Chronography of events from I January 1500 to 31 December 1599
Page last modified 16 February
2023
(-9999) = Day count to end of World War Two in Europe (day zero = Tuesday). Easter Sundays derived from https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm
Dates checked
at 1 January xxxx.
For dates from 1 January 1600 click here
1
January 1600, Tuesday (-126,126)
Scotland adopted 1st January as New Year�s Day.
===================================================================================
10 December 1599, Monday (-126,148) The Assembly of the
Convention of States at Edinburgh.
11 November 1599, Sunday
(-126,177) Prince Octavio Piccolomini, Austrian General, was born in
Florence (died 11 August 1656)
31 October 1599, Wednesday
(-126,188) Denzil Holles, English writer, was born (died 17 February 1680).
20 September 1599, Thursday
(-126,229) Christian of Brunswick, Dutch General, was born (died 16 June 1626).
8 September 1599, Saturday
(-126,241) (Ireland) Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, disobeyed Queen
Elizabeth (see 27 March 1599) by signbing a truce with irish rebel Hugh
O�Neill, rather than defeating him. Devereux was arrested on his return to
England on 28 September. The truce broke down in January 1600, with hostilities
resuming.
14 August 1599, Tuesday
(-126,266) Florence Casaubon, English scholarly writer, was born (died 14
July 1671).
13 August 1599, Monday
(-126,267) (Jewish) Johannes Buxtorf, Hebrew
scholar, was born (died 1664).
10 July 1599, Tuesday
(-126,301)
6 June 1599, Wednesday
(-126,335) Diego Velasquez, Spanish
painter, was born in Seville.
30 May 1599, Wednesday
(-126,342) Samuel Bochart, French scholarly writer, was born in Rouen (died
in Caen 16/.5/1667).
22 May 1599. Tuesday
(-126,350)
25 April 1599. �Wednesday (-126,377)
Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntingdon.
He became Lord Protector of England, Britain�s first and only dictator.
10 April 1599, Tuesday
(-126,392) Gabrielle d�Estrees, mistress of King Henry IV of France, died
(born 1573).
8 April 1599, Sunday (-126,394)
Easter Sunday.
27 March 1599, Tuesday
(-126,406) (Ireland) Queen Elizabeth I appointed Robert Devereux, Earl of
Essex, to the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, to crush the Irish rebels. See 8
September 1599.
22 March 1599, Thursday
(-126,411) Sir Anthony van Dyck, Flemish artist and court
painter to Charles I of England, was born in Antwerp, son of a cloth
manufacturer.
28 February 1599, Wednesday
(-126,433)
31 January 1599, Wednesday
(-126,461)
13 January 1599, Saturday
(-126,479) Edmund Spenser, English poet who wrote The Faerie Queene, died.
==================================================================================
31 December 1598, Sunday
(-126,492)
7 December 1598, Thursday
(-126,516) Gian Lorenzo Bernini, sculptor and architect, was born.
28 November 1598, Tuesday
(-126,525) Hans Nansen, Danish statesman, was born (died 12 November 1667).
11 October 1598, Wednesday
(-126,573) (Biology) Joachim Camerarius,
botanist, died (born 6 November 1534).
18 September 1598, Monday (-126,596) Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese
statesman (born 6 February 1537) died. A feudal lord of peasant origin, he
completed the unification of Japan under Oda Nobunaga. This was accomplished by
the defeat of the feudal barons (daimyo). He instituted a rigid system of class
divisions, having farmers, merchants, monks and warriors living in different
quarters of Japanese towns. In 1592 he attempted to take the Korean Peninsula
from China, but his army was too small for this task. In 1597 he tried again,
also unsuccessfully. He even harboured ambitions of much wider conquests,
including China, the Philippines and India. His death left a power vacuum that
plunged Japan into civil war.
13 September 1598, Wednesday
(-126,601) King Philip II of Spain
died after a reign of over 40 years, aged 71. Spain had acquired great wealth
from its conquest of South America, but had squandered it in a series of wars,
and had suffered the defeat of the Great Armada. He was succeeded by his fourth
wife�s fourth son, Philip III.
14 August 1598, Monday
(-126,631) (Ireland) The English were heavily
defeated at the Battle of Yellow Ford, River Blackwater, County Armagh. In 1597
the English had built a fort on the River Blackwater, 8 km northwest of the
garrison town of Armagh, to support military expeditions into neighbouring
Tyrone, where the Earl of Tyrone had raised a well-trained army against the
English. Soon afterwards, the Earl of Tyrone besieged this fort. The English
attempted a relief operation but became bogged down in the local terrain, and
their gunpowder store exploded. Cut down by cavalry and infantry, the English
retreated to Armagh.
4 August 1598, Friday (-126,641) William Cecil, Baron
Burghley, chief advisor to Queen Elizabeth I, died.
28 June 1598, Wednesday
(-126,678) Abraham Ortelius, cartographer, died aged 72.
2 May 1598, Tuesday
(-126,735) (France, Spain) The
Treaty of Vervins ended the Franco-Spanish War. Spanish troops withdrew from
Picardy.
23 April 1598, Sunday (-126,744) Maarten Tromp, Dutch
Admiral, was born.
16 April 1598, Sunday
(-126,751) Easter Sunday.
13 April 1598. Thursday
(-126,754) Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, giving Huguenots
equal rights with Catholics. See 24 August 1572, and 18 October 1685.
13 March 1598, Monday
(-126,785)
21 February 1598, Tuesday
(-126,805) (Russia)
On the death of Tsar Fyodor, Boris Godunov was elected Tsar.
17 January 1598, Tuesday
(-126,840) Death of Tsar Fyodor I (born 31 May 1557).
16 January 1598, Monday
(-126,841) A legal case over land ownership made reference to a certain
John Derrick who, then aged 59, attested that as a �scholler at the free school
of Guldeforde� he had played �krickett;, which would the� be in the 1550s.
====================================================================================
31 December 1597, Saturday
(-126,857)
23 December 1597, Friday
(-126,865) Martin Opitz von Boberfeld, German poet, was born in Silesia
(died of the plague, 20 August 1639, in Danzig).
29 October 1597, Saturday (-126,920)
25 September 1597, Sunday
(-126,954) (France) King Henry IV of France captured
Amiens from the Spanish.
20 August 1597, Saturday (-126,990) Dutch seafarers brought back
spice cargo from Java, see 2 April 1595 and 20 March 1602.
3 July 1597, Sunday
(-127,038) Sir John Norris, English soldier, died in Munster, Ireland.
20 June 1597, Monday (-127,051) Dutch navigator Willem
Barents who led a team of three to find the North West Passage, and who discovered
Spitsbergen on his last voyage, died at sea.
29 April 1597, Friday
(-127,103)
27 April 1597, Wednesday
(-127,105) Johannes Kepler, astronomer, married widow Barbara Muller.
23 April 1597, Saturday
(-127,109) William Shakespeare�s play The
Merry Wives of Windsor was first performed, with Queen Elizabeth I of
England in the audience.
18 April 1597, Monday
(-127,114)
27 March 1597, Sunday (-127,136)
Easter Sunday.
5 February 1597, Saturday (-127,186) In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi
crucified 26 Christians in Nagasaki, then told all remaining missionaries to
leave the country. When most defied the order, Hideyoshi took no action for
fear of alienating Portuguese traders.
24 January 1597, Monday (-127,198) Battle of Turnhout,
Netherlands. A Spanish force of 4,500 was routed by Maurice with sccarcely any
loss to the Dutch.
1 January 1597, Saturday (-127,221)
====================================================================================
1 December 1596, Wednesday (-127,252)
29 November 1596, Monday (-127,254) Spain admitted that the Royal Treasury was bankrupt, drained by a
series of wars and especially the attempt to invade England. Revolts against
Spanish rule in the Americas were also costly. See 24 March 1603.
25 November 1596, Thursday
(-127,258) (Finland) A Peasant�s evolt broke out in Finland. The peasants
in Finland resented Swedish troops being billeted on them, and took up cudgels
and clubs to fight themn; the so-called Club War. The urprisiing was brutally
repressed.
1 November 1596, Monday (-127,282)
Pierre Pithou, French scholarly writer, died in Nogent sur Seine (born in
Troyes 1 November 1539)
3 October 1596, Sunday
(-127,311) Florent Chrestien, French poet, died (born 26 January 1541).
4 September 1596, Saturday
(-127,340) Sir Constantijn Huygens, Dutch poet, was born (died 28 March 1687).
9 August 1596, Monday
(-127,366)
23 July 1596, Friday
(-127,383) Henry Hunsdon, English soldier, died.
30 June 1596, Wednesday
(-127,496) (Spain) Lord Howard of Effingham and Robert Devereux, Earl of
Essex, led an expedition to sack Cadiz and attack other Spanish coastal cities
23 June 1596, Wednesday
(-127,413) (Sweden) Johan Baner, Swedish
soldier during the Thirty Years War, was born in Djursholm Castle (died in
Halberstadt 10 May 1641).
31 May 1596, Monday
(-127,436) John Lesley, Scottish historical writer, died/
11 April 1596, Sunday
(-127,486) Easter Sunday.
31 March 1596, Wednesday
(-127,497) Rene Descartes, French
philosopher, was born.
24 March 1596, Wednesday
(-127,504) Jean Louis de Nogaret de la Valette, Duke of Epernon, recognised
King Henry IV as legitimate King of France. Now only Brittany and Savoy opposed
Henry.
28 January 1596, Wednesday
(-127,560) Sir Francis Drake died of dysentery and
was buried at sea off Porto Bello, Panama.
13 January 1596, Tuesday
(-127,575) Jan Goyen, Dutch painter, was born (died 1656).
1 January 1596, Thursday
(-127,587)
===================================================================================
4 December 1595, Thursday (-127,615)
Jean Chapelain, French poet, was born (died 22 February 1674).
1 December 1595, Monday
(-127,618) Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, was born (died
2 November 1677).
12 November 1595, Wednesday
(-127,637) Sir John Hawkins, Briotish Admiral, died (born 1532)
30 October 1595, Thursday
(-127,650)
26 October 1595, Sunday
(-127,654) (East Europe, Turkey)
Hungary defeated Ottoman Turkey at Giurgiu, Wallachia (modern-day Romania).
18 October 1595, Saturday
(-127,662) Edward Winslow, Plymouth Colony leader, was born.
3 September 1595, Wednesday
(-127,707)
28 August 1595, Thursday
(-127,713) English adventurers Francis Drake and John Hawkins left
Plymouth, Devon, ona voyage to plunder Spanish assets in the Americas. However
withina� few months both had died of
fever.
9 August 1595, Saturday
(-127,732)
21 July 1595, Monday (-127,751) Alvaro Mendana discovered
the Marquesas Islands.
10 July 1595, Thursday
(-127,762) Charles Drelincourt, French religious writer, was born (died 3
November 1669).
12 June 1595, Thursday
(-127,790) Large numbers of London apporentices protested against rising
food prices by seizing fish and butter from vendors and paying what they
considered a ;fair� price for it. On 14 June 1595 a crowd of over 1,000
gathered outside the Lord Mator;s house�
tore down the pillory in Cheapside. The Crown responded by empowering a
provost-martial to arrest and even execute troublemakers.
9 June 1595, Monday (-127,793) Battle of Fontaine-Francaise;
Huguenot victory.
27 May 1595, Tuesday
(-127,806) Benedikt Carpzov, scholarly writer, was born (died 30 August 1666).
26 May 1595, Monday
(-127,807) (Christian) Philip Neri, Italian churchman, died (born 21/7?1515).
25 May 1595, Sunday (-127,808)
(Germany) German scholar Valens
Acidalius died in Neisse.
6 May 1595, Tuesday
(-127,828) John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, died (born 8 January 1529).
25 April 1595, Friday
(-127,838) Italian poet Torquato Tasso died in Rome.
20
April 1595, Sunday (-127,843) Easter Sunday.
2 April 1595, Wednesday
(-127,861) The Dutch launched an expedition to try and open up a trade route to the
East Indies, or Spice Islands, independent from the Spanish.� Before the Union of Spain and Portugal in
1580/81, the Dutch commanded most of the spice trade between Lisbon and
northern Europe.� After this date, the
Spanish shut the Dutch out from this trade.�
This voyage was marred by losses, but the survivors who reached Texel on
20 August 1597 brought back valuable cargo, plus a treaty with the Sultan of
Bantam, in Java.� See 20 March 1602.
21 March 1595, Friday
(-127,873)
21 February 1595. Friday (-127,901) Robert Southwell, English
poet and Jesuit martyr, was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn.
30 January 1595, Thursday
(-127,923) Shakespeare�s play Romeo
and Juliet was first performed.
24 January 1595, Friday
(-127,929) Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria died.
17 January 1595, Friday
(-127,936) (France) Philip II of Spain offered support to a Spanish
claimant to the French throne. Because of this provocation, Henry IV of France
deckared war on Spain.
1 January 1595, Wednesday
(-127,952)
=====================================================================================
9 December 1594, Monday (-127,975) Gustavus Adolphus, King of
Sweden, was born.
5 December 1594, Thursday
(-127,979) Gerard Mercator,
Flemish geographer and cartographer, died in Duisberg, aged 82. He
projected the world map onto a flat surface using lines of longitude and latitude.
30 November 1594, Saturday
(-127,984) John Cosin, English religious writer, was born (died 15 January 1672).
22 November 1594, Friday (-127,992) English explorer Sir Martin
Frobisher died this day in Plymouth.
16 October 1594, Wednesday
(-128,029) Death in Rome of William Allen, English Roman Catholic Cardinal
who oversaw the Douai-Reims translation of the Bible into English.
3 September 1594, Tuesday
(-128,072)
9 August 1594, Friday
(-128,097)
14 June 1594, Friday
(-128,153) Death in Munich, Bavaria, of Roland de Lassus, Franco-Flemish
composer.
31 May 1594, Friday (-128,167) Tintoretto, his real name
being Jacopo Robusti, one of the great Italian painters, died in Venice, aged
76.
29 May 1594, Wednesday
(-128,169) Gottfried Heinrich Pappenheim, German Field Marshal, was born in
Pappenheim, Bavaria (died 1620).
29 April 1594, Monday
(-128,199) Thomas Cooper, English author, died in Winchester.
31 March 1594, Sunday (-128,228)
Easter Sunday.
22 March 1594, Friday
(-128,237) (France) Henry IV entered Paris.
27 February 1594, Wednesday
(-128,260) Coronation of King Henry IV of France at Chartres.
15 February 1594, Friday
(-128,272) In England, William Harrington was hung drawn and quartered for
being a Catholic priest.
2 February 1594, Saturday (-128,285) Composer Palestrina died in
Rome (born ca. 1525).
31 January 1594, Thursday
(-128,287)
24 January 1594, Thursday
(-128,294) Pierre de Marca, French historical writer, was born (died 29
June 1662).
====================================================================================
30 December 1593, Sunday (-128,319)
14 October 1593, Sunday
(-128,396) Arthur Grey, English statesman, died (born 1536).
25 September 1593, Tuesday
(-128,415) Matthew Merian, Swiss engraver, was born (died 22 June 1650).
3 September 1593, Monday
(-128,437)
9 August 1593, Thursday (-128,462) Author Izaak Walton was born
at Stafford.
25 July 1593, Wednesday
(-128,477) (France) In a shrewd move, King Henry IV of France
declared himself a Catholic, although still at heart a Huguenot sympathiser, in
order to fend off the threat of Catholics attacks upon him and to secure his
rulership of Paris.
8 July 1593, Sunday
(-128,494) Artemisia Gentileschi, painter, was born.
30 May 1593, Wednesday
(-128,533) English playwright Christopher Marlowe was killed in a brawl at
a London tavern, aged 29, in an argument over religion.
29 May 1593, Tuesday
(-128,534) John Penry, Welsh Protestant and suspected author of the Martin
Marprelate Tracts, was executed in England for denying the Royal Supremacy.
20 May 1593, Sunday (-128,543)
Salomo Glassius, religious writer, was born (died 27 July 1656).
24 April 1593, Tuesday
(-128,569) William Harrison, English writer, died (born 18 April 1534).
18 April 1593, Wednesday
(-128,575) Shakespeare�s first
published work, the poem Venus and Adonis, was entered into the Stationer�s
Register.
15
April 1593, Sunday (-128,578) Easter Sunday.
13
April 1593, Friday (-128,580)
Birth in London of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford and advisor to Charles
I.
6
April 1593, Friday (-128,587)
John Greenwood, English religious activist, was hanged.
4 April 1593, Wednesday (-128,588)
Sir Edward Nicholas, English statesman, was born (died 1669).
3 April 1593, Tuesday (-128,590)
George Herbert, English poet, was born (died 1633).
8
February 1593, Thursday (-128,633) A
Chinese and Korean army took Pyongyang from the Japanese.
6
February 1593, Tuesday (-128,646) Jacques
Amyot, French writer, died (born 30 October 1513 in Melun).
31
January 1593, Wednesday (-128, 652)
===================================================================================
3
December 1592, Sunday (-128,711) Alexander
Farnese, Duke of Parma, Governor-General of The Netherlands under King Philip
II of Spain, died (born 27 August 1545).
29
October 1592, Sunday (-128,746)
13
September 1592, Wednesday (-128,792)
Michel de Montaigne, French essayist, died.
3 September 1592, Sunday (-128,802) Robert Greene, dramatist,
died.
28 August 1592, Monday (-128,808)
Birth in Brooksby, Leicestershire, of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and
favoured advisor of James I and Charles I of England.
9 August 1592, Wednesday
(-128,827)
10 July 1592, Monday
(-128,857) Pierre d�Hozier, French writer, was born� (died 1 December 1660).
23 May 1592, Tuesday
(-128,905) (Japan) Hideyoshi started an invasion of
Korea; he failed, and also failed on a subsequent invasion attempt in 1597.
21 May 1592, Sunday (-128,907) Parma escaped Protestant
forces at Coudebec and marched south east to resupply forces at Paris.
17 May 1592, Wednesday
(-128,911) The Duke of Parma
withdrew from besieging Coudebec. His forces had been reduced to 15,000, and
the Dutch Protestants were able to resupply Coudebec by sea, sailing up the
River Seine.
8 May 1592, Monday
(-128,920) Framcis Quarles, English poet, was born in Romford, Essex (died
8 September 1644)
21 April 1592, Friday (-128,937) The Duke of Parma raised the
siege by Protestants of Catholics holding out at Rouen.
27 March 1592, Monday (-128,962) Henry of Navarre,
Protestant, restarted the siege of Catholics holding Rouen.
26 March 1592, Sunday� (-128,963)
Easter Sunday.
24 March 1592, Friday (-128,965) The Duke of Parma, Catholic,
began a siege of Protestants holding the town of Coudebec, on the lower Seine.
5 March 1592, Sunday
(-128,984) Michael Coxcie, Flemish painter, died (born 1499).
29 February 1592, Tuesday (-128,989)
Alessandrio Striggio,composer, died.
15 September 1592, Tuesday
(-129,003) (Ireland) Giovanni Rinuccini, pro-Catholic agitant in Ireland,
was born in Rome (died 5 December 1653)
9 February 1592, Wednesday
(-129,009) Parma attacked
Protestants at Neufchatel.
4 February 1592, Friday (-129,014) Military skirmish at Aumale,
west of Amiens, between Catholics and Huguenot Protestants.
30 January 1592, Sunday
(-129,019) Pope Clement VIII (231st Pope) acceded (formerly Cardinal
Ippolito Aldobrandini) (died 1605).
22 January 1592, Saturday
(-129,027) Pierre Gassendi, French scientific writer, was born (died 24
October 1655).
16 January 1592, Sunday (-129,033) The Catholic Duke of Parma
marched south west from Amiens with 30,000 men.
15 January 1592, Saturday
(-129,034) Queen Elizabeth I of England recalled Robert Devereux, Earl of
Essex, from his command in Rouen, France.
12 January 1592, Wednesday
(-129,037) Titus Andronicus, an early Tragic play by Shakespeare, was first
stages at the Rose Theatre, London
====================================================================================
30 December 1591, Thursday
(-129,050) Pope Innocent IX died.
3 December 1591. Friday (-129,077) The earliest recorded fire insurance policy. 101 persons, mainly
brewers, agreed to pay out a maximum of 10 thalers to any fellow member� whose property was damaged by fire.
29 October 1591, Friday (-129,112) Pope Innocent IX became the
230th Pope.
21 October 1591, Thursday
(-129,120) Dutch forces captured Nijmegen.
16 October 1591, Saturday (-129,125) Pope Gregory XIV died.
25 September 1591, Saturday
(-129,146) 8-year-old Christian II became Elector of Saxony on the death of
his father Christian I. His guardians, John George Elector of Brandenbirg and
the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, crushed the Calvinists and Saxony returned to
Luthernaism.
21 September 1591, Tuesday (-129,150)
French Bishops meeting at Rouen accepted Henry IV as King, despite his
excommunication by Pope Gregory XIV.
16 September 1591, Thursday
(-129,155)
27 August 1591, Friday (-129,175)
23 August 1591, Monday
(-129,179) Luis Ponce de Leon, Spanish poet, died.
4 August 1591, Wednesday
(-129,198) Francois de la Noue, French Huguenot captain, died.
20 June 1591, Sunday
(-129,243) Dutch forces captured Deventer.
24 May 1591, Monday (-129,270) Sir John Norreys, leading an
expeditionary force sent by Queen Elizabeth I, took the town of Guincamp after
a brief siege, to assist the Protestant King Henry of Navarre, in his fight
against Catholics in France.
20 May 1591, Thursday
(-129,274) Dutch forces captured Zutphen.
15 May 1591, Saturday
(-129,279) Dmitri, son of Ivan IV The Terrible and heir of Tsar Fyodor I,
was killed, possibly by agents of Boris Gudonov.
10 April 1591, Saturday
(-129,314) (Britain) Sir James Lancaster,
English coloniser, was born.
4 April 1591, Sunday (-129,320)
Easter Sunday.
13 March 1591, Saturday (-129,342) At the Battle of Tondibi,
Moroccan forces under the Saadi Dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeated the
Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered at least 5 to 1.
1 March 1591, Monday
(-129,354) Pope Gregory XIV excommunicated King Henry IV of france.
20 February 1591, Saturday (-129,363)
8 February 1591, Monday
(-129,375) Painter Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri) was born near
Ferrara, Italy.
16 January 1591, Saturday
(-129,398) Henry King, English poet, was born (died 30 September 1669).
1 January 1591, Friday
(-129,413)
===================================================================================
20 December 1590, Sunday (-129,425) Ambroise Pare, known as the
father of modern surgery, died in Paris.
5 December 1590, Saturday
(-129,440) Pope Gregory XIV (229th Pope), formerly Cardinal Niccolo
Sfomdrato, acceded (died 1591).
29 November 1590, Sunday
(-129,446) Philipp Frischlin, German poet, died (born 22 September 1547).
29 October 1590, Thursday
(-129,477) Dirck Coonhert, Dutch
politician, died (born 1522).
27 September 1590, Sunday
(-129,509) Pope Urban VII died.
20 September 1590, Sunday
(-129,516) Lodovico Agostini,composer, died.
15 September 1590, Tuesday
(-129,521) Pope Urban VII (228th Pope), formerly Cardinal Giambattista
Castagna, acceded, but died 12 days later.
