saxony, died (born
20/6/1647).
====================================================================================
Q.3 1691, Decisive victory by William over Irish Jacobites at Aughrim.
19/8/1691, Wednesday (-92,658) (Turkey)
Louis of Baden won a major victory overt the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of
Szelankemen. Louis had continued the war against the Ottomans after his ally
Austria had been diverted inti fighting France as part of the League of
Augsburg. Grand Vizier Zade Mustafa Kuprili, aged 54, died in the battle, which
led to the expulsion of the Ottomans from Hungary.
16/7/1691, Thursday (-92,692) Francois Louvois, War Minister to Louis
XIV of France, died.
12/7/1691, Sunday (-92,696) (1) King William III
won a decisive victory over the Jacobites at Aughrim, Ireland. The Jacobite
army under Charles Chalmont, Marquis de St Ruth, had initial success in the
battle until Chalmont was killed, his forces lost morale and fled. 7,000
Jacobite soldiers were killed. By the end of 1691 all Jacobite resistance to
William in Ireland had ceased.
(2) Pope Innocent XII (242nd Pope) acceded, formerly
Cardinal Antonio Pignatelli, died 1700.
===================================================================================
Q.2 1691, Jacobite uprising in English colony of New York failed.
26/5/1691, Tuesday (-92,743)
James Lesler was executed for treason in New York.� He had led an uprising against the English in
favour of James II.
8/5/1691, Friday (-92,761) Sir George MacKenzie, Scotish legal writer,
died.
12/4/1691, Sunday (-92,787) Easter Sunday
9/4/1691, Thursday (-92,790) Johann Gesner, German scholarly writer,
was born (died 3/8/1761).
====================================================================================
27/2/1691, Friday (-92,831) Edward Cave, English printer, was born
(died 10/1/1754).
13/1/1691, Tuesday (-92,876)
George Fox, English religious leader who founded the Society of Friends (often
known as the Quakers) died in London.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1690, Ottoman Turks recaptured Belgrade.
31/12/1690, Wednesday (-92,889)
1/12/1690, Monday (-92,919) Philip Hardiwicke, English Lord Chancellor,
was born (died 6/3/1764).
25/11/1690, Tuesday (-92,925)
25/10/1690, Saturday (-92,956) Martin Folkes, English writer, was born
(died 1754).
17/10/1690, Friday (-92,964) (France)
Marguerite Alacoque, French nun who was beatified by Pope Pius IX in1846, died
(born 22/7/1647 near Autun).
8/10/1690, Wednesday (-92,973)
Belgrade was retaken by the Ottoman Turks.
3/10/1690, Friday (-92,978) Robert Barclay, Scottish Quaker writer,
died (born 1648).
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1690, William defeated Jacobites in Ireland at battle of the Boyne.
James fled to France again.
24/8/1690, Sunday (-93,018) The
port of Calcutta was founded by Job Charnock of the English East India Company.
9/8/1690, Saturday (-93,033) The
siege of Limerick began.
11/7/1690, Friday (-93,062) William of Orange defeated the Jacobites under the deposed
Catholic King James II at the Battle of the Boyne. The River
Boyne was the only defensive barrier between Belfast and Dublin, and James II�s
forces were well dug in on rising ground there. James II�s forces lost 1,600
men; William�s, only a third of that number. William won, and James fled to
Waterford and then on to France.
7/9/1690,� Monday (-93,066) Karl
Bogatzky, German hymn writer, was born in Lower Silesia (died 15/6/1774).
Q.3 1690, William defeated Jacobites in Ireland at battle of the Boyne.
James fled to France again.
===================================================================================
Q.2 1690, Anglo-Dutch naval force defeated French Catholics wanting
Catholic uprising in Britain,
30/6/1690, Monday (-93,073) The Battle of Beachy Head. An
allied force of 37 British ships and 22 Dutch ships was at anchor off Beachy
head whilst a French fleet of 70 ships waited off to the south-west, waiting
to co-operate with an anticipated Catholic Jacobite uprising in England.
The English commander, Torrington, aged 43, wished to retire to the mouth of
the Thames till he could be reinforced, but the Council of Regency ordered him
to remain where he was, and fight if he could secure an advantageous position.
Torrington took this as an order to fight the French and bore down on them;
however with inferior numbers, there were gaps between the British ships. The
Anglo-Dutch fleets began to suffer heavy losses from French fire. But the tide
turned from flood to ebb during the engagement, and whilst the Anglo-Dutch
ships dropped anchor, the French did not, and were carried away westwards on
the current. Some of the most damaged British ships were abandoned in Pevensey
Bay. Torrington was tried for his conduct but acquitted.
1/6/1690, Sunday (-93,102) At
Fleurus, Belgium, a French Army fought
an allied Spanish and Dutch army.�
The French won.
21/5/1690, Wednesday (-93,113) (Christian)
John Eliot, the �Apostle to the Indians�, died (born 1604). He preached to the
Amerindian nations, and translated the Bible into the Algonquian language.
25/4/1690, Friday (-93,139) David Teniers the Younger, painter, died
aged 79.
22/4/1690, Tuesday (-93,142) John Granville, Emglish statesman, was
born (died 22/1/1763).
20/4/1690, Sunday (-93,144)
Easter Sunday.
18/4/1690, Friday (-93,146) Charles Duke of Lorraine died (born
3/4/1643).
1/4/1690, Tuesday (-93,163)
Q.2 1690, Anglo-Dutch naval force defeated French Catholics wanting
Catholic uprising in Britain,
===================================================================================
Q.1 1690,
22/2/1690, Saturday (-93,,201) Charles le Brun, French painter,
died (born 24/2/1619).
19/2/1690, Wednesday (-93,204) (Russia)
Alexius Petrovich, Tsarevich, was born (died 1718).
1/2/1690, Saturday (-93,222)
===================================================================================
31/12/1689, Tuesday
(-93,254)
1/12/1689, Sunday (-93,284)
16/11/1689, Saturday
(-93,299) Marquard Gude, German scholarly
writer, died (born 1/2/1635).
22/10/1689, Tuesday (-93,324)
John V, King of Portugal, was born.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1689, China made border treaty with Russia. Catholics failed to
take Londonderry. Jacobites won in Scotland.
7/9/1689, Saturday (-93,369) China signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with
Russia. This was the first treaty signed by China with another country as
opposed to a vassal state. The Treaty settled border disputes in the Amur
region.
12/8/1689, Monday (-93,395) Pope
Innocent XI died.
5/8/1689, Monday (-93,402) Massacre of Lachine, Canada.
1/8/1689, Thursday (-93,406)
The Irish-French army of James II
failed to take the besieged city of Londonderry, whose inhabitants reaffirmed
their loyalty to William and Mary.
27/7/1689. Saturday (-93,411) The Scottish Jacobites,
supporters of the deposed James II,
won the Battle of Killiecrankie, near Pitlochry,
against the English under William III. However the Jacobite leader John Graham,
Earl of Dundee, was killed.
Q.3 1689, China made border treaty with Russia. Catholics failed to
take Londonderry. Jacobites won in Scotland.
==================================================================================
Q.2 1689, Judge Jeffreys died before his trial. Relief
for dissenting Protestants, but not dissentiong Catholics.
24/5/1689. Friday (-93,475) The
English Parliament passed the Act of
Toleration exempting dissenting Protestants from certain legal penalties
so long as they have sworn oaths of allegiance to the Crown. Catholics are specifically excluded
from this relief.
12/5/1689, Sunday (-93,487) (France)
English King William III joined the League of Augsburg (formed 9/7/1686)
against France.
3/5/1689, Friday (-93,496) William Broome, English poet, was born
(died 16/11/1745).
20/4/1689, Saturday (-93,509) The
siege of Londonderry began.
19/4/1689, Friday (-93,510) Queen Christina of Sweden
died; she had abdicated in 1654.
18/4/1689, Thursday (-93,511) Judge Jeffreys died in The Tower of London, aged 44, before he could be
tried. A Protestant, he had been hired by King James II to set up a
court to deal with the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685. He was the Lord Chancellor
who was notorious for the harshness of his sentences at the �Bloody Assizes�.
300 of Monmouth�s peasant followers were sentenced to hang and a further 800
sent to forced labour in Barbados . After the trials, Jeffreys was made Lord
Chancellor by James II, a position he held until the Glorious Revolution of
1688. See 19/8/1685.
16/4/1689, Tuesday (-93,513)
Death of Aphra Benn, British novelist and early feminist.
11/4/1689, Thursday (-93,518)
The coronation of King William III and
Queen Mary as joint sovereigns (see 13/2/1689). The Bishop of London
performed the service, as the Archbishop of Canterbury refused to participate.
3/4/1689. Wednesday (-93,526)
After landing in Ireland with money and troops supplied by Louis XIV, James II was acknowledged as King of England by an Irish
parliament in Dublin. England declared war on France on 17/5/1689.
Q.2 1689, Judge Jeffreys died before his trial. Relief for
dissenting Protestants, but not dissentiong Catholics.
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1689, William became King of England, with Mary.
31/3/1689, Sunday (-93,529) Easter Sunday.
13/2/1689. Wednesday
(-93,575) William and Mary ascended the English throne. Mary was
the daughter of James II; William was born in The Hague. This ended the
�Glorious Revolution� (see 6/6/1685 and 6/7/1685); James II fled to France on 22/12/1688. They were crowned by the
Bishop of London, because the Archbishop of Canterbury refused to do this (see
11/4/1689). James II�s support for the Catholic cause had made him unpopular.
27/1/1689, Sunday (-93,592) Peter the Great of Russia married Eudoxia
Lopukhina.
23/1/1689, Wednesday (-93,596)
Joseph Ames, English author, was born in Yarmouth (died 7/10/1759 in Wapping).
22/1/1689, Tuesday
(-93,597) The Convention Parliament
agreed that Charles II had abdicated by fleeing to France (on 22/12/1688) and
that the throne was vacant, for William and Mary to accede.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1688, William landed; James II resisted but army
defections unsettled him. England welcomed him. James II fled to France.
12/12/1688, Wednesday (-93,638)
Judge Jeffreys took refuge from a mob in the Tower of London.
26/11/1688.
Monday (-93,654)
Louis XIV declared war on The Netherlands.
11/11/1688,
Sunday (-93,669) Louis Castel, mathematician, was born (died
1757).
5/11/1688,
Monday (-93,675) (Britain)
William of Orange landed at Torbay,
having been invited by Whig and Tory leaders to save Britain from Catholicism
on 30/6/1688; William accepted this invitation on 5/11/1688. See 30/6/1688. William had some 40,000 troops in 463
ships but they were not necessary. James prepared to fight him, but was
unsettled by defections in his army. The English population welcomed William.
They almost missed Torbay, due to poor navigation, and the next port was
Plymouth, strongly guarded by James II�s garrison. However the wind turned and
William�s fleet was able to make landfall at Torbay as planned. James later
fled to France.
23/10/1688, Tuesday (-93,688) Charles du Cange, historical writer, died
(bprn 18/12/1610).
19/10/1688, Friday (-93,692) (Medical)
William Cheselden, English surgeon, was born (died 10/4/1752).
===================================================================================
31/8/1688,
Friday (-93,741)
John Bunyan religious writer,
author of The Pilgrim�s Progress, died at the house of a friend in
Holborn, London. See 12/11/1660.
11/7/1688,
Wednesday (-93,792)
Narai, King of Siam, died.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1688,
Alarmed at a
possible Catholic succession, England invited William of Orange to be King.
30/6/1688,
Saturday (-93,803) William
of Orange was invited to England.
26/6/1688,
Tuesday (-93,807) Ralph Cudworth, scholarly
writer, died (born 1617).
10/6/1688,
Sunday (-93,823) A
son (James Stuart, the �Old Pretender�) was born to James II, opening up the
possibility of a line of Catholic Kings to rule England.� He was James II�s only son; his mother was
Mary of Modena.
15/4/1688, Sunday (-93,879)
Easter Sunday.
4/4/1688, Wednesday (-93,890) Joseph Delisle, French astronomer, was
born (died 12/9/1768).
===================================================================================
17/2/1688, Friday (-93,937) Cadwallader Colden, US medical writer, was
born (died 28/9/1776).
15/2/1688, Wednesday (-93,939) Nicolas Freret, French scholarly writer,
was born (died 8/3/1749).
2/2/1688. Thursday (-93,952) Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer,
died.
29/1/1688, Sunday (-93,956) Emmanuel Swedenborg, Swedish mystic, was
born.
18/1/1688, Tuesday (-93,967) Lionel Cranfield Sackville, Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, was born (died 10/10/1765).
11/1/1688, Tuesday (-93,974) James Gardiner, Scottish soldier, was born
(fell at Prestonpans 21/9/1745).
===================================================================================
Q.4 1687, Huguenots left Holland to start a colony in South Africa.
They started a wine industry there.
31/12/1687,
Saturday (-93,985) The
first boatload of Huguenots sailed from Holland to settle in South Africa. They
took vines to start a wine industry in the new colony.
13/11/1687.
Sunday (-94,033) Nell Gywnne, actress,
died, aged in London aged 37. The mistress of Charles II, who had borne him two
sons, was perhaps the best known orange seller of all time.
10/10/1687,
Monday (-94,067) Nicolas Bernoulli, scientist,
was born (died 29/11/1759).
Q.4 1687, Huguenots left Holland to start a colony in South Africa.
They started a wine industry there.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1687,
Venetian forces
attacked Turkey at Athens. Parthenon destroyed.
26/9/1687.
Monday (-94,081)
The Parthenon and the Propylea were destroyed when the Venetians bombarded
Athens. The Venetian army was besieging the Turks when a mortar bomb fired by
the Venetians set off Turkish gunpowder stored in the Acropolis.
12/9/1687,
Monday (-94,095) (USA)
John Adlen, one of the Pilgrim Fathers, died in Duxbury.
12/8/1687,
Friday (-94,126) (Turkey)
At the Second Battle of Mohacs, Charles of Lorraine defeated the Ottoman Turks.
26/7/1687,
Tuesday (-94,143)
Q.3 1687,
Venetian forces
attacked Turkey at Athens. Parthenon destroyed.
===================================================================================
Q.2 1687,
England granted
equal rights to Protestants.
24/6/1687,
Friday (-94,175) (Germany)
Johann Bengel, German scholar, was born in Winenden (died 1742).
26/5/1687,
Thursday (-94,204)
16/4/1687, Saturday (-94,244) George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham died
(born 30/1/1628).
14/4/1687.
Thursday (-94,246)
Having failed to persuade Parliament to repeal the 1673 Test Act (forbidding
a� Catholic from being the monarch of
England), James II issued a
Declaration of Indulgence. This granted toleration to Catholics and to
non-conformists.
Q.2 1687,
England granted
equal rights to Protestants.
===================================================================================
Q.1 1687,
28/3/1687, Monday (-94,263) Sir
Constantijn Huygens, Dutch poet, was born (died 28/3/1687).
27/3/1687, Sunday (-94,264)
Easter Sunday.
19/3/1687, Tuesday
(-94,269) (Arts) Jean Baptiste, director of the Parisn Opera, died of
sepsis after stabbing himself in the foot with his long baton whilst
conducting� a Te Deum of thanksgiving for
King Louis XIV�s recoverty from illness.
7/3/1687, Thursday
(-94,281) Jean Lebeuf, French historical writer, was born (died 10/4/1760).
14/2/1687,
Monday (-94,305)
28/1/1687,
Friday (-94,322) In Japan the killing of
animals was forbidden. Shogun Sunayoshi, after the death of his only son, had
become a devout Buddhist. On 27/2/1787 he forbade the eating of fish, shellfish
or birds.
==================================================================================
Q.4 1686,
First successful
haemorrhoid operation, on King Louis XIV of France.
14/12/1686,
Tuesday (-94,367)
18/11/1686,
Thursday (-94,393)
King Louis XIV of France underwent a successful operation for haemorrhoids. The
surgeon, Charles Francois, had specially-designed tools for the operation, and
had practised on dozens of peasants and prisoners, some of whom died.
11/11/1686,
Thursday (-94,400) Louis II de Bourbon, Prince
of Conde, died (born 8.9.1621).
14/10/1686,
Thursday (-94,428)
Q.4 1686,
First successful
haemorrhoid operation, on King Louis XIV of France.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1686,
Austrians drove
the Ottoman Turks out of Hungary.
19/8/1686,
Thursday (-94,484) Eustace Budgell, writer,
was born (died 4/5/1737).
10/7/1686,
Saturday (-94,524) John Fell, English religious writer, died
(born 1625).
9/7/1686,
Friday (-94,525) (France)
The Leagyue of Augsburg was created
against French King Louis XIV. It comprised an alliance of Spain (King Carlos
II), Sweden (King Charles IX), the Holy Roman Empire (Emperor Leopold I) and
the Electors of Bavaria, Saxony and The Palatine. The League was aimed at
curbing French expansionism, and King Louis XIV had been clandestinely� supporting the Ottoman Empire against
Austria.
6/7/1686,
Tuesday (-94,528)
The Austrians took Buda from the
Ottoman Turks and annexed Hungary.
Q.3 1686,
Austrians drove
the Ottoman Turks out of Hungary.
===================================================================================
23/6/1686,
Wednesday (-94,541) Sir William Coventry,
English statesman, died.
24/5/1686,
Monday (-94,571)
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, the
German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer, was born in Danzig.
11/5/1686,
Tuesday (-94,584) Otto von Guericke, German
scientist, died (born 20/11/1602).
26/4/1686,
Monday (-94,599) (Britain)
Arthur Anglesey, British statesman, died in Blechingdon, Oxfordshire (born
10/7/1614 in Dublin).
9/4/1686,
Friday (-94,616) James Craggs the younger,
English politician, was born (died 16/2/1721).
4/4/1686,
Sunday (-94,621) Easter Sunday.
====================================================================================
24/3/1686,
Wednesday (-94,632)
25/2/1686,
Thursday (94,659) Abraham Calovius, German
Lutheran theologian (born 16/4/1612) died.
10/2/1686,
Wednesday (-94,674) (Britain)
Sir William Dugdale, English historian, died (born 12/9/1605). In 1641 he was
commissioned by Sir Christopher Hatton (who foresaw the destruction of the
Civil War) to make exact drafts of the monuments at all of England�s major
cathedrals.
31/1/1686,
Sunday (-94,684) (Christian)
Hans Egede, Norwegian missionary to Greenland was born, see 3/5/1721.
==================================================================================
Q.4 1685,
France halted
Huguenot migration to England, and revoked their equal rights with Catholics.
31/12/1685,
Thursday (-94,715)
10/11/1685,
Tuesday (-94,766) Duncan Forbes, Scottish
statesman, was born (died 10/12/1747).
30/10/1685, Friday (-94,777) Michel le Tellier, French
statesman, died (born 19/4/1603).
18/10/1685.
Sunday (-94,789) Louis
XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes
which had been issued by Henry IV of France and had given Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. The laity
were also forbidden to emigrate; Louis XIV was concerned about the drain of
skilled Huguenot merchants and craftsmen, many of whom had fled to England.
1/10/1685,
Thursday (-94,806) Charles VI, Holy Roman
Emperor, was born (died 20/10/1740).
===================================================================================
Q.3 1685,
After the failed
rebellion against James II, Judge Jeffreys began a harsh purge of opponents.
19/8/1685. Wednesday (-94,849)
Judge Jeffreys began sentencing
people to death at what became known as the Bloody Assizes. This followed the
Monmouth Rebellion, see 6/7/1685.
12/8/1686, Wednesday (-94,856) John Balguy, English writer, was born in
Sheffield (died 21/9/1748 in Harrogate).
15/7/1685, Wednesday (-94,884)
The Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II and Lucy Walter, was
executed on Tower Green, London, for leading a Protestant rebellion on the
accession of King James II.
6/7/1685. Monday (-94,893) James II�s troops defeated the Duke of Monmouth at Sedgemoor, Somerset, the last battle fought on English soil. Monmouth�s troops had attempted a night
attack late on 5/7/1685 but the King�s troops under John Churchill, later Duke
of Marlborough, successfully counterattacked at dawn. The rebel Duke of
Monmouth, an illegitimate son of King Charles II, was executed on 15/7/1685.
See 13/2/1689.
===================================================================================
Q.2 1685, James II became King of England. Abortive rebellion against
him crushed.
11/6/1685, Thursday
(-94,918) An abortive rebellion against King James II, by the same faction
as promoted the Rye House Plot of 1683 (21/7). Monmouth, having been expelled
from Holland upon the accession of James II, landed at Lyme Regis, Dorset, and
issued a proclamation claiming the throne of England. He gathered a small army
of 3-4,000, mainly of middle social class status, and managed to capture
Taunton before being defeated by pro-Royal troops at Sedgemoor on 6/7/1683.
6/6/1685. Saturday (-94,923)
James II became King of England. See
13/2/1689.
19/4/1685, Sunday (-94,971) Easter Sunday.
===================================================================================
Q.1 1685, �King Charles II of
England died. Johann Bach and George Handel, composers, were born.
21/3/1685, Saturday (-95,000) Johann
Sebastian Bach, German composer, was born in Eisenach, Thuringia.
18/3/1685, Wednesday (-95,003) (Britain)
Ralph Erskine, Scottish divine, was born (died 6/11/1752).
12/3/1685, Thursday (-95,009) George Berkeley, scholarly writer, was
born (died 14/1/1753).
23/2/1685, Monday (-95,026) George
Frederick Handel, German
composer, was born in Halle, the son of a barber-surgeon.
10/2/1685, Tuesday (-95,039) Aaron Hill,English author, was born (died
8/2/1750).
8/2/1685, Sunday (-95,041) Charles
Henault, French historical writer, was born (died 24/11/1770).
7/2/1685; Saturday (-95,042) Charles II, James II�s brother, died aged 54 after suffering an
apoplectic fit on 2/2/1685, see 6/6/1685.
9/1/1685, Friday (-95,071) Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Dutch scholarly
writer, was born (died 7/4/1766).
7/1/1685, Wednesday (-95,073) (Sweden)
Jonas Alstromer, Swedish industrialist, was born in Alingsas, Vestergotland. He
died 2/6/1761.
2/1/1685, Friday (-95,078) Sir Harbottle Grimston, English politician,
died (born 27/1/1603).
===================================================================================
Q.4 1684,
10/12/1684, Wednesday (-95,101)
Isaac Newton�s derivation of Kepler�s Laws of Gravity was read in a paper to
The Royal Society by Edmund Halley.
3/12/1684, Wednesday (-95,108) Ludvig Holberg, wriyter, was born in
Bergen, Norway (died 28/1/1754, Copenhagen).
10/10/1684, Friday (-95,162)
===================================================================================
Q.3 1684, France began to establish a significant colonial settlement
at New Orleans, North America.
30/9/1684, Tuesday (-95,172) Pierre Corneille, French poet and
dramatist, died (born 6/6/1606).
10/8/1684, Sunday (-95,223)
24/7/1684, Thursday (-95,240)
Rene-Robert Cavelier sailed from France with a large expedition, to establish a
French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
Q.3 1684, France began to establish a significant colonial settlement
at New Orleans, North America.