27 August 1590, Thursday
(-129,540) Pope Sixtus V (227th
Pope) died.
17 August 1590, Monday (-129,550) John White, Governor of
Roanoke Island, returned to find the British colony deserted and the first
European child born in America vanished. The word �Croatoan� was left behind. See
18 August 1587.
13 July 1590, Monday
(-129,585) Pope Clement X was born in Rome.
6 June 1590, Saturday (-129,622)
21 May 1590, Thursday
(-129,638) (Turkey) The Ottoman-Safavid Peace Treaty
extended the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the Caucasus and the Caspian.
17 May 1590, Sunday
(-129,642) Coronation of Anne, wife of King James VI of Scotland, at
Holyrood Abbey.
14 May 1590, Thursday
(-129,645) King Henry IV of France defeated the Army of the Catholic League
at Ivry and marched on Paris.
19 April 1590, Sunday
(-129,670) Easter Sunday.
18 April 1590, Saturday
(-129,671) Ahmed I, Ottoman Emperor, was born.
6 April 1590, Monday (-129,683) Sir Francis Walsingham,
diplomat and creator of Elizabeth I�s secret service, died.
18 March 1590, Wednesday
(-129,702) Manuel de Faria y Sousa, Portugiuese poet, was born (died 3 June
1649).
14 March 1590, Saturday (-129,706) Battle of Ivry; Huguenot victory.
8 March 1590, Sunday
(-129,712) Dutch forces under Maurice made a surprise attack on Breda and
captured it from the Spanish.
12 February 1590, Thursday
(-129,736) Francois Hotman, French writer, died (born 23 August 1524).
1 February 1590, Sunday
(-129,747) (Universities)
Lawrence Humphrey, President of Magdalen College Oxford, died.
3 January 1590, Saturday
(-129,776) Robert Boyd, Scottish statesman, died.
===================================================================================
31 December 1589, Wednesday
(-129,779)
29 October 1589, Wednesday
(-129,842)
21 September 1589, Sunday (-129,880) The Battle of Arques, NW France; Huguenot victory.
15 August 1589, Friday
(-129,917) Diego Duque de Estrada, Spanish writer, was born.
1 August 1589, Friday (-129,931) (France) Henry III, King of France,
murdered by a mad Dominican monk. On his deathbed he nominated the
Protestant-sympathising Henry of Navarre as his successor.
1 July 1589, Tuesday
(-129,962) Christopher Plantin,
printer, died.
1 May 1589, Thursday
(-130,023)
26 April 1589, Saturday
(-130,028) (Britain) Andrew Perne, Dean of Ely and Vice Chancellor of
Cambridge University, died).
13 April 1589, Sunday (-130,041)
(Spain) Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norrys sailed form Plymouth with 150
ships and 18,000 men to attack Spain and invade Portugal. They destroyed the
Spanish port of Corunna, but were repulsed at Lisbon. The expedition was a failure.
30 March 1589, Sunday (-130,055)
Easter Sunday.
28 February 1589, Friday (-130,085)
5 January 1589, Sunday (-130,139) Catherine di Medici, Italian
wife of King Henry II of France, died.
====================================================================================
23 December 1588, Monday
(-130,152) (France) Henry of Lorraine, 3rd Duke of Guise,
(born 31 December 1550) was murdered, for being too presumptive and acting as
the �effective King of France�.
5 November 1588, Tuesday
(-130,200) The St Juan de Sicilia,
a ship of the Spanish Armada that had taken refuge off the coast of Tobermory
(see 23 September 1588) blew up. An English agent, John Smollett, had detonated
the ship�s poweder store, although at one time the Irish or an accident was
blamed. The English wanted to avoid a detachment of several hundred Spanish
soldiers landing in neutral Scotland. Smollett, acting as double agent,
ingratiated himself with the Spanish, supplying them with new sails. Secrecy was
important as although Scotland was neutral, relations with England were tense
after the execution of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587. Most of the Spanish were at
the time helping the islanders of Tobermory besiege a castle on the mainland;
those still on board were killed, and their supplies and ammunition were now
destroyed.
1 November 1588, Friday
(-130,204) Jean Dorat, French poet, died (born 1508).
18 October 1588, Friday (-130,218) The Polish postal service was created, when King Zygmunt August
established a permanent postal route from Krakow to Venice.
23 September 1588, Monday (-130,243)
A Spanish ship, the St Juan de Sicilia,
was spotted off Tobermory, Scotland.
15 September 1588, Sunday (-130,251) The remnants of the Spanish
Armada limped back into Spanish ports.
10/ September 1588, Tuesday
(-130,256) Nicholas Lanier, composer, was born.
8 September 1588, Sunday
(-130,258) Marin Mersenne, French mathematicianwas born (died 1 September 1648).
4 September 1588. Wednesday
(-130,262) The death of Queen Elizabeth�s favourite, Robert
Dudley, Earl of Leicester.
8 August 1588, Thursday
(-130,289) Queen Elizabeth I
reviewed her troops at Tilbury.
2 August 1588, Friday
(-130,295) The Spanish Armada passed the Firth of Forth, sailing around
Scotland. The English left off the pursuit and returned home.
29 July 1588. Monday (-130,299) The Spanish
Armada under Medina Sidonia was defeated. (See 19 May 1588). On the
night of the 28 July the English sent fireships
amongst the 130 ships of the Armada sent by Philip II to invade England, as
they were anchored off Calais. This caused panic amongst the Spanish, who cut
anchor, one ship running aground. By now the Spanish had lost several of their
best ships and, whilst maintaining good order, were demoralised. The Spanish sent
a signal to Parma to put his ships to sea from Dunkirk but he could not as he
was closely blockaded by the British. On 29 July the English decimated the
Spanish with broadside fire, preventing the Spanish closing and boarding, which
would have been their only chance of success. The Spanish soldiers were
outgunned and had inferior seamanship to the English sailors. The Spanish were
nearly driven aground off The Netherlands on 30 July but a sudden change of
wind saved them, with only 6 fathoms below them, and they were able to sail
northwest into the North Sea. The English, running low on food and ammunition,
followed them as far as the Firth of Forth, then returned south, satisfied that
the Spanish would not return via the Straits of Dover. The Armada, short of
both food and fresh water, encountered further problems with strong westerly
winds as they attempted to sail around the north of Scotland and south to
Spain. Many ships were wrecked at open sea or off the coasts of Scotland and
Ireland. Only half the ships that left Spain returned home; death and sickness
took a great toll of the crews. The failure of the Armada checked the naval
growth of Spain and assisted the Netherlands to gain independence. Two
further Armadas prepared by Spain, in 1596 and 1597, were disrupted by bad
weather.
26 July 1588, Friday
(-130,302) The Spanish Armada anchored off Calais, unable to fight further
without new supplies of ammunition. Medina Sidonia requested Parma to come to
his assistance, but Parma was unable to leave Bruges because of a blockade by
the Dutch fleet under Justinian of Nassau. Meanwhile Howard did not risk coming
close enough to the Spanish ships to do serious damage as that would put his
own ships at risk of boarding by Spanish soldiers.
25 July 1588, Thursday
(-130,303) The Spanish Armada and the English navy engaged off the Isle of
Wight. There were fears that the Spanish planned to seize the island as a base.
23 July 1588, Tuesday
(-130,305) Second engagement between the Spanish and English, off the Isle of
Portland.
21 July 1588, Sunday
(-130,307) The English fleet first engaged with the Spanish Armada near
Eddystone Rocks, south of Plymouth.
20 July 1588, Saturday
(-130,308) Lord Howard of Effingham, Commander in Chief of the Fleet, saild
from Plymouth to engage the Armada.
19 July 1588, Friday
(-130,309) English scout ships first spotted the Armada off Lizard Head.
16 July 1588, Tuesday
(-130,312)
12 July 1588, Friday
(-130,316) The Spanish Armada left Corunna, where it had put in to take
refuge from a storm and make some repairs on vessels that had proved
unseaworthy.
11 July 1588, Thursday
(-130,317) King Henry III of France agreed to the demands of the Duke of
Guise. Toleration of the Huguenots ended, and the claim of the Protestant heir
to the French throne, Henry of Navarre, was set aside oin favour of the
Catholic Cardinal Charles de Bourbon. Guise became Lieutenant-General of
France.
18 June 1588, Tuesday
(-130,340) Robert Crowley, English religious writer, died.
28 May 1588. Tuesday
(-130,361) The Spanish Armada set sail from
Lisbon. The Armada
consisted of 130 vessels, containing 7,000 sailors and 17,000 soldiers,
commended by the Duke of Medina, sent by King Philip II. It arrived off the
Lizard, Cornwall, on 19 July 1588, and off Plymouth on 20 July 1588. The
English Navy was only just able to get out to sea and avoid being blockaded in
Plymouth harbour. On 23 July the English and Spanish fleets clashed off
Portland, and again on 25 July off the Isle of Wight. The defeat of the Armada
was on 29 July, see 29 July 1588.
13 May 1588, Monday
(-130,376) King Henry III of France fled Paris for Chartres.
12 May 1588, Sunday
(-130,377) Day of the Barricades in Paris; popular uprising against King
Henry III.
23 April 1588, Tuesday
(-130,396)
20 April 1588, Saturday
(-130,399) (Germany) Johann Bugenhagen,
German Protestant reformer, died (born 24 June 1485).
19 April 1588, Friday
(-130,400) Paolo Veronese, Italian painter, died.
7 April 1588, Sunday
(-130,412) Easter Sunday
5 April 1588, Friday (-130,414) Thomas Hobbes, philosopher,
was born.
4 April 1588, Thursday
(-130,415) Frederick II, King of
Denmark, died, aged 53. He was succeeded by his 10-year old son, Christian IV
(1577-1648)
12 January 1588, Friday
(-130,498) Guiseppe Ribera, Spanish painter, was born near Valencia (died
1656 in Naples)
8 January 1588, Monday
(-130,502) Ivan Gundulich, Serbian poet, was born (died 8 December 1638).
===================================================================================
31 December 1587, Sunday
(-130,510)
28 October 1587, Saturday
(-130,574) (France) Non-French Protestants coming to help
the Huguenots free King Henry III from the influence of the Catholics were
defeated by Guise at Montargis. Henry III was now compelled to sign the �Edict
of Union�, nominating the Cardinal of Bourbon as his successor.
20 October 1587, Friday (-130,582) (France)
Battle of Coutras; Huguenot victory. However see 28 October 1587.
17 October 1587, Tuesday
(-130,585) Nathan Field, English dramatist, was born (died 20 February 1633).
18 September 1587, Monday
(-130,614) Poland elected the Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa (1566 � 1632)
as their King.
13 September 1587, Wednesday
(-130,619) Jacques Godefroy, legal writer, was born (died 23 June 1652).
18 August 1587, Friday (-130,645) Virginia Dare became the
first child born of English parents in America. She was born on Roanoke Island,
North Carolina, seven days after Sir
Walter Raleigh�s second expedition landed. The parents were called
Ananias and Ellinor Dare, and named the child Virginia in honour of the virgin
Queen of England and the fledgling colony. See17 August 1590.
6 August 1587, Sunday
(-130,657) The Earl of Leicester, who had been leading English forces
helping the Dutch to resist the Spanish, returned to England after failing to
prevent Spanish forces capturing the port of Sluis.
25 July 1587. Tuesday
(-130,669) (1)
The Japanese Emperor Hideyoshi banned Christianity, and ordered the Jesuits to
leave within 20 days. The Jesuits were accused of selling the Japanese as
slaves.
(2) The Spanish Armada and the English navy engaged off
the Isle of Wight. There were fears that the Spanish planned to seize the
island as a base.
21
June 1587, Wednesday (-130,703)
Kaspar von Barth, German writer, was born (died 1658).
25 May 1587, Thursday
(-130,730)
19 April 1587, Wednesday
(-130,766) Sir Francis Drake led his convoy of ships into Cadiz, where the Spanish Armada was being prepared to attack England, and, taking
the Spanish completely by surprise, looted, burnt, and sank many ships.
He also looted the harbour stores and managed to escape with no casualties.
This adventure became known as �the singeing
of the King of Spain�s beard�. Sir Francis Drake also brought back 2,900
barrels of �sack�, a wine made in the Jerez region of Spain, so named from the
Spanish word �sacar�, meaning �to take out, or export�. This was the forerunner
of today�s sherry drink. Sack had been popular abroad since a Spanish law
passed in 1492 exempting wine made for export from taxes; it was a robust wine
that did not go off easily.
18 April 1587, Tuesday
(-130,767) John Foxe, preacher and author, died.
16 April 1587, Sunday
(-130,769) Easter Sunday.
16 March 1587, Thursday
(-130,800)
8
February 1587. Wednesday (-130,836) Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded in
the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, after nearly 19 years
in prison. She had been implicated in a Catholic plot to overthrow
her cousin Queen Elizabeth I.
The leader of the plot, Anthony Babington,
had planned to free Mary, and rally support amongst English Roman Catholics for a Spanish invasion
force. Mary married the French Dauphin in her teens and was Queen of France for
a year until he died. Her second marriage was to Lord Darnley. After Darnley�s
murder, in which Mary may have been implicated, she married the Earl of
Bothwell. Mary was defeated in battle in Scotland and fled to England, but her
cousin Elizabeth I had her imprisoned. Elizabeth had been reluctant to execute
Mary, because this might bring reprisals from Catholic Europe, and might
legitimate her own execution at some future point; however Francis Walsingham
persuaded Elizabeth to order the execution.
2
February 1587, Thursday (-130,842) (France)
Francois des Adrets, French Protestant leader, died.
1
January 1587, Sunday (-130,874)
====================================================================================
31
December 1586, Saturday (-130,875)
12
December 1586, Monday (-130,894)
Stephen Bathory of Poland died suddenly, aged 53. He was succeeded by the
12-year old son of the Swedish King� as
Sigismund II.
22
November 1586, Tuesday (-130,914)
17
October 1586, Monday, (-130,950) Philip Sydney, writer, died.
11
October 1586, Tuesday (-130,956) Mary Queen of Scots was sentenced to
death for her part in the Babington Plot.
22 September 1586, Thursday (-130,975) The Battle of Zutphen. British and Dutch forces defeated by the
Spanish.
20 September 1586, Tuesday (-130,977) Chidiock Tichborne, one of
the conspirators in the Catholic Babington Plot to murder Queen Elizabeth I,
was executed at the Tower of London.
28 August 1586, Sunday (-131,000)
28 July 1586, Thursday (-131,031)
The first potatoes
arrived in Britain, brought from Colombia by Sir Thomas Harriott.
They were to be used to feed livestock.
21 July 1586, Thursday (-131,038) English navigator Thomas Cavendish left
Plymouth on his west to east voyage around the world.
17 July 1586, Sunday (-131,042) Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State
under Queen Elizabeth I, uncovered the Babington Plot to murder the Queen.
26 May 1586, Thursday (-131,094)
17 April 1586, Sunday (-131,133) John Ford, English dramatist, was born.
8 April 1586, Friday (-131,142) Martin Chemnitz, German religious writer, died
(born 9 November 1522).
3 April 1586, Sunday (-131,147) Easter Sunday.
20 March 1586, Sunday (-133,161) Sir Richard Maitland, Scottish poet, died.
4 February 1586, Friday (-133,205) (Britain) Robert Dudley, Earl of
Leicester, accepted the title of Governor and Captain-Gneeral of The
Netehrlands. However Queen Elizabeth I forced him to resign ths honour.
21 January 1586, Friday (-131,219) (Germany)
Augustus I, Elector of Saxony, died in Dresden (born 31 July 1526 in Freiberg).
1 January 1586, Saturday (-131,239)
====================================================================================
27 December 1585, Monday (-131,244) Pierre de Ronsard, French poet, died near
Tours, France.
13 December 1585, Monday (-131,258) William Drummond, Scottish poet, was born
(died 4 December 1649).
4 December 1585, Saturday (-131,267) John Cotton, religious writer, was born
(died 23 December 1652).
23 November 1585, Tuesday (-131,278) Thomas Tallis, English church music
composer, died.
28 October 1585, Thursday (-131,304) (Christian)
Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of� Ypres, was
born (died 6 May 1638).
17 September 1585, Friday (-131,345) Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss religious writer
and reformer, died (born 18 July 1504).
9 September 1585, Thursday (-131,353)
Cardinal Richelieu French
politician and chief minister of King Louis XIII from 1624, who was ruthless at
crushing all opposition to the monarchy, was born near Chinon.
17 August 1585, Tuesday (-131,376) The city of Antwerp, besieged by the
Spanish for 13 months, surrendered to them.
10 August 1585, Tuesday
(-131,383) Elizabeth I of
England signed the Treaty of Nonsuch, promising 64,000 foot soldiers, 1,000
cavalry, and 600,000 florins a year to support Protestant rebels in The
Netherlands against Spain. Although Elizabeth disliked involvement in foreign European wars, the
Spanish presence in The Netherlands was too close to England to ignore. King
Philip II of Spain, who had laid siege to Antwerp in 1584, saw this Treaty as a
declaration of war.
28 July 1585, Wednesday (-131,396)
7 July 1585, Wednesday (-131,417)
King Henry III of France bowed to Catholic pressure and revoked the tolerance
allowed to Hugenots.
25 May 1585, Tuesday (-131,460)
11 April 1585, Sunday� (-131,504)
Easter Sunday.
10 April 1585, Saturday (-131,505)
Pope Gregory XIII died.
5 March 1585, Friday (-131,541) John George I, Elector of Saxony, was born
(died 8 October 1656)
1 January 1585, Friday (-131,604) �
===================================================================================
31 December 1584, Thursday (-131,605)
23 November 1584, Monday (-131,643) (Jesuits) The English Parliament passed
legislation to expel all Jesuits within 40 days.
16 October 1584, Friday (-131,681) John Feckenham, English ecclesiastic,
died.
17 September 1584, Thursday (-131,710) John Finch, English Judge, was born
(died 27 November 1660).
11 September 1584, Friday (-131,716) Thomas Erpenius, Dutch writer on the
Orient, was born (died 13 November 1624).
8 August 1584, Saturday (-131,750) General Toyotomi Hideyoshi� moved into Osaka �Castle.
12 July 1584, Sunday (-131,777) William
the Silent, Prince of Orange, was assassinated, shot by a fanatical Catholic,
Balthazar Gerard (see 15 March 1581). His youngest son, Maurice of Nassau, was
elected stadtholder of Zeeland and Holland in his place, subsequently also of
Utrecht, Overyssel and Gelderland also. Maurice became Commander of the
Netherlands Army and succeeded in driving the Spanish entirely out of the
United Provinces (Netherlands). A 12-year truce with Spain was concluded in
1609, whereby Spain acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces.
However in 1621 Spain again attempted to reassert control over the United
Provinces, only to be evicted later on.
10 July 1584, Friday (-131,779) In England the Catholic conspirator
Francis Throckmorton was executed.
17 June 1584, Wednesday (-131,802) The Catholic States of the Holy Roman
Empire, also the Catholic cantons of Switzerland, adopted the Gregorian
Calendar.
10 June 1584, Wednesday (-131,809) (France)
The Duke of Anjou died, and French Huguenot-Catholic tensions heightened.
Catholics were
alarmed that on the death of King Henry III of France, the Crown would pass to
Henry of Navarre, who was sympathetic to the Protestant cause.
12 May 1584, Tuesday (-131,838)
19 April 1584, Sunday (-131,861) Easter Sunday. John Hales, English writer,
was born (died 19 May 1656).
29 March 1584, Sunday (-131,882) Fairfax of Cameron, British Parliamentary
General, was born (died 14 March `1648).
18 March 1584. Wednesday (-131,893)
Czar
Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, died aged 54, whilst about to play a game of chess. He may
have died of grief for his son, whom he had killed in a mad fit of rage three
years previously.
1 January 1584, Wednesday (-131,970)
===================================================================================
31 December 1583, Tuesday (-131,971) Thomas Erastus, religious writer, died (born
7 September 1524).
25 December 1583, Wednesday (-131,977) Orlando Gibbons, English composer, was
born in Oxford.
29 October 1583, Tuesday (-132,034)
9 September 1583, Monday (-132,084)
Sir Humphrey Gilbert (see 5 August 1583) was drowned when his ship, The Squirrel,
sank off The Azores drowning all on board.
21 August 1583, Wednesday (-132,103) Denys Peteau, Jesuit scholarly writer,
was born in Orleans, France (died 11 December 1652 in Paris).
5 August 1583. Monday (-132,119)
Sir Humphrey Gilbert landed on Newfoundland
and claimed it for Britain.� He founded
the colony of St Johns there.
8 July 1583, Monday (-132,147) Fernao Mendes Pinto, Portuguese
aedventurer, died (born 1509)
6 July 1583, Saturday (-132,149) Edmund Grindal, English Archbishop, died.
18 June 1583. Tuesday
(-132,167) The first life insurance policy was sold
in London. William Gibbons took out a policy whereby his relatives would be
paid �383 if he died within 12 months of the policy date; the policy was
underwritten by 16 individuals. Gibbons did indeed die in May 1584, and Richard
Martin then disputed the policy and refused to pay out. The courts decided he
had to pay. Many more such life policies were issued but it was not until 1923
that the Life Insurance Companies Act was passed.
11 June 1583, Tuesday
(-132,174) Sir Humphrey Gilbert
sailed from Plymouth, with the approval of Queen Elizabeth I, to found a
British colony in America.
10 April 1583, Wednesday
(-132,236) Hugo Grotius (De Groot),
jurist, was born (died 29 August 1645).
31 March 1583, Sunday
(-132,246) Easter Sunday.
17 March 1583, Sunday
(-132,260) The Duke of Anjou attempted to gain more power in the United
Provinces, by a surprise attack on Antwerp, but was successfully resisted by
the citizenry. This was the �French Fury�.
3 March 1583, Sunday
(-132,274) Birth of English poet Baron Herbert of Cherbury, in Eyton on
Severn, Shropshire.
18 February 1583, Monday
(-132,287) Antonio Grazzini, Italian author, died (born 22 March 1503).
26 January 1583, Saturday
(-132,310) John Herries, Scottish politician, died.
1 January 1583, Tuesday
(-132,335) (Christian) Simon Episcopius,
Dutch theologian, was born (died 1643)
===================================================================================
11 December 1582, Tuesday
(-132,337) In Portugal, Spanish military leader Fernando Alvarez de Toledo
died.
9 December 1582, Sunday (-132,358) France adopted the Gregorian
calendar; the day after 9 December 1582 was 20 December 1582.
27 November 1582, Tuesday �(-132,370)
William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18.
17 October 1582, Wednesday
(-132,411) Johann Gerhard, religious writer,k was born (died 20 August 1637).
5 October 1582. Friday (-132,423) (see also 3
September 1752 when Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar). Pope Gregory
XIII cancelled 10 days from the 5th to the 15th October
1582 to bring back the Spring Equinox to the 21st March and ensure
that Easter fell on the proper date. Under the old Julian calendar, established
in 46 BC, the calendar gained a whole day every 128 years. The new system cut
out three leap years every 400 years to maintain accuracy.
28 September 1582, Friday
(-132,430) George Buchanan, Scottish scholarly writer, died.