===================================================================================
24/5/1684, Saturday (-95,301)
15/4/1684, Tuesday (-95,340) (Russia)
Katherine I of Russia was born (died 1727).
=================================================================================
Q.1 1684, Frost Fair on the River Thames at London; sudden thaw, many
drowned.
30/3/1684, Sunday (-95,356) Easter Sunday.
19/3/1684, Wednesday (-95,367) Jean Astruc, French writer, was born in
Sauve, Languedoc (died 5/5/1766 in Paris).
15/3/1684, Saturday (-95,371) Francesco Durante, Italian composer, was
born (died 13/8/1755).
4/2/1684, Monday (-95,411)
The River Thames suddenly thawed, drowning many of the people shopping at the
Frost Fair set up on the river.
10/1/1684, Thursday (-95,436) The Dukedom of St Albans was
created.
9/1/1684. Wednesday (-95,437) During a deep freeze, the River Thames at London froze over and
puppet shows and shopping stalls were set up on the ice.
1/1/1684, Tuesday (-95,445) Arnold Drakenborgh, Dutch scholarly
writer, was born (died 16/1/1748).
Q.1 1684, Frost Fair on the River Thames at London; sudden thaw, many
drowned.
===================================================================================
19/12/1683, Wednesday (-95,458)
Philip V, King of Spain, was born.
15/12/1683, Saturday (-95,462) Izaak
Walton, author of The Compleat Angler,
died at Winchester aged 90.
19/11/1683, Monday (-95,488) Johann Carpzov, scholarly writer, died
(born 1607).
10/11/1683, Saturday (-95,497) George II, King of England, was born in
Hanover, Germany, the only son of George I.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1683, Ottomans defeated at Vienna. Bacteria were discovered.
Charles II purged his opponents.
17/9/1683, Monday (-95,551)
The Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek wrote to the Royal Society to
report his discovery of bacteria.
11/9/1683. Tuesday
(-95,557) (East
Europe, Greece-Turkey),
The conquering armies of Islam under Vizier Kara Mustafa were defeated
at the gates of Vienna. The Turks had been besieging Vienna since July
1683. Relief came under Poland�s King John III (see 1/4/1683) and Charles, Duke
of Normandy. The Ottoman Sultan ordered Mustafa to commit suicide.
7/9/1683, Friday (-95,561) German reinforcements arrived
outside the besieged city of Vienna.
6/9/1683, Thursday (-95,562)
Jean Colbert, French politician, died (born 1619).
31/7/1683, Tuesday (-95,599)
Invading Turkish forces reached the gates of Vienna.�� If Vienna fell, Germany would be open to a
Turkish invasion.
21/7/1683, Saturday (-95,609) Algernon
Sidney and William Russell were executed for their part on the Rye House Plot. Along
with the Earl of Wessex (who cheated the executioner by committing suicide in
gaol), they planned to ambush King Charles II and the Duke of York (future
James II) on their return from Newmarket to London at a narrow point at Rye
House, near Hoddesdon, and assassinate them. The plot failed because the
monarch left Newmarket early. The Government took advantage of the plot to
implicate others whose loyalty to Charles II was questionable.
Q.3 1683, Ottomans defeated at Vienna. Bacteria were discovered. Charles
II purged his opponents.
===================================================================================
Q.2 1683, France, Prussia and Denmark allied against
Sweden. Poland allied with the Holy Roman Empire against Ottoman Turkey.
23/6/1683, Saturday (-95,637) William
Penn signed a treaty of peace and friendship with chiefs of the Lenapi Indian
tribe, at Shakamaxon.
6/6/1683. Wednesday (-95,654)
Elias Ashmole opened the first public museum, the Ashmolean, in Broad Street,
Oxford. Exhibits included stuffed animals and a dodo.
3/6/1683, Sunday (-95,657)
Sadlers Wells Theatre, London, was founded.
25/5/1683, Friday (-95,666) Elijah Fenton, English poet, was born (died
16/7/1730).
30/4/1683, Monday (-95,691)
France, Brandenburg-Prussia, and Denmark agreed that Sweden should be expelled
from German territories.
8/4/1683, Sunday (-95,713) Easter Sunday.
3/4/1683, Tuesday (-95,718)
1/4/1683, Sunday (-95,720) (East
Europe, Poland),
Poland made a treaty of mutual defence with the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I,
against the threat from Ottoman Turkey (see 11/9/1683).
Q.2 1683, France, Prussia and Denmark allied against
Sweden. Poland allied with the Holy Roman Empire against Ottoman Turkey.
===================================================================================
19/3/1683, Monday (-95,733) Thomas Killigrew, English dramatist, died (born
7/2/1612).
9/3/1683, Friday (-95,743) Michael Ettmuller, physician, died (born
26/5/1644).
1/3/1683, Thursday (-95,752) Caroline, wife of King George II of
Britain, was born (died 20/11/1737).
27/2/1683, Tuesday (-95,754)
6/2/1683, Tuesday (-95,774)
5/2/1683, Monday (-95,775)
===================================================================================
Q.4 1682, Prince Rupert, Royalist Commander in the Civil War, died.
2/12/1682, Saturday (-95,840) The
Dukedom of Beaufort was created.
29/11/1682, Wednesday (-95,843) Prince Rupert, commander of the Royalist
troops in the English Civil war, died.
21/11/1682, Tuesday (-95,851) Claude Lorrain, painter, died in Rome aged
82.
29/10/1682, Sunday (-95,874) Pierre Charlevoix, French historical writer,
was born (died 1/2/1761).
27/10/1682, Friday (-95,876) Philadelphia, USA, was founded by William
Penn.
19/10/1682, Wednesday (-95,885) Sir Thomas Browne, writer, died (born 19/10/1605).
Q.4 1682, Prince Rupert, Royalist Commander in the Civil War, died.
====================================================================================
1/8/1682, Tuesday (-95,963)
12/7/1682, Wednesday (-95,983)
Death of Jean Picard, astronomer who first calculated the circumference of the
Earth.
10/7/1682, Monday (-95,985) Roger Cotes, English mathematician, was
born (died 5/6/1716).
===================================================================================
Q.2 1682, France discovered and claimed the Mississippi delta. Champagne
was invented.
28/6/1682, Wednesday (-95,997)
Dom Perignon, a blind Benedictine
cellarman at Hautevilliers Abbey, invented Champagne.
17/6/1682, Saturday (-96,008) (Sweden)
Charles XII, King of Sweden, was born (died 1718).
18/5/1692, Thursday (-96,038) Joseph Butler, English religious writer,
was born (died 16/6/1752).
6/5/1682, Saturday (-96,050)
King Louis XIV arrived at his new chateau of Versailles.
27/4/1682, Thursday (-96,059)
Theodore III, Tsar of Russia, died.
16/4/1682, Sunday (-96,070) Easter Sunday.
9/4/1682, Sunday (-96,077)
The explorer de La Salle reached the mouth of the Mississippi and claimed it
for Louis XIV of France, naming the area Louisiana.
3/4/1682, Monday (-96,083) Bartolome Murillo, painter, died in Seville
aged 64.
===================================================================================
Q.1 1682, Chelsea Pensionsers Hospital was founded by King Charles II.
14/3/1682, Tuesday (-96,103) Jacob van Ruysdael, painter, died in
Amsterdam, aged 53.
11/3/1682. Saturday (-96,106) Charles
II founded the Chelsea Hospital for old soldiers (Chelsea Pensioners).It was
designed by Wren, and opened in 1692.
10/1/1682, Tuesday (-96,166)
==================================================================================
Q.4 1681,
21/12/1681, Wednesday (-96,186) Claude Prost, French military leader,
died (born 17/6/1607).
28/11/1681, Monday (-96,209) Jean Cavalier, French Camisard leader, was
born (died 1740).
17/11/1681, Thursday (-96,220) Pierre Courayer, French theological
writer, was born (died 17/10/1776).
7/10/1681, Friday (-96,261) Nikolaes Heinsius, Dutch scholarly writer, died
(born 20/7/1620)
==================================================================================
Q.3 1681, France annexed Strasbourg, formerly independent.
28/9/1681, Wednesday
(-96,270) Louis XIV�s army captured the previously independent city of
Strasbourg. The French now
controlled all of Alsace, except Mulhouse.
11/9/1681, Sunday (-96,287) Johann Heineccius, German legal writer, was
born (died 31/8/1741).
27/7/1681, Wednesday (-96,333) (Britain) Donald Cargill, Scottish Covenanter,
born 1610, was executed.
26/7/1681, Tuesday (-96,334)
==================================================================================
Q.2 1681,
25/5/1681, Wednesday (-96,396)
Spanish dramatist Pedro Calderon de la Barca died.
3/4/1681, Sunday (-96,448) Easter Sunday.
==================================================================================
Q.1 1681, Pennsylvania was founded.
4/3/1681, Friday (-96,478) King
Charles II granted the Quaker, William Penn, 38 years old, a Royal Charter for
territory in North America, to be called Pennsylvania. In return Penn waived a
debt of �16,000 owed by the Crown to his estate.
4/1/1681, Tuesday (-96,537)
==================================================================================
Q.4 1680,
31/12/1680, Friday (-96,541)
8/12/1680, Wednesday (-96,564) Henry Pierrepoint, Marquess of
Dorchester, died.
28/11/1680, Sunday (-96,574) The Italian sculptor Giovanni Bernini died.
30/10/1680, Saturday (-96,603) Antoinette Bourignon, Flemish mystic, was
born in Lille (died in Friesland 30/10/1680).
19/10/1680, Tuesday (-96,614) (Ireland)
John Abernethy, Irish Presbyterian Minister, was born in Coleraine, County
Londonderry.
12/10/1680, Tuesday (-96,621) Arthur Collier, scholarly writer, was born
(died 1732).
==================================================================================
Q.3 1680,
25/9/1680, Saturday (-96,638) Samuel Butler, English poet, died (born
1612).
22/9/1680, Wednesday (-96,641) Barthold Brockes, German poet, was born
(died 16/1/1747).
2/9/1680, Thursday (-96,661) Per Brahe, Swedish statesman, died in
Visingborg (born near Stockholm 18/2/1602).
23/8/1680, Monday (-96,671) Captain Blood, the famous
Irish adventurer, died.�� He had
attempted to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London on 9/5/1671.
22/8/1680, Sunday (-96,672) John
George II, Elector of Saxony, died (born 31/5/1613).
20/8/1680, Friday (-96,674) (Britain)
William Bledloe, English adventurer, died in Bristol (born Chepstow 20/4/1650)
====================================================================================
Q.2 1680,
22/6/1680, Tuesday (-96,733) Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious
writer, was born (died 2/6/1754).
11/4/1680, Sunday (-96,805) Easter Sunday.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1680,
17/3/1680, Wednesday (-96,830) Francois de la Rochefoucauld, Fremch
writer, died (born 15/9/1613).
14/3/1680, Sunday (-96,833) Rene le Bossu, French literary critic, died (born
in Paris 16/3/1631).
23/2/1680, Monday (-96,853) Thomas Goodwin, English religious writer, died
(born 5/10/1600).
17/2/1680, Tuesday (-96,859) Denzil Holles, English writer, died (born
31/10/1599).
===================================================================================
Q.4 1679,
31/12/1679, Wednesday (-96,907) Giovanni Borelli, Italian physicist,
died in Rome (born in Naples 28/1/1608).
20/12/1679, Saturday (-96,918) John Maurice of Nassau died.
27/11/1679, Thursday (-96,941)
A major fire in Boston, Massachusetts, burnt all the warehouses, all the ships
in the dockyards, and 80 houses.
12/10/1679, Sunday (-96,987) William Gurnall, English author, died (born
1617).
====================================================================================
Q.3 1679,
29/9/1679, Monday (-97,000) Thomas Chubb, religious writer, was born
(died 8/2/1746).
17/9/1679, Wednesday (-97,012) Don John the Younger of Austria died
(born 1629).
17/7/1679, Thursday (-97,074) James Duport, English scholarly writer,
died (born 1606).
====================================================================================
Q.2 1679, Habeas Corpus Act passed. It curbed Charles II, who tried to
supersede Parliament.
29/6/1679, Sunday (-97,092) (Germany) The
Peace of St Germain, forced on the Elector of Brandenburg by King Louis XIV of
France, made him surrender all territories in Pomerania conquered from Sweden
22/6/1679, Sunday (-97,099) The
Battle of Bothwell Bridge. The Duke of Monmouth defeated the Covenanters.
15/6/1679, Sunday (-97,106) Guillaume Courtois, French painter, died
(born 1628).
1/6/1679, Sunday (-97,120) At
the Battle of Drumclog, Scottish Covenanters defeated a small government force.
27/5/1679, Tuesday (-97,125) The Habeas
Corpus Act, stating that nobody could be held in prison without a trial,
was passed. The rights of a prisoner were mentioned as early as the 14th
century in England, but it was Lord Shaftesbury who suggested such an Act on
the statute books. Charles I believed himself to be above Parliament so the Act
was passed to counter his rulings. This enabled political prisoners of the King
to demand a trial, and to obtain bail if prison was not justified. Habeas
Corpus can only be suspended in times of war or a terrorist threat.
22/4/1679, Tuesday (-97,160) John Davies, English scholarly writer, was
born (died 7/3/1732).
20/4/1679, Sunday (-97,162)
Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1679, Habeas Corpus Act passed. It curbed Charles II, who tried to
supersede Parliament.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1679, Third Treaty of Nijmegen ended 7 years of war in Europe.
6/3/1679, Thursday (-97,207)
In England the Habeas Corpus Parliament, or First Exclusion Parliament,
assembled for the first time.
5/2/1679, Wednesday (-97,236)
(France)
The Third Treaty of Nijmegen ended seven years of war in Europe.
24/1/1679, Friday (-97,248) (Britain)
King Charles II of England dissolved the Cavalier Parliament.
18/1/1679, Saturday (-97,254) (Britain)
John Hervey, courtier to Catherine, wife of King Charles II, died.
8/1/1679, Wednesday (-97,264) (USA,
Canada)
�La Salle, French explorer, reached
the Niagara Falls.
Q.1 1679, Third Treaty of Nijmegen ended 7 years of war in Europe.
=====================================================================================
31/12/1678, Tuesday (-97,272)
24/11/1678, Sunday (-97,311)
12/10/1678, Tuesday (-97,352) Sir Edmund Godfrey, English politician, was
murdered (born 23/12/1621).
====================================================================================
Q.3 1678, Titus Oates� Popish Plot exposed.
19/9/1678, Thursday (-97,375) (Germany)
Christoph Galen, Prince-Bishop of Munster, died (born 12/10/1606).
12/8/1678, Monday (-97,413) Titus
Oates� Popish plot was revealed to King Charles II.
26/7/1678, Friday (-97,430) Holy
Roman Emperor Joseph I was born.
===================================================================================
25/5/1678, Saturday (-97,492)
==================================================================================
Q.1 1678, Composer Vivaldi was born
31/3/1678, Sunday (-97,547) Easter Sunday
4/3/1678. Monday (-97,574) Birth
of the Venetian composer and violinist Antonio Lucio Vivaldi.
18/2/1678, Monday (-97,588)
John Bunyan, 50-year old Baptist, published his book Pilgrim�s Progress.
29/1/1678, Tuesday (-97,608) Jeronimo Lobo, Jesuit missionary to India,
died.
18/1/1678, Friday (-97,619)
2/1/1678, Wednesday (-97,635) The Hamburg Staatsoper (Opera JHouse)
opened.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1677, France made military gains against Germany in Europe, and
against the Dutch in Africa.
31/12/1677, Monday (-97.637)
19/11/1677, Monday (-97,679) Franz Junius junior, writer, died.
16/11/1677, Friday (-97,682) French
troops occupied Freiberg.
4/11/1677, Sunday (-97,694) King
William II married his cousin Princess Mary (future Queen Mary II of England),
the eldest daughter of King James II and Anne Hyde.
2/11/1677, Friday (-97,696) Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, died (born
1/12/1595).
30/10/1677, Tuesday (-97,699)
French troops in West Africa captured Dutch ports on the River Senegal and took
Goree, near Cape Verde.
=====================================================================================
11/9/1677, Tuesday (-97,748) James Harrington, English writer, died
(born 1/1611).
14/7/1677, Saturday (-97,807) At
the Battle of Landskrona, Sweden defeated Denmark.
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1677, Virginia colonists made peace with indigenous Amerindians.
31/5/1677, Thursday (-97,851)
Danish ships defeated a Swedish naval force.
29/5/1677, Tuesday (-97,853)
The Treaty of Middle Plantation established peace between the Virginia
colonists and the local Indians.
4/5/1677, Friday (-97,878) (Mathematics)
Isaac Barrow, English mathematician, died (born 1630).
15/4/1677, Sunday (-97,897)
Easter Sunday.
11/4/1677, Wednesday (-97,901)
The Battle of Cassel; Philippe I of Orleans defeated William of Orange.
=====================================================================================
Q.1,1677,
28/3/1677, Wednesday (-97,915) Wenzel Hoillar, Bohemian etcher, died
(born 13/7/1607).
20/3/1677, Tuesday (-97,923) (Britain)
George Digby, First Earl of Bristol, died.
21/2/1677, Wednesday (-97,950)
Benedict Spinoza, Jewish philosopher, died.
8/2/1677, Thursday (-97,963) (Astronomy)
Jacques Cassini, astronomer, was born (died 18/4/1756).
29/1/1677, Monday (-97,973) John Hughes, English poet, was born (died
17/2/1720)
1/1/1677, Monday (-98,001) Francois Lagrange-Chancel, French
dramatist, was born.
=====================================================================================
Q.4 1676,
25/12/1676, Monday (-98,008) Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of
England, died (born 1/11/1609)
18/12/1676, Monday (-98,015) Edward Benlowes, English poet, died.
4/12/1676, Monday (-98,029) The Swedish town of Lund was defended in the Battle of Lund,
one of the bloodiest battles fought in Scandinavia.
10/11/1676, Friday
(-98,053)
28/10/1676, Saturday
(-98,066) Jean Desmarets, French dramatist, died (born 1595).
16/10/1676, Monday
(-98,078) (Poland, Turkey)
The Treaty of Zuravno ended the 4 year war between Poland and tye Ottoman
Empire. Ottoman Turkey acquired Podolia and much of the Polish Ukraine, thereby
bringing Ottoman territory up to the border with Russia.
======================================================================================
Q.3 1676, Conflict between Amerindians and English
colonists.
21/9/1676, Thursday
(-98,103) Pope Innocent XI (240th Pope), acceded, formerly Cardinal Benedetto
Odescalchi (died 1689).
17/9/1676, Sunday
(-98,107) Cesar du Marsais, French scholarly writer, was born (died
11/6/1756).
26/8/1676, Saturday (-98,129) Sir Robert Walpole, the first British Prime
Minister, was born at Houghton Hall, Norfolk.
17/8/1676, Thursday (-98,138) Hans Jakob Grimmelshausen, German author,
died.
12/8/1676, Saturday (-98,143) King
Philip, American Indian Chief, was killed.�
The Indian War in New England ended.
22/7/1676, Saturday (-98,164) Pope Clement X (239th Pope) died. Pope Innocent
XI (240th Pope), acceded, formerly Cardinal Benedetto Odescalchi (died 1689).
4/7/1676, Tuesday (-98,182) Jose de Canizares, Spanish dramatist, was
born (died 4/9/1750).
Q.3 1676, Conflict between Amerindians and English
colonists.
====================================================================================
21/6/1676, Wednesday (-98,195) Anthony Collins, English writer, was
born (died 13/12/1729).
7/6/1676, Wednesday (-98,209) Paul Gerhardt, German hymn writer, died.
20/5/1676, Saturday (-98,227) Jacques Courtois, French painter, died
(born 1621),
7/5/1676, Sunday (-98,240) Pietro
Giannone, Italian historical writer, was born (died 7/3/1748).
====================================================================================
26/3/1676, Sunday� (-98,282)
Easter Sunday.
17/3/1676, Friday
(-98,291) (Britain)
Thomas Boston, Scottish cleric, was born in Duns (died 20/5/1732).
12/2/1676, Saturday (-98,325)
8/2/1676, Tuesday (-98,329)
(Russia) Czar Alexis Mikhailovich died aged 47
after a reign of 31 years. He was succeeded by his eldest sutrving son, aged
15, who ruled as Feodor III until his death in 1682.
1/1/1676, Saturday
(-98,367)
====================================================================================
Q.4 1675, London coffee houses closed. Death of Thomas
Willis, who noted a rise in diabetes in England.
29/12/1675, Wednesday
(-98,370) The English Parliament ordered the closure of all coffee houses,
believing they were centres from which malicious rumours about the government
originated.
23/12/1675, Thursday (-98,376) Cesar Choiseul, French Marshal, died
(born 1602).
15/12/1675,
Wednesday (-98,384)
Jan Vermeer died aged 43.
6/12/1675, Monday (-98,393) John Lightfoot, English
religious writer, died (born 29/3/1602).
1/12/1675, Wednesday (-98,398) Barnaby Lintot, English
writer, was born (died 3/2/1736).
28/11/1675,
Sunday (-98,401) William Denbigh, English Civil War soldier,
died.
21/11/1675,
Sunday (-98,408) (Mathematics)
Leibniz became the first mathematician to use the modern notation of f[x] dx
for integration/differentiation.
14/11/1676,
Sunday (-98,415) Benjamin Hoadly, English religious writer,
was born (died 17/4/1761).
11/11/1675,
Thursday (-98,418) (Medical,
Food)
Death of Thomas Willis, physician to King Charles II and to the Duke of York. He was the first to notice an increase in
what we now know as diabetes amongst his more affluent clients � he called
it �the pissing evil�. He also noted the very sweet nature of this urine. The
wealthy in England were raising their consumption of sugar, now being imported
from the Caribbean, both in desserts and in tea. In fact the issue of
sweet urine and diabetes was also known to the ancient Greeks, Indians and
Chinese.
11/10/1675,
Monday (-98,449) Samuel Clarke, scholarly
writer, was born (died 17/5/1729).
8/10/1676,
Friday (-98,452) Benito Feijoo, Spanish monk
and writer, was born (died 26/9/1764).
====================================================================================
Q.3 1675,
Greenwich
Observatory, London, founded by King Charles II.
18/9/1675,
Saturday (-98,472) Charles Duke of Lorraine died (born 5/4/1604).
11/9/1675,
Saturday (-98,479)
The Dukedom of Grafton was created.
10/8/1675, Tuesday (-98,511) (London,
space
exploration) King Charles
II established Greenwich Observatory, at Flamsteed House, Greenwich.� Its foundation stone was laid this day.
9/8/1675, Monday (-98,512) The Dukedom of Richmond
(Lennox & Gordon) was created.
14/7/1675, Wednesday (-98,538) (France)
Claude Bonneval, French adventurer, was born (died in Constantinople 23/3/1747).
===================================================================================
Q.2 1675, London�s new St Paul�s Cathedral was begun.