10 August 1582. Friday (-132,479) After 25 years of conflict,
Russia made peace with Poland and gave up its claim on the Baltic state of
Livonia.
21 June 1582, Thursday
(-132,529) General Toyotomi Hideyoshi�
became leader following the ritual suicide of Oda Nobunaga. Although
born a peasant, within a decade Hideyoshi�
managed to unify Japan. He disarmed all non-Samurai, to prevent another
rebellion against him, and reformed the tax system and land holdings to create
a stable tax base.
15
April 1582, Sunday (-132,596) Easter Sunday.
8
April 1582, Sunday (-132,603) (Hungary) Miklos Esterhazy was born (died 11
September 1645)
18
March 1852, Sunday (-132,624) (Netherlands) A youth named Jean Jaureguy
attempted tassassinate the Duke of Anjou. He fired a bullet which badly wounded
him but was not fatal.
15
March 1582, Thursday (-132,627)
Daniel Featley, English religious writer, was born (died 17 April 1645).
24 February 1582, Saturday (-132,646) Pope Gregory XIII
announced a change from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar,
entailing a forward move of 11 days, see 5 October 1582.
28 January 1582, Sunday
(-123,673) John Barclay, Scottish poet, was born (died in Rome 15 August 1621).
15 January 1582, Monday
(-123,686) (Russia, Poland,
Sweden) Ivan IV, The Terrible, of Russia ceded,
at the Peace of Zapoli, Livonia and Polotsk to Stephen Bathory of Poland. He
also ceded this day, by the Trucve of Ilyusa, Ingria to Sweden. Muscovy lost
the Baltic seaboard for over a century.
1 January 1582, Monday
(-132,700)
=====================================================================================
1 December 1581. Friday (-132,731) Jesuit martyr Edmund Campion
was hanged at Tyburn, for distributing an anti-Anglican pamphlet in Oxford.
7 November 1581, Tuesday
(-132,755) Richard Davies, Welsh religious writer, died.
21 October 1581, Saturday
(-132,772) Il Domenichino, Italian painter (died 15 April 1641 in Naples)
was born in Bologna, Italy.
30 September 1581, Saturday
(-132,793) Hubert Languet, French Huguenot historical writer, died.
26 September 1581, Tuesday
(-132,797)
1 September 1581, Friday
(-132,822) Yermak Timofeyevich, the Cossack leader of a band of thieves who
plundered the Russian countryside, and who was wanted by the Russian military
for murder, fled up the Volga River where he was hired by the Stroganov
Merchants to protect theor interests in western Siberia from the Tartars. This
day he set out across the Urals, reaching the Tartar Khanate of Sibir by Spring
1582. With superior armaments, guns and cannons against the bows and arrows of
a larger Tartar army, Timofeveyich captured the Tartar capital of Kashlyk
(Sibir). Czar Ivan IV �The Terrible� now pardoned Timofeyevich, however a band
of tartars managed to kill him in 1584.
26 July 1581. Wednesday (-132,859) (see 8 November 1576). The Estates General (Parliament) of The Hague
deposed Philip II of Spain as the ruler of the Seven Provinces of the Union of
Utrecht; effectively declaring UDI against Spain.
24 July 1581, Monday (-132,861) William
of Orange agreed to become Count of the provinces of Holland and Zeeland (see
23 January 1581).
22 July 1581, Saturday (-132,863) (Britain) Richard Cox, Dean of Westminster and
Bishop of Ely, died.
17 July 1581, Monday
(-132,868) English Jesuit priest Edmund Campion was arrested in Lyford,
Berkshire, for treason.
2 June 1581, Friday
(-132,913) James Douglas 4th Earl of Morton, Scottish statesman,
was executed.
26 May 1581, Friday (-132,920)
24 April 1581, Monday
(-132,852) (Christian) St Vincent de Paul, founder of the Congregation of
the Mission, was born in France.
4 April 1581. Tuesday (-132,972) Queen Elizabeth I
knighted Francis Drake on his
ship The Golden Hind at Deptford, London, after he completed his
circumnavigation of the world. See 26 September 1580. En route,
Drake had captured and plundered several Spanish galleons; Spain demanded that
Elizabeth I hang Drake for piracy, but Drake was a hero in England.
26 March 1581, Sunday� (-132,981)
Easter Sunday.
16 March 1581, Thursday
(-132,991) Pieter Hooft, Dutch writer, was born (died 21 May 1647).
15 March 1581, Wednesday
(-132,992) Philip II of Spain
declared William of Orange a traitor (the�Ban�) and a reward was offered to
anyne who would assassinate him.
23 January 1581, Monday
(-132,043) To gain an ally in order to withstand the power of Philip II of
Spain, sovereignty of the Northern Provinces was offered to the Duke of Anjou,
thereby gaining the support of France. However the Duke of Anjou was a
Catholic, which initially raised suspicions of betrayal amongst some citizens
of the Northern Provinces. William of Orange mainiained that the instal;lation
of the Duke of Anjou was a necessity and persisted with this policy.
16 January 1581, Monday
(-132,050) The English Parliament declared Catholicism illegal.
1 January 1581, Sunday
(-132,065)
==================================================================================
31 December 1580, Saturday
(-133,066)
1 December 1580, Thursday
(-133,096) (Italy) Giovanni Morone, Italian Cardinal, died )born 25 January
1509).
21 November 1580, Monday (-133,106)
12 October 1580, Wednesday
(-133,046) Hortensio Felix Paravicino y Artega, Spanish poet, was born in
Madrid (died 12 December 1633 in Madrid).
26 September 1580, Monday (-133,162) �Sir Francis Drake arrived back in Plymouth in the
100 ton Golden Hind (originally The Pelican) after 33 months, the
first Englishman to circumnavigate the world. See 13 December 1577
and 4 April 1581.
30 August 1580, Tuesday
(-133,189) Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, died (born 8.7.1528).
25 August 1580, Thursday
(-133,194) Spanish forces defeated the Portuguese at Alcantara and occupied
Lisbon. Porto fell in October 1580. The conquest of Portugal by Spain doubled
Spain�s overseas possessions.
14 July 1580, Thursday
(-133,236) Theodore Godefroy, French writer, was born (died 1649)
25 June 1580, Saturday (-133,255) (Christian) Publication of the
Lutheran Book of Concord. This set
out the essential foundations of the Lutheran faith.
10 June 1580, Friday
(-123,246) Luis de Camoes, famous Portuguese poet, died.
9 June 1580, Thursday
(-123,247) Daniel Heinsius, scholarly writer, was born (died 25 February 1655).
18 April 1580, Monday
(-133,323) Thomas Middleton, dramatist, was born.
6 April 1580, Wednesday (-133,335) An earth tremor damaged
several old London churches, including the old St Paul�s Cathedral.
3 April 1580, Sunday
(-133,338) Easter Sunday.
31 January 1580, Sunday
(-133,401) King Henry I of Portugal died (born 1512), causing a succession
crisis.
1 January 1580, Friday
(-133,431)
===================================================================================
21 December 1579, Monday
(-133,442) Vicente Joanes, Spanish painter, died (born 1506).
21 November 1579, Saturday (-133,472) Sir Thomas Gresham, who
founded the Royal Exchange, died.
1 August 1579, Saturday (-133,584)
Luis Guevara, Spanish novelist, was born (died 10 November 1644).
17 July 1579, Friday
(-133,599)
17 June 1579. Wednesday (-133,629) Sir Francis Drake anchored the Golden Hind just north of what was
to become San Francisco Bay; he named the area New Albion, claiming it for
Britain.
19 May 1579, Tuesday
(-133,658) Treaty of the
Malcontents, between Catholic nobles in The Netherlands and the Prince of
Parma.
19 April 1579, Sunday (-133,688) Easter Sunday.
19 March 1579, Thursday
(-133,719)
29 January 1579, Thursday
(-133,768) (Netherlands) Under the Treaty of Utrecht,
the Northern Provinces were united to form what is now The Netherlands. This
was largely due to the efforts of John of Nassau.
6 January 1579, Tuesday
(-133,791) Union of Arras.
The southern Netherlands principalities of Artois, Hainault and Douai signed a
Union in opposition to the northern Netherlands, with the intention of
returning to the Catholic rule of Philip II of Spain. Later in January 1579
the northern Netherlands provinces, opposed to Catholic Spain, formed the Union
of Utrecht.
1 January 1579, Thursday
(-133,796)
====================================================================================
31 December 1578, Wednesday
(-133,797)
6 November 1578, Thursday
(-133,852)
1 October 1578, Wednesday
(-133,888) Don John of Austria died (born 24 February 1545).
6 September 1578, Saturday (-133,913)
5 August 1579, Tuesday
(-133,945) Stanislaus Hosius, Polish Cardinal, died (born 5 May 1504).
4 August 1578, Monday (-133,946) Sebastian, King of Portugal,
was killed in the Battle of Al Kasr al
Kebir in Morocco, where Portuguese forces were annihilated by a larger
Muslim army. 7,000 Portuguese soldiers were killed and a further 8,000 were
taken prisoner. The Portuguese throne was left without an her, enabling Philip
II of Spain to claim it in 1580.
9 July 1578, Wednesday
(-133,972) Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, was born (died 15 February 1637).
4 June 1578, Wednesday
(-134,007)
16 May 1578, Friday
(-134,026) Sir Everard Digby, Gunpowder Plot conspirator, was born
(executed 31 January 1606).
14 April 1578, Monday (-134,058) Philip III, King of Spain,
was born.
1 April 1578, Tuesday (-134,071) William Harvey, British anatomist who discovered the circulation of the
blood, was born at Folkestone.
31 March 1578, Monday
(-134,072) Juan de Escovedo, Spanish politician, was killed.
30 March 1578, Sunday (-134,073)
Easter Sunday
7 March 1578, Friday
(-134,096) Margaret Lennox, grand-daughter of King henry VII of England,
died (born 8 October 1515).
5 February 1578, Wednesday
(-134,126) Giambattista Moron, Italian portratit painter, died.
31 January 1578, Friday (-134,131) Battle of Gemblours. Farnese attacked and defeated a Dutch force.
13 January 1578,�
Monday (-134,149)
1 January 1578, Wednesday
(-134,161)
=====================================================================================
31 December 1577, Tuesday
(-134,162)
13 December 1577. Friday (-134,180) Sir Francis Drake left Plymouth on
his voyage round the world. See 26 September 1580.
10 November 1577, Sunday
(-134,213) Jacob Cats, Dutch poet, was born (died 12 September 1660).
13 October 1577, Sunday (-134,241)
23 September 1577, Monday
(-134,261) William of Orange entered Brussels, and the States-General
deposed Don John of Austria and elected him as Governor, in defiance of the
Habsburg supporters. These then appointed a rival Governor, Archduke Matthias,
brother of Emperor Rudolph II.
17 September 1577, Tuesday
(-134,267) The Peace of Bergerac was
signed between King Henry III of France and the Hugenots.
13 August 1577, Tuesday (-134,302)
28 June 1577, Friday (-134,348) Peter Van Rubens, Flemish
painter, was born in Siegen, Westphalia, the son of a lawyer.
7 April 1577, Sunday (-134,430)
Easter Sunday.
1 April 1577, Monday
(-134,436)
1 March 1577, Friday (-134,467)
24 February 1577, Sunday
(-134,472) Former Swedish King Eric XIV died at Orbyhus prison, allegedly
poisoned by the prison Governor, Johan Henriksen.
7 January 1577, Monday
(-134,520) Ferdinand, Elector of Cologne, was born (died 13 September 1650).
3 January 1577, Thursday
(-134,524) King Henry III of France reneged on the Peace of Monsieur, and the
Sixth war of Religion began.
1 January 1577, Tuesday
(-134,526)
=====================================================================================
13 December 1576, Thursday
(-134,545)
4 December 1576, Tuesday
(-134,554) George Joachim, German mathematician, died in Hungary (born 15
February 1514 in Tirol)
8 November 1576. Thursday (-134,580) Spanish soldiers rampaged
through Antwerp, killing some 7,000 people, and looting, in response to a rebellion against
the tax imposed by the Spanish governor, the Duke of Alba. This caused a brutal
repression, in 1572, against this rebellion, and some Spanish soldiers
mutinied; some soldiers had also not been paid. Now leaders of the Catholic and Protestant Hapsburg Netherlands agreed
to sink their differences and unite against the Spanish. See 26 July 1581.
12 October 1576, Friday (-134,607) Holy Roman Emperor
Maximillian II died, aged 49. He was succeeded by his son Rudolf.
21 September 1576, Friday
(-134,628) Girolamo Cardan, Italian physician, died (born 24 September 1501)..
27 August 1576. Monday (-134,653) Titian
(Tiziano Vecelli) died, of bubonic plague, in Venice. His age was uncertain,
but was believed to be over 90.
11 August 1576, Saturday (-134.669) Martin Frobisher entered
�Frobisher Strait�, Baffin Island. Now known as Frobisher Bay, the long inlet
was then thought to be a strait separating two islands.
8 August 1576, Wednesday
(-134,672) The first purpose-built
observatory was constructed in Denmark.
22 June 1576, Friday (-134,719) Queen Elizabeth�s Prayer
Book was issued.
6 June 1576, Wednesday
(-134,735) Giovanni Diodati, Swiss religious writer, was born (died 3
October 1649).
5 May 1576, Saturday
(-134,767) (France) Peace of Monsieur was signed between
Huguenots and Catholics. However hostilities soon recommenced, see 10 June 1584.
2 May 1576, Wednesday
(-134,770) (Christian) Bartolome Carranza,
Spanish theologian, died (born 1503).
22 April 1576, Sunday (-134,780)
Easter Sunday.
5 March 1576, Monday
(-134,828) The successor to the Duke of Alba, Luis Requescens, died as
Spanish Governor of The Nteherlands. His governnence was made impossible by an
empty Treasury and unpaid mutinous troops.
1 January 1576, Sunday
(-134,892)
====================================================================================
16 December 1575, Friday (-134,908) A large earthquake at
Valdivia.
15 December 1575, Thursday
(-134,909) Stephen Bathory became
King of Poland.
14 November 1575, Monday
(-134,940) Queen Elizabeth I of England declined the sovereignty of The
Netherlands, which had been offered to her by the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder,
William of Orange.
4 November 1575, Friday
(-134,950) Reni Guido, Italian painter, was born (died 18 August 1642).
24 October 1575, Monday
(-134,961) Peder Ox, Danish Finance Minister who greatly contributed to the
prosperity of his country, died (born 1520).
17 October 1575, Monday
(-134,968) King Rudolf of Hungary, son of Emperor Maximilian II, was
elected King of Germany.
10 October 1575, Monday (-134,975) The Battle of Dormans.� Catholic forces under Duke Henry of Guise
defeated the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay amongst others.
1 September 1575, Thursday
(-135,014) Philip II of Spain suspended all payments by the Spanish Crown,
and Don Luis de Requesens in The Netehrlands was unable to continue paying his
troops.
12 August 1575, Friday
(-135,034)
8 August 1575, Monday
(-135,038)
8 July 1575, Friday
(-135,069)
28 June 1575, Tuesday
(-135,079) At the Battle of
Nagashino, Nobunaga armed his 3,000 foot soldiers with muskets. They
succeeded in defeating the mounted Samurai.
17 May 1575, Tuesday
(-135,121) Matthew Parker,
Archbishop of Canterbury, died.
3 April 1575, Sunday (-135,165)
Easter Sunday.
12 March 1575, Saturday
(-135,187) During the current session of the English Parliament, English
Puritans have become more demanding of radical reform. This day Peter
Wentworth, a Puritan MP, was jailed for attacking Queen Elizabeth I�s
interference with Parliamentary freedom of speech.
11 March 1575, Friday
(-135,188) Matthius Flacius, religious reformer and writer, died (born 3
March 1520).
10 March 1575, Thursday
(-135,189) The former Swedish King Eric XIV had become a source of troubke
for the State, with three rebellions hoping to reinstate him having to be
suppressed since his deposition for insanity in 1568. This day a formal
sentence of death was passed upon him.
3 March 1575, Thursday
(-135,196) In India, Mughal Emperor Akbar defeated the forces of Da�ud
Khan, Afghan ruler of Bengal and conquetred the territory.
14 February 1575, Monday (-135,213) Henry III of France married
Louise de Lorraine-Vaudemont.
13 February 1575, Sunday (-135,214) Henry III of France was
crowned at Reims.
4 February 1575, Friday
(-135,223) Pierre de Berulle, French statesman, was born near Troyes (died
2 October 1629).
1 January 1575, Saturday
(-135,257)
==================================================================================
31 December 1574, Friday
(-135,258)
12 December 1574, Sunday (-135,277) Selim II, Sultan of Turkey,
died, aged 50. He was succeeded by his eldest son, 27-year old Murad III, who
had his brothers strangled in his presence.
12 November 1574, Friday
(-135,307)
14 October 1574,
3 October 1574, Sunday (-135,347) The relief of Leyden.
William of Orange broke a dyke to flood the polders and then sailed his ships
right up to the besieged city of Leyden to bring relief food, bread and
herrings.
17 September 1574, Friday
(-135,363) (Spain) Pedro Aviles, Spanish naval
adventurer, died (born 15 February 1519 in Aviles, Asturia).
1 July 1574, Thursday
(-135,441) Joseph Hall, English writer, was born (died 8 September 1656).
27 June 1574, Saturday
(-135,446) Giorgio Vasari, Florentine painter, died.
13 June 1574, Sunday
(-135,459) Richard Barnfield, English poet, was born in Norbury,
Staffordshire (died in Stone 6 March 1627).
30 May 1574, Sunday
(-135,473) (France) King Charles IX of
France died aged 24. He was succeeded by his 23-year-old brother, who ruled as
Henry III for 15 years, under the domination of his mother, Catherine de Medici.
6 May 1574, Thursday
(-135,497) Pope Innocent X was born.
17 April 1574, Saturday
(-135,516) Joachim Camerarius, German scholarly writer, died (born 12 April
1500).
14 April 1574, Wednesday
(-135,519) Battle of Mookerheyde,
Netherlands.
11 April 1574, Sunday (-135,522) Easter Sunday.
5 March 1574, Friday
(-135,559) (Mathematics)
William Oughtred was born in Eton. Around 1621 he invented the slide rule.
28 February 1574, Sunday
(-135,564) The Spanish Inquisition burnt at the stake two Englishmen and an
Irishman for �Lutheran heresy�. These were the first European victims of the
Inquisition in the New World; previously only native Indians had been burnt,
for �Aztec paganism�. A further 68 Englishmen were publically lashed and given
long terms as galley-slaves. These men were from a fleet headed by Sir John
Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake that had brought slaves from Africa to sell in
the Caribbean, in defiance of a Spanish ban; Drake and Hawkins escaped but had
to abandon two ships and crew.
23 February 1574, Tuesday
(-135,569) The Fifth War of Religion broke out in France.
30 January 1574, Saturday
(-135,593) Damiao de Goes, Portuguese writer, died (born 1502).
===================================================================================
31 December 1573, Thursday
(-135,623)
21 December 1573, Monday
(-135,633) Mathurin Regnier, French satirical writer, was born in Chartres
(died 22 October 1613 in Rouen)
18 December 1573, Friday
(-135,636) Fernando, Duke of Alva, having failed to make headway against
the Dutch rebels, asked to be relieves of his command and leave Brussels. He
was replaced as Spanish Governor of The Netherlands by Don Luis de Requescens.
7 October 1573, Wednesday
(-135,708) William Laud, Archbishop
of Canterbury, was born.
28 September 1573, Monday
(-135,717) Caravaggio, painter, was born.
27 August 1573, Thursday
(-135,749) In Japan, the Muromachi Shogunate submitted to Oda Nobunaga .
21 August 1573, Friday
(-135,755) Eight Years War. The Spanish laid siege to Alkmaar, but the
Dutch successfully resisted and the Spanish raised the siege on 8 October 1573.
7 August 1573, Friday (-135,769)
16 July 1573, Thursday
(-135,791) (France) The Edict of Boulogne limited Huguenot
worship to the cities of La Rochelle, Momtauiban and Nimes. However neither
Catholics nor Huguenots were satisfied and tensions remained.
15 July 1573, Wednesday (-135,792) The architect Inigo Jones
was born in London.� He was the son of a
clothmaker.
13 July 1573, Monday
(-135,794) (Netherlands)
The Spanish captured Haarlem after a 7-month siege.
7 July 1573, Tuesday
(-135,800) Giacomo Barocchio, Italian architect, died in Rome (born in
Vignola 1 October 1507).
11 June 1573, Thursday
(-135,826) In Britain, a Puritan
pamphlet calling for the abolition of episcopacy was suppressed by Parliament.
28 April 1573, Tuesday (-135,870) (France) Charles de Valois Angoulmeme was born
in Fayet Castle (died 24 September 1650).
26 April 1573, Sunday (-135,872) Marie de Medici, Queen of
France, was born.
17 April 1573, Friday
(-135,881) Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria, was born (died 17 September 1651).
22 March 1573, Sunday
(-135,907) Easter Sunday.
13 March 1573, Friday
(-135,916) Michel de l�Hopital, French statesman, died.
10 March 1573, Tuesday
(-135,919) Dudley Dorchester, English statesman, was born (died 15 February
1632).
7 March 1573. Saturday (-135,,922) Venice concluded a peace
with the Turks by which Venice recognised Turkey�s sovereignty over Cyprus.
23 February 1573, Monday
(-135,934) Sir John Perrott, English Lord Deputy of Ireland, defeated
Itrish rebels.
11 February 1573, Wednesday
(-135,946) The Catholic Duke of Anjou began a siege of the Huguenot city of
La Rochelle, to 6 July.
28 January 1573, Wednesday
(-135,960) The Compact of Warsaw gave all non-Catholics in Poland freedom
of worship.
20 January 1573, Tuesday
(-135,968) (Space exploration)
Simon Marius was born in Gunzenhausen, Germany. He was the first astronomer to
mention Andromeda.
1 January 1573, Thursday
(-135,987)
==================================================================================
22 December 1572, Monday
(-135,997) Francois Clouet, French miniature painter, died.
24 November 1572. Monday (-136,025) John Knox, father of the Scottish reformation, died in Edinburgh.
He had returned to Scotland after the rebellion against the Catholic Mary Queen
of Scots.
23 November 1572, Sunday (-136,026) The painter Bronzino died in
Florence, aged 69.
11 November 1572. Tuesday (-136,038) The astronomer
Tycho Brahe saw a �new star�, a supernova, in the constellation of Cassiopeia.
The fixed stars were meant to be eternal, unchanging. Along with Copernicus�
assertion that the Sun, not the earth, is the centre of the Universe, this undermined traditional church cosmology.
29 October 1572, Wednesday
(-136,051) (France) Francois Briquemault,
French Huguenot, was executed.
24 October 1572, Friday
(-136,056) Edward Stanley 3rd Earl of Derby died (born 1508).
30 September 1572, Tuesday
(-136,090) St Francis Borgia, Jesuit priest, died.
11 September 1572, Thursday
(-136,099)
24 August 1572. Sunday (-136,117)
The St Bartholomew�s Day Massacre took place in Paris. Thousands of French Huguenots were killed by order of the
Catholic French court. See 13 April 1592.�
Gaspard de Coligny, Huguenot leader, was killed. This was 6 days after
the marriage of Catholic Marguerite de Valois, daughter of Henry II of France,
also known as Catherine de Medici, to the Protestant Henri de Bourbon, King of
Navarre. The bride�s mother , Catherine was anxious over the influence of
Protestants on the couple.