28/6/1675, Monday (-98,554) (Germany)
Sweden, allied to King Louis XIV of France, invaded Brandenburg, butr were
defeated at the Battle of Fehrbellin. The Elector of Brandenburg then launched
an invasion of Swedish Pomerania.
21/6/1675, Monday (-98,561) The foundation stone of Sir Christopher
Wren�s new St Paul�s Cathedral, London, was laid. The new place of
worship faced the old church that burned down in the Great Fire of London, (see
2/9/1666). The first Sunday service there was held on 5/12/1697.
29/5/1675, Saturday (-98,584) Humphry Ditton, English mathematician, was
born (died 15/10/1715).
17/4/1675, Saturday (-98,626) (France)
Marie Aiguillon, charity worker for the poor, died (born 1604).
4/4/1675, Sunday (-98,639) Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1675, London�s new St Paul�s Cathedral was begun.
===================================================================================
Q.1 1675, France thwarted an attempted German invasion.
4/3/1675, Thursday (-98,670)
Charles II appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer-Royal.
3/2/1675, Wednesday (-98,699)
5/1/1675, Tuesday
(-98,728) French forces inflicted a
heavy defeat on the German Army at Turckheim,
forcing them to abandon an invasion of France and withdraw back across the Rhine.
Q.1 1675, France thwarted an attempted German invasion.
===================================================================================
Q.4 1674, England recovered full control of New York.
Poet John Milton died aged 65.
25/12/1674, Friday
(-96,739) Thomas Halyburton, Scottish religious writer, was born (died
1712).
9/12/1674, Wednesday
(-96,755) Edward Clarendon, British statesman, died (born 18/2/1609).
10/11/1674, Tuesday (-98,784)
All Dutch-held areas of New York were returned to Britain under the Treaty of
Westminster. During the third Anglo-Dutch war, the Dutch had captured New York
on 9/8/1672.
8/11/1674, Sunday (-98,786) The
poet John Milton died at the age
of 65. His best known work was Paradise Lost. He was born in Chalfont St
Giles, Buckinghamshire, and studied at Christ College, Cambridge, from 1652-53,
writing poetry in English, Latin, and Italian. He served as secretary for
Cromwell�s government and pamphleteered for civil and religious liberty. After
the monarchy was restored, Milton was arrested as a supporter of the
Commonwealth but soon released. Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained
were published in 1667 and 1671, after he went blind in 1652.
27/10/1674, Tuesday (-98,798) John Bona, Italian clerical writer, died (born
in Piedmont 10/10/1609).
22/10/1674, Thursday (-98,803) Gerbrand Eeckhout, Dutch painter, died
(born 19/8/1621)
18/10/1674, Sunday (-98,807)
Richard (Beau) Nash, Master of Ceremonies at Bath, who established the city as
a centre of fashion, was born.
Q.4 1674, England recovered full control of New York.
Poet John Milton died aged 65.
=====================================================================================
9/9/1674, Wednesday (-98,846)
Murrough Inchiquin, Irish statesman, died.
12/8/1674, Wednesday (-98,874)
Philippe de Champaigne, Belgian painter, died (born 1602).
2/8/1674, Sunday (-98,884)
Philippe� II, Regent of France, was born.
13/7/1674, Monday (-98,904)
===================================================================================
Q.2 1674, England began to impose more taxation on its American
colonists.
14/6/1674, Sunday (-98,933) Marin
Gomberville, French novelist, died (born 1600).
13/6/1674, Saturday (-98,934) Philip Carteret, the governor
of New Jersey, launched a campaign to enforce the payment of quitrents; rents charged on land
initially granted free to settlers from Europe. The colony had rebelled against
this taxation. In 1673 London had enacted the Plantation Duty Act, imposing duties on any ship carrying certain
products, such as sugar, cotton, or tobacco, between colonial ports.
13/5/1674, Wednesday (-98,965)
19/4/1674, Sunday (-98,989) Easter
Sunday.
18/4/1674, Saturday (-98,990) (Britain)
John Graunt, English statistician, died�
in London.
Q.2 1674, England began to impose more taxation on its American
colonists.
===================================================================================
Q.1 1674, Third Anglo Dutch War ended.
23/3/1674, Monday (-99,016) Henry Cromwell, 4th son of
Oliver Cromwell, died (born 20/1/1628).
15/3/1674, Sunday (-99,024) Jean Barbeyrac, French legal writer, was born
in Beziers, Languedoc (died 3/3/1744).
22/2/1674, Sunday (-99,045) Jean Chapelain, French poet, died (born
4/12/1595).
19/2/1674, Thursday (-99,048)
(Britain,
Netherlands)
The Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
13/1/1674, Tuesday (-99,085) Prosper Crebillon, French poet, was born
(died 17/6/1754).
Q.1 1674, Third Anglo Dutch War ended.
=================================================================================
Q.4 1673, French explorers discovered the Mississippi River.
19/12/1673, Friday (-99,110)
26/10/1673, Sunday (-99,164) (Moldova) Demeter
Cantemir Prince of Moldavia was born. He acceded to the throne in 1710, but
then joined forces with Peter the Great of Russia against Ottoman Turkey. The
Turks were victorious, and Prince Cantemir emigrated to Russia.
13/10/1673, Monday (-99,177) Kristoffer Gabel, Danish statesman, died
(born 6/1/1617).
10/8/1673, Sunday (-99,241) Johann Dippel, German religious writer, was
born (died 25/4/1734).
8/8/1673, Friday (-99,243) John Ker, British spy, was born (died
8/7/1726).
10/6/1673, Tuesday (-99,302) (France)
Rene Duguay-Trouin, French sea captain, was born (died 27/9/1736).
17/5/1673, Saturday (-99,326) Jacques
Marquette, a French missionary, discovered the Mississippi River.
9/5/1673, Friday (-99,334) Jacques des Barreaux, French poet, died
(born 1602).
===================================================================================
Q.1 1673, First regular postal service set up in North America.
30/3/1673, Sunday (-99,374) Easter Sunday.
15/3/1673, Saturday (-99,389) The
painter Salvator Rosa died in Rome, aged 57.
1/1/1673. Wednesday (-99,462)
A regular postal service was set up between New York and Boston. The mounted
service used a special �post road� along which men and horses are posted at
intervals.
Q.1 1673, First regular postal service set up in North America.
=====================================================================================
31/12/1672, Tuesday (-99,463)
1/11/1672, Friday (-99,523)
====================================================================================
Q.3 1672, England�s Royal Africa Company founded, to promote the slave
and sugar trades.
27/9/1672, Friday (-99,558) In Britain, The Royal
African Company was granted a monopoly of the African slave trade. A healthy slave could be
bought in America for under �20, but the trade was still very profitable.
12/9/1672, Thursday (-99,573) Frontenac was appointed as French
colonial Governor of Canada, to succeed de Courcelle. This day Frontenac
arrived in Quebec. However he was to prove too independent-minded and expansionist
for the comfort of France.
20/8/1672, Tuesday (-99,596)
(Netherlands)
Johan de Witt, Dutch politician, was assassinated (born 24/9/1625).
1/7/1672, Monday (-99,646) England�s Royal Africa
Company was formed this year to replace the Royal Adventurers of England set up
by King Charles II. It was to supply Britain�s colonies with 3,000 slaves a
year for a price of �17 each, or one ton of sugar, each slave. At this time
slaves could be purchased in Africa for �3 each.
Q.3 1672, England�s Royal Africa Company founded, to promote the slave
and sugar trades.
==================================================================================
30/5/1672. Thursday (-99,678)
Peter the Great of Russia was
born in Moscow. He was the son of Tsar Alexei.
5/5/1672, Sunday (-99,703) Samuel Cooper, English miniature painter,
died (born 1609).
1/5/1672, Wednesday (-99,707)
Birth of Joseph Addison, English writer and Whig who co-founded The Spectator in 1711.
7/4/1672, Sunday (-99,731) Easter Sunday.
===================================================================================
Q.1 1672, Third Anglo-Dutch war began. But England tended towards
Protestantism, against Catholic France.
17/3/1672, Sunday (-99,752) The third Anglo-Dutch war began,
because Charles II was bound under the secret provisions of the Treaty of Dover
to support Louis XIV. The Treaty of Dover, 1670, was
concluded between Charles II and Louis XIV of France, following negotiations
begun back in 1668. However the weaker Dutch fleet held back the English, who
were facing difficulties in financing this war. In 1673 the English Parliament agreed to raise taxes to fund the
conflict in return for the passing of the Test Act. This Act required all
holding civil or military office to accept the Church of England sacrament and
reject the Catholic doctrine of Transubstantiation. The subsequent
resignation of the Duke of York (the future James II) and others betrayed the
presence of Catholics in the English
high office. Meanwhile in August 1672 a revolution in the Netherlands brought
William of Orange (future King William III) to power. In August / September
1673 Spain, Austria and Brandenburg, and in January 1674 Denmark, all declared
war on France. The Dutch encouraged the belief amongst the English that the war
constituted a betrayal of Protestant interests by Catholics in high office. In 1674 England concluded a separate peace
with The Netherlands, the Treaty of Westminster.
26/2/1672, Monday
(-99,772) Antoine Calmet, French Benedictine monk and teacher (died
25/10/1757) was born.
19/2/1672, Monday
(-99,779) (University) Charles
Chauncy, President of Harvard College, died (born 11/1592).
13/2/1672, Tuesday
(-99,785) Etienne Geoffroy, French chemist, was born (died 6/1/1731).
21/1/1672, Sunday
(-99,808) Painter Adriaen van de Velde died in Amsterdam aged 41.
18/1/1672, Thursday
(-99,811) Antoine la Motte, French author, was born (died 26/12/1731).
15/1/1672, Monday (-99,814) John Cosin, English religious writer, died
(born 30/11/1594).
Q.1 1672, Third Anglo-Dutch war began. But England tended towards
Protestantism, against Catholic France.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1671,
31/12/1671, Sunday (-99,829)
12/11/1671, Sunday (-99,878) Thomas
Fairfax, general and leader of the Parliamentary side in the Civil War, died in
Nunappleton, Yorkshire.
6/11/1671, Monday (-99,884) Colley Cibber, English actor, was born
(died 11/12/1757).
====================================================================================
Q.3 1671,
12/9/1671, Tuesday (-99,939)
1/9/1671, Friday (-99,950) Hugues de Lionne, French statesman, died (born
11/10/1611).
13/8/1671, Sunday (-99,969)
14/7/1671, Friday (-99,999) Florence Casaubon, English scholarly writer
died (born 14/8/1500).
====================================================================================
Q.2 1671,
9/5/1671, Tuesday (-100,065)
Irish adventurer Captain James Thomas Blood made an unsuccessful attempt,
dressed as a clergyman, to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. See
24/8/1680.
1/5/1671, Monday (-100,073) (Arts) Claude Capperonnier, French classical scholar,
was born (died 1744).
23/4/1671, Sunday (-100,081) Easter Sunday.
21/4/1671, Friday (-100,083)
John Law, financier, was born.
5/4/1671, Wednesday (-100,099) Edmund Calamy, English religious
writer, was born (died 3/6/1732).
===================================================================================
Q.1 1671,
20/2/1671, Monday (-100,143)
===================================================================================
31/12/1670, Saturday (-100,194)
7/12/1670, Wednesday (-100,218) (Britain)
John Aislabie, English politician, was born in York (died 1742).
20/10/1670, Thursday (-100,266)
===================================================================================
21/8/1670, Sunday (-100,326) James Berwick, French Marshal, was born in
Moulins (died at the siege of Philipsburg 12/6/1734).
===================================================================================
Q.2 1670, Hudson Bay Company began. Charles II of England allied to
France against The Netherlands.
30/6/1670, Thursday (-100,378) (France)
Henrtietta, sister of English King Charles II, died aged 26 at St Cloud. She
was allegedly poisoned by her estranged husband, Philip, Duc d�Orleans.
1/6/1670, Wednesday (-100,407)
Two Treaties of Dover � one public, one secret � were made by Charles II with
Louis XIV. Charles II secretly agreed to declare his conversion to Catholicism
and subsequently to restore it to Britain. Charles II did not announce his
conversion, to the annoyance of Louis XIV.�
The public Treaty committed Britain and France to declare war on Holland
� if this war was successful, Britain would receive Zeeland and the port of
Ostend. Britain would assist Louis XIV�s claim on the Spanish throne. The
private Treaty, known only to Charles II and a select few of his government
ministers, stated that Charles would re-establish Catholicism in Britain in
return for �150,000 from France and the use of 6,000 French troops to cope with
any �internal resistance�.
12/5/1670, Thursday (-100,427) (Poland)
Augustus II, King of Poland, was born in Dresden (died 1/2/1733 in Warsaw).
2/5/1670, Monday (-100,437)
Charles II chartered the Hudson Bay Company.
3/4/1670, Sunday (-100,466) Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1670, Hudson Bay Company began. Charles II of England allied to
France against The Netherlands.
=====================================================================================
2/3/1670, Wednesday (-100,498)
10/2/1670, Thursday (-100,518)
William Congreve, English dramatist, was born (died 19/1/1729).
9/2/1670, Wednesday (-100,519) Frederick III, King of
Denmark, died.
21/1/1670, Friday (-100,538) (London)
Claude Duval, highwayman, was hanged at Tyburn (born 1643).
=====================================================================================
Q.4 1669, Dutch painter Rembrandt died aged 63.
16/12/1669, Thursday (-100,574) Nathaniel Fiennes, English politician,
died
4/11/1669, Thursday (-100,616)
Johannes Cocceius, Dutch religious writer, died (born 1603).
3/11/1669, Wednesday (-100,617) Charles
Drelincourt, French religious writer, died (born 19/7/1595).
4/10/1669. Monday (-100,647)
The Dutch painter Rembrandt died in solitude and poverty, aged 63,
in Amsterdam, having survived both his wife and his mistress. He gradually went
bankrupt after his wealthy wife died in 1642, although in his 30s he earned
large sums of money from painting portraits of the elite in Amsterdam. He left
a legacy of 600 paintings, 1500 drawings and 350 etchings.
====================================================================================
Q.3 1669, Crete finally taken by Ottoman Turkey from Venice.
30/9/1669, Thursday (-100,651) Henry King, English poet, died (born
16/1/1591).
28/9/1669, Tuesday (-100,653) London�s Royal Exchange
Building was completed.
27/9/1669. Monday (-100,654) Candia, the capital of
Crete, was captured by the Ottoman Turks from the Venetians after a 21 year
siege. Spain, Britain, France, the Pope, Tuscany, and Malta, had all supplied
troops to the Venetians but to no avail. Towards the end the Ottoman Turks
intensified the blockade and disagreements broke out between the allies leading
to the withdrawal of some of the Europeans.
27/7/1669, Tuesday (-100,716)
4/7/1669, Sunday (-100,739) Antonio Escobar, Spanish religious writer,
died (born 1589).
====================================================================================
Q.2 1669, Samuel Pepys ended his Diary. Aurangzeb, Muslim Indian
Emperor, repressed Hindu temples.
31/5/1669. Monday (-100,773)
Samuel Pepys, naval administrator
and politician, made the last entry in his diary which began on 1/1/1660.
18/4/1669. Sunday (-100,816) Aurangzeb,
the Moghul Emperor of India, ordered that all recently constructed Hindu
temples should be demolished.
11/4/1669, Sunday (-100,823) Easter Sunday.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1669,
11/3/1669, Thursday (-100,854)
Mount Etna, Sicily, erupted, killing 20,000.
23/2/1669, Tuesday (-100,870) (Netherlands)
Lieuwe Aitzema, Dutch statesman, died (born 19/11/1600, in Doccum, Friesland).
13/2/1669, Saturday (-100,880) Jean Folard, French military author, was
born (died 1752).
17/1/1669, Sunday (-100,907)
===================================================================================
Q.4.1668,
31/12/1668, Thursday (-100,924) Hermann Boerhaave, Dutch physician, was
born near Leiden (died in Leiden 23/9/1738).
13/12/1668, Sunday (-100,942) Alain le Sage, French novelist and
dramatist, was born (died 17/11/1747).
27/11/1668, Friday (-100,958) Henri Aguesseau, Chancellor of France
(died 9/2/1751) was born.
11/11/1668, Wednesday (-100,974) Johann Fabricius, German scholarly
writer, was born (died 30/4/1736).
18/10/1668, Sunday (-100,998) John George IV, Elector of Saxony, was born
(died 27/4/1694).
4/10/1669, Sunday (-101,012) Dutch painter Rembrandt died in solitude and
poverty, aged 63, in Amsterdam, having survived both his wife and his mistress.
He gradually went bankrupt after his wealthy wife died in 1642, although in his
30s he earned large sums of money from painting portraits of the elite in
Amsterdam. He left a legacy of 600 paintings, 1500 drawings and 350 etchings.
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1668,
17/9/1668, Thursday (-101,029)
9/8/1668, Sunday (-101,068) Jakob Balde, German writer, died in Neuberg,
(born in Ensisheim, Alsace, 4/1/1604).
17/7/1668, Friday (-101,091)
====================================================================================
Q.2 1668, John Dryden became england�s first Poet Laureate.
28/6/1668, Sunday (-101,110) King Louis XIV issued letters of patent �to
establish a music academy�. This was the start of the Paris Opera.
17/6/1668, Wednesday (-101,121)
2/5/1668, Saturday (-101,167)
(Britain,
France)
Treaty of Aix la Chapelle.
13/4/1668, Monday (-101,186)
John Dryden was appointed the
first Poet Laureate. He kept this office until 1689.
7/4/1668, Tuesday (-101,192) Sir William Davenant, English poet, died
(born 1606).
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1668, Triple Alliance; England, Holland and Sweden, against French
expansion into The Netherlands.
22/3/1668,
Sunday (-101,208) Easter Sunday.
13/2/1668, Thursday (-101,246)
31/1/1668, Friday (-101,259) Herman Busenbaum, Christian writer, died
(born 1600).
13/1/1668, Monday (-101,277)
(Britain,
France)
The Triple Alliance was formed between England, Holland, and Sweden to defend
The Netherlands from the ambitions of the French King, Louis XIV, who was
pursuing a claim based on his wife�s rights as Spanish Infanta. This was the
War of Devolution which was ended on 2/5/1668 by the Peace of Aix la Chapelle.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1667, London�s Royal Exchange founded.
31/12/1667, Tuesday (-101,290)
30/11/1667, Saturday (-101,321)
Jonathan Swift, author of Gulliver�s Travels, was born in Dublin.
25/11/1667, Monday (-101,326)
Earthquake at Samakhi, Azerbaijan.
23/10/1667, Wednesday (-101,359) The foundation stone of London�s Royal
Exchange was laid by King Charles II.
18/10/1667, Friday (-101,364)
Brooklyn received its Town Charter under Mathias Nichols, Governor of the New
Netherlands, as �Brueckelen�.
Q.4 1667, London�s Royal Exchange founded.
====================================================================================
Q.3 1667, Peace of Breda ended Anglo-Dutch War. England concerned at
growing French power.
23/9/1667. Monday (-101,389)
A� law passed in Williamsburg, America,
prevented slaves from gaining their freedom by converting to Christianity.
30/8/1667, Friday (-101,413)
King Charles II dismissed the Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde over the humiliating
terms imposed on Britain by Holland in the Treaty of Breda.
31/7/1667. Wednesday (-101,443) (Britain,
France)
The
Peace of Breda ended the war between England and the Netherlands (Second
Anglo-Dutch War) .Trade laws were
modified in favour of the Dutch, who also gained Surinam but recognised British
possession of New York.� See
18/6/1667 and 2/2/1665. The English
sought peace with the Dutch in order to curb the growing military power of
(Catholic) France. In the �War of Devolution� France had already seized the
Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte; Holland and England now sought to
mediate in this war between France and Spain. The other principal Protestant
power in Europe, Sweden, then joined with (Protestant) Holland and Britain in a
Triple Alliance (formalised by the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, 2/5/1668). However (Catholic) King Charles II
regretted this Triple Alliance against France and began negotiations with Louis
XIV that led to the Treaties of Dover (1/6/1670).
28/7/1667, Sunday
(-101,446) Abraham Cowley, English poet, died (born 1618).
27/7/1667, Saturday
(-101,447) (Science)
Jean Bernoulli, physicist, was born in Basel (died 1/1/1748).
Q.3 1667, Peace of Breda ended Anglo-Dutch War. England concerned at
growing French power.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1667, First (attempted) blood transfusion. First art
exhibition. Dutch navy humiliated the English.
18/6/1667, Tuesday (-101,486)
The Dutch humiliated the English by breaking through a defensive chain in the
Thames Estuary at Chatham and sailing up The Thames to burn or capture English
ships. The English flagship Royal Charles
was captured and carried off. See 31/7/1667.
12/6/1667, Wednesday (-101,492)
The first blood transfusion was
made at Montpellier University. A 15 year old boy was given 9 oz. of blood from
a lamb � surprisingly he recovered from this, and the fever he had been
suffering. It was likely that blood clotting, of the sheep�s blood, had
prevented much from actually entering the boy�s own bloodstream.
26/5/1667, Sunday (-101,509) Abraham Demoivre, English mathematician, was
born (died 27/11/1754).
16/5/1667, Thursday (-101,519) Samuel Bochart, French scholarly writer,
died in Caen (born in Rouen 30/5/1599).
29/4/1667, Monday (-101,536) John Arbuthnot, British physician, was
born (died 27/2/1735).
9/4/1667, Tuesday (-101,556)
The world�s first art exhibition opened at the Palais Royale in Paris,
organised by the Academie de Peinture et de Sculpture. It closed on 23/4/1667.
7/4/1667, Sunday (-101,558) Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1667, First (attempted) blood transfusion. First art
exhibition. Dutch navy humiliated the English.
===================================================================================
12/2/1667, Tuesday (-101,612)
31/1/1667, Thursday (-101,624) After eight years war
between Russia and Poland, the Treaty of Andruszow between them divided up
Ukraine between them, along the Dneiper River.
==================================================================================
Q.4. 1666, The waistcoat first appeared.
22/12/1666, Saturday (-101,664)
Painter Guercino died in Bologna, aged 75.
15/12/1666, Saturday (-101,671)
15/10/1666, Monday (-101,732) King Charles II, according
to Pepys, wore the first waistcoat this day.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1666, Great Fire of London.
19/9/1666, Saturday (-101,758) Several plans for the
reconstruction of London were drawn up or in progress. The first was by
Christopher Wren (11/9); John Evelyn�s was complete on 13/9, and Robert Hooke�s
was finished on 19/9. Plans, according to a Royal proclamation of 13/9, must
include wider streets, replacement of wooden buildings by brick and stone, and
a quayside along the Thames. However questions of accurate compensation
precluded many of the concepts for wide boulevards. Instead, the Rebuilding Act
of 1667 set standards and heights for new buildings according to the width of
the street they were in.
6/9/1666, Thursday
(-101,771) The Great Fire of London
ended � see 2/9/1666.
2/9/1666. Sunday (-101,775) The Great Fire of London
began on a Sunday morning at the house and shop of Thomas Farynor
(Farriner), baker to King Charles II, in Pudding Lane. Farynor allegedly forgot
to put out the fire in his oven, which spread to nearby stacked firewood.
Farynor and his family escaped their burning house by climbing out of a window
and along roof tops. Their maid was too scared to climb along the rooftops, and
became the fire�s first victim. The fire rapidly spread. It burns for 4 days.
In all, 436 acres were burned, destroying 87 churches and over 13,000 houses.
However only nine lives were lost. The fire also helped end the Great Plague.
31/8/1666, Friday (-101,777) Maria
Henrietta, wife of Charles I of England, daughter of Henry IV of Framce, died
(born 25/11/1609).
30/8/1666, Thursday (-101,778)
Benedikt Carpzov, scholarly writer, died (born 27/5/1595).
26/8/1666, Sunday (-101,782) Painter Franz Hals died in Haatrlem aged 86.
10/7/1666, Tuesday (-101,829) John Grabe, religious writer, was born
(died 3/11/1711).
Q.3 1666, Great Fire of London.
=====================================================================================
17/6/1666, Sunday
(-101,852) Antonio Maria Valsalva was born in Imola, Italy. In 1704 he
provided the first detailed description of the physiology of the human ear.
2/5/1666, Wednesday (-101,898)
15/4/1666, Sunday (-101,915)
Easter Sunday.
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1666, Shah Jahan of India died aged 74.
2/3/1666, Friday (-101,959)
2/2/1666, Friday (-101,987) Earthquake in Echigo, Japan, 1,500 killed.
22/1/1666, Monday (-101,998)
Shah Jahan died, aged 74, in the fort where his son Aurangzeb had imprisoned him
with his harem for the previous eight years. Shah Jahan had built the Taj Mahal
as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz-i-Mahal and Shah Jahan was buried beside
her. Aurangzeb had fought and killed his brothers to attain the throne, as Shah
Jahan had done in 1628.
20/1/1666, Saturday (-102,000) The French Queen Mother, Anne of Austria,
died in Paris of breast cancer aged 64.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1665,
2/12/1665, Saturday (-102,049)
17/11/1665, Friday (-102,064) John Earle, English writer, died.
2/10/1665, Monday (-102,110)
====================================================================================
Q.3 1665, Many Londoners dying of The Plague
28/9/1665. Thursday (-102,114) London was in the grip of The Plague; 7,000 died in the last week alone. In July 1665,
deaths averaged 200 a week. People were fleeing the city; graveyards were full,
and corpses were thrown into Plague Pits.
17/9/1665, Sunday (-102,125) Philip
IV, King of Spain, died, aged 60. He was succeeded by his son, Charles II.
27/8/1665, Sunday (-102,146) (Britain)
John Hervey, First Earl of Bristol, was born.
17/8/1665, Thursday (-102,156) Josue de la Place, French religious
writer, was born.
17/7/1665, Monday (-102,187)
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1665, The Plague first reported in London.
11/6/1665, Sunday (-102,223) Sir Kenelm Digby, English author, died (born
11/7/1603).
7/6/1665, Wednesday (-102,227)
The Plague was first reported in London.
It was a very hot day. 70,000 people would die of the Plague by October. Plague
forced Parliament to meet in Oxford.
3/6/1665, Saturday (-102,231)
The Duke of York defeated a Dutch fleet off Lowestoft. The Dutch admiral was
killed in the battle, and 16 of his ships sunk.
3/5/1665, Wednesday (-102,262)
19/4/1665, Wednesday (-102,276) Jacques Lelong, French bibliographical
writer, was born (died 13/8/1721).
3/4/1665, Monday (-102,292)
===================================================================================
Q.1.1665, Britain took Manhattan Island from the Dutch.
29/3/1665, Wednesday (-102,297) Maria Agreda, Spanish religious
visionary and Franciscan nun died 2/4/1602).
26/3/1665, Sunday� (-102,300)
Easter Sunday.
15/3/1665, Wednesday
(-102,311) (USA) John Endecott, British colonial
Governor of America, died.
12/2/1665, Sunday
(-102,342) (Biology) Rudolf Camerarius,
botanist, was born (died 11/9/1721).
6/2/1665, Monday (-102,348)
Queen Anne was born at St James
Palace, the second daughter of James II by his first wife, Anne Hyde. She was
the last Stuart monarch of Britain.
2/2/1665. Thursday (-102,352)
The British captured Manhattan Island from the Dutch, almost 40 years after the
Dutch bought it from the Indians for beads in 1626. The Dutch colony was ruled
by Peter Stuyvesant under strict Puritanical principles. The British renamed it
�New York� after King Charles II�s brother the Duke of
York. See 31/7/1667. British rule was more relaxed.
12/1/1665, Thursday (-102,373)
French mathematician Pierre de Fermat (born 1601) died.
===================================================================================
2/12/1664, Friday (-102,414)
2/11/1664, Wednesday (-102,444)
28/10/1664, Friday (-102,449) The Admiral�s Regiment was formed, later known as the
Royal Marines.
======================================================================================
Q.3 1664, Ottoman advance into Europe halted at battle of St Gotthard.
11/9/1664, Sunday (-102,496) John Hutchinson, English Purtian soldier,
died (born 1615).
24/8/1664, Thursday (-102,514) Maria Cunitz, Silesian astronomer, died.
1/8/1664. Monday (-102,537)
The Ottoman Turkish advance into Austria was halted by Hapsburg (Austrian) defences
at the Battle of St Gotthard.
16/7/1664, Saturday (-102,553) Andreas Gryphius, German poet, died (born
11/10/1616).
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1664,
31/5/1664, Tuesday (-102,599) (Italy)
Giulio Alberoni, Italian statesman, was born near Piacenza (died 16/6/1752)
10/4/1664, Sunday (-102,650) Easter Sunday.
6/4/1664, Wednesday (-102,654) Arvid Horn, Swedish statesman, was born
(died 17/4/1742).
====================================================================================
Q.1 1664, New Jersey became an English colony.
12/3/1664, Saturday (-102,679)
New Jersey became a colony of England.
20/1/1664, Wednesday (-102,731) Giovanni Gravina, Italian scholarly
writer, was born (died 6/1/1718).
18/1/1664, Monday (-102,733) (Christian)
Moses Amyraut, Protestant theologian (born 1596) died.
====================================================================================
31/12/1663, Thursday (-102,751)
12/11/1663, Thursday (-102,800)
18/10/1663, Sunday (-102,825) (France)
Eugene of Savoy was born (died 21/4/1736).
===================================================================================
12/9/1663, Saturday (-102,861)
31/8/1663, Monday (-312,873) (Science)
Guillaume Amontons, French scientist, was born in Paris (died 11/10/1705 in
Paris).
12/7/1663, Sunday (-102,923)
===================================================================================
Q.2 1663, First Drury Lane theatre opened in London.
4/6/1663, Thursday (-102,961) William Juxon, English prelate, died.
20/5/1663, Wednesday (-102,976) William Bradford, printer, was born in
Leicestershire, UK (died in New York, USA, 23/5/1752).
7/5/1663, Thursday (-102,989)
The first Drury Lane Theatre, London, opened.
20/4/1663, Monday (-103,006) The Dukedom of Buccleuch was
created.
19/4/1663, Sunday (-103,007) Easter
Sunday
======================================================================================
Q.1 1663,
24/3/1663, Tuesday (-103,033)
King Charles II of England granted Carolina (from Virginia down to Florida) to
eight of his courtiers, who had helped him regain the throne.
22/3/1663, Sunday (-103,035) August Francke, German religious writer, was
born (died 8/6/1727)
15/3/1663, Sunday (-103,042) John Campbell, 1st Earl of
Loudon, died.
2/1/1663, Friday (-103,114) William Christian, Manx politician, died
(born 14/4/1608).
=====================================================================================
Q.4 1662, Britain sold Dunkirk to France. First catamaran built.
22/12/1662, Monday (-103,125)
The first catamaran was built at
Dublin for Sir William Petty, a founder member of the Royal Society. The vessel
weighed 30 tons and carried 5 guns; it had a crew of 30 men. In January 1663 it
won the first open yacht race and in July 1663 beat the Dublin Packet in a sea
going race. King Charles II, a keen yachtsman, considered the catamaran a joke
but declined a racing challenge from Sir Petty.
13/12/1662, Saturday (-103,134) Francesco Bianchini, Italian astronomer,
was born in Verona (died in Rome 2/3/1729).
27/10/1662, Monday (-103,181)
King Charles II sold Dunkirk to
the French King Louis XIV (Treaty of Dunkirk) for 2.5 million livres.
18/10/1662, Saturday (-103,190) Matthew Henry, English religious writer,
was born (died 22/6/1714).
====================================================================================
Q.3 1662, Blaise Pascal, inventor of the first digital calculator, died.
22/9/1662, Monday (-103,216) (Britain)
John Biddle, English preacher, died in a London prison (born in Wotton Under
Edge, Gloucestershire 14/1/1615).
3/9/1662, Wednesday (-103,235) William Lenthall, Speaker of the House
of Commons, England, died.
19/8/1662, Tuesday (-103,250)
Blaise Pascal, French philosopher and mathematician, inventor of the first
digital calculator, died in Paris.
5/8/1662, Tuesday (-105,264) (Britain)
James Anderson, Scottish historian, was born in Edinburgh (died 3/4/1728).
15/7/1662, Tuesday (-103,285)
The Royal Society received a royal charter.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1662, King Charles II of England promoted natural science research.
16/6/1662, Monday (-103,314) Earthquake in Kyoto, Japan, 500 killed.
23/5/1662, Friday (-103,338) John Gauden, English writer, died (born
1605).
20/5/1662, Tuesday (-103,341)
King Charles II of England married Catherine of Braganza, starting a fruitful
alliance with Portugal.
8/5/1662, Thursday (-103,353) Maria Countess of Konigsmark (Saxony) was
born (died 16/2/1728).
30/4/1662, Wednesday (-103,361)
Mary II of England was born.
1/4/1662, Tuesday (-103,390)
King Charles II of Britain granted Royal Patronage to the Royal Society of
London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge. The group of scientists
and� naturalists had been meeting since
1645.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1662, World�s first bus service began, in Paris.
30/3/1662, Sunday (-103,392) Easter Sunday
18/3/1662. Tuesday (-103,404) The world�s first bus service
began, in Paris. Eight seater horse drawn vehicles ran every 8 minutes, and
were at first used by the aristocracy, who left their carriages at the
terminus, for the novelty factor. However by the summer of 1662 the nobility
had returned to their carriages and the less wealthy walked to save the fare.
The bus service managed to stay going till the 1680s. Bus services did not
restart anywhere until a Parisian service began in 1819. The word �omnibus� was
coined in Nantes in 1823, as people of all sorts were using the service there.
See 4/7/1829.
27/1/1662, Monday (-103,454) Richard Bentley, English scholar and
writer, was born near Wakefield (died 14/7/1742).
Q.1 1662, World�s first bus service began, in Paris.
======================================================================================
31/12/1661, Tuesday (-103,481)
1/11/1661, Friday (-103,541) Florent Dancourt, French dramatist, was
born (died 7/12/1725).
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1661, First European banknotes issued, by Sweden.
7/9/1661, Saturday (-103,596) Gunno Dahlstjerna, Swedish poet, was born
(died 7/9/1709).
16/8/1661, Friday (-103,618) Thomas Fuller, English historical writer, died
(born 19/6/1608).
16/7/1661, Tuesday (-103,649)
The first banknotes in Europe were issued, by the Bank of Stockholm.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1661, Britain introduced postmarks.
25/5/1661, Saturday (-103,701) Claude Buffier, French philosophical
writer, was born (died 1737).
23/4/1661, Tuesday (-103,733)
The coronation of King Charles II.
19/4/1661, Friday (-103,737)
Postmarks were introduced in Britain by the Post Office.
16/4/1661, Tuesday (-103,740) Charles Montagu, founder of the Bank of
England, was born.
14/4/1661, Sunday (-103,742) Easter Sunday.
13/4/1661, Saturday (-103,743)
Jacques Lenfant, French religious writer, was born (died 7/8/1728).
====================================================================================
Q.1 1661, Cardinal Mazarin died; Louis XIV of France assumed full
kingship.
9/3/1661, Saturday (-103,778) (France)
With the death of the French Regent, Cardinal Mazarin of cancer, the personal
rule of King Louis XIV of France began. Louis was aged just 22 and knew that he
was inexperienced in politics and would very much miss the advice of Mazarin.
Louis signalled that his rule was to be Absolutist, by demanding that the
entire Court, not just his immediate family, mourn for Mazarin.
5/2/1661, Tuesday (-103,810) (China)
Emperor Kangxi began his reign in China; he ruled for over 61 years.
2/2/1661, Saturday (-103,813) Lucas Holstenius, German writer, died (born
1596).
30/1/1661, Wednesday (-103,816)
(Britain)
The body of Oliver Cromwell (died 3/9/1658) was exhumed, hanged and beheaded,
and reburied at Tyburn.
7/1/1661, Monday (-103,839) Sir
Arthur Hesilridge, English Parliamentarian, died
6/1/1661, Sunday (-103,840) The Royal
Horse Guards Regiment was formed, by Royal Warrant.
===================================================================================
Q.4 1660, England curbed the trade of its colonies to 3rd
countries.
8/12/1660, Saturday (-103,869)
The first (unnamed) actress appeared on the English stage.
1/12/1660, Saturday (-103,876) Pierre d�Hozier, French writer, died (born
10/7/1592).
28/11/1660, Wednesday (-103,879) The Royal Society was
founded in England.
27/11/1660, Tuesday (-103,880) John
Finch, English Judge, died (born 17/9/1584).
20/11/1660, Tuesday (-103,887) DanielJablonski, German religious writer,
was born (died 25/5/1741).
15/11/1660, Thursday (-103,892) Hermann Hardt, German historical writer,
was born (died 28/2/1746).
12/11/1660. Monday (-103,895)
John Bunyan, 32, author of Pilgrim�s Progress, was arrested for
preaching without a licence, and not in a parish church. He was put in Bedford
gaol.
13/10/1660, Saturday (-103,925) Thomas Harrison, Civil War Parliamentarian
who opposed the Absolutist rule of Cromwell,was executed.
1/10/1660. Monday (-103,937)
The English reinforced the Navigation
Act by insisting that certain colonial goods were only to be shipped to
Britain. This was directed against the Dutch but caused resentment in the
British colonies.
Q.4 1660, England curbed the trade of its colonies to 3rd
countries.
===================================================================================
12/9/1660, Wednesday (-103,956) Jacob Cats, Dutch poet, died (born
10/11/1577).
31/8/1660, Friday (-103,968) Johann Freinsheim, German scholarly
writer, died (born 16/11/1608).
6/8/1660, Monday (-103,993) Diego Rodriguez Velazquez, painter, died
in Madrid.
1/8/1660, Wednesday (-103,998)
===================================================================================
Q.2 1660, English monarchy restored with Charles II. Denmark recovered
some lost territory from Sweden.
30/6/1660, Saturday (-104,030)
William Oughtred, English mathematician who invented the slide rule in 1622,
died in Albury, Surrey.
11/6/1660, Monday (-104,649)
John Colepeper, English politician, died.
10/6/1660, Sunday (-104,650) (Madagascar) Etienne de Flacourt, French colonial
Governor of Madagascar, died (born 1607).
9/6/1660, Saturday (-104,051) King Louis XIV of France,
the �Sun King�, married Maria Theresa of Spain.
29/5/1660, Tuesday (-104,062)
King Charles II entered London; he landed at Dover on 26/5/1660.
27/5/1660, Sunday (-104,064) The
Treaty of Copenhagen. Denmark recovered some of its losses from the Peace of
Roskilde (26/2/1658). Denmark recovered Trondheim and the island of Bornholm.
26/5/1660. Saturday (-104,065) The British monarchy was restored with Charles II, born 29/5/1630,
as king.� He was crowned on 23/4/1661,
ending an exile of nearly nine years.� On
29/5/1660, his 30th birthday, Charles II rode into London to scenes
of great rejoicing.� Everyone was glad to
see the end of the kill-joy Puritan regime that had banned Christmas, maypoles,
and theatre; a regime that had run out of steam after Cromwell died.� The bodies of Cromwell and his chief
associates were dragged from Westminster Abbey and buried beneath Tyburn Gallows.� Other regicides were executed.
23/5/1660, Wednesday (-104,068)
King Charles II sailed from Scheveningen, to return to England, ending his
exile. See 16/3/1660.
17/5/1660, Thursday (-104,074) Abraham de Fabert, Marshal of France,
died (born 1599).
3/5/1660, Thursday (-104,088)
At the Peace of Oliva (near Danzig), Frederick William ceded Eastern Pomerania
to Sweden.
25/4/1660, Wednesday (-104,096)
The English Parliament voted for the restoration of the Monarchy, see
26/5/1660.
22/4/1660, Sunday (-104,099) Easter Sunday.
16/4/1660, Monday (-104,105)
Sir Hans Sloane, physician and collector, was born.
Q.2 1660, English monarchy restored with Charles II. Denmark recovered
some lost territory from Sweden.
======================================================================================
Q.1 1660, Samuel Pepys began his Diary (to 1669). George I, King of
England, born. Long Parliament dissolved.
28/3/1660, Wednesday (-104,124)
George I, first Hanoverian king
of England, was born at Osnabruck Castle in Hanover.
16/3/1660. Friday (-104,136)
England�s Long
Parliament was dissolved after sitting for 20 years (with a break, 1653-59),
throughout the Civil War. This was an important step towards the restoration of
the monarchy and the House of Lords. See 23/5/1660.
21/2/1660,� Tuesday (-104,160) The Rump (Long) Parliament,
recalled on 7/5/1659, was rejoined by surviving MPs that had been purged on
6/12/1648.
19/2/1660, Sunday
(-104,162) Friedrich Hoffmann, German medical writer, was born (died
12/11/1742)
13/2/1660, Monday (-104,168) Charles X of Sweden died,
aged 37. He was succeeded by his 4-year old son, Charles XI.
22/1/1660, Sunday
(-104,190) Nicolas Lancret, French painter, was born (died 14/9/1743).
1/1/1660, Sunday (-104,211) Samuel Pepys began his Diary.� This was discontinued on 31/5/1669.
======================================================================================
Q.4 1659, Franco-Spanish war ended. Britain was helping France, and
Spain was exhausted.
7/11/1659, Monday (-104,266)
The war between France and Spain ended. Spain�s treasury was empty and England
had joined on the side of the French.
28/10/1659, Friday (-104,276) Nicholas Brady, poet, was born in Cork
(died 20/5/1726).
22/10/1659, Saturday (-104,282)
The explorer Abel Tasman died.
====================================================================================
22/8/1659, Monday (-104,343)
28/7/1659, Thursday (-104,368) (France)
Charles Ancillon, French educationalist, was born in Metz (died 5/7/1715).
22/6/1659, Wednesday (-104,404)
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1659, Richard Cromwell resigned. The Protectorate was ending. First
cheque was drawn.
24/5/1659, Tuesday (-104,433)
Richard Cromwell resigned as Lord Protector.
7/5/1659, Saturday (-104,450) The Long (Rump) Parliament
was recalled (see 20/4/1653). It called for Cromwell�s resignation.
5/5/1659, Thursday (-104,452) Saint Helena was occupied by
Captain John Dutton of the East India Company.
4/5/1659, Wednesday (-104,453)
John Dutton, English author, was born (died 1733).
22/4/1659, Friday (-104,465) (1) Richard Cromwell dissolved the English
Parliament, at the request of the Army.
(2) (Price)
The first cheque was drawn. It
was for �10, on a London bank. This first cheque, written on 16/2/1659 by
Nicholas Vanacker, made out almost exactly like a modern cheque, was sold at
Sotheby�s in December 1976 for �1,000.
16/4/1659, Saturday (-104,471) Simon Dach, German poet, died (born
29/7/1605)
3/4/1659, Sunday (-104,484) Easter Sunday.
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1659, Portugal secured its independence from Spain at Battle of
Elvas.
8/3/1659, Tuesday (-104,510) (France)� Isaac de Beausobre, French theologian, was
born in Niort (died 5/6/1738).
21/2/1659, Monday (-104,525)
14/1/1659, Friday (-104,563) (Spain,
Portugal)
The Battle of Elvas practically ensured Portuguese independence from Spain.
Q.1 1659, Portugal secured its independence from Spain at Battle of
Elvas.
=====================================================================================
6/12/1658, Monday (-104,602) Baltasar Gracian, Spanish writer, died
(born 8/1/1601).
6/11/1658, Saturday (-104,632) Pierre du Ryer, French dramatist, died
(born 1606).
3/10/1658, Sunday (-104,666) Myles
Sundish, leader of the Pilgrim Fathers, died.
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1659, Oliver Cromwell died, succeeded by his son Richard. Sweden
abruptly invaded Denmark.
22/9/1658, Wednesday (-104,675) Georg Harsdorffer, German poet, died
(born 1/11/1607).
3/9/1658. Friday (-104,696)
Oliver Cromwell died of pneumonia.
A Puritan, he was aged 60 and had ruled England for 5 years. His son Richard succeeded
him as Protector. However Richard lacked the authority of his father.
1/9/1658, Wednesday (-304,698) Jacques Bernard, French theological
writer, was born in Nions (died 27/4/1718).
1/8/1658, Sunday (-104,729)
17/7/1658, Saturday (-104,744) Despite the Peace of Roskilde (26/2/1658),
and without a declaration of war, Charles X of Sweden suddenly began an
invasion of Denmark, to try and eliminate an inconvenient neighbour once and
for all. The Swedish army landed at Korsor, Zeeland, and Copenhagen was poorly
defended. However the Danes rallied vigorously against the Swedish threat and
by 1/9/1658 the defenders of Copenhagen numbered 7,000, up from 2,000 earlier.
See 29/10/1658.
1/7/1658, Thursday (-104,760)
(Road,
Price)
�The stage coach fare from London to
Salisbury (2 days journey) was 20 shillings. From London to Exeter cost 40
shillings (4 days), and from London to Durham cost 55 shillings (no set journey
time).
Q.3 1659, Oliver Cromwell died, succeeded by his son Richard. Sweden
abruptly invaded Denmark.
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1659, French victory over Spain (Spanish Netherlands) at Dunkirk.
France assisted by Britain.
4/6/1658, Friday (-104,787)
(France,
Spain) The Battle
of the Dunes was fought near Dunkirk. Marshal Turenne commanded the French
and English armies, against the Spanish under Don Juan of Austria and the
Prince of Conde. The Spanish were attempting to relieve Dunkirk, which Turenne
was besieging. The Spanish were defeated, and Dunkirk surrendered to the
French.
29/4/1658, Thursday (-104,823) John Cleveland, English poet, died (born
20/6/1613).
Q.2 1659, French victory over Spain (Spanish Netherlands) at Dunkirk.
France assisted by Britain.
======================================================================================
Q.1 1659, Peace of Roskilde. Denmark ceded territory to Sweden.