20 July 1572, Sunday
(-136,152) (Denmark) Frederick II, King of
Denmark and Norway, married his cousin Sophuia of Mecklenburg.
11 July 1572, Friday
(-136,161) English volunteers under navigator Sir Humohrey Gilbert arrived
in The Netherlands to mfight the Spanish.
7 July 1572, Monday
(-136,165) The Estates of Poland now declared the monarchy to be elective.
Henry, Duke of Anjou, heir to the French throne, was elected to the Polish
throne in May 1573.
6 July 1572, Sunday (-136,166) Sigismund II, King of
Poland, died.
30 June 1572, Monday
(-136,172)
15 June 1572, Sunday (-136,187)
Jeanne III, Queen of Navarre, died.
11 June 1572, Wednesday
(-136,191) Ben Johnson, English dramatist and poet, was born.
2 June 1572, Monday
(-136,200) In England, Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, was executed for his
part in the Papal-backed Rudolfi Plot
to depose Queen Elizabeth and restore the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots to the
English throne.
14 May 1572, Wedcnesday
(-136,219) Pope Gregory XIII acceded (226th Pope) . Formerly Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni
(born 1502), he died in 1585.
1 May 1572, Thursday (-136,232) Pope Pius V died.
6 April 1572, Sunday
(-136,257) Easter Sunday.
1 April 1572, Tuesday
(-136,262) Resistance fighters (the
�Beggars�) against the Spanish rule of King Philip II over the Netherlands took
the Dutch port of Brill and environs. This encouraged the spread of
the anti-Spanish revolt across the Netherlands.
1 March 1572, Saturday (-136,293)
13 January 1572, Sunday
(-136,341) Sir William Petre, English politician, died in Ingatestone,
Essex.
1 January 1572, Tuesday
(-136,353)
====================================================================================
31 December 1571, Monday
(-136,354)
27 December 1571, Thursday
(-136,358) Johannes Kepler,
astronomer, was born. He discovered that planets have elliptical orbits
18 October 1571, Thursday
(-136,428) Wolfgang Ratke, German educationalist, was born in Holstein
(died 27 April 1635 in Erfurt).
7 October 1571. Sunday (-136,439) The Ottoman Turkish fleet under Ali Pasha was defeated
by the navies of Spain, Venice, and the Pope at the Battle of Lepanto, in
the Gulf of Corinth.
Christendom was concerned at the fall of Cyprus to Turkey, under Selim II,
Suleiman the Great�s successor. This was
the last battle fought between galleys. The Turks used ramming tactics, but
allied ships used firepower to defeat
the Turks. Although Ottoman Turkey retained control of Cyprus, its western
expansion in the Mediterranean was halted. The Ottomans lost 230 galleys to the
Christian�s 17.
23 September 1571, Sunday
(-136,453) John Jewel, English religious writer, died(born 24 May 1522).
1 August 1571, Wednesday
(-136,506) Ottoman forces captured the port of Famagusta, Cyprus, from
Venice.
17 July 1571, Tuesday
(-136,521) Georg Fabricius, German poet, died (born 23 May 1516).
31 May 1571, Thursday
(-136,568) Thomas Crawford, acting for the young King James VI, captured
Dumbarton Castle.
29 May 1571, Tuesday (-136,570)
In the session of he English Parliament that ended today (from 1 April 1571),
the import of a Papal Bull into England was made treasonous, and subscription
to the 39 Articles of the Church of England was made compulsory for the clergy.
Intolerance of Catholicism in England was now enshrined in ;law.
19 May 1571, Saturday
(-136,580) (Philippines) Manila,
Philippines, was founded by Miguel Lopez de Legazpe.
15
April 1571, Sunday (-136,614) Easter Sunday.
6
April 1571, Friday (-136,623)
John Hamilton, Scottish political activist, was hanged.
15
March 1571, Thursday (-136,645)
25 February 1571, Sunday (-136,663)
15 February 1571, Thursday
(-136,673) Michael Praetorius, composer and organist, was born.
13 February 1571, Tuesday
(-136,675) Renaissance Italian sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini
died.
23 January 1571. Tuesday
(-136,696) The Royal Exchange, founded by financier
Sir Thomas Gresham, was opened by Queen
Elizabeth I as a bankers meeting
house. Its foundation stone was laid on 7 June 1566.
22 January 1571, Monday
(-136,697) Sir Robert Cotton, writer, was born (died 6 May 1631).
13 January 1571, Saturday
(-136,706) John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Custrin, died (born 3 August 1513).
3 January 1571, Wednesday
(-136,716) Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg, died (born 13 January 1505).
===================================================================================
31 December 1570, Sunday
(-136,719)
13 December 1570, Wednesday
(-136,737) The Peace of Stettin
ended the war between Sweden and Denmark, recognising Swedish independence.
5 December 1570, Tuesday
(-136,745) Johan Friis, Danish statesman, died (born 1494).
2 November 1570. Thursday (-136,778) A tidal wave in the North Sea destroyed
sea walls from Holland to Jutland; over a thousand were killed.
7 October 1570, Saturday (-136,804)
4 October 1570, Wednesday
(-136,807) Peter Pazmany, Hungarian statesman, was born (died 1637)
12 September 1570, Tuesday
(-136,829) Henry Hudson, exploerer of North America, was born.
11 September 1570, Monday
(-136,830) Johann Brenz, scholarly writer, died (born 24 June 1499).
8 August 1570, Tuesday
(-136,864) (France) Peace of St Germain ended
the Third French War of Religion. However this peace was broken two years later by the plan of
Catherine de Medici, King Charles IX and the Duke of Anou to massacre the
Huguenots (24 August 1572).
25 July 1570, Tuesday
(-136,878) Ivan the Terrible had
many of his advisers and ministers publicly executed in Moscow.
20 May 1570, Saturday
(-136,944) (Cartography)
Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius produced the first
modern-style atlas, entitled �Theatre of
the World�.
14 April 1570, Friday
(-136,980) (Christian) At the Concensus of Sandomierz in Poland, Lutherans,
Calvinists and Moravians agreed to unite against Catholic attempts to stamp out
religious toleration, and to hold joint Protestant Synods.
13 April 1570, Thursday
(-136,981) Guy Fawkes, who tried to blow up Parliament, was born.
26 March 1570, Sunday� (-136,999)
Easter Sunday.
25 February 1570. Saturday (-137,028) Queen Elizabeth I was
excommunicated by Pope Pius V who declared her a usurper.
20 February 1570, Monday (-137, 033) The
Northern Rebellion ended. In November 1569 the Catholic Earls of Northumberland
and Westmoreland had started the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I, motivated
by the flight of (Catholic) Mary Queen of Scots to England, also by the arrest
of Thomas Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk, in October 1569. In November
1569 Northumberland had seized Durham Cathedral to celebrate Catholic Mass. The
Earls now marched south to fight Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of Sussex, at York.
However their elevated social position, and religious fervour, failed to
inspire enough foot soldiers to follow them and their march petered out. After
a battle at Naworth, Cumbria, this day, 20 February 1570, the Earls fled to
Scotland. Government reprisals against Catholics were harsh and Protestantism
became more firmly established in England.
8
January 1570, Sunday (-137,076)
Philibert Delorme, French architect, died.
===================================================================================
31
December 1569, Saturday (-137,084)
10
December 1569, Saturday (-137,105) Paul
Eber, German religious writer, died (born 1511).
9
November 1569, Wednesday (-137,136) In
England, the Northern Rebellion began, see 20 February 1570.
29
October 1569, Saturday (-137,147)
18
October 1569, Tuesday (-137,158)
Giambattista Marini, Italian poet, was born (died 25 March 1625).
3 October 1569, Monday (-137,173) At the Battle of Moncountour, Royalist forces of Tavannaes and Anjou
defeated Coligny�s Huguenots.
5 September 1569, Monday
(-137,201) (Britain) Edmond Bonner, Bishop
of London, died in the Marshalsea Prison.
24 August 1569, Wednesday
(-137,213) At the Battle of Orthez,
Huguenot forces under Gabriel de Montgomery defeated Royalist forces under
General Terride in French Navarre.�
Catholics surrendered on condition that their lives would be saved.� The Huguenots agreed but then massacred them
anyway.
1 July 1569, Friday (-137,267)
The Union of Lublin united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Treaty was signed at
Lublin Castle. This strengthened Poland against possible attacks from Russia.
10 June 1569, Friday (-137,288) German Protestant troops
reinforced Gaspard de Coligny, near Limoges.
10 May 1569, Tuesday
(-137,319)
16 April 1569, Saturday
(-137,343) Sir John Davies, English poet, was born (died 8 December 1626).
10 April 1569, Sunday
(-137,349) Easter Sunday.
13 March 1569, Sunday (-137,377) At the Battle of Jarnac, Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes
defeated the Huguenots under the Prince of Conde, who was captured and
murdered.� A large number of Huguenot
troops escaped, under Gaspard de Coligny.
13 February 1569, Sunday
(-137,405)
25 January 1569, Tuesday
(-137,424) The Swedish Riksdag confirmed the choice of new King and
formally deposed Eric XIV.
11 January 1569, Tuesday
(-137,438) The first State Lottery was held in
England. 40,000 lots at 10 shillings each were available from the west door of St
Paul�s Cathedral.� Proceeds were used to
repair harbours and for other public works.
=====================================================================================
31 December 1568, Friday
(-137,449)
28 December 1568, Tuesday
(-137,452) Oda Nobunaga deposed the Shogun (military ruler) in Kyoto and
appointed Ashikaga Yoshiaki in his place. Japanese power was centralised, to
avert more unrest.
25 December 1568, Saturday
(-137,455) Revolt by the Moriscos in Andalusia, Spain. The Moriscos were
Muslims who had been forced to convert to Christianity; however they continued
to speak, write, and dress as Muslims, and therefore came under heavy
persecution., King Philip II of Spain (1527-98) forbade their language amnd
traditions in 1566. The Moriscxos inflicted heavy damage at Granada; in
retaliation Spanish troops slaughtered many of them at the Alfajarali Pass in
1569. By 1`571 the Morisco rebellion was totally suppressed. However the
Moriscos, scattered across Spain, continued their Muslim culture until 1609,
when they were expelled to North Africa.
3 December 1568, Friday
(-137,477) Spanish treasure ships intended to pay for Habsburg troops in
The Netherlands were driven into Plymouth Harbour by bad weather where they
were impounded. Commercial relations between Spain and England were suspended
until 1574.
30 November 1568, Tuesday
(-137,480)
5 October 1568, Tuesday
(-137,536) William the Silent, William of Orange, led an army into Brabant,
Spanish Netherlands. However he withdrew in November 1568 when Ferdinand, Duke
of Alva, declined battle.
30 September 1568, Thursday (-137,541) King Eric XIV of Sweden was
deposed� by the Swedish army and nobility
after several years of worsening insanity. He was succeeded by his 31-year-old
brother who reiged until 1592 as John III.
28 September 1568, Tuesday (-137,543) The
French monarchy declared the Huguenots outside the law.
3 September 1568, Friday
(-137,568) Adriano Banchiieri, composer, died.
18 August 1568, Wednesday
(-137,584) French Royalists reneged on their word and tried to capture
Conde and Coligny. They failed but worsened the conflict with the Hugenots.
24 July 1568, Saturday
(-137,609) (Spain) Don Carlos, Prince of
Asturias, died (born 8 July 1545).
21 July 1568, Wednesday
(-137,612) Battle of Jemmingen, Netherlands. Spanish soldiers under the
Duke of Alba lured Dutch rebels into an open position, then massacred them.
4 July 1568, Sunday (-137,629)
King Eric XIV of Sweden, having recovered his sanity somewhat, married Karin at
Stockholm.
5 June 1568, Saturday
(-137,658) Philip Horn, Netherrlands statesman, was executed by the
Spanish.
4 June 1568, Friday (-137,659) Leaders of the Flemish
opposition to the Inquisition were executed as traitors in Brussels. This
sparked revolt in The Netherlands.
23 May 1568, Sunday (-137,671) Battle of Heiligerlee,
Netherlands. Louis, with 3,000 men, defeated a slightly smaller German-Spanish
force under John, Duke of Aremberg.
16 May 1568. Sunday (-137,678) Mary Queen of Scots escaped from Loch Leven Castle. She had been
imprisoned there on 16 June 1567. She sailed from Point Mary, crossing the
Firth of Forth to begin her exile in England. See 8 February 1587, 24 July 1567,
and 29 July 1565.
18 April 1568, Sunday
(-137,706) Easter Sunday.
23 March 1568, Tuesday
(-137,732) Peace between the French Huguenots and Catholics was concluded
at Longjumeau. However this truce only lasted a few weeks. Pope Pius V was
still demanding the total suppressiom of the Huguenots.
20 March 1568, Saturday
(-137,735) (Germany) Albert, 1st Duke of
Prussia, died in Tapiau (born 16 May 1490 in Ansbach).
16 February 1568. Monday (-137,768) The death sentence was passed on an entire country when the Spanish Inquisition condemned The Netherlands for heresy.
During the first week of the plan to kill 3 million people, 800 were hanged,
burnt, or killed by other means.
16 January 1568, Friday
(-137,799)
2 January 1568, Friday (-137,813) (Britain) Luisa de Carvajal, Catholic missionary
in England, was born (died 2 January 1614).
=====================================================================================
31 December 1567, Wednesday (-137,815)
10 November 1567, Friday (-137,866) Huguenots
were defeated at St Denis.
29 October 1567, Wednesday
(-137,878)
1 October 1567, Wednesday
(-137,906) (Christian) Pietro Carnesecchi,
religious reformer, was executed (born 1508).
29 September 1567, Monday
(-137,908) Hugenot uprising in France. Conde and Coligny attempted but
failed to seize the French Royal Family at Meaux.
27 August 1567, Wednesday
(-137,941)
22 August 1567, Friday
(-137,946) The Council of Blood (or, Council of Troubles) was established
by the Duke of Alba, Spanish Hapsburg military commander of the Low Countries,
in order to suppress heresy and rebellion. Its decisions were seen as harsh,
and it helped foment revolt in the Netherlands; the Council was dissolved in
1576.
21 August 1567, Thursday
(-137,947) St Francis of Sales, Roman Catholic writer, was born in Savoy,
France.
8 August 1567, Friday
(-137,958) Fernando, Duke of Alba, arrived in The Netherlands as military
governor, with 10,000 Spanish and Italian troops, to re-establish autocratic
rule.
29 July 1567, Tuesday
(-137,970) James VI, then 12 months
old, was crowned King at Stirling.
24 July 1567, Thursday
(-137,975) Mary Queen of Scots
abdicated, after being defeated by Protestants at Carberry Hill.
3 July 1567, Thursday
(-137,996) Samuel de Champlain, explorer of Canada, was born.
12 June 1567, Thursday
(-137,017) Richard Rich, First Baron Rich, Lord Chancellor of England, died
in Rochford, Essex.
15 May 1567, Thursday
(-137,045) Mary Queen of Scots was married to the Earl of Bothwell.
18 April 1567, Friday
(-138,072) Wilhelm von Grumbach, German adventurer, was executed (born 1
June 1503).
31 March 1567, Monday
(-138,090) Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, died (born 13 November 1504)
30 March 1567, Sunday (-138,091)
Easter Sunday
15 March 1567, Saturday
(-138,106) Anne Montmorency, Marshal of France, died.
12 February 1567, Wednesday
(-138,137) Thomas Campion, English poet, was born (died 1620).
9 February 1567, Sunday (-138,140)
Lord Darnley, second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of James IV of
Scotland and I of England, was murdered at his house near Edinburgh.
26 January 1567, Sunday
(-138,154) Nicholas Wotton, English diplomat, died.
16 January 1567, Thursday
(-138,164) King Eric XIV of Sweden, already showing signs of incipient
insanity, arrived at the Riksdag in Upsala where he delivered a speech
condemning the treachery of the nobility.
=====================================================================================
9 December 1566, Monday (-138,202)
19 November 1566, Tuesday
(-118,222) Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, was born (died 25
February 1601).
3 October 1566, Thursday
(-138,269) Richard Cork, Irish statesman, was born (died 15 September 1643).
22 September 1566, Sunday (-138,280) Johannes Agricola, German
Protestant reformer (born 20 April 1494) died.
6 September 1566. Friday (-138,296) Suleiman the Magnificent, leader of the Ottoman
Empire for 46 years, died. He had brought the
Ottoman� Empire to the peak of its power,
ruling an area from Hungary to Mesopotamia, and promoting justice and culture. His eldest surviving son, the
incompetent drunkard Selim, succeeded him. All other potential rivals had been
eliminated by intrigue and murder.
4 September 1566, Wednesday
(-138,298) Queen Elizabeth I visited
Oxford, to consolidate her acceptance by the University and Town as Supreme
Head of the Church.
1 September 1566, Sunday
(-138,301) (Education, Schools)
Edward Alleyn, English actor, was born (died 21 November 1626). He also founded
Dulwich College on 21 June 1619.
3 August 1566, Saturday (-138,330)
13 July 1566, Saturday
(-138,351) Sir Thomas Hoby, English diplomat, died (born 1530).
2 July 1566, Tuesday
(-138,362) Nostradamus died � did he
foresee this?
19 June 1566. Wednesday (-138,375) James VI
of Scotland, later James I of England, the first Stuart King, was born in
Edinburgh Castle.� He was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots,
and Lord Darnley.
15 June 1566, Saturday
(-138,379) In Sweden, Count Nils was ritually humiliated by King Eric XIV,
who was fearful that the power of the Swedish aristocracy might supersede that
of the monarchy.
7 June 1566, Friday (-138,387) Sir Thomas Gresham laid the
foundation stone of the first Royal Exchange in London.
9 May 1566, Thursday
(-138,416)
25 April 1566, Thursday
(-138,430) Louise Labe, French poet, died.
20 April 1566, Saturday
(-138,435) Sir John Mason, English diplomat, died.
14 April 1566, Sunday (-138,441) Easter Sunday
5 April 1566, Friday (-138,450) Unrest started in The Netherlands when the
minor nobility bergan to object to the strict Catholicism being imposed by the
Habsburgs. By August 1566, rioting in The Netherlands would force the Regent,
Margaret of Parma, to acquiesce and the Inquisition in the Netherlands was
disbanded.
9
March 1566, Saturday (-138,477) Lord Darnley killed the
secretary of Mary Queen of Scots, David Riccio (born 1531?). Mary I, six months
pregnant with the future James VI of Scotland, witnessed the murder. Mary had
romantic feelings for Riccio, and the nobility feared the rising influence of
Riccio upon the royal court.
3 February 1566, Sunday
(-138,511) George Cassander, Flemish religious writer, died (born 1513).
8 January 1566, Tuesday� (-138,537)
Pope Pius V acceded. Formerly Cardinal Michaele Ghisleri (1504 � 1572).
7 January 1566, Monday
(-138,538) Louis de Blois, Flemish mystical writer, died (born 10/1506).
==================================================================================
13 December 1565, Thursday
(-138,563) Konrad von Gesner, Swiss scholarly writer, died (born 26 March 1516).
9 December 1565, Sunday (-138,567) Pope Pius IV died.
22 October 1565, Monday
(-138,615) Benedict Carpzov, scholarly writer, was born (died 26 November 1624).
14 October 1565, Sunday
(-138,623) Sir Thomas Chaloner, English poet, died (born 1521).
5 October 1565, Friday
(-138,632) Lodovico Ferrari, mathematician, died.
29 September 1565, Saturday
(-138,638) A combined force of Spanish troops under Garcia de Toledo amnd
the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St John) forced the Ottoman Turks to
withdraw from Malta.
13 September 1565, Thursday
(-138,654) (France) Guillaume Farel, French
religious reformer, died (born 1489).
8 September 1565, Saturday (-138,659) (1)
Spanish colonists founded the first permanent European settlement in North
America, at St Augustine in Florida. The city was given this name because it
was established on the feast day of St Augustine.. Today it is an afflkuent
winter resort city.
(2) The Great Siege of Malta was raised.
28 August 1565, Tuesday
(-138,670) (USA) The Spanish established the
settlement of St Augustine, Florida.
27 August 1565, Monday
(-138,671) William Rastell, English Judge, died in Louvain.
29 July 1565. Sunday (-138,700) Mary Queen of Scots married her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, in the Old Abbey Chapel at Holyrood, Edinburgh.
28 June 1565, Thursday
(-138,731)
18 May 1565. Friday (-138,772) The Ottoman Turks arrived at Malta to try and capture it, see 21
December 1522. However the island held out until relieved by a Christian fleet
from Sicily arrived in September 1565. Casualties had been heavy for both the
Turks and the Maltese; however the Turks had been riven by disputes between
their naval and army commanders. The Turks returned to Istanbul, their hopes of
dominating the western Mediterranean dashed.
14 May 1565, Monday
(-138,776) (Christian) Nicolaus von Amsdorf,
German Protestant reformer, died in Eisenach (born 3 December 1483 in Torgau).
22 April 1565, Sunday (-138,798)
Easter Sunday.
17 March 1565, Saturday
(-138,834) (Britain) Alexander Ales,
Scottish clergyman, died in Leipzig (born 23 April 1500 in Edinburgh).
1 March 1565, Thursday
(-138,850) (Brazil)
The Portuguese established a colony at Rio de Janeiro.
13 February 1565, Tuesday
(-138,866) (Philippines) Spain began the
colonisation of the Philippines, initially claiming the central island of Cebu.
However they shifted focus to Luzon, making Manila the capital in 1571.
13 January 1565, Saturday
(-138,897)
===================================================================================
25 December 1564, Monday
(-138,916) (Jewish) Johannes Buxtorf, German
Jewish scholar, was born (died 1629).
13 November 1564, Monday (-138,958) The Tridentine Creed was
promulgated.
15 October 1564, Sunday
(-138,987) Flemish anatomist Vesalius died (born 1514).
25 July 1564, Tuesday
(-139,069) Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, died.
22 June 1564, Thursday
(-139,102) (USA) The French settlement of Fort
Caroline was founded in Florida.
27 May 1564, Saturday (-139,128) John Calvin, French
theologian who helped spread the Protestant revolution, died.
25 May 1564, Thursday
(-139,130) St Philip Neri, Florentine Church reformer, founded the
Congregation nof the Oratory in Rome.
23 April 1564, Sunday (-139,162) William Shakespeare was born in Stratford on Avon. He was the
third of eight children.� His father,
John Shakespeare, was a glove maker and alderman, and his mother, Mary Arden,
was a daughter of the gentry.
2 April 1564, Sunday
(-139,183) Easter Sunday.
18 February 1564. Friday (-139,227) Michelangelo Buonarotti died in Rome, aged 88.
15 February 1564, Tuesday
(-139,230) Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy.
6 February 1564, Sunday (-139,239) Christopher Marlowe, English poet, was born in
Canterbury, son of a shoe maker.
26 January 1564, Wednesday
(-139,250) Pope Pius IV confirmed
the declarations of the Council of Trent.