26/2/1658, Friday (-104,885) The Peace
of Roskilde, The Danes ceded the three provinces of Scania, the southern
tip of Scandinavia, also the island of Bornholm, and Baahus and Trondheim in
Norway, to Sweden. Denmark also promised not to make any anti-Swedish alliances
and to exempt all Swedish vessels from tolls when passing through Danish waters
out of the Baltic.
3/2/1658, Wednesday (-104,908)
Q.1 1659, Peace of Roskilde. Denmark ceded territory to Sweden.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1657,
31/12/1657, Thursday (+104,942)
3/12/1657, Thursday (-104,970)
26/11/1657, Thursday (-104,977) William Derham, English religious
writer, was born (died 5/4/1735).
3/10/1657, Saturday (-105,031)
===================================================================================
Q.3 1657,
29/8/1657, Saturday (-105,066) John Lilburne, English political agitator,
died.
3/8/1657, Monday (-105,092)
24/7/1657, Friday (-105,128) (Cartography)
Jean Chazelles, French hydrographer, was born (died 16/1/1710). He surveyed the
French coast.
11/7/1657, Saturday (-105,115)
Frederick I, King of Prussia, was born.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1657, Oliver Cromwell refused the kingship. First mention of
chocolate in Britain. Denmark attacked Sweden.
17/6/1657, Wednesday (-105,139)
Louis du Pin, French religious writer, was born (died 6/6/1719).
16/6/1657, Tuesday (-105,140) The first mention of
chocolate in Britain, in the Public
Advertiser. The foodstuff was then used either as a drink or as a paste for
brewing a tasty but rather greasy beverage, as the ground beans were rich in
cocoa butter. At that time it was being sold by a Frenchman in Bishopsgate,
London. The first factory to produce chocolate bars opened at Vevey,
Switzerland, in 1819; the bars were used as emergency rations. In 1842 John
Cadbury introduced �French Eating Chocolate�, the first chocolate bar for
pleasurable eating. Cadbury also introduced the first chocolate boxes to
Britain, in 1866. Their first assortment included almond, lemon, orange and
raspberry flavoured centres. Also in 1866 Cadbury introduced the first modern
cocoa powder, with all the greasy butter removed, for an improved chocolate
drink.
10/6/1657, Wednesday (-105,146) James Craggs, English politician, was
born (died 16/3/1721).
3/6/1657, Wednesday (-105,153)
William Harvey, anatomist and physician, died near Saffron Walden, Essex. He
discovered and demonstrated the circulation of the blood.
27/5/1657, Wednesday (-105,160)
Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell refused an offer to make him King of England. To have accepted the Crown
would have lost him the loyalty of the anti-Royalist Army.
9/5/1657, Saturday (-105,178)
Pilgrim Father William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth County in Massachusetts,
died.
23/4/1657, Thursday (-105,194) The Danish Rigsraad approved a Danish
attack on Sweden, believing the Swedes to be occupied with an invasion of
Poland they had begun in 7/1654. However see 1/1658.
2/4/1657, Thursday (-105,215)
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III died aged 48. He was succeeded by his 16-year
old son, Leopold I.
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1657, Huge fire in Japoanese city of Edo.
29/3/1657, Sunday (-105,219) Easter Sunday.
19/3/1657, Thursday (-105,229) Jean Leclerc, French
religious writer, was born (died 8/1/1736).
11/2/1657, Wednesday (-105,265) Bernard Fontenelle, French author, was
born (died 9/1/1757).
2/2/1657, Monday (-105,274)
19/1/1657, Monday (-105,288)
The Japanese city of Edo was destroyed in a huge fire; over 100,000 people
died.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1656, Astronomer Edmund Halley was born.
31/12/1656, Wednesday (-105,307)
28/12/1656, Sunday (-105,310) Laureint de Lahire, French painter, died (born
27/2/1606).
8/11/1656, Saturday (-105,360)
Astronomer Edmund Halley, who
discovered Halley�s comet, was born in London. He was the first to realise that
comets do not appear at random, but have predictable orbits.
6/11/1656, Thursday
(-105,362) John IV of Portugal died,
aged 53. He was succeeded by his 13-year old son, Alfonso VI.
20/10/1656, Monday
(-105,,379) Nicolas Largilliere, French painter, was born (died 20/3/1746).
8/10/1656, Wednesday
(-105,391) John George I, Elector of Saxony, died (born 5/3/1585)
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1656, Spinoza was excommunicated. Cromwell�s Third
Parliament convened.
17/9/1656, Wednesday
(-105,412) Cromwell�s Third
Parliament convened.
14/9/1656, Sunday
(-105,415) (Britain)
Thomas Baker, English antiquary, was born in Lanchester, Durham (died
2/7/1740).
8/9/1656, Monday (-165,421) Joseph Hall, English writer, died (born
1/7/1574).
6/9/1656, Saturday (-105,423) Guillaume Dubois, French statesman, was
born (died 10/8/1723).
28/7/1656, Monday (-105,463) (Poland)
The Battle of Warsaw began (ended 30/7/1656). Warsaw fell to a Swedish-Brandenburg army.
27/7/1656, Sunday (-105,464) (Jewish)
Jewish religious authorities in Amsterdam excommunicated 24 year student
Benedict Spinoza for maintaining that the Bible did not support the idea of an
immortal soul, or that God has no body, or that angels exist. The secular
authorities also banished Spinoza from Amsterdam for a short period. The Jewish
community was concerned as Jews still did not have full citizenship rights in
Amsterdam.
5/7/1656, Saturday
(-105,486) (Britain)
John Belhaven, British politician, was born (died in London 31/6/1708).
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1656, Jews were allowed into England. Prusso-Swedish treaty against
Poland.
25/6/1656, Wednesday
(-105,496) The Treaty of Marienburg
was concluded between Sweden and Brandenburg-Prussia.� The Poles under John Casimir had expelled the
Swedes, and under this Treaty Brandenburg-Prussia was promised part of the
spoils should Poland be defeated by Sweden.
30/5/1656, Friday (-105,522)
The Grenadier Guards, the senior regiment of the British Army, was formed.
19/5/1656,� Monday (-105,533) Easter
Sunday. John Hales, English writer, died (born 19/4/1584).
24/4/1656, Thursday (-105,558)
The Jews petitioned Cromwell to be allowed to live and trade in England. This
was permitted, although� they were denied
legal toleration by the Puritan clergy of England.
6/4/1656, Sunday (-105,576) Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1656, Jews were allowed into England. Prusso-Swedish treaty against
Poland.
====================================================================================
30/3/1656, Sunday (-105,583)
27/2/1656, Wednesday (-105,615) Johan Van Heemskerk, Dutch poet, died
(born 1597).
1/2/1656, Friday (-105,641)
1/1/1656, Tuesday (-105,672) William Fleetwood, English cleric, was
born (died 4/8/1723).
====================================================================================
Q.4 1655, Jews massacred in Poland.
1/12/1655, Saturday (-105,703)
Samuel Pepys married Elizabeth St Michael in St Margarets, Westminster.
24/11/1655, Saturday (-195,710) Charles XI, King of Sweden, was born (died
5/4/1697).
24/10/1655, Wednesday (-105,741) Pierre Gassendi, French scientific
writer, died (born 22/1/1592.
15/10/1655, Monday (-105,750) The Jews of Lublin, Poland, were
massacred.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1655,
1/8/1655, Wednesday (-105,825)
24/7/1655, Tuesday (-105,833) Friedrich :Logau, German writer, died.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1655, England took Jamaica from Spain. Inventor of the piano born
in Padua.
1/6/1655, Friday (-105,886)
13/5/1655, Sunday (-105,905) Pope
Innocent XIII was born.
10/5/1655. Thursday (-105,908) The
English captured Jamaica from the Spanish. Christopher Columbus had
arrived in Jamaica in 1494, and claimed the island in the name of the King and
Queen of Spain. However Europeans did not occupy the island until 1509. 146
years later the English forces arrived at Passage Fort in Kingston harbour.
Commanded by Admiral Penn and General Venables they marched on Spanish Town.
They had been sent by Oliver Cromwell
to capture Hispaniola but failed so went to Jamaica instead. After
surrendering, the Spanish were given a few days to leave Jamaica. Most went to
Cuba, but a few secretly went to the north side of Jamaica.
2/5/1655, Wednesday (-105,916)
Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italian who invented the first piano, was born in
Padua.
30/4/1655, Monday (-105,918) Eustache le Sueur, French painter, died (born
19/11/1617).
15/4/1655, Sunday (-105,933)
Easter Sunday.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1655, Titan, largest moon of Saturn, discovered by Huygens.
25/3/1655, Sunday (-105,954)
Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, was discovered by Christiaan Huygens.
25/2/1655, Sunday (-105,982) Daniel Heinsius, scholarly writer, died
(born 9/6/1580).
22/1/1655. Monday (-106,016)
7/1/1655, Sunday (-106,031) Pope
Innocent X died.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1654, Daily weather readings begun. Bernoulli, mathematician, born.
27/12/1654, Wednesday (-106,042) Jacques Bernoulli, mathematician, was
born in Basel (died 16/8/1705).
15/12/1654. Friday (-106,054)
A meteorological office in Tuscany began daily temperature readings.
30/11/1654, Thursday (-106,069) William Habington, English poet, died
(born 4/11/1605).
27/11/1654, Monday (-106,072) Friedrich Canitz, German poet, was born
(died 1699).
30/10/1654, Monday (-106,100)
(Japan)
The Japanese Emperor Go-Komyo died (born 1633).
====================================================================================
Q.3 1654, Franco-Spanish was continued. Cromwell faced dissent,
excluded his opponents.
12/9/1654, Tuesday (-106,148)
(Britain)
Cromwell ordered the exclusion of Members of Parliament that were hostile to
him.
3/9/1654, Sunday (-106,157) (Britain)
In the English Parliament, a Republican, Vance, questioned the pre-eminence of
Cromwell.
28/8/1654, Monday (-106,163) (Sweden)
Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna died (born 1583).
24/8/1654, Thursday (-106,167) (France)
Battle of Arras. Turenne attacked the Spanish forces who were besieging Arras;
Arras was relieved but the besieging forces under Conde managed to withdraw
safely.
Q.3 1654, Franco-Spanish was continued. Cromwell faced dissent,
excluded his opponents.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1654, Venice defeated Turkey at Dardanelles. First toll bridge in
America. First Anglo-Dutch War ended.
16/6/1654, Friday (-106,236)
(Sweden)
Queen Christina of Sweden abdicated in favour of her cousin, Charles Gustavus
(Charles X). There had been discontent at her luxurious lifestyle and failure
to produce an heir. She had sold off large amounts of Crown Property to support
the 500 nobles she had created. She fled disguised in men�s clothes as �Count
Dohna�, to settle in Rome.
10/6/1654, Saturday (-106,242) Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor (born
1602 in Bologna) died in Rome.
3/6/1654, Saturday (-106,249) (France)
Coronation of King Louis XIV of France.
13/5/1654, Saturday (-106,270)
The Battle of the Dardanelles took place. The Venetian navy defeated Turkish
forces.
3/5/1654, Wednesday (-106,280)
The first toll bridge in America was licensed to Richard Thurley at Newbury
River. There was a charge for animals but not for people.
27/4/1654, Thursday (-106,286) Charles Blount, English author, was born
in Upper Holloway (died 8/1693).
16/4/1654, Sunday (-106,297) The Peace of Westminster ended the First Anglo-Dutch war
between England and The Netherlands, but the Navigation Act which led to the
war was retained. See 6/10/1651.
13/4/1654, Thursday (-106,300)
====================================================================================
Q.1 1654, Russia now ruled over Ukraine.
26/3/1654, Sunday� (-106,318)
Easter Sunday.
15/2/1654, Wednesday (-106,357)
18/1/1654, Wednesday (-106,385)
The Ukraine came under Russian domination.
10/1/1654, Tuesday (-106,393) Joshua Barnes, English writer, was born
in London (died in Hemingford, Hampshire, 3/8/1712).
===================================================================================
Q.4 1653, Cromwell now effectively English King.
31/12/1653, Saturday (-106,403)
16/12/1653, Friday (-106,418)
Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector
of England, effectively an uncrowned King.�
He ruled for over four years.
13/12/1653, Tuesday (-106,421)
The Barebones Parliament� ended.
13/10/1653, Thursday (-106,482)
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1653, Barebones Parliament in England. First Anglo-Dutch War;
Admiral Tromp killed.
13/9/1653, Tuesday (-106,512)
9/8/1653, Tuesday (-106,547)
Marten Harpertszoon Tromp, the Dutch Admiral who fought against Spain� and England, was killed in battle against
England off the Dutch coast.
4/7/1653, Monday (-106,583)
The Barebones Parliament began sitting.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1653, Peasant�s Revolt in
Switzerland, Cromwell dissolved the Long Parliament (Rump); later recalled.
22/6/1653, Wednesday (-106,595) Andre Fleury, French statesman, was
born (died 29/1/1743).
8/6/1653. Wednesday (-106,609)
A Peasant�s Revolt, the latest in a series of them, was put down in
Switzerland.
20/4/1653, �Wednesday (-106,658)
Cromwell dissolved the Long Parliament (Rump Parliament) due to its
slowness in implementing Cromwellian reforms. It was recalled on 7/5/1659,
after Cromwell�s death.
10/4/1653, Sunday (-106,668) Easter Sunday.
==================================================================================
Q.1 1653, Dutch Navy defeated by English off Portsmouth.
20/3/1653, Sunday (-106,689)
20/2/1653. Sunday (-106,717) Admiral
Robert Blake defeated the Dutch under Martin Van Tramp off Portsmouth.
16/1/1653, Sunday (-106,752) (Britain)
John Digby Bristol, British diplomat, died in Paris.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1652, King Louis XIV returned to Paris.
23/12/1652, Thursday (-106,776) John Cotton, religious writer, died
(born 4/12/1585).
21/10/1652, Thursday (-106,839) The exiled boy-King, Louis
XIV, returned from exile to Paris.
20/10/1652, Wednesday (-106,840)
Antonio Coello, Spanish poet, died.
8/10/1652, Friday (-106,852) John Greaves, English mathematician, died
(born 1602).
2/10/1652, Saturday (-106,858)
In Paris, the middle class disputed with the Fronde, and allowed Louis XIV to
enter the city.
=================================================================================
Q.3 1652, First Anglo-Dutch War began.
2/9/1652, Thursday (-106,888)
20/8/1652, Friday (-106,901)
8/7/1652, Thursday (-106,944)
The First Anglo-Dutch war began.
===================================================================================
Q.2 1652, First European settlement in Africa. French Fronde conflict.
Architect Inigo Jones died.
23/6/1652, Wednesday (-106,959) Jacques Godefroy, legal writer, died
(born 13/9/1587).
21/6/1652. Monday (-106,961)
The great architect, Inigo Jones,
died. He had designed the Queen�s House at Greenwich and the Banqueting Hall at
Whitehall. He also laid out Lincoln�s Inn Fields and Covent Garden.
19/6/1652, Saturday (-106,963) Francis Cottington, English Lord
Treasurer, died (born 1578).
18/5/1652, Tuesday (-106,995)
18/4/1652, Sunday (-107,025) Easter Sunday.
8/4/1652, Thursday (-107,035) The first permanent European settlement in Africa was
founded by the Dutchman Jan Van Riebeck, at Table Bay. For decades earlier,
since the 1500s, ships, mostly Dutch and English, had anchored here to refit
their vessels for the voyage to the east. In 1620 two Englishmen, officers of
the East India Company, took it upon their own initiative to possess Table Bay
in the name of King James, for fear that the Dutch would claim the area and
charge English ships to refit there. But London did not approve of their action
and it had no effect. The Portuguese influence was declining and they were not
in a position to resist the Dutch. The English seized St Helena island as a
halfway house to the east. France took colonies in Madagascar and elsewhere. The Dutch settlement was the beginning of
the Boer, farmer, settlers.
7/4/1652, Wednesday (-107,036) In France, the Battle of
Bleneau; Conde defeated Marshall Turenne, who had defected back to the Royalist
side. Both armies marched to Paris to negotiate. In July 1652 the Duchesse de
Montpensier persuaded the Parisians to open the city gates to the Fronde
(anti-Royalist) army, and the Bastille�s guns were turned on Turenne�s
Royalists. See 2/10/1652.
Q.2 1652, First European settlement in Africa. French Fronde conflict.
Architect Inigo Jones died.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1652,
29/3/1652, Monday (-107,045)
�Black Monday� � a total eclipse of the Sun in Britain caused anxiety.
13/3/1652, Saturday (-107,061) Claude Bouthillier, French statesman, died
in Paris (born 1581).
8/1/1652, Thursday (-107,126) Wilhelm Homberg, Dutch chemist, was born
(died 24/9/1715).
====================================================================================
Q.4 1651, English Navigation Act, harm to Dutch marine trade, led to
Anglo-Dutch War.
14/12/1651, Sunday (-107,151) Pierre Dupuy, French scholarly writer, died
(born 27/11/1582).
26/11/1651, Wednesday (-107,169) Henry Ireton, English Parliamentary
General, died (born 3/11/1611).
16/11/1651, Sunday (-107,179) Engelbrecht Kaempper, German scholarly
writer, was born (died 2/11/1716).
21/10/1651, Tuesday (-107,205) (France)
Jean Bart, French naval commander, was born in Dunkirk (died 1702).
15/10/1651, Wednesday (-107,211) James
Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, died (born 31/1/1607).
14/10/1651, Tuesday (-107,212) Massachusetts passed laws
forbidding the poor to wear excessively luxurious dress.
6/10/1651, Monday (-107,220)
The English issued a commercial
challenge to the Dutch by passing the Navigation Act; this prohibited the import of goods into England
from America, Asia, or Africa in any except British or colonial ships; with a
crew at least half-English. This was a challenge to Amsterdam�s status as
Europe�s leading port. This was an attempt to revive the English economy,
depressed by three years of plague and bad harvests. In 1652 England declared war on The Netherlands (First Anglo-Dutch War) after an
incident where a Dutch fleet refused to be searched by the British. See
15/4/1654, and 1/10/1660.
Q.4 1651, English Navigation Act, harm to Dutch marine trade, led to
Anglo-Dutch War.
======================================================================================
Q.3 1651, Final defeat of Charles II in English Civil War. Charles fled
to France.
3/9/1651, Wednesday (-107,253)
Oliver Cromwell�s army defeated the
Royalist army at Worcester. Charles II, destitute and friendless, spent the night in an oak tree at
Boscobel to evade capture, and fled to France on 17/10/1651.
Cromwell�s troops hauled twenty
large boats upstream to make a pontoon bridge, crossing the Severn into the
Royalist side.� The battle concluded with
fighting inside Worcester itself.� Some
3,000 Royalist forces were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoner, many of whom were
transported to New England as slaves.� The
Parliamentarian forces lost only 200 men.�
This was the final battle for
the Royalist cause.
28/8/1651, Thursday (-107,259)
The Parliamentarians captured
Upton bridge, 10 miles south of Worcester.�
The Royalist General Massey was badly wounded.� Cromwell�s forces occupied the west bank of
the Severn with 11,000 troops, so cutting off any support for Charles II from
Wales, and aiming to attack Worcester from the south.
25/8/1651, Monday (-107,262)
A force of Lancashire Royalists raised by
the Earl of Derby was crushed by Colonel Robert Lilburne at Wigan.� Cromwell returned to England via the east
coast from Scotland; harassing Charles II�s rearguard.� Cromwell marched on Worcester with a force of
around 28,000 regular troops plus a further 3,000 militiamen who were against
the Scots.� Lilburne blockaded Charles
route back into Scotland. Charles hoped to draw extra forces from Wales and the
south-west.
22/8/1651,� Friday (-107,265) Charles II occupied the loyal Royalist city of Worcester, but his
army numbered less than 16,000 troops.�
See 25/8/1651.
6/8/1651, Wednesday (-107,281)
Francois Fenelon, French author and Archbishop of Cambrai (1695-1715) was born
in Perigord (died 7/1/1715 in Cambrai).
5/8/1651, Tuesday (-107,282) King Charles II began a march south into England, crossing the border
from Scotland this day.� His plan
was to march through the traditionally Royalist regions of Lancashire and the
Welsh border, picking up troops along the way.�
However the English Royalists and Presbyterians failed to join him, due
to anti-Scots propaganda from the Cromwellian camp.� See 22/8/1651.
2/8/1651, Saturday (-107,285)
Cromwell�s army took Perth.
Q.3 1651, Final defeat of Charles II in English Civil War. Charles fled
to France.
====================================================================================
2/6/1651, Monday (-107,346)
6/4/1651, Sunday (-107,403) Andre Dacier, French scholarly writer, was
born (died 17/8/1720)
====================================================================================
Q.1 1651, Charles II crowned King of England at Scone.
30/3/1651, Sunday (-107,410) Easter Sunday
1/2/1651, Saturday (-107,467)
1/1/1651, Wednesday (-107,498) Charles
II was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Palace. He then marched south into
England (see 5/8/1651).
Q.1 1651, Charles II crowned King of England at Scone.
=====================================================================================
Q.4 1650, Quakers founded. Fronde/Mazarin conflict in France. Cromwell
took Edinburgh.
19/12/1650. Thursday (-107,511 )� Cromwell�s army took Edinburgh Castle.
15/12/1650, Sunday (-107,515) (France)
Battle of Blanc-Champ. The Fronde, under Turenne, was defeated. Turenne later
changed sides to the Royalists.
13/12/1650, Friday (-107,517) (France)
Pressis-Preslin (for Mazarin) secured the surrender of the town of Rethel.
Turenne, who was marching to relieve the town, now fell back hurriedly.
4/11/1650, Monday (-107,556)
William III, King of England, Scotland,
and Ireland, was born in The Hague, Holland, son of William II of
Orange.
31/10/1650, Thursday (-107,560)
John Bradshaw, English politician, died�
(born 1602).
30/10/1650, Wednesday (-107,561) �Quakers�, the more common name for the Religious Society of
Friends, came into being during a court case at which George Fox, the founder,
told magistrates to �quake and tremble at the word of the Lord�.
29/10/1650, Tuesday (-107,562)
David Calderwood, Scottish historian, died (born 1575).
8/10/1650, Tuesday (-107,583)
Q.4 1650, Quakers founded. Fronde/Mazarin conflict in France. Cromwell
took Edinburgh.
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1650, Cromwell entered Scotland, Royalists defeated.
24/9/1650, Tuesday (-107,597) (France)
Charles de Valois Angoulmeme (died (born 28/4/1573 in Fayet Castle).
23/9/1650, Monday (-107,598)
Jeremy Collier, English writer, was born (died 26/4/1726).
13/9/1650, Friday (-107,608) Ferdinand, Elector of Cologne, died (born
7/1/1577).
8/9/1650, Sunday (-107,613) (British Royal
Family) Elizabeth, 2nd daughter of Charles I if England,
died of a chill after getting soaked in the rain upon arriving at Carisbrooke
Castle, Isle of Wight. Born 28/12/1635, when the English Civil War broke and
Charles left London with his two elder princes, Elizabeth was left under the
care of Parliament. Cared for by various nobility, she bid farewell to her
father on 29/1/1649, the day before his execution. In June 1650 she was
entrusted to the care of the earl and countess of Leicester at Penshurst, but
when King Charles II landed in Scotland she was taken to Carisbrooke for
security.