===================================================================================
31 December 1563, Friday
(-139,276)
4 December 1563, Saturday (-139,303) The Council of Trent was
dissolved. It reaffirmed all major Catholic doctrines and declared the
Apocrypha to be canonical along with the rest of the Bible.
19 November 1563, Friday
(-139,318) Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, was born (died 13 July 1626).
8 September 1563, Wednesday
(-139,390) Maximilian I, King of Germany, was elected King of Hungary.
28 August 1563, Saturday
(-139,401)
28 July 1563, Wednesday
(-139,432) The French recaptured Le Havre from the English
9 June 1563, Wednesday
(-139,481) William Paget, 1st Baron of Beaudesert, died (born
1506)
1 June 1563, Tuesday (-139,489)
Robert Cecil, English statesman, was born.
30 May 1563, Sunday
(-139,491) (Scandinavia) The Nordic Seven
Years War began between Denmark and Sweden.
23 April 1563, Friday (-139,528) King Philip II of Spain
began construction of El Escorial.
13 April 1563, Tuesday
(-139,538)
11 April 1563, Sunday (-139,540) Easter Sunday.
19 March 1563, Friday
(-139,563) The Treaty of Amboise ended the First War of Religion in France.
Hiuguenots wree now allowed to worship in all places where Protestantism was
established, except in Paris.
5 March 1563, Friday
(-139,577) Sir John Coke, English politician, was born (died 8 September 1644).
18 February 1563, Thursday
(-139,592) Francis, Duke of Guise,
was assassinated whilst besieging Orleans.
1 February 1563, Monday (-139,609) Sarsa Dengel succeeded his
father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia.
30 January 1563, Saturday (-139,611) Franz
Gomarus, Dutch religious writer, was born (died 11 January 1641).
19 January 1563, Tuesday
(-139,622) The Heidelberg Catechism of the Reformed Protestant Churches was
published.
====================================================================================
19 December 1562, Saturday (-139,653) The Battle of Dreux; Catholics defeated the Huguenots.
12 November 1562, Thursday
(-139,690) Peter Vermigli, Swiss Church reformer, died in Zurich.
26 October 1562, Monday
(-139,707) French Catholic forces stormed the Protestants in Rouen,
capturing the city.
19 October 1562, Monday (-139,714) George Abbot, Archbishop of
Canterbury, was born (died 5 August 1633).
9 October 1562, Friday
(-129,724) Fallopius Gabriello, anatomist, died.
4 October 1562, Sunday
(-139,729) Duke John of Sweden married Catherine, daughter of King
Sigismund I of Poland. He also pledged to help Poland conquer Livonia. This was
a breach of the Arboga Articles (drawn up by King Eric XIV on 15 April 1561 at
Arboga) which proscribed the royal dukes from making any political treaties
without Royal assent.
20 September 1562, Sunday (-139,743) (1) (France) Queen Elizabeth I of England
sent a force under John, Earl of Warwick, to assist the Hugenots in France.
They landed to capture le Havre.
(2) The Treaty of Hampton Court was
signed.
20 July 1562, Monday (-139,805)
27 May 1562, Wednesday
(-139,859) Jean Ribaut, leading an
expedition to found a Huguenot colony in New France, founded Port Royal, South
Carolina, USA.
11 April 1562, Friday
(-139,906) Huguenot leaders issued a statement, at Orleans, declaring that,
whilst they remained loyal subjects of the French Crown,, they must take up
arms to preserve their freedom of worship.
29 March 1562, Sunday (-139,918) Easter Sunday.
9 March 1562. Monday (-139,938) Kissing in public was banned
in Naples, contravention being punishable by death. This was an attempt to halt
the spread of the plague.
1 March 1562, Sunday (-139,946) (France) The Guises slaughtered a
group of Huguenots who were worshipping at a barn in Vassy. Armed conflict between Catholics and Huguenots was now inevitable.
1 February 1562, Sunday
(-139,974)
18 January 1562, Sunday (-139,988) The Council of Trent
reconvened, after a suspension of ten years.
=====================================================================================
31 December 1561, Wednesday
(-140,006)
28 November 1561, Friday
(-140,039) (Poland) The Order of the Teutonic Kinghts ceased toi rule
Livonia. By the Union of Wilno, the last Master of the Teutonic Kinghts,
Gotthard Kettler, became a secular Duke and Wilno was ceded to Poland.
18 November 1561, Tuesday
(-140,049)
9 October 1561, Thursday
(-140,089) The Colloquy of Poissy
broke up.This was an attempt to find a working agreement between the Catholics
and the Huguenot Protestants, which nearly succeeded.
20 August 1561, Wednesday
(-140,139) Jacopo Peri, Italian composer, was born in Florence.
19 August 1561, Tuesday
(-140,140) Mary Queen of Scots
returned from France. She arrived at Leith, near Edinburgh, in thick fog; this
may have saved her life, because her half-brother, James Stuart Earl of Moray,
wanted to rule Scotland and was waiting for her in English ships.
11 July 1561, Friday
(-140,179) Luis de Gongora, Spanish poet, was born (died 24 May 1627).
4 June 1561, Wednesday
(-140,216) (London) London�s Mediaeval St Pauls
Cathedral, with a lead-lined wooden spire 584 feet high, was struck by
lightning, and the entire building burned to the ground. The clergy blamed the
destruction on divine displeasure at use of the Cathedral for worldy pursuits
such as business deals and entertainment. By the end of the year, with
donations of over �1,000 from Queen Elizabeth, also the City, the Cathedral was
rebuilt. However the spire was not nrestored, much to Elizabeth�s displeasure.
The new Cathedral fell into disrepair and was burnt down again in the Great
Fire of London 1666.
15 April 1561, Tuesday (-140,266)
King Eric XIV of Sweden summoned a Riksdag at Arboga which drew up the Arboga
Articles this day, proscribing the power of the royal dukes, John and Charles.
6 April 1561, Sunday (-140,275) Easter Sunday.
22 March 1561, Saturday
(-140,290)
26 February 1561, Wednesday (-140,314)
Jorge Montemayor, Spanish novelist, died.
22 February 1561, Saturday
(-140,318)
28 January 1561, Tuesday
(-140,343) In France, the Edict of Orleans suspended the persecution of
Huguenots.
22 January 1561, Wednesday (-140,349) Francis Bacon, author, philosopher,
and statesman, was born at York
House in The Strand, London.
=====================================================================================
31 December 1560, Tuesday
(-140,371)
20 December 1560, Friday (-140,382) The first assembly of the
Church of Scotland.
5 December 1560, Thursday (-140,397) Francis II, King of France,
died, aged 16, he was succeeded by his brother, 10-year old Charles IX.
3 December 1560, Tuesday
(-140,399) Jan Gruter, Dutch scholarly writer, was born (died 20 September 1627).
2 December 1560, Monday
(-140,400) Charles de Marillac, French diplomat, died.
12 November 1560, Tuesday
(-140,420) (Christian) Caspar Aquila, German
religious reformer, died (born in Augsburg 7 August 1488).
10 October 1560, Thursday
(-140,453) (Christian) Jacobus Arminius,
Dutch religious reformer, was born in Oudewater, south Holland (died in Leiden
19 October 1609).
30 September 1560, Monday
(-140,463) Melchior Cano, Spanish theologian (born 1525) died.
29 September 1560, Sunday (-140,464) Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, died.
6 July 1560, Saturday (-140,549) The Treaty of Edinburgh was signed. This ended French interference in
Scottish affairs. French troops in Scotland had tried to support Mary Queen of
Scots claim to the throne.
25 June 1560, Sunday (-140,562) Gustavus I of Sweden
abdicated, aged 64. He was succeeded by his son, Charles IX.
11 June 1560, Sunday
(-140,576) Mary of Lorraine, Regent of Scotland, died (born 22 November 1515).
23 April 1560, Sunday
(-140,625)
19 April 1560, Wednesday
(-140,629) (Christian) Death of Philip Melancthon, German Church reformer.
17 March 1560, Friday
(-140,662) The Tumult of Aboise. French Huguenots attempted to extricate
the new King, Francis II, from the control of the Catholic Guise factiob, by
storming the Royal Chateau at Amboise. The Huguenots were defeated and
summarily executed by order of Francis, 2nd Duke of Guise. Religious
tensions rose within France.
1 January 1560, Monday
(-140,736)
===================================================================================
31 December 1559, Sunday (-140,737)
25 December 1559, Monday (-140,743) Pope Pius IV (born 31 March 1499),
acceded (died 1565).
14 December 1559, Thursday
(-140,754) Lupercio Argensola, Spanish poet, was born (baptised) in
Barbastro (died in Saragossa� 4 February 1631).
10 November 1559, Friday (-140,788) Queen Elizabeth I confirmed
the Charter of the Stationer�s company.
10 September 1559, Sunday (-140,849)
18 August 1559, Friday (-140,872) Pope Paul IV died, aged 83.
In Rome his statue was torn down, the prisoners of the Inquisition freed, and
Inquisition records destroyed.
10 July 1559, Monday (-140,911) Henry II, King of France,
was succeeded by his 14-year old son, Francois II. The Duc de Guise and the
Cardinal of Lorraine were Regents.
1 July 1559, Saturday (-140,920) Missing Church in Britain
incurred a fine of one shilling (5p). However by 1581 this penalty had been
raised to a swingeing �20 a month.
30 June 1559, Friday
(-140,921) Henry II, King of France, was killed in a jousting toutnament,
aged 40.
2 June 1559, Friday
(-140,949) In France, King Henry II issued the Edict of Ecouen, making
printing without ba licence a capital offence. This was aimed at curbing the
French Huguenots.
8 May 1559, Monday (-140,974) The Act of
Uniformity was signed by Queen
Elizabeth I. This enshrined the monarch as head of the Church in
England, ensuring the supremacy of
Protestantism under Queen Elizabeth I.
17 April 1559, Monday (-140,995) The Act of Supremacy was
partly re-enacted in England.
2 April 1559, Sunday (-141,010) (France-Germany, Spain) The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis, ending the wars of Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V in Europe. Italy was recognised as a Spanish sphere of influence, and
Franche Comte was to be part of the Spanish monarchy. French possession of
Metz, Toul and Verdun was confirmed. A strategic marriage was arranged between
King Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth Valois, daughter of King Henry II of
France.
26 March 1559, Sunday� (-141,017)
Easter Sunday.
18 February 1559, Saturday
(-141,053) Isaac Casaubon, scholarly writer, was born (died 1 July 1614).
16 February 1559, Thursday
(-141,055) (Christian, Germany) Pope Paul IV issued the Papal Bull Cum Ex Apostolatus, calling for all
heretical rulers to be deposed. This justified attempts by the Habsburgs to threaten
Protestant rulers.
29 January 1559, Sunday (-141,073)
Sir Thomas Pope, founder of Trinity College Oxford, died in Clerkenwell,
London.
15 January 1559. Sunday (-141,087) Queen Elizabeth I crowned. She was born on 7 September 1533
at Greenwich Palace. Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she ruled
from 1558 to 1603 and was one of England�s greatest rulers, succeeding her
Catholic� half-sister Mary Tudor. She
cleverly preserved England�s independence from Catholic Europe whilst also outflanking the more radical Puritans, and her reign
saw the emergence of England as a major sea power through Drake and
others.� This was also a time when the
arts thrived. She died on 24 March 1603.
13 January 1559, Friday
(-141,089) Simons Menno, religious leader and writer, died.
1 January 1559, Sunday (-141,101) Christian III, King of
Denmark and Norway, died aged 55 after a reign of nearly 24 years. He was
succeeded by his 24-year-old son as Frederick II, who reigned for 29 years.
=====================================================================================
31 December 1558, Saturday
(-141,102)
14 December 1558, Wednesday
(-141,119) Funeral of Queen Mary of
England.
17 November 1558. Thursday
(-141,146) Queen Mary of England (Bloody Mary),
daughter of Henry VIII, died in
St James Palace London at the age of 42.�
Born in 1516 to Catharine of Aragon, she outmanoeuvred Lord Dudley�s
attempt to put Lady Jane Grey on the throne, on the death of her half-brother
King Edward VI. Mary�s marriage to Philip II of Spain dragged England into the
war between France and Spain, and caused the loss to England of Calais, an
English outpost since the reign of Edward III. Under her five-year reign
Catholicism was restored and Protestants persecuted.� On Mary�s death, her half-sister Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn,
became Queen Elizabeth I.
21 October 1558, Friday
(-141,173) Julius Caesar Scaliger, scholarly writer, died in Agen, SW
France.
21 September 1558. Wednesday (-141,203) Charles V, Holy Roman
Emperor from 1519 to 1556, died. His reign was marked by almost constant wars
with France, through which he gained control of Italy in 1529 at the Peace of
Cambrai.
9 September 1558, Friday
(-141,215) Philippe Mercoeur, French soldier, was born (died 19 February 1602).
11 August 1558, Thursday
(-141,244) �Justius Menius, German
religious writer, died (born 13 February 1499).
7 August 1558, Sunday (-141,248)
13 July 1558, Wednesday
(-141,273) Battle of Gravelines,
Franco-Spanish Wars. The Spanish under Comte d�Egmont, with English allies,
defeated the French under Marshal de Thermes.
24 April 1558, Sunday (-141,353) Mary Queen of Scots, aged
16, married the Dauphin of France.
12 April 1558, Tuesday
(-141,365)
10 April 1558, Sunday
(-141,367) Easter Sunday.
5 April 1558, Tuesday
(-141,372)
25 March 1558, Friday
(-141,383) Marcos de Niza, geography writer, died.
14 March 1558, Monday
(-141,394) Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria was elected Holy Roman Emperor.
He ruled until 1564.
5 March 1558, Saturday
(-141,403)
27 February 1558, Sunday (-141,409) Russia�s first trade mission
to England reached London.
1 February 1558, Tuesday
(-141,435)
31 March 1558, Monday (-141,436)
7 January 1558. Thursday (-141,460) (France, Britain) Calais,
the last English possession on mainland France, was taken by the French under
the Duke of Guise. The English had captured Calais in 1346 after a year
besieging it. With the loss to England of its last Continental possession,
public opinion turned against Queen Mary.
1
January 1558, Saturday (-141,466)
==================================================================================
31
December 1557, Friday (-141,467)
28
December 1557, Tuesday (-141,470)
6
December 1557, Tuesday (-141,491) (Christian)
John Macalpine, Protestant theologian, died.
7
November 1557, Sunday (-141,521)
13
October 1557, Wednesday (-141,546)
13
September 1557, Monday (-141,576) Sir John Cheke, English scholarly writer,
died (born 1514).
1 September 1557, Wednesday
(-141,588) Jacques Cartier, French
explorer of the North American coast and the St Lawrence river (born 1491),
died in St Malo.
10 August 1557, Tuesday
(-141,610) (France, Italy,
Spain) The Battle of St Quentin. Spanish forces under the Duke of Savoy
defeated the French under the Constable of Montmorency. The French were driven
out of Italy.
16 July 1557, Friday (-141,635) Anne of Cleves, 4th
wife of King Henry VIII, died.
19 June 1557, Saturday (-141,662)
11 June 1557, Friday (-141,670) John
III, King of Portugal, died on his 55th birthday. He was succeeded
by his 3-year old grandson, Sebastian.
7 June 1557, Monday
(-141,674) (Britain) England., now an ally of Spain after the marriage of
Queen Mary and Philip II of Spain, declared war on France.
18 April 1557, Sunday
(-141,724) Easter Sunday.
6 April 1557, Tuesday
(-141,736)
6 March 1557, Saturday (-141,767)
27 February 1557, Saturday (-141,774) The first Russian Embassy in
London opened.
8 January 1557, Friday
(-141,824) (Germany) Albert, Prince of
Bayreuth, died in Pforzheim (born 28 March 1522 in Ansbach).
5 January 1557, Tuesday
(-141,827)
1 January 1557, Friday
(-141,831)
=====================================================================================
29 December 1556, Tuesday
(-141,834)
27 December 1556, Sunday (-141,836)
31 December 1556, Thursday
(-141,832)
1 December 1556, Tuesday
(-141,862)
15 November 1556, Sunday
(-141,878) (France) Jacques Duperron,
French cardinal, was born (died 6 September 1618).
5 November 1556, Thursday
(-141,888) Jalal-ud-Din, Moghul
Emperor Akbar, defeated a Hindu army at the Battle of Panipat in the Punjab. He regained the Hindustani Empire.
25 October 1556, Sunday (-141,899) Charles V, King of Spain and
Holy Roman Emperor, retired to a Spanish monastery, dividing his possessions
between his son and his brother.
21 October 1556, Wednesday
(-141,903) Death in Venice of playwright Pietro Aretion.
16 October 1556, Friday (-141,908)
1 October 1556, Thursday
(-141,923)
7 September 1556, Monday
(-141,947) Emperor Charles V handed over government of the Holy Roman
Empire to his brother Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria. Pope Paul IV objected
that only he had the right toi bestow the title of Holy Roman Emperor.
1 September 1556, Tuesday
(-141,953)
1 August 1556, Saturday (-141,984)
31 July 1556, Friday (-141,985) Ignatius Loyola, Spanish
soldier and priest, and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), died.
26 July 1556, Sunday
(-141,990) James Melville, Scottish reformer and writer, was born.
1 July 1556, Wednesday
(-142,015) In Winchester, England, a
pound of beef cost 4d. A pound of candles cost 4d. A pound of butter cost 4d. A
pound of cheese cost 4d. 2 eggs cost 1d. A whole sheep cost �1.
19 June 1556, Friday (-142,027) King James I of England, son
of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, the first Stuart King of England and
Ireland, also King James VI of Scotland, was born.
10 May 1566, Sunday
(-142,067) Leonhard Fuchs, German physician, died (born 17 January 1501).
18 April 1556, Saturday (-142,089)
(Arts) Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet, died in
Amboise (born in Florence, 1495).
6 April 1556, Monday
(-142,101) Conrad Pelicanus, German religious writer,died (born in Alsace 8
January 1478)
5 April 1556, Sunday
(-142,102) Easter Sunday.
21 March 1556, Saturday (-142,117)
(Britain)
Thomas Cranmer, first Protestant
Archbishop of Canterbury, was burnt at the stake in Oxford as a heretic and a
traitor, under the Catholic rule of Queen �Bloody� Mary. He had been
deprived of his office on 11 December 1555. He had assisted in having the
marriage of Mary�s parents, King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, annulled.
7 March 1556, Saturday
(-142,131) Guillaume du Vair, French author, was born (died 3 August 1621).
29 February 1556, Saturday
(-142,138)
21 February 1556, Friday (-142,146)
Sethus Calvisius, German scholarly writer, was born (died 24 November 1615).
14 February 1556, Friday
(-142,153) Akbar was enthroned as Mughal Emperor.
27 January 1556, Monday (-142,171) The Moghul Emperor Humayun
died after falling from his library roof in Delhi. He was succeeded by his
14-year old son, Jalal-ud-Din, who returned from exile.
23 January 1556. Thursday (-142,175) An earthquake in China�s
Shanxi province killed an estimated 830,000 people.
16 January 1556, Thursday (-142,182) Emperor Charles V handed
over government of Spain to his son Philip, who ruled as Philip II of Spain..
=====================================================================================
31 December 1555, Tuesday
(-142,198)
4 December 1555, Wednesday
(-142,225) Heinrich Meibom, German poet, was born (died 20 September 1625).
16 November 1555, Saturday (-142,243)
25 October 1555, Friday
(-142,265) (Italy) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V handed over government of
The Netherlands, Milan and Naples to his son Philip of Spain.
16 October 1555. Wednesday
(-142,274) Bishops Hugh Latimer and
Nicholas Ridley, British Protestant martyrs and Oxford reformers, were burnt at
the stake for heresy.
25 September 1555, Wednesday
(-142,295) (Christian, Germany) The Peace of Augsburg was signed between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
and the Schmalkaldic League, at the city of Augsburg. It cemented the division within Christendom between Catholicism and
Protestantism, and allowed German states to choose either Roman Catholicism or
Lutheranism as their State Religion.
1 August 1555, Thursday
(-142,350)
17
July 1555, Wednesday (-142,365)
Richard Carew, poet, was born (died 6 November 1620).
12 July 1555, Friday (-142,370) The Jewish Ghetto in Rome
was created, on the orders of Pope Paul IV.
25 May 1555, Saturday
(-142,418) King Henry II of Navarre died (born 1503).
23 May 1555, Thursday
(-142,420) Pope Paul IV (223rd Pope) acceded (formerly Cardinal Giovanni
Pietro Caraffa).
30 April 1555, Tuesday
(-142,443) Pope Marcellus II
(formerly Cardinal Marcello Cervino) died, aged 54. He was succeeded by Pope
Paul IV. Paul ordered that the Jewish quarter in Rome be walled, creating the
Ghetto of Rome. Palestrina was appointed a member of the Pontifical Choir by
Paul IV without examination creating resentment amongst the other choir
members.
14 April 1555, Sunday (-142,459) Easter Sunday
10 April 1555, Wednesday
(-142,463) Pope Marcellus II was
elected Pope.
23 March 1555, Saturday (-142,481) Pope Julius III died, aged
67. He was succeeded by Pope Marcellus II,
1 March 1555, Friday (-142,503) Nostradamus published his
famous book of predictions.
9 February 1555, Saturday
(-142,523) John Hooper, English religious writer and martyr, died.
1 January 1555, Tuesday
(-142,562)
======================================================================================
14 December 1554, Friday (-142,580)
30 November 1554, Friday (-142,594) Cardinal Pole pardoned
England for its Protestant heresy and welcomed the country back into the Roman
Catholic Church.
12 November 1554, Monday
(-142,612) The English Parliament re-established Catholicisim in the
country.
7 October 1554, Sunday
(-142,648) (Britain) Walter Raleigh, explorer and adventurer, was born in
Barton Hayes, Devon.
3 October 1554, Wednesday
(-142,652) English poet and author Fulke Greville, 1st Baron
Brooke, was born.
28 September 1554, Friday
(-142,657)
25 July 1554. Wednesday (-142,722)
Mary I, Bloody Mary, married Philip II of Spain, son and heir of Charles V, in Winchester. This was her second
marriage; the first had been when, aged three, she was married to the King of
France, then nine months old. Catholicism
returned to England. See 17 November 1558.
20 July 1554, Friday (-142,727) Philip II of Spain arrived
in Southampton, having crossed the Channel during a terrible storm.
19 May 1554, Saturday (-142,789) Queen Elizabeth was released
from the Tower of London.
10 May 1554, Thursday
(-142,798) (Britain) Thomas Goodrich, English ecclesiastic, died.
17 April 1554, Tuesday
(-142,821) Stephen Gosson, English satirical writer, was born (died 13
February 1624).
11 April 1555, Wednesday
(-142,827) Joanna,Queen of Castille, died (born 6 November 1479).
30 March 1554, Friday
(-142,839) Paul Laurentius, religious writer, was born (died 24 February 1624).
26 March 1554, Monday
(-142,843) Charles Mayenne, 2nd Duke of Guise, was born (died 3
October 1611).
25 March 1554, Sunday (-142,844) Easter Sunday.
18 March 1554, Sunday (-142,851) Elizabeth was imprisoned in
the Tower of London for alleged complicity in a plot against Mary led by Sir
Thomas Wyatt; she was released on 19 May 1554.