3/9/1650, Tuesday (-107,618) The Battle of Dunbar; Cromwell�s army marched into Scotland and
defeated a Scottish Royalist Presbyterian army under David Leslie twice its
size. This battle, along with
Worcester (3/9/1651), put an end to Charles I�s Royalist cause.
25/8/1650, Sunday (-107,627) Richard Crashaw, English poet, died (born
1613).
3/7/1650, Wednesday (-107,680)
Q.3 1650, Cromwell entered Scotland, Royalists defeated.
====================================================================================
Q.2 1650, Charles II proclaimed King in Scotland. Death
penalty for adultery proposed in England, not enacted.
24/6/1650, Monday (-107,689)
Charles II landed in Scotland and was
proclaimed King.
26/5/1650, Sunday (-107,718) The
Duke of Marlborough, British general, was born as John Churchill in Ashe,
Devon.
14/5/1650, Tuesday (-107,730)
The UK Parliament voted in favour of the death penalty for adultery but this
was never implemented.
20/4/1650, Saturday (-107,754) (Britain)
William Bledloe, English adventurer, was born in Chepstow (died in Bristol
20/8.1680)
14/4/1650, Sunday (-107,760) Easter Sunday
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1650, France, Mazarin/Conde conflict. Descartes, French
philosopher, died.
14/3/1650, Thursday (-107,791)
11/2/1650, Monday (107,822) Death of Rene Descartes (born 31/3/1596), founder of French philosophy.
2/2/1650, Saturday (-107,831)
Nell Gwynne, mistress of King Charles II, was born Eleanor Gwynne, the daughter
of a fishwife. Originally an orange-seller, she became an actress at the
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
14/1/1650, Monday (-107,850) In France, Cardinal Mazarin ordered the
arrest of Conde and his associates. However in early 1651 the French Parliament
dismissed Mazarin and released Conde. Mazarin left France.
=====================================================================================
12/12/1649, Wednesday (-107,883)
4/12/1649, Tuesday (-107,891) William Drummond, Scottish poet, died
(born 13/12/1585).
20/11/1649, Tuesday (-107,905) (Netherlands)
Jan van Broekhuizen, Dutch classical scholar, was born (died 15/12/1707)
3/10/1649, Wednesday (-107,953) Giovanni Diodati, Swiss religious
writer, died (born 6/6/1576).
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1649, Irish Rebellion harshly criushed by Cromwell, Britain�s first
employment agency set up.
15/9/1649, Saturday (-107,971)
Birth of Titus Gates, English Anglican priest who successfully stirred up
anti-Catholic sentiments by creating a �Popish plot�.
12/9/1649, Wednesday (-107,974)
The Sack of Drogheda by soldiers
under Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell�s 16,000 troops put to death 2,000 Irish rebels
to deter further insurrection. Another massacre was perpetrated at Wexford soon after. �The Irish
rebellion had begun in 1641.
12/8/1649. Sunday (-108,005) Britain�s
first employment agency, the
Office of Entries, was set up in King Street, London, by newspaper proprietor
Henry Walker.� He was running a paper
called Perfect Occurrences in which he advertised jobs.� His agency charged 4d to both employer and
employee. See 4/7/1631.
8/8/1648, Wednesday (-108,009) Sir Godfrey Kneller, portrait painter,
was born (died 7/11/1723).
22/7/1649, Sunday (-108,026) Pope Clement XI was born in Urbino, Italy.
Q.3 1649, Irish Rebellion harshly criushed by Cromwell, Britain�s first
employment agency set up.
======================================================================================
13/6/1639, Wednesday (-108,065) Adrien Baillet, French writer, was born
in Neuville, Picardy (died 21/1/1706).
3/6/1649, Sunday (-108,075) Manuel de Faria y Sousa, Portuguese poet, died
(born 18/3/1590).
10/5/1649, Thursday (-108,099) (Britain)
Isaac Dorislaus, Anglo-Dutch lawyer and diplomatist, was murdered by English
Royalist refugees in The Hague. Born 1595 in Alkmaar, Holland, he moved to
England in ca. 1627 and helped prepare treason charges against King Charles I.
9/4/1649, Monday (-108,130)
The Duke of Monmouth, son of King Charles II and Lucy Walter, was born in
Rotterdam.
5/4/1649, Thursday (-108,134)
Death of John Winthrop, first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company.
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1649, Charles I executed; England declared a Republic.
25/3/1649, Sunday (-108,145) Easter Sunday.
16/3/1649. Friday (-108,154)
Oliver Cromwell, (born 25/4/1599 in Huntingdon, died 3/9/1658) declared England to be a republic, and
abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords.
9/3/1649, Friday (-108,161) James Hamilton, English Civil war
Royalist, was executed (born 19/6/1609).
11/2/1649, Sunday (-108,187) (Britain)
William Carstairs, Scottish statesman, was born (died 28/12/1715).
9/2/1649, Friday (-108,189) King Charles I was buried at
St George�s Chapel, Windsor.
8/2/1649, Thursday (-108,190)
Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian, was born in Rouen (died 1728).
5/2/1649, Monday (-108,193)
King Charles I�s son, 18 years old, was
proclaimed Charles II.
30/1/1649. Tuesday (-108,199)
Charles I, convicted of treason on 29/1/1649 (see
22/8/1642), was beheaded outside
the Banqueting House in Whitehall. He stepped on to the scaffold at
2pm. Four years had passed since the
decisive Royalist defeat at Naseby (14/6/1645). Since then Charles I had
sought the support of the Irish and the Roman Catholics and even the Pope, all
in vain. The Scots, too, were sceptical
of his promises to re-establish Presbyterianism and handed him over to the
English. The executioner, Richard Brandon, received �30 for a job well
done. Charles I�s funeral and burial was in St George�s Chapel on 9/2/1649.
20/1/1649 -
27/1/1649, Saturday (-108,209) At the week-long trial of Charles I, no defence witnesses were called.
Q.1 1649, Charles I executed; England declared a Republic.
=====================================================================================
Q.4 1648, Thirty Years War ended. France, Sweden, Prussia gained.
Treaty of Westphalia.
17/12/1648, Sunday (-108,243) George Gillespie, Scottish religious writer,
died (born 21/1/1613)
6/12/1648, Wednesday (-108,254)
Pride�s purge of Parliament. Oliver Cromwell�s troops surrounded Parliament and
refused to admit the 200 Presbyterian MPs, purging the whole of the majority
that was opposing Cromwell�s Independents. The remaining 50 MPs, all
Independents, then voted for Cromwell�s purge. They then discussed the fate of
King Charles, who Cromwell was holding prisoner on the Isle of Wight. The
Presbyterian faction had tried to make a deal with the King, and Cromwell�s
swift solution was unexpected. The remaining MPs were dubbed the Rump Parliament.
24/11/1648, Friday
(-108,266)
24/10/1648. Tuesday (-108,297) The Treaty of Westphalia ended
the Thirty Years War. The Treaty was between the
Holy Roman Empire and France. Under it,
a large part of Alsace, formerly a German dukedom, was ceded to France,
which seized the rest at the Peace of Ryswick, 1697. Sweden also received
territories on the German coast of the Baltic, Spain was forced to acknowledge
the independence of the United Netherlands, and the Protestant states of Saxony and Brandenburg (=Prussia) received
additional territories.
22/10/1648, The French Parlement,
having no army of its own to call upon to counter the Parisian rioters, was
forced to issue placatory reforms, freeing prisoners; it then fled from Paris.
Q.4 1648, Thirty Years War ended. France, Sweden, Prussia gained.
Treaty of Westphalia.
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1648, Cromwell victory at Preston, Conde defeated the
Spanish. Danish Royal powers curbed.
10/9/1648, Sunday
(-108,341) Nicolas Desmarets, French statesman, was born (died 1721).
20/8/1648, Sunday
(-108,362) (France)
Conde defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Lens.
17/8/1648. Thursday (-108,365)
(Britain)
Cromwell�s army was victorious at the Battle
of Preston, against a small and poorly-trained force of Scottish
soldiers under the Duke of Hamilton.
10/8/1648, Thursday (-108,372)
Battle of Lens, Belgium.
8/8/1648, Tuesday (-108,374)
In Constantinople, the Janissaries deposed Sultan Ibrahim after he ordered the
lifting of the siege of Candia (Heraklion), Crete. On 18/8/1648 Ibrahim was
strangled by his own executioner and replaced by his eldest son, 9-year old
Mohammed IV.
6/7/1648, Thursday (-108,407) King Frederick III of Denmark was
officially crowned, only after he had agreed to a diminution of Royal powers.
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1648, Conde captured Ypres.
17/6/1648, Saturday (-108,426)
29/5/1648, Monday (-108,445)
Conde captured Ypres.
20/5/1648, Saturday (-108,454)
King Ladislas IV of Poland died aged 55, after a 16-year reign. He was
succeeded by his 39-year-old Jesuit brother, who reigned until 1668 as John II
Casimir.
17/5/1648, Wednesday (-108,457)
Battle of Zusmarshausen, Germany.
13/5/1648, Saturday (-108,461)
Conde commenced a siege of Ypres.
13/4/1648, Thursday (-108,491) Jeanne Guyon, French writer, was born
(died 9/6/1717).
7/4/1648, Friday (-108.497) John Sheffield, poet and Duke, was born
(died 24/2/1721).
2/4/1648, Sunday (-108,502) Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1648, Conde captured Ypres.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1648, Spain gave independence to Spanish Netherlands, fighting
France. England renounced King Charles.
14/3/1648, Tuesday (-108,521) Fairfax of Cameron, British Parliamentary
General, died.
28/2/1648, Monday (-108,536)
Christian IV, King of Denmark, died.
30/1/1648. Sunday (-108,565) (Spain, Netherlands)
To free his forces for the war against France, Philip IV of Spain made peace in
the United Provinces at Munster. Spain therefore made major concessions. The
United Provinces (Netherlands) were recognised as independent by Spain, all
Dutch conquests were recognised, and freedom of trade in the east and West
Indies was conceded.
15/1/1648, Saturday (-108,580)
The English parliament renounced
allegiance to the King and voted to have no further communication with
him. This was because of his secret treaty with Scotland.
===================================================================================
Q.4 1647, English Parliament ultimatum to Charles. Torricelli, inventor
of barometer, died.
31/12/1647, Friday (-108,595)
24/12/1647, Friday (-108,602)
The British Parliament presented
Charles I with four Bills to sign. One gave Parliament control of the
army for 20 years, another required all declarations of Parliament so far to be
recalled, a third excluded all peers created by Charles I from sitting in the
Lords, and the last allowed the two Houses to adjourn at their own pleasure.
18/11/1647, Thursday (-108,638) (France)
Pierre Bayle, French philosopher, was born near Pamiers (died in Rotterdam
28/12/1706).
11/11/1647, Thursday (-108,645)
Charles I fled from Hampton Court to
the Isle of Wight. He was arrested and detained in Carisbrooke Castle.
He signed a secret treaty with the Scots, who promised to restore him by force.
25/10/1647, Monday (-108,662)
Evangelista Torricelli, Italian mathematician and scientist who devised the
barometer or �Torricellian Tube�, died in Florence.
======================================================================================
Q.3 1647,
25/8/1647, Wednesday (-108,723)
22/7/1647, Thursday (-108,757) (France)
Marguerite Alacoque, French nun who was beatified by Pope Pius IX in1846, was
born near Autun (died17/10/1690).
7/7/1647, Wednesday (-108,772) Thomas Hooker, US religious writer,
died (born 1586).
===================================================================================
Q.2 1647, Charles I arrested. Masaachusetts banned Catholics.
20/6/1647, Sunday (-108,789) John George III, Elector of Saxony, was born
(died 12/9/1691).
12/6/1647, Saturday (-108,797) (Education-Schools)
Thomas Farnaby, educationalist who founded a school in Cripplegate, London,
died.
4/6/1647, Friday (-108,805)
At Holmby House in Northamptonshire, Charles
I was seized by the Army, and taken to Hampton Court
26/5/1647, Wednesday (-108,814)
A new law in Massachusetts banned Catholic priests from the colony. The penalty
was banishment, or death for a second offence.
21/5/1647, Friday (-108,819) Pieter Hooft, Dutch writer, died (born
16/3/1581).
18/4/1647, Sunday (-108,852) Easter Sunday.
=====================================================================================
Q.1 1647, Scotland agreed to hand over Charles I to Cromwell.
26/3/1647, Friday (-108,875)
14/3/1647, Sunday (-108,887) (1)
The Treaty of Ulm. Elector Maximillian I of Bavaria made an agreement with
France to end his alliance with Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor.
(2) (Netherlands) Frederick Henry, Prince of
Orange, died.
14/2/1647, Sunday (-108,915)
30/1/1647, Saturday (-108,930)
The Scots agreed to hand over Charles I
to the English Army for the sum of �400,000.
====================================================================================
Q.4 1646, First advertisement in an English language newspaper.
31/12/1646, Thursday (108,960)
23/11/1646, Monday (-108,998) The first advertisement in in
English-language newspaper. It was in Samuel Pecke�s Perfect Diurnall, for books.
12/10/1646, Monday (-109,040) (France)
Francois de Bassompierre, French courtier (born 1579) died in Tillieres,
Normandy.
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1646, John Flamsteed, 1st Astronomer-Royal, was born .
14/9/1646, Monday (-109,068) Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of
Essex, died (born 1591).
19/8/1646, Wednesday (-109,094)
John Flamsteed, first Astronomer Royal, was born in Denby, near Derby.
19/7/1646, Sunday (-109,125)
1/7/1646, Wednesday (-109,143) Gottfried Leibnitz, German scholarly
writer, was born (died 14/11/1716).
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1646, Charles I surrendered to Scots at Newark.
19/6/1646, Friday (-109,155)
5/5/1646, Tuesday (-109,200)
Charles I surrendered to the Scots at
Newark, ending the military phase of the Civil War.
16/4/1646, Thursday (-109,219) Birth of Jules
Hardouin-Mansart, French court architect to King Louis XIV who designed the
Hall of Mirrors and the Orangery at Versailles.
15/4/1646, Wednesday (-109,220)
Christian V, King of Norway and Denmark, was born (died 25/8/1699).
4/4/1646, Monday (-109,229) Antoine Galland, French historical writer,
was born (died 17/2/1715).
====================================================================================
Q.1 1646, Parliamentarian forces captured Chester.
29/3/1646, Sunday (-109,237) Easter Sunday.
3/2/1646, Tuesday (-109,291)
Chester fell to Parliamentarian forces.
4/1/1646, Sunday (-109,321)
===================================================================================
Q.4 1645, Royalists forced to retreat towards home base in south
Midlands.
31/12/1645, Wednesday (-109,325)
17/11/1645, Monday (-109,369) Nicolas Lemery, chemist, was born (died
19/6/1715).
4/11/1645, Tuesday (-109,382)
14/10/1645, �Tuesday (-109,403) (Britain)
Battle of Basing House, near Basingstoke, Charles could not risk fighting here
in case Parliamentarian forces cut him off from Oxford, so he retreated back
towards Newbury.
====================================================================================
Q.3 1645, Royalist losses continued.
13/9/1645, Saturday (-109,434)
The Battle of Philiphaugh, at
which Montrose�s forces army, supporting Charles I, was routed by General
Leslie�s forces. Montrose escaped to the Continent.
11/9/1645, Thursday (-109,436) (Hungary)
Miklos Esterhazy died (born 8/4/1582)
29/8/1645, Friday (-109,449)
Hugo Grotius, Dutch statesman, died.
27/8/1645, Wednesday (-109,451) Edward Littleton, Chief Justice of
Wales, died.
3/8/1645, Sunday (-109,475)
Battle of Allerheim, Germany
23/7/1645, Wednesday (-109,486)
The Royalist town of Bridgewater fell
to the Parliamentarians.
12/7/1645, Saturday (-109,497)
The Russian Tsar, Michael Romanov, died aged 49. He was succeeded by his
16-year old son, Alexis.
2/7/1645, Wednesday (-109,507)
At the Battle of Alford, Royalists beat
the Covenanters.
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1645, Royalists effectively lost the Civil War, at Naseby.
Leicester also bad for their cause.
14/6/1645. Saturday (-109,525) Battle of Naseby, Northamptonshire, in the Civil
War. 10,000 Royalists (Cavaliers), under Prince Rupert, were heavily defeated by 14,000 Roundheads under Cromwell and Fairfax, and effectively
lost the Civil War. The Royalists had lost their best officers as well as
artillery and other weaponry they could ill-afford to lose. The Royalists
successfully attacked Cromwell�s left wing, but then made the fatal mistake of
pursuing the fleeing soldiers. Cromwell regrouped the right wing of his cavalry
to rout Prince Rupert�s army.
13/6/1645, Friday (-109,526) Cromwell arrived at Naseby,
raising the morale of the Parliamentary troops there.
11/6/1645, Wednesday (-109,528)
Cromwell�s New Model Army marched northwards from its siege of Oxford,
travelling from Stony Stratford to Wootton, three miles from Northampton. Rainy
weather hampered their progress, turning dirt roads into mud.
30/5/1645, Friday (-109,540) (Britain) A
Royalist Army, 10,000 strong led by Prince Rupert attacked and besieged
Parliamentarian forces in Leicester. The Parliamentarians, 480 soldiers, 900
armed townsmen, and 150 volunteers from the rest of Leicestershire, were
heavily outnumbered. Moreover the city�s walls had been badly maintained and
had to be hurriedly bolstered with earthen banks. Nevertheless the Royalists
suffered heavy losses as they finally took the city; they then brutally
slaughtered the defenders. Ultimately, Charles� treatment of the defenders of
Leicester proved to be a turning point in his popularity amongst Britons.
2/5/1645, Friday (-109,568)
Battle of Mergentheim, Germany.
19/4/1645, Saturday (-109,581) (Australia)
Anthony Van Diemen, Dutch explorer of Australia, died in Batavia (born 1593).
17/4/1645, Thursday (-109,583) Daniel Featley, English religious
writer, died (born 15/3/1582).
6/4/1645, Sunday (-109,594)
Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1645, Royalists effectively lost the Civil War, at Naseby.
Leicester also bad for their cause.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1645, Peace of Bromsebro; Sweden made gains from Denmark.
6/3/1645, Thursday (-109,625)
Battle of Jankow, Bohemia.
8/2/1645, Saturday (-109,651) By the Peace of Bromsebro, Sweden acquired
Osel and Gotland from Denmark. Denmark also lost Jemteland and Herjedal in
Norway.
2/2/1645, Sunday (-109,657) At
the Battle of Inverlochy, Royal
Highlanders under the Marquess of Montrose defeated the covenanters under the
Earl of Argyll
10/1/1645, Friday (-109,680)
At Tower Hill, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury since 1633, was beheaded
for treason.� He was not replaced until
1660.
Q.1 1645, Peace of Bromsebro; Sweden made gains from Denmark.
=====================================================================================
Q.4 1644. English Civil War continued. China tea first mentioned in
Britain.
31/12/1644, Tuesday (-109,690)
8/12/1644, Sunday (-109,713) �China
drink�, probably tea, was mentioned on a bill in Yorkshire, A bottle of it cost
4 shillings. It was initially viewed as a tonic for the sick.
10/11/1644, Sunday (-109,741) Luis
Guevara, Spanish novelist, died (born 1/8/1579).
27/10/1644, Sunday (-109,755) The second Battle of Newbury was indecisive.
After it, Charles escaped to Oxford.�
The Parliamentarian Army, under Charles Montagu, Duke of Manchester, failed
to prevent a Royalist force relieving the siege of Donnington Castle.
14/10/1644, Monday (-109,768)
The Quaker Leader William Penn, founder
of the State of Pennsylvania, was born in London, the son of an admiral.
3/10/1644, Thursday (-109,779)
Battle of Freiburg, Germany.
Q.4 1644. English Civil War continued. China tea first mentioned in
Britain.
====================================================================================
Q.3 1644, Marston Moor; Royalists lost the north of England. Thirty
Years War continued in Europe.
15/9/1644, Sunday (-109,797) Pope Innocent X (236th Pope) acceded,
formerly Cardinal Giovanni Battista Pamfili (died 1655).
8/9/1644, Sunday (-109,804) Sir John Coke, English politician, died
(born 5/3/1563).
2/9/1644, Monday (-109,810)
Royalists defeated the Roundheads at the Battle of Lostwithiel (Cornwall).
Charles now planned an advance on London.
1/9/1644, Sunday (-109,811) At the Battle of Tippamuir, Royalist Highlanders beat the Covenanters.
16/8/1644, Friday (-109,827) Francois Choisy, French author, was born
(died 2/10/1724).
3/8/1644, Saturday (-109,840)
At Freiberg, Saxony, the French fought a combined force of Bavarians and
Austrians during the Thirty Years War.�
Fighting at Frieburg also occurred on 5th and� 15th August.
2/7/1644, Tuesday
(-109,872) Battle of Marston Moor, near York, in the Civil War. The Royalists were crushed, and Cromwell�s forces
took some 1,500 prisoners and killed 4,000 Royalist troops.� This
was the turning point in the Civil War; the Royalists had effectively lost the
north of England.
1/7/1644, Monday (-109,873) Prince Rupert lifted the siege of York.
Q.3 1644, Marston Moor; Royalists lost the north of England. Thirty
Years War continued in Europe.
=====================================================================================
Q.2 1644, Royalists feeling the pressure in northern and southern
England.
30/6/1644, Sunday (-109,874) Prince
Rupert reached Knaresborough, near York.
15/6/1644, Saturday (-109,889) Essex, Parliamentarian, relieved the
siege of Lyme Regis, and occupied Weymouth. Elsewhere in the South,
Parliamentarian forces were pressing closer to Oxford, although Charles was
able to manoeuvre skilfully in an area around Oxford Gloucester, Abingdon,
Stourbridge and Northampton, avoiding total defeat by the Parliamentarian
forces.
26/5/1644, Sunday (-109,909) Michael Ettmuller, physician, was born (died
9/3/1683).
16/5/1644, Thursday (-109,919) Prince Rupert left Shrewsbury and fought
his way across hostile country to Lancashire, where he hoped to drum up more
support for the Royalists. He took Stockport and Liverpool, then swung towards
Yorkshire, intending to relieve the siege of York. Once York was relieved, or
if it was lost before he arrived, Rupert was to head back south to the
Woircester area to help the Royalist forces there. See 1/7/1644.
25/4/1644, Thursday (-109,940)
China�s last Ming Emperor committed suicide. The Qing Dynasty began.
21/4/1644, Sunday (-109,944) Easter Sunday.
13/4/1644, Saturday (-109,952)
Fairfax and Leven commenced a siege of the Royalist forces in York. Demolition
of the Globe Theatre on the South Bank, London.
11/4/1644, Thursday (-109,954) Fairfax, Parliamentarian, stormed into
Yorkshire from Lancashire, occupying Selby this day. The Marquis of Newcastle,
Royalist, had to retreat from fighting the Scots in Durham and consolidate his
position in York.