3 March 1554, Saturday
(-142,866) John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, died (born 30 June 1503).
11 February 1554, Sunday (-142,886) Lady Jane Grey and her husband
Lord Guildford Dudley were executed on Tower Green, Tower of London, for high
treason; she was aged 16. Lady Grey
became Queen on 10 July 1553 but was deposed nine days later by her cousin Mary
Tudor who then became Queen of England. The Protestant King Edward VI had
proclaimed Jane Queen above her half sister Mary because that kept England away
from Catholic Spain. Mary delayed
executing Jane but changed her mind when Jane�s father attempted a revolution.
25 January 1554, Thursday
(-142,903) In Rochester, Kewnt, Thomas Wyatt began to organise a plot
against the proposed marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to Philip of Spain, son of
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
9 January 1554, Tuesday
(-142,919) Pope Gregory XV born.
1 January 1554, Monday
(-142,927)
======================================================================================
20 December 1553, Wednesday
(-142,939) In England, Protestant
Church services were ruled illegal.
14 December 1553, Thursday
(-142,945) Henry IV, King of France,
was born.
27 October 1553, Friday (-142,993) Michael Servetus,
theologian, was burnt at the stake.
16 October 1553, Monday
(-143,004) Death of German painter Lucas Cranach the Elder.
7 October 1553, Saturday
(-143,013) Birth in London of Edmund Spenser, English poet.
1 October 1553, Sunday (-143,019) Mary Tudor was crowned Queen
of England.
1 September 1553, Friday (-143,049)
2 August 1553, Wednesday
(-143,079) Battle of Marciano. A
French army invading Tuscany was defeated.
19 July 1553. Wednesday (-143,093) Lady Jane Grey, a Protestant, was deposed,
aged 16, after a reign of only nine days. She was sent to the Tower of London and beheaded on 12
February 1554. Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary), a Catholic, half sister of Edward VI,
was proclaimed Queen, but died
on 17 November 1558.
11 July 1553, Tuesday
(-143,101) Maurice, Elector of Saxony, died (born 21 March 1521).
10 July 1553. Monday (-143,102) Following the death of
Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey was
proclaimed Queen of England.
6 July 1553, Thursday
(-143,106) King Edward VI died in Greenwich of tuberculosis.
26 June 1553, Monday (-143,116) Christ�s Hospital London was
founded on the site of the former Greyfriars Monastery by King Edward VI, as a
hospital for poor children.
21 May 1553, Sunday (-143,152) Lady Jane Grey was forced to
marry Lord Guildford Dudley; Dudley had ambitions to be King of England.
14 May 1553, Sunday (-143,159) Marguerite de Valois, Queen
of Navarre, was born.
5 May 1553, Friday
(-143,168) (Arts) Erasmus Albertus, German
writer, died in Mecklenburg.
9 April 1553, Sunday
(-143,194) French satirical writer Francois Rabelais died.
2 April 1553, Sunday
(-143,201) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1553, Sunday
(-143,292) Holy bRoman Emperor Charles V retreated to Brussels. France
gained the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun.
=====================================================================================
3 December 1552. Saturday (-143,321) (Christian) Death of Francis Xavier,
Basque Jesuit missionary, called �the apostle of the Indies�, who helped
Ignatius Loyola found the Jesuits.� He died near Canton, China.
17 October 1552, Monday
(-143,368) Andreas Osiander, German religious writer, died (born 1498).
14 October 1552, Friday
(-143,371) Oswald Myconius, Zwinglian religious writer, died.
6 October 1552, Thursday
(-143,379) Birth of Matteo Ricci,
pioneering Jesuit missionary to China.
2 October 1552, Sunday (-143,383) Ivan the Terrible took the
Tartar city of Kazan, using artillery to break down the city walls. The Volga
became a Russian river.
17 September 1552, Saturday (-143,398) Pope Paul V was born.
20 August 1552, Saturday (-143,426) Ivan IV (The Terrible) began
an attack on Kazan with an army of 150,000 men, after a faction in Kazan
promised him the Khanate.
15 August 1552, Monday
(-143,431) Hermann, Elector of Cologne, died (born 14 January 1477).
14 August 1552, Sunday
(-143,432) Paolo Sarpi, Venetian scholarly writer, was born.
2 August 1552, Tuesday
(-143.444) Treaty of Passau. Lutherans were granted toleration of worship
within the Holy Roman Empire.
18 July 1552, Monday (-143,459) The Holy Roman Emperor,
Rudolf II, was born.
12 June 1552, Sunday
(-143,495) Henry II of France retreated to Verdun, east of Metz, in
Lorraine.
23 May 1552, Monday
(-143,515) Sebastian Munster, German scholarly writer, died.
14 May 1552, Saturday (-143,524)
19 April 1552, Tuesday
(-143,549) Emperor Charles V fled via the Brenner Pass to Carinthia, SE
Austria.
18 April 1552, Monday
(-143,550) Protestant German forces took Linz in Austria.
17 April 1552, Sunday
(-143,551) Easter Sunday.
10 April 1552, Sunday (-143,558) Henry II of France captured Metz in Lorraine.
4 April 1552, Monday
(-143,564) An army of German Protestants under Maurice, Elector of Saxony
and Albert Alciabiades II, Margrave of Brandenburg, captired the wealthy
Bavarian city of Augsburg.
13 March 1552, Sunday (-143,586) France invaded Lorraine.
8 February 1552, Monday
(-143,620) Theodore Aubigne, French poet, was born in St Maury, Pons (died
29 April 1630 in Geneva).
1 February 1552, Monday
(-143,627) Sir Edward Coke, English lawyer, was born (died 3 September 1634).
22 January 1552, Friday
(-143,637) Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, was
executed for treason.
15 January 1552, Friday
(-143,644) German Protestant Princes and King Henry II of France signed the
Treaty of Chambord., France could occupy three bishoprics in Lorraine (a region
now in� NE France) in return for
financial support for these Princes in their conflict against Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V.
14 January 1552, Thursday
(-143,645) Alberico Gentili, Italian legal writer, was born (died 19 June 1608).
10 January 1552, Sunday
(-143,649) Johann Cochlaeus, German religious writer, died (born 1479).
=====================================================================================
28 December 1551, Monday
(-143,662) Vicente Espinel, Spanish poet, was born (died 1624).
21 November 1551, Saturday (-143,699) Papal Legate Francis Xavier
and fellow Jesuits returned from a two-year missionary trip to Japan. The
Mikado was at first unimpressed with Xavier�s humble dress, but when he
returned in more suitable attire, with gifts, he was even granted a disused
Buddhist monastery for his work. Xavier left behind a community of 2,000
Christians, and was impressed with Japanese society.
2 October 1551, Friday (-143,749)
21 September 1551, Monday
(-143,760) (1) (Education, Schools) (1) The King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth,
received its charter. However a school here may date back to the 8th century
(see 1276). After the religious guilds were dissolved in 1548 a petition was
made to secure the school�s future, leading to the Charter.
(2) The National University of
Mexico was founded in Mexico City. It formally opened on 25 January 1533.���
19 September 1551, Saturday (-143,762) Henry III, King of France,
was born.
20 August 1551, Thursday
(-143,792)
14 August 1551, Friday
(-143,798) Ottoman Turks captured the port of Tripoli, in modern-day Libya,
from the Order of Knights of st John, a Christian Order based in Malta.
14 July 1551, Tuesday
(-143,829)
14 May 1551, Thursday
(-143,890)
2 May 1551, Saturday
(-143,902) William Camden, English historian (died 1623) was born.
1 May 1551, Friday
(-143,903) The Council of Trent reopened in Trent, Tirol (Trento, northern
Italy). Protestant delegates were barred from entry, and the doctrine of
Trsnasubstantiation was upheld.
21 April 1551, Tuesday
(-143,913) (Japan) Death of Japanese warlord
Oda Nobuhide (born 1510).
29 March 1551, Sunday (-143,935) Easter Sunday.
11 January 1551, Sunday
(-144,013) Ketumati, Burma, was conquered by Bayinnaung.
====================================================================================
31 December 1550, Wednesday
(-144,024) Henry of Lorraine, 3rd Duke of Guise, was born (died
25 December 1588).
24 December 1550, Wednesday
(-144,031)
7 November 1550, Friday
(-144,078) Bishop Jon Arason, the last Catholic Bishop in Iceland, who had
campaigned against the Reformation and Luthernaism, was executed at Skalholt.
22 October 1550, Wednesday
(-144,094)
17 September 1550, Wednesday
(-144,129) Pope Paul V was born.
10 September 1550, Wednesday
(-144,136) (Spain) Medina Sidonia, commander of the Spanish Armada, was
born (died 1615).
21 July 1550, Monday (-144,187) The Society of Jesus, or
Jesuits, was approved by Pope Julius III.
28 June 1550, Saturday
(-144,210) Johannes Drusius, religious writer, was born (died 2/1616).
27 June 1550, Friday (-144,211) Charles IX, French monarch
who ordered the massacre of the Hugenots on St Bartholomew�s Day in 1572, was
born.
14 May 1550, Wednesday
(-144,255)
4 May 1550, Sunday (-144,265)
12 April 1550, Saturday
(-144,287) Edward de Vere Oxford, English statesman, was born (died 24 June
1604 in Newington, London)
6 April 1550, Sunday (-144,293)
Easter Sunday.
24 March 1550, Monday
(-144,306) (France) Treaty oif Boulogne between England and France. For a
substantial payment, England withdrew from Boulogne earlier than agreed under
the Treaty of Ardres, and would also abandon its gains in Scotland. This freed
up Henry II of France to deploy his forces against Holy Roman Emperor Charles
V.
6 March 1550, Thursday
(-144,324)
8 February 1550, Saturday
(-144,350) Julius III (221st Pope) acceded (born 1487). Prevoiously
Cardinal Giovanni del Monte, he died in 1555.
6 January 1550, Monday
(-144,383)
1 January 1550, Wednesday
(-144,388)
==================================================================================
31 December 1549, Tuesday
(-144,389)
7 December 1549, Saturday (-144,413) Robert Kett, rebel leader,
was hanged.
10 November 1549, Sunday (-144,440) Pope Paul III died.
5 November 1549, Tuesday
(-144,445) Philippe de Mornay, French politician, was born (died 11
November 1623).
17 October 1549, Thursday
(-144,464) Denis Godefroy, French jurist, was born (died 7 September 1622).
21 September 1549, Saturday (-144,490) Marguerite d�Angoulmeme,
Queen of Navarre, died.
15 August 1549, Thursday
(-144,527) (Christian, Japan)
Francis Xavier entered the Japanese port of Kagoshima to begin a conversion work.
9 August 1549. Friday (-144,533) England declared war on
France.
12 July 1549, Friday (-144,561) Robert Kett, with 16,000
men, camped on Mousehold Heath outside Norwich and demanded an audience with
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, who was Protector of England
during the minority years of King Edward VI. Kett�s demands concerned rising
rents, rising food prices and the increase in sheep farming (which demanded
enclosure whereas crop farming did not). Somerset ordered Kett�s mob to
disperse, with a pardon for any crimes committed up to that point; Kett
refused. Somerset now ordered William Parr, Marquis of Northampton, to defeat
Kett. Parr marched into Norwich with 1,800 men, unopposed, but a surprise night
attack by Kett�s men routed Parr�s force. Parr retreated to London and Kett was
unable to follow, as his men had no wish to extend the dispute out of their
native Norfolk. Somerset now ordered John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, south from
Scotland, with 6,000 foot soldiers and 1,500 cavalry. Dudley surrounded Kett in
Norwich, and the two leaders began negotiations. However some of Kett�s
hotheads opened a fight with Dudley; Kett�s men were massacred with nearly 50
hanged.
20 June 1549, Thursday
(-144,583) Kett�s Rebellion against
enclosure of common land began when a group of men led by Robert Kett, a
smallholder and tanner, tore down the new hedges and fences at Attleborough
near Norwich. Copycat mobs sprang up all across Suffolk and Norfolk. In
particular they resented the enclosure activities of landowner Edward
Flowerdew.
9 June 1549. Sunday (-144,594) The Church of England
adopted the Book of Common Prayer, compiled by Thomas Cranmer. In Devon, where
the abolition of the chantries had caused economic hardship, there was
considerable opposition.
20 May 1549, Monday (-144,614) From this date, only the new
Book of Prayer was allowed to be used in English churches.
21 April 1549, Sunday
(-144,643) Easter Sunday
8 April 1549, Monday (-144,656)
20 March 1549. Wednesday (-144,675) Death of Thomas Seymour, Lord
High Admiral of England. He married King Henry VIII�s widow, Catherine Parr.
When she died, he planned to marry Queen Elizabeth I, but was arrested for
treason and executed.
15 February 1549, Friday (-144,708) Major earthquake hit Qayin,
Iran, killing 3,000.
11 January 1549, Friday (-144,743)
1 January 1549, Tuesday
(-144,753)
==================================================================================
31 December 1548, Monday
(-144,754)
10 December 1548, Monday (-144,775)
24 November 1548, Saturday (-144,791) The English Parliament voted
to allow clergymen to marry.
10 November 1548, Saturday (-144,805)
5 September 1548, Wednesday
(-144,871) Catherine Parr, 6th wife of Henry VIII, died in childbirth.� By then she was the wife of Lord Seymour, at
Sudeley castle, near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
4 July 1548, Wednesday
(-144,934)
30 June 1548, Saturday (-144,938) The Interim of Augsburg. A
solution devised at the Diet of Augsburg by Charles V to solve the religious
divisions of the Holy Roman Empire by devising a loosely-defined Catholicism
that was acceptable to the Protestant Princes. It allowed the laity to receive
the Communion cup and for Protestant Ministers to keep their wives. However the
Catholics were unenthusiastic and most of the Protestant princes rejected it.
Pope Paul refused to endorse it until August 1549.
1 April 1548, Sunday (-145,028) Easter Sunday. Sigismund I,
King of Poland, died aged 81, after a reign of 42 years. He was succeeded by
his 28-year old son, Sigismund II who ruled for 24 years.
11 February 1548, Saturday (-145,078) English churches were
ordered to remove all images of saints, as the Reformation proceeded.
1 January 1548, Sunday
(-145,119)
====================================================================================
5 December 1547, Monday
(-145,146) Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historical writer, was born (died 9 December 1625).
2 December 1547, Friday (-145,149) Hernando Cortez, Spanish
conqueror of Mexico in 1521, died near Seville.
19 October 1547, Wednesday
(-145,193) Perino
del Vaga, Italian painter, died (born near Florence 28 June 1500)
2 October 1547, Sunday (-145,210)
29 September 1547, Thursday
(-145,213) Miguel de Cervantes, author, was born.
22 September 1547, Thursday
(-145,220) Philipp Frischlin, German poet, was born (died 29 November 1590).
14 September 1547, Wednesday
(-145,228) Johan van Oldenbarneveldt, Dutch statesman who was instrumental
in obtaining independence for The Netherlands, was born in Amersfoort.
10 September 1547. Saturday (-145,232) The English won a major
victory over the Scots at Pinkie.
20 July 1547, Wednesday
(-154,304) Beatus Rhenanus, Gerrman scholarly writer, died in Strassburg
(born 1485 in Alsace)
21 June 1547, Tuesday
(-145,313) Moscow was destroyed by a
fire which consumed 25,000 of the city�s wooden houses. 1,700 people died and
80,000 were made homeless.
23 May 1547,�
Monday (-145,342)
23 April 1547, Saturday (-145,372) Battle of Muhlberg. Charles (1500-58), who
became King of Spain in 1516 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, was opposed to the
growth of Lutheranism (Protestantism).�
At Muhlberg, Charles defeated the Protestant princes, allowing him to
impose the Interim of Augsburg (1548) which was a temporary compromise making
minimal concessions to these Protestants. Many German Protestants who felt
these concessions were inadequate fled to England, assisting the Reformation
there.
10 April 1547, Sunday
(-145,385) Easter Sunday.
31 March 1547, Thursday
(-145,395) King Francis I of France
died aged 52.
20 February 1547, Sunday (-145,434) King Edward VI,
aged 9, crowned as King at Westminster Abbey.
16 February 1547, Wednesday
(-145,438) King Henry VIII was
buried at Windsor.
28 January 1547. Friday (-145,457) King Henry VIII, born 28 June 1491, died aged 56, probably of kidney and liver failure. King Edward VI, the
only son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour,
born 12 October 1537 and now aged 9, ascended
the throne on 20 February 1547. However he died on 9 July 1553 at the age of
15. He was succeeded by Lady Jane Grey, see 19 July 1553.
19 January 1547, Wednesday (-145,466) Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey,
was beheaded at the Tower of London for treason.
18 January 1547, Tuesday (-145,467) Pietro Bembo, Italian writer, died (born
in Venice 20 May 1470).
16 January 1547. Sunday (-145,469) Ivan the Terrible, first Russian to assume the title of Tsar, was
crowned.
====================================================================================
31 December 1546, Friday
(-145,485)
14 December 1546, Tuesday (-145,502)
Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer and mathematician, was born in Knudstrup.
4 November 1546, Thursday
(-145,542) Christ
Church College, Oxford, founded by Thomas Wolsey.
4 October 1546, Monday
(-145,573)
3 August 1546, Tuesday (-145,635)
In Paris the printer Etienne Dolet was hanged and burned for heresy, after
printing the works of humanists such as Erasmus.
16 July 1546, Friday
(-145,653) (Britain) Protestant martyr Anne
Askew was burnt at the stake.
10 July 1546, Saturday
(-145,659) (Germany) The Schmalkaldic War
began between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League.
4 July 1546, Sunday
(-145,665) (Turkey) Death of Ottoman Admiral
Khair el Din, better known as Barbarossa (born ca. 1478).
24 June 1546, Thursday
(-145,675) Robert Parsons, English political religious writer, was born in
Somerset (died 18 April 1610 in Rome)
25 April 1546, Sunday (-145,735)
Easter Sunday.
8 April 1546, Thursday
(-145,752) At the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church declared the
Apocrypha to be part of the Bible.
7 April 1546, Wednesday
(-145,753) Friedrich Myconius, religious writer, died (born 26 December 1490).
26 March 1546, Friday (-145,765) Sir Thomas Elyot, English
scholarly writer, died.
20 March 1546, Saturday
(-145,771) Sheihk Bahai, theologian and wscientist, was born.
18 February 1546. Thursday
(-145,801) Martin Luther, Augustinian friar and instigator of the Reformation, died (see 31 October 1517), at his
birthplace of Eisleben, Germany, at the age of 63, apparently of overwork.
1 January 1546, Friday
(-145,849)
===================================================================================
31 December 1545, Thursday
(-145,850)
13 December 1545, Sunday (-145,868) The Council of Trent began.
7 December 1545, Monday (-145,874) Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley,
was born.
6 December 1545, Sunday
(-145,875) Janus Dousa, Dutch writer, was born (died 8 October 1604).
18 October 1545, Sunday
(-145,924) John Taverner, English composer, died.
13 October 1545, Tuesday
(-145,929)
24 September 1545, Thursday
(-145,948) (Germany) Albert, Archbishop of
Mainz, died.
27 August 1545, Thursday
(-145,976) (Netherlands) Alexander Farnese,
Governor-General of The Netherlands under King Philip II of Spain, was born
(died 3 December 1592).
1 August 1545, Saturday
(-146,002) (Scotland) Andrew Melville, Scottish religious reformer, was
born.
19 July 1545, Sunday (-146,015) The Mary Rose, pride of Henry VIII�s battle fleet, keeled over
and sank in the Solent with the loss of 700 lives. It was raised on 11 October 1982
and taken to Portsmouth Dockyard.
8 July 1545, Wednesday
(-146,026) (Spain) Don Carlos, Prince of
Asturias, was born (died 24 July 1568).
26 June 1545, Friday (-146,038) A botanical garden was
established in Padua. This, or the garden in Pisa, is the oldest such garden in
Europe.
1 May 1545, Friday
(-149,094) Franz Junius, Hugenot French religious writer, was born (died
1`3 October 1602).
20 April 1545, Monday (-146,105) The Waldensians were
massacred in Provence.
5 April 1545, Sunday
(-146,120) Easter Sunday.
2 March 1545, Monday
(-146,154) (Britain) Sir Thomas Bodley, founder
of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, was born in Exeter (died in London 28 January 1613).
25 February 1545, Wednesday
(-146,159) The English were defeated
by the Scots at Ancrum Moor. See 24 November 1542. In September 1545 the
English again invaded Scotland.
24 February 1545, Tuesday
(-146,160) Don John of Austria was born (died 1 October 1578).
1 January 1545, Thursday
(-146,214)
===================================================================================
31 December 1544, Wednesday
(-146,215)
9 December 1544, Tuesday
(-146,237) Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet, died (born 8 November 1491).
25 October 1544, Saturday (-146,282)
9 October 1544, Thursday
(-146,298) French forces almost recaptured Boulogne, but the English
raliied and drove them back.
18 September 1544, Thursday
(-146,319) (Italy) France and Spain concluded the Peace of Crepy. Spain was
growing weary of fighting. The Treaty preserved the status quo, with France
retaining north west Italy. England was suddenly without allies against France.
King Henry VIII returned to England, leaving a garrison in Boulogne.
14 September 1544,
Sunday (-146,323) Henry VIII of England captured Boulogne.
On 7 June 1546 the English and French signed the Peace of Ardres. This said
Boulogne was to remain in English hands for another eight years.
19 July 1544, Saturday (-146,380) Henry VIII laid siege to the
French town of Boulogne, in revenge for French military assistance to Scotland.
24 May 1544, Saturday
(-146,437) (Britain) William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth I, was
born (died 30 November 1603).
14 April 1544, Monday
(-146,477) Battle of Ceresole. France defeated the Spanish south of Turin.
13 April 1544, Sunday (-146,478) Easter Sunday
30 March 1544, Sunday (-146,492) Bartolome de las Casas, Spanish campaigner
against the abuse of indigenous peoples, was consecrated as Bishop of Chiapas,
Mexico.
19 January 1544, Saturday (-146,562) Francis II, King of France,
was born.
1 January 1544, Tuesday
(-146,580)
===================================================================================
14 December 1543, Friday (-146,598)
29 November 1543, Thursday
(-146,613) German painter Hans Holbein the Younger died in London.
22 September 1543, Saturday (-146,681)
Josse Clichtove, Belgian religious writer, died.
9 September 1543, Sunday
(-146,694) Mary Queen of Scots was crowned at age 9 months. Her father
James V had died when she was 1 week old. She was beheaded at age 44.
12 July 1543. Thursday
(-146,753) King Henry VIII married his sixth wife, Katherine Parr.
24 May 1543. Thursday (-146,802) Polish
astronomer, Nicolas Copernicus
died of apoplexy.� Born on 19 February 1473,
in Torun, Poland, Copernicus is regarded as the founder of modern astronomy.� When his father died, Copernicus� uncle Lucas
Waczenrode became his guardian.� In 1491
Copernicus went to the University of Krakow to study Latin, mathematics,
astronomy, geography, and philosophy.� He
returned home after 4 years without a degree, and studied Canon Law at the
University of Bologna so as to have a church career. From a turret on the walls
of Bologna Cathedral, Copernicus studied the stars, and in 1530 produced a 400
page treatise, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the revolutions of the
celestial spheres). This put forward the
idea that the earth rotated on its own axis daily and annually around the Sun.
It was published in the year of his death, 1543, and greeted with a hostile
reception as it challenged the ancient teaching that the earth was the centre
of the Universe.
24 April 1543, Tuesday
(-146,832)
1 April 1543, Sunday
(-146,855) Francois Lesdiguieres, Constable of France, was born (died 21
September 1626).
25 March 1543, Sunday (-146,862) Easter Sunday.
16 March 1453, Friday
(-146,871) Gonzalo Cordoba, Spanish statesman, was born (died 2 December 1515).
10 February 1543, Saturday
(-146,905) (Christian) Johann Maier Eck,
opponent of the reforms of Martin Luther, died (born 13 November 1486).
3 January 1543, Wednesday
(-149,943) Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, Spanish explorer of what is now the
Californian coast, died (born ca. 1499)
1 January 1543, Monday
(-146,945)
===================================================================================
31 December 1542, Sunday (-146,946)
21 December 1542, Thursday (-146,956) (Mathematics)
Thomas Allen, English mathematician, was born in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire (died
30 September 1632 at Gloucester Hall).
14 December 1542, Thursday
(-146,963) James V, King of
Scotland, died, aged 30. He was succeeded by his baby daughter, Mary Queen of
Scots.
7 December 1542, Thursday
(-146,970) Mary Queen of Scots,
cousin of Queen Elizabeth I, was born in Llinlithgow Palace, daughter of King
James V of Scotland. See 9 September 1543.
24 November 1542. Friday (-146,983) The English defeated the Scots at Solway Moss as Henry VIII fought to gain control of
Scotland. On 1 July 1543 England and Scotland signed the Peace of
Greenwich, but this was repudiated by the Scottish Parliament on 11 December 1543.
England invaded Scotland again in 1544, pillaging Edinburgh, but failed to gain
a surrender from Scotland. See 25 February 1545.
4 October 1542, Wednesday
(-147,034) (Christian) Roberto Bellarmine,
Italian Cardinal, was born in Tuscany (died in Rome 17 September 1621).
28 September 1542, Thursday
(-147,040) Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana landed at what is now
Diego on the Californian coast.
16 September 1542, Saturday (-147,052) The French King, Francois I,
was prescribed a new food by his Ottoman Turkish doctor. This food was yoghurt.
24 August 1542, Thursday
(-147,075) Spanish explorers from
Quito, Peru, pushed on over the Andes and explored the river they called the
Amazon, after the women warriors they met there. However this territory was
claimed by Portugal under the Treaty of Tordesillas.
30 July 1542, Sunday
(-147,100)
21 July 1542, Friday (-147,109) Pope Paul III established
the Universal Inquisition in order to halt the Reformation by repression.
24 June 1542, Saturday
(-147,136) St John of the Cross, Spanish mystic and poet, was born (died
1591).
19 June 1542, Monday
(-147,141) Leo Jud, Swiss Bible writer, died.
21 May 1542, Sunday (-147,170) Hernando de Soto, the first
European to cross the Mississippi, died on the return journey.
6 May 1542, Saturday (-147,185) (Christian, India)
Francis Xavier arrived at the Portuguese colony of Goa, India, to begin his
work of converting the indigenous inhabitants to Christianity.
15 April 1542, Monday (-147,206) Leonardo da Vinci was
born.� His father, Piero da Vinci, was a
notary and his mother, Caterina da Vinci, was a peasant.
9 April 1542, Sunday
(-147,212) Easter Sunday.
28 March 1542, Tuesday
(-147,224) In England, Margaret Davy
was boiled to death. This rare punishment was inflicted for her committing
murder by poisoning.
13 February 1542. Monday (-147,267) Catherine Howard, the
fifth wife of Henry VIII, was beheaded.
She stood accused of adultery. Her last words were �I die a queen but I would
rather have died the wife of Culpepper�.
1 February 1542, Wednesday
(-147,279) (Italy) Girolamo Aleandro, Italian
Cardinal, died in Rome (born 13 February 1480 in Motta, near Venice).
1 January 1542, Sunday
(-147,310)
====================================================================================
31 December 1541, Saturday
(-147,311)
29 December 1541, Thursday
(-147,313) By the Treaty of Gyalu, against the wishes of the Hungarian nobility,
Isabella, widow of John Zapolya and mother of the infant King John Sigismund
Zapolya, ceded Hungary to Frederick I, Archduke of Austria.
24 December 1541, Saturday
(-147,318) (Christian) Carlstadt, German
religious reformer, died (born 1480).
9 November 1541, Wednesday
(-147,363) Catherine Howard, 5th wife of King Henry VIII, was confined to
the Tower of London
18 October 1541, Tuesday
(-147,385) Margaret, Queen of
Scotland, died.
11 October 1541, Tuesday
(-147,392)
24 September 1541, Saturday
(-147,409) Paracelsus, scientist and occultist, died..
18 August 1541, Thursday
(-147,446)
1 August 1541, Monday
(-147,463) Simon Grynaeus, German scholarly writer, died (born 1493).
26 June 1541, Sunday (-147,499) Francisco Pizarro,
Conquistador, was assassinated in Lima, by followers of a rival explorer,
Almagro. The two had disputed over the area each was to control.
18 June 1541, Saturday
(-147,507) The Irish Parliament selected King Henry VIII as King of Ireland
21 May 1541, Saturday
(-147,535) Johann Faber, German religious writer, died (born 1478).
8 May 1541, Sunday (-147,548) The River Mississippi was
first seen by Europeans. The Spanish Conquistador, Hernando de Soto, reached
the River in the area where Arkansas City is now sited.
22 April 1541, Friday (-147,564)
17 April 1541, Sunday (-147,569) Easter
Sunday.
7 April 1541, Thursday (-147,579) Francis
Xavier and three Jesuit companions sailed from Lisbon to do conversion work in
the West Indies.
12 February 1541, Saturday (-147,633) The Spaniards founded Santiago, Chile.
26 January 1541, Wednesday
(-147, 650) Florent Chrestien, French poet, was born (died 3 October 1596).
====================================================================================
31 December 1540, Friday
(-147,676)
5 October 1540, Tuesday
(-147,763) Helius Hessus, German poet, died (born 6 January 1488).
1 October 1540, Friday
(-147,767) Johann Grynaeus, Swiss religious writer, was born (died 13
August 1617).
2 September 1540, Thursday
(-147,796) Dawit II, Emperor of
Ethiopia, died.
24 August 1540, Tuesday
(-147,805) Francesco Parmigiano, Italian painter, died.
23 August 1540, Monday
(-147,806) Guillaume Bude, French scholarly writer, died.
30 July 1540, Friday (-147,830) (Britain) Thomas Abel, English priest, was
executed for denying the Royal supremacy in the Church.
28 July 1540. Wednesday (-147,832) Thomas Cromwell, Chancellor to Henry VIII, was beheaded on Tower Hill for
promoting the King�s failed marriage to Anne of Cleves. (See 6 January 1540).
On the same day Henry VIII married his fifth
wife, Catherine Howard.
She was beheaded on 13 February 1542.
23 July 1540, Friday
(-147,837) Following the death of John Zapolya, the infant John Sigismund
Zapolya succeeded as King of Hungary, in violation of the Treaty of Nagyvarad.
Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia and Germany, invaded to claim
the whole of Hungary.
9 July 1540. Friday (147,851) Henry VIII divorced his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. She was his
fourth wife; nicknamed �The Flanders Mare�, she at least kept her head.
24 June 1540, Thursday
(-147,866) Henry VIII ordered Anne of Cleves to leave the Royal Court
11 June 1540, Friday
(-147,879) Barmabe Googe, English poet, was born (died 2/1594)
3 June 1540, Thursday
(-147,887) Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first European to
cross the Appalachian mountains.
22 May 1540, Saturday
(-147,899) Francesco Guicciiardini, Italian historical and political
writer, died near Florence.
9 May 1540, Sunday (-147,912)
30 March 1540, Tuesday
(-147,952) Matthaus Lang von Wellenburg, German statesman, died.
28 March 1540, Sunday (-147,954)
Easter Sunday
23 March 1540. Tuesday (-147,959) The Crown seized Waltham Abbey. It was the last of
the great monasteries to be seized by Henry VIII, bringing to an end
a four-year campaign that had seen some 550 church properties, with their gold
and jewels, pass to the King. The total income from these properties was around
�132,000 a year and Henry VIII gave some of this to his supporters.
22 February 1540, Sunday
(-147,989) Coronation of Queen Mary, second wife of King James V of
Scotland.
9 February 1540. Monday (-148,002) The first recorded
horse-racing meeting in Britain took place on Roodeye Field (now Roodee),
Chester.
24 January 1540, Saturday
(-148,018) Edmund Campion, Jesuit, was born.
6 January 1540. Tuesday
(-148,036) King Henry VIII�s ill-fated
marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves (see 28 July 1540). Anne
was born on 22 September 1515; her father was leader of the German Protestants
and so Anne was regarded as a suitable wife for Henry VIII by Cromwell. However
she had no looks, spoke only her own language, and had no dowry. Her only
recommendations were her proficiency in needlework and her meek and mild
temper. The marriage contract was signed on 24 September 1539; she landed at
Deal on 27 December 1539, and Henry VIII met her at Rochester on 1 January 1540.
On 2 January 1540 Henry VIII openly said about her looks, �She is no better
than a Flanders mare�. On the wedding morning, 6 January 1540, he said nothing
would have persuaded him to marry her but the fear of driving the Duke of
Cleves into the arms of the Holy Roman Emperor. Soon after Henry regretted
identifying so closely with the German Protestants. Henry then declared the
marriage non-consummated and so null and void, on 9 July 1540. Anne lived the
rest of her life happily in retirement in England, dying on 28 July 1557; she
was buried at Westminster Abbey.
====================================================================================
31 December 1539, Wednesday
(-148,042)
6 November 1539, Thursday
(-148,097)
1 November 1539, Saturday
(-148,102) Pierre Pithou, French scholarly writer, was born in Troyes (died
1 November 1596 in Nogent sur Seine)
7 September 1539, Sunday (-148,157) Guru Angad Dev became the
second Guru of the Sikhs.
4 September 1539, Thursday
(-148,160) King Henry VIII
contracted to marry Anne of Cleves.
10 August 1539. Sunday (-148,185) King Francis of France
orders that all legal documents are henceforth to be drawn up in French, not
Latin. He also ordered all priests to keep records of baptisms and deaths.
10 June 1539, Tuesday
(-148,246)
30 May 1539, Friday (-148,257) Hernando de Soto landed in
Florida, with 600 soldiers, in search of gold.�
He also introduced pigs into North America.
6 April 1439, Sunday (-143,311) Easter Sunday
30 March 1539, Sunday (-148,318)
12 January 1539, Sunday (-148,395) The Treaty of Toledo was
signed by Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Spain), and Francis I
(King of France).� Each agreed to make no
further alliances with England.� The
origin of this Treaty was the dispute between King Henry VIII of England and
Pope Paul III.
1 January 1539, Wednesday
(-148,406)
=================================================================================
31 December 1538, Tuesday
(-148,407)
28 December 1538, Saturday
(-148,410) Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice, died.
30 November 1538, Saturday (-148,438) (1) In England, Byland Abbey was
dissolved.
(2) Sucre, Bolivia, was founded under
the name of Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo.
28 October 1538, Monday (-148,471) The first University in the
Americas, the Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino, was founded.
28 September 1538, Saturday (-148,501) At the Battle of Preveza,
the Turkish fleet under Suleiman the Magnificent, commanded by Barbarossa
Hayreddin Pasha, defeated the Holy League forces of Charles V, commanded by
Andrea Doria.
22 August 1538, Thursday
(-148,538) (Britain) John Lambert, English
Protestant martyr, died.
6 August 1538, Tuesday
(-148,554) Bogota, Colombia, was
founded by Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada.
25 July 1539, Thursday
(-148,566) (Christian) Lorenzo Campeggio,
Italian Cardinal, died (born 1464).
18 June 1538, Tuesday
(-148,603) The Truce of Nice; peace
was declared between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and King Francis I of France.
10 June 1538, Monday
(-148,611) German� Catholic Princes
formed the League of Nuremberg, in opposition to the Protestant Schmalkaldic
Leagie.
8 May 1538, Thursday
(-148,643) (Britain) Edward Fox, Bishop of
Hereford, died.
26 April 1538, Friday (-148,656) At the Battle of Los
Salinas, Almagro was defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seized Cuzco.
21 April 1538, Sunday
(-148,661) Easter Sunday.
24 February 1538, Sunday (-148,717) The Treaty of Nagyvarad;
peace was declared between King Ferdinand and the Turks.� John Zapolya was recognised as King of Hungary,
whilst Ferdinand retained northern and western Hungary and was recognised as
heir to the Hungarian throne.
12 February 1538, Tuesday
(-148,729) Abrecht Altdorfer, painter, died.
1 January 1538, Tuesday
(-148,771) German and Swiss states
introduced the Gregorian Calendar.
===================================================================================
24 December 1537, Monday (-148,779)
10 December 1537, Monday
(-148,793) Giovanni Guarini, Italian poet, was born (died 1612).
24 October 1537.Wednesday (-148,840) �Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII, died, of the
all-too-common childbed fever.
12 October 1537. Friday (-148,852) Edward VI, son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane
Seymour, was born at Hampton Court Palace, London. He
succeeded his father at the age of 9 but died aged 15. Henry intended him to
marry Mary, daughter of King James V of Scotland. In 1543 the Treaty of
Greenwich provided for this marriage when Edward reached the age of 10; however
the Scottish Parliament rejected this Treaty.
4 October 1537, Thursday
(-148,860) The Matthew Bible, ptinted under the pseudonym Thomas Matthew,
was produced.
2 September 1537, Sunday
(-148,892) Protestant �superintendents� were appointed in Denmark to
replace the former Catholic Bishops (see 27 September 1536).
25 August 1537, Saturday (-148,900) The Honourable Artillery
Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army and the second most
senior, was founded.
15 August 1537, Wednesday
(-148,910) Asunci�n was founded by
Juan de Salazar y Espinoza.
25 July 1537. Wednesday
(-148,931)
20 June 1537, Wednesday
(-148,966) Thomas Darcy, English soldier died (born 1467).
2 June 1537, Saturday (-148,984) (Christian, Race
Equality) A Papal Bull issued by Pope Paul III prohibited enslavement
of American Indians, contrary to King Charles V�s policies. Paul excommunicated
Catholic slave traders.
25 May 1537, Friday (-148,992)
1 April 1537, Sunday
(-149,046) Easter Sunday.
12 March 1537, Monday (-149,066) The Portuguese founded the
city of Recife, Brazil
6 February 1537, Tuesday
(-149,100) Toyotomi Hideyoshi,
Japanese statesman, was born (see 18 August 1598).
6 January 1537, Saturday (-149,131) Alessandro de Medici was
assassinated.
1 January 1537, Monday
(-149,136)
===============================================================================
31 December 1536, Sunday
(-149,137)
6 December 1536, Wednesday
(-149,162)
6 November 1536, Monday (-149,192)
16 October 1536, Monday (-149,213)
(Britain,
Christian)
York was occupied by rebels against the
takeover of the Church by King Henry VIII. This was the Pilgrimage of Grace.
Much of northern England, from Lincolnshire to north Yorkshire, was in uproar
at this takeover, the valuation of Church property, the suppression of smaller
monasteries, and the cancellation of some Saints day holidays. Led by Robert
Aske, rebels seized northern towns. Henry
VIII made peace with the rebels and issued a pardon, only to go back on this on
a pretext in January 1537 and execute the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace,
including Aske.
13 October 1536, Friday
(-149,216) The Pilgrimage of Grace began in northern England, protesting at
King Henry VIII�s break from Rome.
6 October 1536, Friday (-149,223) William Tyndale,
English religious reformer and translator of the Bible, was burned at the stake
as a heretic in Vilvarde, Brussels, on the orders of King Henry
VIII.
6 September 1536, Wednesday
(-149,253)
6 August 1536, Sunday (-149,284)
29 July 1536, Saturday
(-149,292) End of the Count�s War in
Denmark (began 1534). Count�
Christopher of Oldenburg, great nephew of King Christian I, Catholic,
contested with Frederick�s son, Christian III. The poorer people supported the
Catholics. Forces loyal to Protestant Christian III, backed by the Holstein
Dukes and Gustavus Vasa of Sweden, captured Copenhagen this day, This ensured
the primacy of Lutheranism over Roman Catholicism in Denmark. The property of
the Catholic Bishops was now confiscated by the Danish State.
12 July 1536, Wednesday
(-149,309) Desiderus Erasmus,
Renaissance philosopher, died.
11 July 1536, Tuesday
(-149,310) The Convocation of the Clergy. English clergy subscribed to the
Ten Articles, beliefs of the English Church under King Henry VIII.
16 June 1536, Friday (-149,335) The St Lawrence River was
named by explorer Jacques Cartier.
30 May 1536. Tuesday (-149,352) King Henry VIII married Jane Seymour, his third
wife, in the Queen�s Chapel, Whitehall, eleven days after the execution of Anne Boleyn.
19 May 1536. Friday (-149,363) Anne
Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII,
mother of Queen Elizabeth I, was beheaded at Tower Green, in the Tower of
London, aged 29.� She was accused of
adultery � Henry VIII was already flirting with his third wife Jane. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and
lost her right of succession to the English throne.
6 May 1536, Saturday (-149,376) King Henry VIII ordered a
copy of The Bible to be placed in every English church.
30 April 1536, Sunday (-149,382) The Inquisition was
implemented in Portugal.
16 April 1536, Sunday (-149,396) Easter Sunday.
14 April 1536, Friday (-149,398) King Henry VIII of Engtland began
expropriating the minor monasteries
10 March 1536, Friday (-149,433) Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of
Norflolk, was born (beheaded 2 June 1572).
2 March 1536, Thursday
(-149,441)
25 February 1536, Friday
(-149,447) (Christian) Berthold Haller,
Swiss religious reformer, died (born 1492).
5 February 1536, Saturday
(-149,467) Anne Boleyn was arrested and taken to the Tower of London.
7 January 1536, Friday (-149,496) Catharine of Aragon died at Kimbolton Palace, Huntingdonshire. She was
the first of Henry VIII�s six wives, and the mother of Queen Mary I.
1 January 1536, Saturday
(-149,502)
================================================================================
31 December 1535, Friday
(-149,503)
7 November 1535, Friday (-149,559)
24 October 1535, Sunday (-149,571) Francesco Sforza II, Duke of
Milan, died aged 45 without a successor. Milan became a suzerainty of Charles
V.
16 October 1535, Saturday (-149,579)
Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord, was born.
4 October 1535, Monday (-149,591) The first English Bible was
printed, translated and published by Miles Coverdale.
4 August 1535, Wednesday
(-149,652)
11 July 1535, Sunday (-149,676) Joachim
I, Elector of Brandenburg, died (born 21 February 1484).
9 July 1535, Friday (-149,678) Antoine
du Prat, Chancellor of France, died (born 17 January 1463).
6 July 1535, Tuesday
(-149,681) (UK, Russia)
Sir Thomas Moore was
beheaded in London, for refusing to accept Henry VIII as head of the Church of
England. Thomas More
was born in 1477 in London. He published Utopia in 1515 which described
a pagan, communist, city state in which the institutions and policies are
governed entirely by reason. His ideas contrasted with the self-interest and
greed for power seen in Europe�s Christian states.
22 June 1535, Monday
(-149,696) Cardinal John Fisher was beheaded on Tower Hill, London, for
refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England.
11 June 1535, Thursday
(-149,707) (Denmark) A Danish-Swedish army led by King Christian III of
Denmark and Norway defeated the army and navy of the Hanseatic port of Lubeck.
The era of Hanseatic naval power ended. Christian III was able to conquer the
island of Fyn and all of Zeeland except for Copenhagen.
1 June 1535, Monday
(-149,717) Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, captured Tunis.
6 May 1535, Thursday
(-149,742)
28 April 1535, Wednesday
(-149,750)
28 March 1535, Sunday (-149,781)
Easter Sunday
6 March 1535, Saturday (-149,803)
18 February 1535, Thursday
(-149,819) Henry Agrippa von Nettesheim, German writer, died in Grenoble
(born in Cologne, 14 September 1486)
11 February 1535, Thursday
(-149, 826) Pope Gregory XIV was
born.
21 January 1535, Thursday
(-149,847) Henry VIII appointed
Cromwell as vice-regent in spiritual or vicar-general. Cromwell now set about
assessing the value of England�s monasteries.
18 January 1535, Monday (-149,850) Lima, Peru, was founded by
Francisco Pizarro.
15 January 1535, Friday (-149,853)
The Act of Supremacy was passed in
England. This made King Henry VIII head of the Church.
====================================================================================
31 December 1534, Thursday
(-149,868) The Ottoman army captured Baghdad. By 1546
they controlled Yemen, gateway to the Red Sea.
6 November 1534, Friday
(-149,923) (Biology) Joachim Camerarius,
botanist, was born (died 11 October 1598).
18 October 1534, Friday
(-149,944) Jean Passerat, French poet, was born in Troyes (died 14
September 1602 in Paris)
13 October 1534, Tuesday
(-149,947) Pope Paul III (220th Pope), formerly Cardinal Alessandro Farnese
(1468-1549) acceded.
25 September 1534, Friday (-149,965) Pope Clement VII (219th
Pope) died after eating poisonous mushrooms (born 1475).
15 August 1534, Saturday
(-150,006) (Christian) The Jesuits (Society
of Jesus) was founded by Ignatius Loyola. They became the main
counter-Reformation movement in the Catholic Church.
9 August 1534, Sunday
(-150,012) (Christian) Cardinal Cajetan
(Tommaso de Vio) died (born 1470). He was a staunch defender of papal privilege,
in the face of Protestant reform.
24 July 1534, Friday (-150,028) Jacques Cartier landed in
Canada, claiming the territory for France.
13 July 1534, Monday (-150,039) Ottoman armies captured Tabriz in north western Persia.
1 July 1534, Wednesday
(-150,051) Frederick II, King of
Denmark, was born.
9 June 1534, Tuesday
(-150,073) Jacques Cartier discovered the estuary of the St Lawrence River
in Canada.
10 May 1534, Sunday (-150,103) Jacques Cartier
explored Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage.
4 May 1534, Monday
(-150,109) Five Carthusian momks from London Chartehouse were hung drawn
and quartered at Tyburn, London, for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as head
of the Church of England
20 April 1534, Monday (-150,123) Jacques Cartier sailed from
St Malo, to explore the Canadian coast.
18 April 1534, Saturday (-150,125)
William Harrison, English writer, was born (died 24 April 1593).
15 April 1534, Wednesday
(-150,128) Thomas Cromwell was appointed Chief Secretary to King Henry VIII
of England
5 April 1534, Sunday
(-150,138) Easter Sunday.
1 March 1534, Sunday (-150,173)
2 February 1534, Monday (-150,200) The Great Swabian League was
dissolved.
2 January 1534, Friday (-150,231)
====================================================================================
31 December 1533, Wednesday
(-150,233)
4 December 1533, Thursday
(-150,260) Ivan IV, aged 3, became
ruler of Russia. He was to be known as Ivan the Terrible.