Q.2 1644, Royalists feeling the pressure in northern and southern
England.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1644, Mixed quarter for the Royalists, but even with successes,
they were being stretched too far.
29/3/1644, Friday (-109,967) (Britain)
Battle of Cheriton, a few miles east of Winchester, Hampshire. Hopton,
Royalist, was defeated. Although he had the advantage in the initial stages of
this battle, indiscipline and bad coordination undermined his efforts, and
Waller gained the final victory.
22/3/1644, Friday (-109,974)
Newark capitulated to Prince Rupert. Rupert captured a large quantity of
armaments. However he was being too thinly stretched, with Royalists in the
Noirth of England, Lancashire and the South all needing his assistance.
1/3/1644, Friday (-109,995) Simon Foucher, French philosophical
writer, was born (died 27/4/1696).
13/2/1644, Tuesday (-110,012)
25/1/1644, Thursday (-110,031)
Royalists were defeated at the Battle
of Nantwich.
22/1/1644, Monday (-110,034) King Charles summoned a �Counter Assembly�, a rival Parliament to the
London one,� at Oxford. He was pleased to
find that 83 Peers and 175 MPs attended. However there was bad news for Charles
on the military front, with the arrival on the Parliamentarian side of a
Scottish army of 18,000 foot soldiers and 3,000 horsemen. London agreed to
pay the Scots �31,000 a month plus cost of equipment for this military
assistance. From the Scottish point of view, they were being invited to invade
a larger country, at its own expense, and would gain considerable influence
over its religious affairs.
10/1/1644, Wednesday (-110,046) Louis Boufflers, French Marshal, was
born (died in Fontainebleau 22/8/1711).
6/1/1644, Saturday (-110,050) Waller, Parliamentarian, recaptured
Arundel (see 9/12/1643).
Q.1 1644, Mixed quarter for the Royalists, but even with successes,
they were being stretched too far.
===================================================================================
Q.4 1643, Some successes for the Royalists, in the English Civil War.
13/12/1643, Wednesday (-110,074) Parliamentarians under Waller made a
surprise attack on a Royalist force at Alton (Hampshire) (see 15/9/1643).
9/12/1643, Saturday (-110,078) Lord
Hopton captured Arundel for the Royalists. See 6/1/1644.
8/12/1643, Friday (-110,079)
Pym, Parliamentarian English politician, died.
24/11/1643, Friday (-110,093)
Battle of Tuttlingen, Germany.
22/11/1643, Wednesday (-110,095) (USA) Rene la
Salle, French explorer of North America, was born (died 19/3/1687).
3/10/1644, Tuesday (-110,145) The London-based Parliamentarian
regiments defending Reading deserted back home, leaving Essex too weak to
defend the town, which was recaptured by the Royalists this day.
1/10/1643, Sunday (-110,147) Frederick III, King of Denmark, married
Sophia Amelia of Brunswick.
=====================================================================================
Q.3 1643, Royalist successes in western England. However they were
being pushed back in the east. Charles attempted to utilise Irish troops, but
these were less than reliable to his cause.
20/9/1643, Wednesday (-110,158)
The First Battle of Newbury was indecisive.� The Royalist Army was attempting to block the
path of the Parliamentarians under Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, who were returning to their base at Reading after
raising the siege of Gloucester.�� Essex�s Army failed to break through the
Royalist position but made such an impact that the Royalists withdrew anyway.
18/9/1643, Monday (-110,160) Eastern Association Parliamentary forces
reinforced Hull with more infantry and ammunition supplies, against the
Royalists attacking the town from the rural East Riding. Meanwhile cavalry
released from Hiull (by the arrival of the Parliamentarian infantry) � the sea
routes from the town were open � crossed the Humber and defeated the Royalists
at Winceby this day, just east of Horncastle, Lincolnshire.
16/9/1643, Saturday (-110,162) Parliamentary
�Eastern Association� forces moved into Lincolnshire and besieged Royalist
Kings Lynn, which
surrendered this day. See 18/9/1643.
15/9/1643, Friday
(-110,163) (Ireland, Britain)
King Charles made a truce with rebels in Ireland, to free up more forces for
the Civil War. . However these troops proved less than reliable fighters for
Charles, and at Alton (13/12/1643) many defected to the Parliamentarian side.
5/9/1643, Tuesday (-110,173) In the face of Essex�s newly arrived
army, now at Cheltenham, the Royalists suddenly raised the siege of Gloucester
and withdrew to Painswick. The danger to Gloucester now over, Essex�s men now
began a march back to their headquarters at Reading; hiowever see 20/9/1643.
3/9/1643, Sunday (-110,175) (Medical)
Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, was born in Florence (died in Florence
8/1/1704).
26/8/1643, Saturday (-110,183) Parliamentarian forces under Essex began a
march westwards to relieve the siege of Gloucester. Moving through Aylesbury
and then by-pasing Royalist Oxford to the north, going via Stow on the Wold,
Essex�s forces successfully withstood both food shortages and flanking
skirmishes by Royalist forces from Oxford. See 5/9/1643.
16/8/1645, Wednesday (-110,193) Jean de la� Bruyere, French essayist, was born (died
10/5/1696).
10/8/1643, Thursday (-110,199)
Royalist forces began a siege of Gloucester. The city constituted a vital
strategic link between the Royalist areas of Wales and Oxfordshire, and its
governor, the Parliamentarian Massey, was rumoured to be ready to switch
allegiance.
26/7/1643, Wednesday (-110,214)
Prince Rupert, Royalist, captured Bristol after a 4-day siege. Waller, with his
forces badly mauled, was powerless to intervene from his headquarters in Bath.
The Royalists now overran all of Dorset.
25/7/1643, Tuesday (-110,215) (Britain) Roger Pierrepoint, Royalisy who had
been taken prisoner by the Parliamnentarians whilst defending Gainsborough,
Lincolnshire, was accidentally killed whilst being taken to Hull.
13/7/1643, Thursday (-110,227)
Wallers Parliamentarian forces attempted to surround and capture Devizes, along
with Hopton�s army and guns defending the town. However the Royalists fought
back strongly, and Royalist reinforcements soon arrived from Oxford. Waller�s
forces were detstroyed, and the Royalists now advanced on Parliamentarian-held
Bristol.
8/7/1643, Saturday (-110,232) (France) The Protestants of France were
guaranteed freedom of worship, reaffirming the Edict of Nantes.
6/7/1643, Thursday (-110,234) Royalist
forces, having failed to make a breakthrough at Bath, and with Hopton badly
wounded, moved east to Devizes, closely followed by Parliamentarian soldiers.
5/7/1643, Wednesday (-110,235) Waller,
Parliamentarian commander holding Bath, to avoid being surrounded, engaged the
Royalists at Lansdown, just north of Bath. Neither side really won this battle,
having fought to exhaustion all day, and Hopton was severely injured next day
by the explosion of an ammunition wagon.
30/6/1643, Friday (-110,240) Fairfax�s Parliamentarian forces were
decisively defeated at the battle of Adwalton (Atherton) Moor, near Bradford,
Yorkshire, This led to the fall of the West Riding clothing towns to the
Royalists.
24/6/1643, Saturday (-110,246) John Hamden, Parliamentarian commander,
died after eing wounded in the shoulder by gunfire at the Battle of Chalgrove.
18/6/1643, Sunday (-110,252) An epidemic had weakened Essex�s
Parliamentarian forces holding Reading, and this day the Parliamentarian forces
were routed, and their commander John Hampden mortally wounded at the Battle of
Chalgrove Field (Chiselhampton, between Wallingford and Oxford). When Essex
obtained reinforcements and attempted to take Oxford from the Aylesbuty side he
found his men demoralised and withdrew from Rupert�s Parliamentarian cavalry
over towards Bedfordshire, in July 1643.
Q.3 1643, Royalist successes in western England. However they were
being pushed back in the east. Charles attempted to utilise Irish troops, but
these were less than reliable to his cause.
==================================================================================
Q.2 1643, Charles planned to advance on London and besiege it into
surrender. However the proivincial towns that held out for Parliament
constituted a fatal flaw to this plan.
19/5/1643, Friday (-110,282)
Battle of Rocroi. The French, under
the Prince of Conde, defeated the Spanish.
16/5/1643, Tuesday (-110,285) Hopton, Royalist, virtually annihilated
Parliamentarian forces in a battle at Stratton, Cornwall/Devon border.
14/5/1643. Sunday (-110,287) Louis XIV became King of France at the age of
four years, 231 days, and then reigned for over 72 years.� He succeeded his father, Louis XIII.
27/4/1643, Thursday (-110,304)
27/4/1643, Charles� plan for victory was now to tie down Essex�s forces with
the Royalist stronghold in the Oxford area whilst other Royalist forces fought
their way towards London from the North and West. London would ultimately be
surrounded and starved into surrender. However this plan failed due to the
number of towns still held by the Parliamentarians, even as the Royalists
controlled the countryside around. Places like Hull, Parliamentarian-held, tied
up Royalist forces and thwarted Charles� plans. However this day
Parliamentarian forces captured Reading, an important part of the Royalist
Oxford defence perimeter, a development which, although not fatal to Charles�
plans, would severely delay him.
25/4/1643, Tuesday (-110,306) Hopton�s Royalist forces were defeated at
Sourton Down, Dartmoor.
24/3/1643, Monday (-110,307) The Parliamentarian position was improving
somewhat after a bad winter 1642/3. Parliament had feared foreign intervention
in support of Charles, and had to impose taxation, alienating some, whilst
others in London wanted peace at almost any cost. Parliament was considering
calling in the Scots to help against Charles.. However this day Sir William
Waller defeated the Royalists at Highnam, just west of Gloucester, reinforcing
the Parliamentarian hold on Gloucester. Parliament still held the West Riding
of Yorkshire, and Hampshire and Wiltshire were cleared of Royalist forces. Some
of Charles� supporters too wanted to negotiate a peace.
12/4/1643, Wednesday (-110,319)
The Dukedom of Hamilton was created.
3/4/1643, Monday (-110,328)
Charles Duke of Lorraine was born (died 18/4/1690).
2/4/1643, Sunday (-110,329) Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1643, Charles planned to advance on London and besiege it into
surrender. However the proivincial towns that held out for Parliament
constituted a fatal flaw to this plan.
====================================================================================
Q.1 1643, Royalist successes in the Civil War.
19/3/1643, Sunday (-110,343) An indecisive battle at Hopton Heath,
Staffordshire.
2/2/1643, Thursday (-110,388) Royalist forces from Oxford captured
Cirencester, widening the area they controlled in the south Midlands. In the
lower Severn Valley, the Parliamentarians still controlled the garrison towns
of Gloucester and Bristol.
16/1/1643, Monday (-110,405) Hopton, Royalist, defeated the
Parliamentarians under the Earl of Stamford at Bradock Down, near Liskeard.
Q.1 1643, Royalist successes in the Civil War.
=====================================================================================
Q.4 1642, Charles I marched on London but turned back just west of the
capital. Richelieu succeeded by Mazarin in France; French nobility alienated by
high taxes. Tasmania and New Zealand discovered by Europeans. Isaac Newton born.
30/12/1642, Friday (-110,422) Vicenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet, was
born (died 24/9/1707).
25/12/1642, Sunday (-110,427) Isaac Newton was born at Woolsthorpe,
near Grantham, the son of a farmer.
13/12/1642. Tuesday (-110,439)
New Zealand was discovered by
the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman.
4/12/1642, Sunday (-110,448) Cardinal Richelieu (Armand du Plessis), French politician and
chief minister to Louis XIII from 1624, died aged 57 in Paris. He was succeeded
by Mazarin. Mazarin was to alienate the
nobility of France, and parliament, due to his policies of high taxation and
supreme position, provoking the rebellion by the Fronde.
24/11/1642. Thursday (-110,458)
Tasmania was discovered by Abel
Tasman, Dutch explorer.� It was
originally called van Diemen�s Land, and renamed in 1853.
12/11/1642, Saturday (-110,470)
Charles I marched on London, but was
turned back at Turnham Green.
2/11/1642, Wednesday (-110,480) (Germany),
In the Thirty years War, at Breitenfeld, Swedish forces under Torstensson
defeated the Imperialists under Archduke Leopold and Prince Piccolomini, who
were attempting to relieve the siege of Lepizig.
1/11/1642, Tuesday (-110,481) Death of Jean Nicolet (born
ca. 1598), French explorer of the Lake Michigan area (now Wisconsin).
25/10/1642, Tuesday (-110,488)
24/10/1642, Monday (-110,489) Essex
retured from the battle scene at Edgehill, leaving the Royalists to claim
victory. The Royalists now continued towards London, taking Banbury and Oxford,
London started quickly erecting defences, although some Londoners wanted to sue
for peace..
23/10/1642. Sunday (-110,490) The Royalists narrowly beat the Roundheads at the Battle of Edgehill,
the first of the English Civil War. Both sides claimed victory.
22/10.1642, Saturday (-110,491) Essex,
marching at full speed, reached Kineton, just 7 miles from the Royalist
headquarters at Edgecote.
12/10/1642, Wednesday (-110,501) Prince Rupert, Royalist, found many of
his army in Shrewsbury keen to attack the Parliamentarians under Essex at their
new headquarters at Worcester. However the road from Shrewsbury to London was
now open and the Royalists decided to take it, anticipating that Essex would
intercept them. They were keen to attack the Parliamentarian forces before they
grew too strong. This day the Royalist Army left Shrewsbury gaining two days
start on the Parliamentarians, moving south east via Bridgnorth, Birmingham and
Kenilworth. Parliament in London became alarmed and ordered Essex to find and
defeat Charles.
Q.4 1642, Charles I marched on London but turned back just west of the
capital. Richelieu succeeded by Mazarin in France; French nobility alienated by
high taxes. Tasmania and New Zealand discovered by Europeans. Isaac Newton born.
===================================================================================
Q.3 1642, Royalist and Parliamentarian forces moved northwest from
London. Charles raised his standard at Nottingham, effectively opening the
Civil War.
23/9/1642, Friday (-110,520) A cavalry skirmish at Worcester between
the retreating Royalists, moving north, and an advance guard of Parliamentarian
cavalry The Royalists won, raising their morale.
13/9/1642, Tuesday (-110,530) King Charles marched west from Nottingham
to marshal his supporters and their armouries in Derbyshire and Staffordshire,
and to link up, via Chester, with his regiments in Ireland. The Parliamentarian
forces shadowed this move, also moving west from Northampton towards Worcester.
22/8/1642. Monday (-110,552) The English Civil War began,
between the Cavaliers who supported King Charles I and the Roundheads who
supported Parliament, when the King raised his standard at Nottingham. Parliament raised an army of 20,000; the
nobility and gentry supported the King, fearing a Parliament of commoners.
18/8/1642, Thursday (-110,556) Reni
Guido, Italian painter, died (born 4/11/1575).
2/7/1642, Saturday (-110,603)
Q.3 1642, Royalist and Parliamentarian forces moved northwest from
London. Charles raised his standard at Nottingham, effectively opening the
Civil War.
==================================================================================
Q.2 1642, English Parliament presented King Charles I with 19 demands,
which he refused to agree to.
9/6/1642, Thursday (-110,626)
Battle of Schweidnitz, Moravia.
1/6/1642, Wednesday (-110,634)
Parliament presented nineteen propositions (demands) to Charles I. These asked
for Parliamentary control of the military, the Church, and of the tutors of the
Royal children
18/5/1642. Wednesday (-110,648)
Montreal in Canada was founded.
10/4/1642, Sunday (-110,686) Easter Sunday.
Q.2 1642, English Parliament presented King Charles I with 19 demands,
which he refused to agree to.
===================================================================================
Q.1 1642, Charles entered Parliament to seize 5 opponents,but was
thwarted. Charles began preparations for war with the Parliamentarians. The
English Navy was captured by Parliament.
10/3/1642, Thursday (-110,717) Parliament requested the Lord
High Admiral to appoint Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, as commander of the
fleet. Simultaneously Charles told him to appoint the Royalist Sir John
Pennington. Warwick was appointed, and Charles had lost the navy.
20/1/1642, Thursday (-110,766)
George Hickes, English religious writer, was born (died 15/12/1715).
10/1/1642, Monday (-110,776)
Charles I withdrew from London, to
Hampton Court. The Commons, emboldened, prepared Bills excluding bishops from
the House of Lords and giving Parliament control of the army.
8/1/1642, Saturday (-110,778) Galileo, Italian mathematician physicist and astronomer, professor
at the University of Padua, died.
4/1/1642, Tuesday
(-110,782) Charles I entered Parliament and attempted
to arrest five members for treasonable correspondence with the Scots. He
failed; the five were in hiding, and Parliament refused to back the arrests. The
five MPs were John Hampden, Arthur Haselrigg, Denzil Holles, John Pym and
William Strode. This was the first time a monarch had entered the Commons, with
militia, in defiance of convention. Charles
left the Commons, angry, and five days later left London and began raising an
army against Parliament.
Q.1 1642, Charles entered Parliament to seize 5 opponents,but was
thwarted. Charles began preparations for war with the Parliamentarians. The
English Navy was captured by Parliament.
======================================================================================
1641,
English Parliament
attempted to curb King Charles I. Scene was set fot the Civil War.
9/12/1641,
Thursday (-110,808)
Sir Anthony Van Dyck, Flemish court painter to Charles I from 1632, died in his
studio in Blackfriars, London, aged 42, and was buried in Old St Pauls.
29/11/1641,
Monday (-110,818)
The first English newspaper was published.
22/11/1641,
Monday (-110,825)
The Long Parliament passed the
Grand Remonstrance, part of a series of measures to curb the excesses of King
Charles I�s absolutist ambitions.
4/11/1641,
Thursday (-110,843)
A Dutch fleet defeated a Spanish fleet off Cape St Vincent.
10/5/1641,
Monday (-111,021) (Sweden)
Johan Baner, Swedish soldier during the Thirty Years War, died in Halberstadt (born
in Djursholm Castle 23/6/1596).
25/4/1641,
Sunday (-111,036)
Easter Sunday.
15/4/1641,
Thursday (111,046) Zampieri Domenichino,
Italian painter, died (born 21/10/1581).
18/3/1641,
Thursday (-111,074)
18/2/1641,
Thursday (-111,102)
18/1/1641,
Monday (-111,133)
Pau Claris proclaimed the Catalan Republic.
11/1/1641,
Monday (-111,140) Franz Gomarus, Dutch
religious writer, died (born 30/1/1563).
3/1/1641,
Sunday (-111,148) Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer, died
(born 1619).
1641,
English Parliament
attempted to curb King Charles I. Scene was set fot the Civil War.
====================================================================================
1640,
English
Parliament denied tax money to Charles I, which was to fund a war against
Scotland. Portugal independent from Spain.
13/12/1640,
Sunday (-111,169) The Duke of Braganza was crowned John IV,
King of Portugal.
6/12/1640,
Sunday (-111,176) Claude Fleury, French historical writer, was
born (died 14/7/1723).
1/12/1640,
Tuesday (-111,181)
Portugal regained its independence from
the Spanish.
13/11/1640,
Friday (-111,199) Laurence Chaderton,
religious writer, died.
3/11/1640,
Tuesday (-111,209)
In Britain, the Long Parliament
assembled. It lasted until 1660, due to the Civil War.
20/10/1640, Tuesday (-111,223) John Ball, writer, died (born 10/1585).
29/9/1640, Sunday (-111,253) Charles Coysevox, French sculptor, was born
(died 10/10/1720).
17/9/1640,
Thursday (-111,256)
The French captured Turin.
17/7/1640,
Friday (-111,318)
9/6/1640,
Tuesday (-111,356) The Holy Roman Emperor,
Leopold I, was born.
30/5/1640,
Saturday (-111,366)
Peter Paul Reubens, Flemish Baroque painter, died in Antwerp.
18/4/1640,
Saturday (-111,408) Etienne Chauvin, French religious writer,
was born (died 1725).
13/4/1640,
Monday (-111,413)
In order to raise money for a war
against Scotland, Charles I convened Parliament for the first time since 1629.
This �Short Parliament� was dissolved on 4/5/1640 after refusing to give the
King any money.
5/4/1640,
Sunday (-111,421) Easter Sunday.
2/4/1640,
Thursday (-111,424) Paul Fleming, German poet,
died (born 5/10/1609).
25/1/1640,
Saturday (-111,492) William Cavendish, 1st Earl of
Devonshire, was born (died 18/8/1707).
14/1/1640,
Tuesday (-111,503) Thomas Coventry, Lord
Keeper of England, died (born 1578).
11/1/1641,
Saturday (-111,506) Juan Jauregui, Spanish poet, died (born
1583).
1640,
English
Parliament denied tax money to Charles I, which was to fund a war against
Scotland. Portugal independent from Spain.
====================================================================================
1639,
Spain weakened
by secession of Portugal and rise of France. Spain lost some colonies. Spanish
Netherlands also seeking to break away. English American colonists started
their own Constitution.
31/12/1639,
Tuesday (-111,517)
24/11/1639,
Sunday (-111,554) A transit of Venus across the Sun was first
observed by Jeremiah Horrocks.
21/10/1639, Monday (-111,588) (Netherlands, Spain) Battle of the Downs. A Dutch fleet under Maarten Tromp defeated
the Spanish in The Channel, effectively ending Spain�s role as a major naval
power.� Spain was weakened by the
breakaway of Portugal, and the rise of France.�
Spain�s colonial quarrels with the Dutch, in Brazil and the Portuguese
spice islands, were now superseded by these areas now being under Portuguese
rule.
4/8/1639, Sunday (-111,666)� (Arts)
Juan Alarcon, Spanish dramatist, died in Madrid.
17/6/1639, Monday (-111,714)
21/5/1639, Tuesday (-111,741)
Tommaso Campanella, Italian philosophical writer, died (born 1568).
14/4/1639, Sunday (-111,778) Easter Sunday
3/3/1639, Sunday (-111,820)
3/2/1639, Sunday (-111,848)
24/1/1639, Thursday (-111,858) American
settlers meeting in Hartford voted to adopt a new constitution called the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. It allowed colonists to administer their own
laws and to raise taxes, and made no mention of allegiance to the British
Crown.
19/1/1639, Saturday (-111,863) (France)
Noel Alexandre, French theologian (died 1724) was born in Rouen.
8/1/1639, Tuesday (-111,874)
Henry, son of Charles I, was born.
1639,
Spain weakened
by secession of Portugal and rise of France. Spain lost some colonies. Spanish
Netherlands also seeking to break away. English American colonists started
their own Constitution.
=====================================================================================
1638, Japan�s isolationist period started. Harvard University
Library began.
8/12/1638, Saturday (-111,905) Ivan Gundulich, Serbian poet, died (born
8/1/1588).
6/11/1638, Tuesday (-111,937)
James Gregory, Scottish mathematician who gave a demonstration of the first
practical reflecting telescope, was born.
28/10/1638, Sunday (-111,946)
Mr John Harvard left a bequest of 400 books and �700 to what is now Harvard
University, see 28/10/1636.
5/9/1638, Wednesday (-111,999)
Louis XIV, King of France, known
as the �Sun King�, born in St German en Laye, just outside Paris.
2/6/1638, Saturday (-112,094) Henry Clarendon, English statesman, was
born (died 31/10/1709)
6/5/1638, Sunday (-112,121) Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of� Ypres, died (born 28/10/1585).
25/3/1638, Sunday (-112,163) Easter Sunday.
14/3/1638, Wednesday (-112,174) (Christian) Johann Gichtel, German
preacher, was born (died 21/1/1710).
28/2/1638, Wednesday (-112,188) Japanese peasants occupying
Hara Castle, near Nagasaki, surrendered to Shogun Iemitsu�s besieging
124,000-strong army because of lack of food. The army then massacred most of
the 37,000 peasants. Furthermore, Iemitsu expelled the Portuguese traders from
Japan, suspecting them of complicity in stirring up the peasant�s demands, and
prohibited the building of large seagoing ships that might carry Japanese to
other countries. The isolation of Japan
began.
24/1/1638, Wednesday (-112,223) Charles Sackville, English poet, was
born (died 29/1/1706).
1/1/1638, Monday (-112,246) Antoinette Deshoulieres, French poet, was
born (died 17/2/1694).
1638, Japan�s isolationist period started. Harvard University
Library began.
==================================================================================
1637, English colonists massacred Pequot Amerindians. Dutch Tulip
Bubble collapsed.
6/12/1637, Wednesday (-132,272) (USA)
Sir Edmond Andros, English colonial Governor of the North American colonies,
was born in London (died in London February 1714).
3/10/1637, Tuesday (-112,336) (Britain)
George Aberdeen, Scottish lawyer and statesman (died 20/4/1720) was born.
8/9/1637, Friday (-112,361) Robert Fludd, English mystical writer,
died (born 1574).
20/8/1637, Sunday (-112,380) Johann
Gerhard, religious writer, died (born 17/10/1582).
6/8/1637. Sunday (-112,394) The
first poet laureate, Ben Johnson, died in poverty.
28/7/1637, Friday (-112,403)
26/5/1637, Friday (-112,466)
The English massacred women and children of the Pequot Indians, in revenge for
the murder of a slave trader, John Oldham, in July 1636. The Pequot men were
away from their villages, tending the fields, so the English massacre was a
very one-sided affair. Other Amerindian tribes were either enemies of the
Pequot, or intimidated into not assisting them, and a guerrilla war by the
Pequot finally ended when these other tribes captured and killed the Pequot
leader, Sassacus.
22/5/1637, Monday (-112,470) John Kyrle, English philanthropist, was
born (died 7/11/1724).
9/4/1637, Sunday (-112,513) Easter Sunday.
15/2/1637, Wednesday (-112,566)
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II died, aged 57, in Vienna. He was succeeded by
his 28-year old son, Ferdinand III.
12/2/1637, Sunday (-112,569) (Medicine)
Jan Swammerdam was born this day in Amsterdam. In 1658 he became the first
person to see and describe red blood cells.
3/2/1637, Friday (-112,578)
The price of tulip bulbs in Dutch markets, which had reached the heights of 15
years� salary for just one bulb, collapsed, ruining many.
13/1/1637, Friday (-112,599)
1637, English colonists massacred Pequot Amerindians. Dutch Tulip
Bubble collapsed.
==================================================================================
1636, English American colonists formed armed guard against Pequot
Amerindians. Harvard and Utrecht Universities founded.
31/12/1636, Saturday (-112,612)
13/12/1636, Tuesday (-112,630)
The Massachusetts Bay Colony organised three militia regiments to defend
against the Pequot Indians.� This was the
founding of the United States National Guard.
2/11/1636, Wednesday (-112,671)
Edward Colston, English philanthropist, was born (died 1721).
1/11/1636, Tuesday (-112,672)
Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux, French poet, was born in Paris (died 13/3/1711).
28/10/1636, Friday (-112,676)
Harvard University, the oldest
in the USA, was founded at
Cambridge, Massachusetts by Puritan emigrants from Britain. The General Council
of Massachusetts set up a college with the comparatively modest sum of �400.
However on 28/10/1638 Mr John Harvard, assistant pastor of the First Church of
Charleston, who died aged 31, left the College a bequest of �780 and 400 books.
The aim was establish an educational institution equal to Oxford or Cambridge
in England.
9/10/1636, Sunday (-112,695) (Britain)
King Charles I issued a third writ for ship money
15/8/1636, Monday (-112,750)
The Spanish besieged Corbie, France.
8/7/1636, Friday (-112,788) Sir John Hepburn, Scottish soldier, killed
at the siege of Zabern, Thirty Years War.
4/7/1636, Monday (-112,792) (USA)
The city of Providence, Rhode island, was founded.
29/6/1636, Wednesday (-112,797) Thomas Hyde, English Orientalist
writer, was born (died 18/2/1703).
17/4/1636, Sunday (-112,870) Easter Sunday.
26/3/1636, Saturday (-112,892) (Education)
The University of Utrecht was founded in the Netherlands.
18/3/1636, Friday (-112,900)
24/2/1636, Wednesday (-112,923)
(Denmark)
King Christian of Denmark ordered that all beggars able to work must be sent to
Brinholmen Island, to work at building ships or work as galley rowers.
24/1/1636, Sunday (-112.954)
1636, English American colonists formed armed guard against Pequot
Amerindians. Harvard and Utrecht Universities founded.
===================================================================================
1635, France declared war on Spain; Spain later weakened by
secessions. Saxony left the Thirty Years War.
28/12/1635, Monday (-112,981) (British Royal)
Elizabeth, 2nd daughter of Charles I, was born. See 8/9/1650.
25/12/1635, Friday (-112,984) (Canada)
Explorer Samuel de Champlain died (born ca.1567).
22/11/1635, Sunday (-113,017) (Biology)
Naturalist Francis Willoughby was born in Middleton, England. His systematic
work on birds and fish helped pave the way for Linnaeus� classification.
20/9/1635, Sunday (-113,080)
7/9/1635, Monday (-113,093) (Hungary)
Paul Esterhazy was born (died 26/3/1713).
4/8/1635, Tuesday (-113,127)
(Britain)
King Charles I issued a second writ for ship money (see 11/2/1628), again the
writ was resisted.
31/7/1635. Friday (-113,131)
(Britain)
British inland public postal services
were established, with charges of between 2d and 8d.
18/7/1635, Saturday (-113,144)
Robert Hooke, English scientist, was born in Freshwater, Isle of Wight.
25/6/1635, Thursday (-113,167)
The French Compagnie des Iles d�Amerique took possession of Martinique. A colony established by
Pierre Belain, Sieur d�Esnambuc, grew to 700 inhabitants by 1637.
30/5/1635, Saturday (-113,193)
The Peace of Prague was signed, ending Saxony�s role in the Thirty Years War.
19/5/1635, Tuesday (-113,204)
France declared war on Spain.� Spain initially had success, capturing
Corbie, near Amiens. �However the
Spaniards did not follow up their successes and faced with revolts in Portugal
and Catalonia, lost Artois and Roussillion.
19/4/1635, Sunday (-113,234)
29/3/1635, Sunday (-113,255) Easter Sunday.
24/3/1635, Tuesday (-113,260) Peder Griffenfeldt, Danish statesman, was
born (died 12/3/1699).
10/3/1635, Tuesday (-113,274)
The Academie Francaise in Paris was
expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite.
1/2/1635, Sunday (-113,311) Marquard Gude, German scholarly writer, was
born (died 16/11/1689).
27/1/1635, Tuesday (-113,316) Edward Fairfax, English poet, died.
2/1/1635, Friday (-113,341)
Cardinal Richelieu established the Academie
Francaise to protect the purity of the French language.
1635, France declared war on Spain; Spain later weakened by
secessions. Saxony left the Thirty Years War.
=====================================================================================
1634, Sweden defeated Hapsburgs at Nordlingen. First tavern opened
in America.
18/10/1634, Saturday (-113,417) Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, Austrian
statesman (born 1568) died at Laibach.
6/9/1634, Saturday (-113,459)
(Sweden,
Germany)
Battle of Nordlingen, Germany.
Hapsburg forces defeated Sweden.
3/9/1634, Wednesday (-113,462) Sir Edward Coke, English lawyer, died
(born 1/2/1552).
22/7/1634, Tuesday (-113,505) (Austria)
Johann Aldringer, Austrian military commander, died at the defence of Landshut
against the Swedes on the Danube.
21/4/1634, Monday (-113,597)
Jan van Riebeck, Dutch surgeon and founder
of Cape Town, was born in The Netherlands.
6/4/1634, Sunday (-113,612) Easter Sunday
25/3/1634, Tuesday (-113,624) George Bull, English religious writer,
was born (died 17/2/1710).
18/3/1634, Tuesday (-113,631) Marie Lafayette, French novelist, was
born (died 25/5/1692).
4/3/1634, Tuesday (-113,645)
Samuel Cole opened the first tavern in Boston, Massachusetts.
1/3/1634, Saturday (-113,648) (Russia)
The Poles and Cossacks lifted the Russian siege of Smolensk.
16/1/1634, Thursday (-113,692) Dorthe Engelbrechtsdatter, Norwegian
poet, was born (died 19/2/1716).
1634, Sweden defeated Hapsburgs at Nordlingen. First tavern opened
in America.
=================================================================================
1633, Trial of Galileo. First bananas in London. Samuel Pepys born.
31/12/1633, Tuesday (-113,708)
14/10/1633, Monday (-113,786)
James II was born at St James
Palace, the second son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria.
14/8/1533, Wednesday (-113,847)
5/8/1633, Monday (-113,856)
George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, died (born 19/10/1562).
1/7/1633, Monday (-113,891) Johann Heidegger, Swiss religious writer,
was born (died 18/1/1698).
19/6/1633, Wednesday (-113,903) Philipp von Limborch, Dutch religious
writer, was born (died 30/4/1712).
5/6/1633, Wednesday (-113,917)
16/5/1633, Thursday
(-113,937) Charles I was crowned King of Scotland at Edinburgh.
15/5/1633, Wednesday (-113,938) (France)
French military engineer Sebastian le Prestre de Vauban was born in Nivernais,
France. He developed a system of fortifications to defend France against
invasion.
21/4/1633, Sunday (-113,962) Easter Sunday.
12/4/1633, Friday (-113,971)
The trial of Galileo Galilei before the Inquisition began. At the end of which
he would be ordered to recant his belief that the Sun not the Earth was the
centre of the Universe, as heretical.
10/4/1633. Wednesday (-113,973)
Bananas were displayed for the
first time in a London shop window.
23/2/1633, Saturday (-114,019)
Samuel Pepys, diarist, born in
Salisbury Court, Fleet Street, London. He was the son of a tailor.
20/2/1633, Wednesday (-114,022) Nathan Field, English dramatist, died
(born 17/10/1587).
31/1/1633, Thursday (-114,042) (Britain)
Nathaniel Crew, Bishop of Durham, was born (died 18/9/1721).
1633, Trial of Galileo. First bananas in London. Samuel Pepys born.
=====================================================================================
1632, Swedish victory against Bavaria, Thirty Years War.
Christopher Wren born.
31/12/1632, Monday (-114,073)
27/11/1632, Tuesday (-114,107) Sir John Eliot, English politician, died
(born 1592).
24/11/1632, Saturday (-114,110)
Benedict Spinoza, Jewish philosopher, was born in Amsterdam.
16/11/1632, Friday (-114,118)
(Sweden,
Germany)
Gustavus II, King of Sweden from 1611, killed as his army gained victory in the
Battle of Lutzen (Thirty Years War) near Leipzig. He was succeeded by
his 6-year old daughter, Christina; in the interim, Sweden was governed by
Count Axel Oxenstierna.
31/10/1632, Wednesday (-114,134)
Jan Vermeer, Dutch painter, was born in Delft, the son of an art dealer.
24/10/1632, Wednesday (-114,141)
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, naturalist, was born. Inventor of the microscope, he
was the first person to see bacteria.
20/10/1632, Saturday (-114,145)
Christopher Wren, English
astronomer and architect, designer of St Paul�s Cathedral, was born in East
Knoyle, Wiltshire, the son of a dean.
30/9/1632, Sunday (-114,165) (Mathematics)
Thomas Allen, English mathematician, died at Gloucester Hall (born 21/12/1542
at Gloucester Hall).
31/8/1632, Friday (-114,195)
Battle of Alte Veste, Germany.
29/8/1632, Wednesday (-114,197)
John Locke, philosopher, was born.
20/8/1632, Monday (-114,206) (France)
Louis Bourdaloue, French Jesuit, was born in Bourges (died in Paris 13/5/1704).
10/6/1632, Sunday (-114,277) Esprit Flechier, French religious writer,
was born (died 16/2/1710).
15/4/1632, Sunday (-114,333) (Sweden,
Germany)
Battle of Rain, Bavaria. Swedish
forces destroyed the Bavarian army, which had been allied to the Hapsburgs.
1/4/1632, Sunday (-114,347) Easter Sunday.
15/2/1632, Wednesday (-114,393) Dudley Dorchester, English statesman, died
(born 10/3/1573).
29/1/1632, Sunday (-114,410) Johann Graevius, German scholarly writer,
was born (died 11/1/1703).
1632, Swedish victory against Bavaria, Thirty Years War.
Christopher Wren born.
=====================================================================================
1631, Swedish victories in Germany; to make all Baltic a �Swedish
Lake�. North African pirates raided Irish village. World�s first emplopyment
agency set up, in France.
23/12/1631, Friday (-114,447) (Sweden,
Germany)
The Swedes captured Mainz, Germany.
16/12/1631, Friday (-114,454)
Major eruption of Vesuvius killed 18,000 people.
7/11/1631, Monday (-114,493)
Pierre Gassendi observed the transit of Mercury across the Sun.� This was the first observation of a planetary
transit.
4/11/1631, Friday (-114,496)
Mary, daughter of Charles I, was born.
17/9/1631, (-114,544) (Sweden,
Germany)
During the Thirty Years War, a battle
was fought between Gustavus II, King of Sweden (1594-1632) and the Holy Roman
Empire forces under Tilly at Brietenfeld, Germany. (see 4/7/1630).� The Swedes overwhelmingly won. Gustavus II had extended the Kingdom of
Sweden right around the eastern Baltic, turning it into a �Swedish lake�.
Gustavus now began to conquer the wealthy lands of the rivers Main and Rhine.
9/8/1631, Tuesday (-114,583)
John Dryden, poet, was born at Aldwinde in Northampton.
16/7/1631, Saturday (-114,607)
Francis Erroll, Scottish nobleman, died.
15/7/1631, Friday (-114,608)
Jens Juel, Danish statesman, was born.
4/7/1631, Monday (-114,619)
The first employment agency, the
�Bureau d�Adresse� was established in Paris by Theophraste Renaudot. It charged
3 sous to both employers and employees; unless too poor to pay, when the bureau
was free.� In 1639 the Paris police
ordered that all unemployed strangers arriving in Paris must register at the bureau
within 24 hours or be sent to the galleys for vagabondage. Vacancies were
mainly for domestic servants and shop assistants.� See 12/8/1649.
20/6/1631, Monday (-114,633) (Ireland)
Pirates attacked the Irish village of Baltimore, abducting 100 for slavery.
These would be sold in the slave markets of Algiers, the men for galley work,
the women for harems. The village was abandoned afterwards.
25/5/1631, Wednesday (-114,659) Samuel Harsnett, English religious
writer, died (born 5/1561).
23/5/1631, Monday (-114,661) (Britain)
John Buckeridge, Bishop of Ely from 1628, died.
6/5/1631, Friday (-114,678) Sir Robert Cotton, writer, died (born
22/1/1571).
2/5/1631, Monday (-114,682) (Britain)
John Murray, 1st Earl of Atholl, was born (died 6/5/1703).
10/4/1631, Sunday (-114,704)
Easter Sunday.
31/3/1631, Thursday (-114,714) John Donne, English poet, born in London
in 1572, died in London.
16/3/1631, Wednesday (-114,729) Rene le Bossu, French literary critic,
was born in Paris (died 14/3/1680).
28/2/1630, Monday (-114,745)
4/2/1631, Friday (-114,769) Lupercio Argensola, Spanish poet, died in
Saragossa (baptised in Barnastro 14/12/1559).
1631, Swedish victories in Germany; to make all Baltic a �Swedish
Lake�. North African pirates raided Irish village. World�s first emplopyment
agency set up, in France.
=====================================================================================
1630, Jupiter�s markings first observed. Boston, America, founded.
First deaty sentence passed in America. Sweden landed troops in Germany, to
occupy the entire Baltic coast.
31/12/1630, Friday (-114,804)
24/11/1630, Wednesday (-114,841) Etienne Balzuc, French writer, was born
in Tulle (died in Paris 28/7/1718).
15/11/1630, Monday (-114,850)
Johannes Kepler, astronomer, died in Regensburg, Germany.
14/10/1630, Thursday (-114,882)
Sophia, Electress of Hanover, was born.
30/9/1630, Thursday (-114,896)
The first death sentence in America. John Billington was executed for murder in
New Plymouth.
18/9/1630, Saturday (-114,908)
Melchior Klesl, Austrian statesman, died.
17/9/1630. Friday (-114,909) The city of Boston, USA, officially received its name.� It was named after Boston, Lincolnshire, from
where the Puritan leaders of the town had come.
4/7/1630, Sunday (-114,984) (Sweden,
Germany)
During the Thirty Years War, Gustavus Adolphus, Protestant King of Sweden,
landed at Peenemunde with an army of 13,000 men, in an attempt to bring the
entire Baltic under Swedish control.� See
17/9/1631.
12/6/1630, Saturday (-115,006)
The fleet of the Massachusetts Bay Company docked at Salem, with 700 Puritan
colonists on board.
29/5/1630, Saturday (-115,020)
King Charles II was born.
17/5/1630, Monday (-115,032)
The belts of the planet Jupiter were first observed.
29/4/1630, Thursday (-115,050) Theodore
Aubigne, French poet, died in Geneva (born 8/2/1552 in St Maury, Pons).
28/4/1630, Wednesday (-115,051) Charles
Cotton, English poet, was born (died 1687).
17/4/1630, Saturday (-115,062)
28/3/1630, Sunday (-115,082) Easter Sunday.
26/1/1630, Tuesday (-115,143) (Mathematics)
Henry Briggs, mathematician, died.
1630, Jupiter�s markings first observed. Boston, America, founded.
First deaty sentence passed in America. Sweden landed troops in Germany, to occupy
the entire Baltic coast.
====================================================================================
1629, Sweden halted war with Poland, to take on Germany. Charles I
of England dissolved Parliament, to rule absolutely. Edict of Restitution
favoured Catholics in Holy Roman Empire.
31/12/1629, Thursday (-115,169)
2/10/1629, Friday (-115,259) Pierre de Berulle, French statesman, died
(born near Troyes 4/2/1575).
25/9/1629,� Friday (-115,266) (Germany, Poland,
Sweden)
The Treaty of Altmark ended the Polish-Swedish war, for six years. Gustavus of
Sweden was now, summer 1627, to start a campaign in northern Germany.
20/7/1629, Monday (-115,333)
English adventurer Sir David Kirke seized Quebec from the French.
28/6/1629, Sunday (-115,355) (France)
France�s Huguenot civil wars finally ended with
the Peace of Alais.
4/6/1629, Thursday (-115,379)
The VOC (Dutch) ship Batavia ran aground west of Australia.
17/5/1629, Sunday (-115,397)
8/5/1629, Friday (-115,406) Neils Juel, Danish Admiral, was born (died
8/4/1697).
14/4/1629, Tuesday (-115,430) Christiaan Huygens, Dutch astronomer, was
born (died 8/6/1695).
5/4/1629, Sunday (-115,439) Easter Sunday.
10/3/1629, Tuesday (-115,465) King Charles I of England
dissolved Parliament, starting the Eleven Years Tyranny.
9/3/1629, Monday (-115,466) Tsar Alexis I of Russia was
born (died 1676).
6/3/1629, Friday (-115,469)
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, issued the Edict of Restitution.� Under this, all Catholic properties lost to
Protestantism since 1552 were to be restored and only Catholics and Lutherans
(not Calvinists, Hussites, or other groups) were to be allowed to practise
their faith.
4/3/1629, Wednesday (-115,471)
Massachusetts Bay Colony was granted a Royal Charter.
3/1/1629, Saturday (-115,531)
1629, Sweden halted war with Poland, to take on Germany. Charles I
of England dissolved Parliament, to rule absolutely. Edict of Restitution
favoured Catholics in Holy Roman Empire.
==================================================================================
1628, English King Charles I denied funds for naval war against
France by Parliament; decided to rule absolutely.
31/12/1628, Wednesday (-115,534)
28/11/1628, Friday (-115,567) (Britain)
John Felton, assassin of the 1st Duke of Buckingham, was hanged.
28/10/1628, Tuesday
(-115,598) (France)
The siege of La Rochelle ended; the last refuge of the Huguenots in France
fell.
3/9/1628, Wednesday (-115,653)
23/8/1628, Saturday (-115,664)
The Duke of Buckingham, courtier and royal favourite of James I, was
assassinated in Portsmouth.
12/8/1628, Tuesday (-115,675) Gabriel Gerberon, French religious
writer, was born (died 29/3/1711).
10/8/1628, Sunday (-115,677) (Sweden)
The Swedish flagship Vasa sank on her
maiden voyage at Stockholm.
13/6/1628, Friday (-115,735)
13/4/1628, Sunday (-115,796) Easter Sunday
17/3/1628, Monday (-115,823) Francois Girardon, French sculptor, was
born (died 1715).
12/3/1628, Wednesday (-115,828)
John Bull, composer and organist, died.
10/3/1628, Monday (-115,830) (Medical)
Marcello Malpighi was born in Crevalcore, Italy. In 1660 he demonstrated, using
the newly-invented microscope. that the lungs consist of many small air pockets
and a complex system of capillaries.
11/2/1628, Monday (-115, 858)
King Charles I demanded �ship money� of �173,000 to
secure Britain against French invasion.� Ship money could
be levied by The Crown without Parliamentary consent, although it was of
dubious legality.,� However on this
occasion the demands caused serious unrest but
Charles I was determined to rule without parliamentary consent.� See 4/8/1635.
30/1/1628, Wednesday (-115,870) George Villiers, 2nd Duke of
Buckingham was born (died 16/4/1687).
25/1/1628, Friday (-115,875) Shah Jehan was crowned ruler of the Mughal
Empire.
20/1/1628, Sunday (-115,880) Henry,
fourth son of Cromwell, was born.
8/1/1628, Tuesday (-115,892) Francois Luxemburg, Marshal of France,
was born (died 4/1/1695).
1628, English King Charles I denied funds for naval war against
France by Parliament; decided to rule absolutely.
=====================================================================================
1627, Robert Boyle, physicist, born. Jahangir, Mogul Indian
Emperor, died.
31/12/1627, Monday (-115,900)
28/10/1627, Sunday (-115,964)
Jahangir, ruler of the Moghul Empire, died.