21 November 1533, Friday
(-150,273) Basil III, Grand Duke of Muscovy, died aged 54 He was succeeded
by his 3-year-old son who ruled until 1584 as Ivan IV (the Terrible).
15 November 1533, Saturday (-150,279) Pizarro entered Cuzco.
15 October 1533, Wednesday
(-150,310)
2 October 1533, Thursday
(-150,323)
7 September 1533, Sunday (-150,348) Queen Elizabeth I was born at Greenwich Palace in London, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn (married 25 January 1533).
Elizabeth was recognised as heir to the English throne ahead of her half sister
Mary, daughter of Henry VIII�s first wife Catherine of Aragon. See 19 May 1536.
29 August 1533, Friday (-150,357) The end of the
Inca Empire. Francisco Pizarro arranged for Atahualpa to be tried on
charges of murder, sedition and idolatry. Found guilty this day, Atahualpa was
executed by strangulation.
7 August 1533, Thursday
(-150,379) Alonso de Ercilla y Zuniga, Spanish poet, was born (died 1595).
29 July 1533, Tuesday
(-150,388)
11 July 1533, Friday (-150,406) Henry VIII was excommunicated by Pope Clement VII.
6 July 1533, Sunday
(-150,411) Italian poet Ludovico Ariosto died.
4 July 1533, Friday
(-150,413) John Frith, English religious writer ad reformer, was executed.
24 June 1533, Tuesday
(-150,423) Mary Queen of France, daughter of Henry VII of England, died (born
21 December 1507).
22 June 1533, Sunday
(-150,425) (Hungary) Peace treaty arranged between Suleiman I, Ottoman
Sultan, and Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, ruler of Germany and King of
Bohemia. Ferdinand retained the parts of Hungary he still controlled, whilst
voivoide (military viceroy) John Zapolya, ruler of Transylvania and ally of
Suleiman, retained the rest of Hungary.
23 May 1533, Friday (-150,455) The marriage of Henry VIII
and Catharine of Aragon was annulled.
11 May 1533, Sunday (-150,467)
24 April 1533, Thursday
(-150,484) William the Silent,
Prince of Orange, was born at Dillenburg Castle, Nassau, Germany.
13 April 1533, Sunday (-150,495) Easter Sunday
10 April 1533, Thursday (-150,498) (Denmark) King Frederick I of Denmark
died aged 62 (acceded 1523). Civil war ensured in Denmark, the Counts War,
because the Diet refused to acknowledge the succession of his son, Christian,
because he was a Lutheran. The Diet supported the accession of Frederick�s
younger infant son, Hans. He was succeeded as King of Denmark and Norway by his
30-tear-old son, who ruled as King Christian III until 1559.
24 March 1533, Monday (-150,515)
28 February 1533, Friday
(-150,539) Michel de Montaigne, French essayist, was born.
30 January 1533, Thursday
(-150,568) Protestant reformer Thomas Cranmer was consecrated as
Archboishop of Canterbury.
25
January 1533, Saturday (-150,573) King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn were officially married by
the Bishop of Lichfield, and became the future parents of Queen Elizabeth I on 7 September 1533. Anne Boleyn was crowned at
Westminster on 1 June 1533, shortly after Thomas Cranmer (who was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury on
30 March 1533) had declared Henry VIII�s marriage to Catherine of Aragon null
and void. On 23 May 1533 Henry VIII
actually divorced Catherine of
Aragon, resulting in a break between England and the Church of Rome.
1 January 1533, Wednesday
(-150,597)
===============================================================================
31 December 1532, Tuesday
(-150,598)
17 December 1532, Tuesday (-150,612)
25 November 1532, Monday (-150,634)
16 November 1532, Saturday (-150,643) (Peru) Atuahalpa met Pizarro
at his mountain fortress of Cajamarca.
The Spanish handed Atahualpa a Bible and demanded that he convert to
Christianity. Atahualpa refused, and was taken hostage by the Spanish. The Inca
offered the Spanish a �roomful of gold� to release Atahualpa; the ransom was
paid, but Pizarro did not keep his side of the bargain. Instead he had
Atahualpa garrotted in the main square in July 1533.
14 November 1532, Thursday
(-150,645) King Henry VIII of England seceretly married Anne Boleyn.
16 October 1532, Wednesday
(-150,674)
1 September 1532, Sunday (-150,719) Lady Anne Boleyn was created
Marquess of Pembroke by her fianc�, King Henry VIII.
22 August 1532, Thursday
(-150,729) William Warham, Arhcbishop of Canterbury who was opposed to
secular control of the Church by King Henry VIII, died.
16 August 1532, Friday
(-150,735) John the Steadfast, Elector of Saxony, died (born 30 June 1468).
13 August 1532, Tuesday
(-150,738) Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany was absorbed
into the Kingdom of France.
13 July 1532, Saturday (-150,769)
25 June 1532, Tuesday
(-150,787) Suleiman I attempted
another invasion of Hungary, but failed.
1 June 1533, Saturday
(-150,811) Coronation as Queen of Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry
VIII of England, at Westminster Abbey.
28 May 1533, Tuesday
(-150,815) The Archbishop of Canterbury declared the marriage of King Henry
VII and Anne Bolryn to be void.
26 May 1532, Sunday (-150,817) King Francis I of France
co-ordinated an anti-Habsburg alliance of German Princes opposed to the
election of Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria and King of Bohemia, as King of
Germany. This alliance included both Protestants and Catholics.
16 May 1532, Thursday
(-150,827) Sir Thomas More resigned
as Lord Chancellor of England. This was in protest at King Henry VIII�s break
with Rome.
13 May 1532, Monday (-150,830) Francisco Pizarro landed on
the northern coast of Peru.
24 April 1532, Wednesday
(-150,849) Sir Thomas Lucy, acquaintance of Shakespear and Justice of the
Peace at Stratford on Avon, was born (died 7 July 1600).
13 April 1532, Saturday
(-150,860)
31 March 1532, Sunday
(-150,873) Easter Sunday.
13 March 1532, Wednesday
(-150,891)
13 February 1532, Tuesday
(-150,920)
18 January 1532, Monday (-150,956) English Parliament banned
payment by English churches to Rome.
1 January 1532, Monday
(-150,963)
=================================================================================
31 December 1531, Sunday
(-150,964)
17 December 1531. Sunday (-150,978)
18 November 1531, Saturday (-151,007) Britain) Roberto di Ridolfi, who planned to overthrow Queen
Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary Queen of scots, was born in
Florence, Italy.� This scheme was
discovered by Elizabeth�s government in 1571. Ridolfi was then in Paris. He
died in Florence 18 February 1612,
11 October 1531, Wednesday
(-151,045) Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss
Church reformer, was killed in a fight with soldiers from the
Catholic-supporting Forest Cantons at Kappel, near Zurich. Zwingli was Chaplain
to the Protestant troops from Zurich.
11 September 1531, Monday (-151,075)
11 August 1531, Friday (-151,106)
11 July 1531, Tuesday
(-151,137)
25 June 1531, Sunday (-151,153)
25 May 1531, Thursday
(-151,184)
25 April 1531, Tuesday
(-151,214)
9 April 1531, Sunday
(-151,230) Easter Sunday.
13 March 1531, Monday (-151,257)
25 February 1531. Saturday (-151,273)
A severe earthquake killed an estimated 20,000 people in Lisbon.
11 February 1531, Saturday (-151,287) King Henry VIII was recognised as official head of the Church of England.
22 January 1531, Sunday (-151,307)
Death of Florentine painter Andrea del Sarto.
5 January 1531, Thursday
(-151,324) Pope Clement VII forbade King Henry VIII of� England from remarrying.
1 January 1531, Sunday
(-151,328)
=================================================================================
31 December 1530, Saturday
(-151,329) At Schmalkaldin, in Thiuringia, Germany, Protestant Princes,
including the Elector of Saxony and the Lamdgrave of Hesse, formed the
Schmalkaldic League, against Emperor Charles V.
27 December 1530, Tuesday
(-151,333) Spanish ships under
Pizarro set sail from Panama into the Pacific to capture the gold and silver of
the Inca Empire.
26 December 1530, Monday
(-151,334) (India) Death of Babur, founder
of the Mughal Empire (born 1483).
23 December 1530, Friday (-151,337)
11 December 1530, Sunday (-151,349)
29 November 1530. Tuesday
(-151,361) Cardinal Wolsey died after being arrested as a traitor. He died at Market
Harborough whilst being taken from York to London.
4 November 1530, Friday
(-151,386) Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was arrested as a traitor, after it was
discovered that he had corresponded secretly with Pope Clement VII.
26 October 1530, Wednesday
(-151,395) The Knights of Malta were
formed when the Knights Hospitaller were given Malta by Charles V.
29 September 1530, Thursday
(-151,422)
23 September 1530, Friday (-151,428)
25 August 1530, Thursday
(-151,457) Ivan the Terrible
of Russia was born. As Ivan IV, he killed over 3,000, including the
royal heir.
12 August 1530, Friday
(-151,470) Florence surrendered to the Holy Roman empire/
2 August 1530, Tuesday
(-151,480) (Italy)
Battle of Gavinana; Florence was fighting to keep out the Holy Roman Empire.
3 July 1530, Sunday
(-151,510) Claude Fauchet, French historical writer, was born (died 1601).
25 June 1530, Saturday (-151,518) The Confession of Augsburg
was read to the Diet.
22 May 1530, Sunday (-151,552)
18 April 1530, Monday
(-151,586) (Christian) Francis Lambert,
Protestant reformer, died.
17 April 1530, Sunday
(-151,587) Easter Sunday.
22 March 1530, Tuesday
(-151,613)
23 February 1530, Wednesday
(-151,640) (Spain, Italy, Germany) Carlos I of Spain was crowned Charles
V of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Italy by Pope Clement V.
19 January 1530, Wednesday
(-151,675) Francisco Pizarro sailed
from Spain, with a commission to conquer Peru. He sailed to Panama, and from
there to Peru in 12/1530.
1 January 1530, Saturday
(-151,693)
==================================================================================
31 December 1529, Friday
(-151,694)
23 December 1529, Thursday
(-151,702)
23 November 1529, Tuesday
(-151,732)
17 October 1529, Sunday (-151,769) Henry VIII of England
dismissed Cardinal Wolsey as Lord Chancellor, replacing him with Thomas Moore.
The main cause of his dismissal was his failure to curb Habsburg expsansion,
and Henry�s wish for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon due to the lack of a
healthy male heir.
15 October 1529. Friday (-151,771) The Ottoman Turks withdrew
from their siege of Vienna, as winter approached.
23 September 1529, Thursday
(-151,793) Turkish forces began a
siege of Vienna.
8 September 1529, Wednesday
(-151,808) (1) The city of Maracaibo,
Venezuela, was founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
(2) Invading Turkish forces captured the
city of Buda.
25 August 1529, Wednesday
(-151,822)
5 August 1529, Thursday
(-151,842) The Treaty of Cambrai was
signed, between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and King Francis I of France.� France abandoned its claims in Italy, but
kept Burgundy.
21 July 1529, Wednesday
(-151,857)
29 June 1529, Tuesday
(-151,879) (Italy) The Treaty of Barcelona was agreed. Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V will be formally crowned king of Naples by Pope Clement VII.
21 June 1529, Monday (-151,887) John Skelton, tutor to the
King Henry VIII as a boy, died.
7 June 1529, Monday
(-151,901) Etienne Pasquier, French writer, was born (died 1 September
1615)
27 May 1529, Thursday
(-151,912) Ad-Din Barbarossa
completed his conquest of Algeria, bringing the Ottoman Empire to its peak.
10 May 1529, Monday (-151,929) The Turkish Army under
Suleiman I left Constantinople to invade Hungary.
5 May 1529, Wednesday
(-150,934) (Italy) Paulus Aemilius, Italian
historian, died in Paris (born in Verona).
22 April 1529, Thursday
(-151,947) The Treaty of Saragossa
divided the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, along a north-south
line 17 degrees 9297.5 leagues) east of the Moluccas.
19 April 1529, Monday (-151,950) At the Diet of Speyer, an
alliance of German principalities and city states protested against the
reinstatement of the Diet of Worms, so beginning the Protestant movement.
28 March 1529, Sunday (-151,972)
Easter Sunday.
7 March 1529, Sunday (-151,993) At the Battle of Shimbra
Kure, Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi defeated the forces of Lebna Dengel,
Emperor of Ethiopia.
8 January 1529, Friday (-152,051)
John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, was born (died 6 May 1595).
1 January 1529, Friday
(-152,058)
================================================================================
31 December 1528, Thursday
(-152,059)
5 October 1528, Monday
(-155,146) Richard Fox, Emglish statesman, died.
29 August 1528, Saturday (-152,183)
20 August 1528, Thursday
(-153,192) Georg von Frundsberg, German soldier,
died (born 24 September 1473).
15 August 1528, Saturday (-152,197) (France) Odet de Foix, Vicomte de
Lautrec, French military leader (born 1485) died.
8 July 1528, Wednesday
(-152,235) Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, was born (died 30 August 1580).
26 June 1529, Friday (-152,247) the Treaty of Kapp[el ended
the Swiss Civil war between the Catholic Forest Cantons and the Protestant
Civic League. The Catholics agreed to end their alliance with the Habsburgs,
and both sides agreed to more freedom of religion.
10 May 1529, Sunday
(-152,296) (Hungary) Suleiman I, Ottoman Sultan, left Constantinople to
attack Habsburg Austria. He was in league with John Zapolya, claimant to the
Hungarian throne, who had been elected by anti-Habsburg factions of the
Hungarian nobility.
12 April 1528, Sunday (-152,322) Easter Sunday
6 April 1528. Monday (-152,328) Albrecht Durer, German
artist and engraver, died in Nuremberg, aged 57.
29 February 1528, Saturday (-152,365) Patrick Hamilton, Scottish
martyr, was burnt at the stake.
22 January 1528, Wednesday
(-152,403) (Britain) King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of
France declared war on the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. This led to a
suspension of trade between England and its most important trading partner, The
Netherlands. Resultant economic problems in England caused widespread civil unrest,
and forced England to declare a truce with Charles V in June 1528.
1 January 1528, Wednesday
(-152,424)
================================================================================
31 December 1527, Tuesday
(-152,425)
8 November 1527, Friday
(-152,478) (Christian) Jerome Emser,
opponent of Martin Luther�s reforms, died (born 20 March 1477)
5 November 1527, Tuesday
(-152,481) Ferdinand I of Austria and Bohemia, brother of Emperor Charles
V, was recognised as King of Hungary by the Diet in Buda. John Zapolya
continued to press his rival claim to the throne until 1528.
1 November 1527, Friday
(-152,485) Pedro Ribdeneira, religious writer, was born in Toledo (died 10
September 1611 in Madrid)
29 October 1527, Tuesday (-152,488)
29 August 1527, Thursday
(-152,549)
31 July 1527, Wednesday
(-152,578) Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian II was born.
26 July 1527, Friday (152,583) The (Spanish) Council of the
Indies granted Francisco Pizarro, 54, the right to conquer and take riches from
the Panama area.
13 July 1527, Saturday
(152,596) John Dee, English mathematician, was born (died 1608).
24 June 1526, Monday
(-152,615) Religious reform began in Sweden, under King Gustavus I Vasa.
The Swedish Diet accepted the King�s demand for Royal control of the Swedish
Church and all its assets.
22 June 1527. Saturday (-152,617) Nicolo Macchiavelli died in Florence, Italy,
aged 58.
17 June 1527, Monday (-152,622) The Protestant Reformation began
in Sweden.
21 May 1527, Tuesday
(-152,649) King Philip II was born in Valladolid, Spain. He was the son of
Emperor Charles V, and ruled over Spain at the peak of its power. In 1588 he sent an Armada
against England but was defeated.
6 May 1527, Monday (-152,664) German mercenaries sacked
the city of Rome, an event considered by many to mark the end of the
Renaissance. This occurred during warfare between the Holy League and the Holy
Roman Emperor, Charles V.
30 April 1527, Tuesday
(-152,670) (Britain) King Henry VIII of England
signed a treaty at Wedstminster providing that his daughter, the future Queen
Mary I (Bloody Mary), then aged 11, would marry either King Francis I of France
or to his 2nd son Henry Duke of Orleans.
21 April 1527, Sunday
(-152,679) Easter Sunday.
21 March 1527, Thursday
(-152,710) Hermann Finck, German composer, was born (died 1558).
16 March 1527, Saturday (-152,715) The Battle of Khanwa. Babur,
Moghul Emperor, continued his conquest of northern India.
1 January 1527, Tuesday
(-152,789)
================================================================================
31 December 1526, Monday
(-152,790)
10 November 1526, Saturday
(-152,841) John Zapolya, Voivode (Military Viceroy) of Trasylvania, was
elected King of Hungary, by Hungarian nobles eager to avoid Habsburg
domination.
23 October 1526, Tuesday
(-152,859) Following the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia,
Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria and brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V,
was elected King of Bohemia.
18 October 1526, Thursday
(-152,864) (Spain) Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon,
Spanish adventurer, died.
29 August 1526, Wednesday
(-152,914) (Turkey, East
Europe) The Battle of Mohacs.� The Turkish army under Suleiman I defeated
the Hungarians under King Louis II, who was killed whilst retreating.� Suleiman took Buda, whilst Archduke Ferdinand
of Austria and John Zapolya, Prince of Transylvania, disputed over the
succession.� As a result of this dispute,
Dubrovnik achieved independence, although it recognised Turkish overlordship.
The Hapsburgs now ruled Bohemia and Hungary.
31 July 1526, Tuesday
(-152,943) (Germany) Augustus I, Elector of
Saxony, was born in Freiberg (died 21 January 1586 in Dresden).
24 July 1526, Tuesday
(-152,950) The Spanish captured
Milan.
9 June 1526, Saturday (-152,995) Emperor No-Gara became ruler
of Japan.
22 May 1526, Tuesday
(-153,013) France repudiated the
Treaty of Madrid, and formed the League of Cognac, against Charles V.� This League included the Pope, Milan, Venice,
and Florence.
16 May 1526, Wednesday
(-153,019) Florence became a Republic again, as the Medici rulers, nephews
of Pope Clement VII, were exiled.
2 May 1526, Wednesday
(-153,033) The Leagie of Gotha was joined by the Princes of Mecklenburg,
Brunswick-Luneberg, Anholt, Brandenburg-Ansbach and Mansfeld.
27 April 1526, Friday
(-153,038) Babur occupied Delhi.
21 April 1526, Saturday (-153,044) The First Battle of Panipat.�
Barbur became first Moghul (Mughal) Emperor of India.� He captured Delhi, and northern India,
beginning the Moghul Empire, which lasted until 1857.
1 April 1526, Sunday (-153,064)
Easter Sunday.
30 March 1526, Friday
(-153,066) Konrad Mutian, German Humanist writer, died (born 15 October 1471).
27 February 1526, Tuesday
(153,097) The League of Gotha, a
group of German Protestant Pri nces, was formed. John Frederick, Elector of
Saxony, and Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, were the founding members.
14 January 1526, Sunday (-153,141) The Peace of Madrid; Francis
I of France agreed to cede Burgundy to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.� France also abandoned all claims to Flanders,
Artois, Naples, and Milan.
1 January 1526, Monday
(-153,154)
=================================================================================
30 December 1525, Saturday
(-153,156) Jakob II Fugger, German banker and merchant, died in Augsburg,
Bavaria.
29 October 1525, Sunday
(-153,218)
25 September 1525, Monday
(-153,252) Steven Borough, English navigator, was born in Northam, Devon
(died 12 July 1584).
14 August 1525, Monday
(-153,294) (Britain, France) Cardinal Wolsey agreed peace terms between
England and France, as he sought to recreate a balance of power within Europe.
13 July 1525, Thursday
(-153,326)
27 May 1525, Saturday
(-153,373) Thomas Muntzer, most radical of the leaders of the Peasants
Rebellion in Germany, was executed.
18 May 1525, Thursday
(-153,382) Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher, died in Bologna (born `6
September 1492 in Mantua)
15 May 1525, Monday (-153,385) The Battle of Frankenhausen.
Final defeat of the Peasant�s Revolt in Germany
7 May 1525. Sunday (-153,393) The Peasant�s Revolt in Germany was defeated. It had begun in 1524
when the peasants demanded abolition of feudal dues, serfdom, and tithes.
16 April 1525, Sunday (-153,414) Easter Sunday.
10 April 1525, Monday (-153,420) The new Protestant Duchy of Prussia was
formed when Albert von Hohenzollern , Grand Master of the Order of Teutonic
Knights, surrendered his lands to King Sigismund I of Poland. Albert became
Duke under Polish suzerainty.
7 March 1525, Tuesday (-153,454)
28 February 1525, Tuesday (-153, 461) (Mexico) Aztec Emperor Cuahtemoc was executed by
Hernando Cortez.
24 February 1525. Friday (-153,465) (France-Germany, Italy, Spain, �Science-Tech) The Battle of Pavia. Pavia, held by the French, had been under
siege by Spanish forces since October 1524. Italy itself was a territory being
fought over by the rival powers of France, Germany, Turkey and Spain. The
French under King Charles VIII defended Pavia with cavalry and cannon, but the
Spanish had adopted the arquebus or hackenbushe, an early version of the
handgun; this weapon replaced the Spanish crossbow. The arquebus meant an
unskilled infantryman could kill a skilled knight and Pavia was the start of the dominance of the handgun as a military
weapon.
25 January 1525, Wednesday
(-153,495) (Italy)
Italian troops approached Pavia from the east and dug in across an unfordable
river from the French besieging Pavia.
1 January 1525, Sunday
(-153,519)
==================================================================================
31 December 1524, Saturday
(-153,520)
24 December 1524. Saturday (-153,527) Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, who discovered the sea
route from Europe to the East, died on his second voyage after landing in
Cochin, on the Malabar coast of India. See 22 November 1497.
19 November 1524, Saturday (-153,562)
28 October 1524, Friday
(-153,584) (Italy)
France began a siege of Pavia (to 24 February 1525) but the French
commender recklessly split his forces, sending some to attack Naples, which
they failed to take, and leaving just 25,000 men at Pavia.
26 October 1524, Wednesday (-153,586) In Italy,
France took Milaan from the Spanish.
20 October 1524, Thursday
(-153,592) Thomas Linacre, physician
to King Henry VII and VIII and founder of the Royal College of Physicians in
1518, died.
11 September 1524, Sunday
(-153,631) Pierre de Ronsard, French poet, was born in Vendomois (died
1585)
7 September 1524, Wednesday
(-153,635) Thomas Erastus, religious writer, was born (died 31 December 1583).
23 August 1524, Tuesday
(-153,650) Francois Hotman, French writer, was born (died 12 February 1590).
19 August 1524, Friday
(-153,654) French rebel Duke Charles laid siege to Marseilles.
8 August 1524, Monday
(-153,665) French rebel Duke Charles occupied Aix en Provence.
8 July 1524, Friday (-153,696) Verrazzano's expedition
returned to Dieppe.
25 May 1524, Wednesday
(-153,740) (France) Henry VIII, King of England and Emperor Charles V
formed a new anti-French league in support of the rebel Charles, Duke of
Bourbon and Constable of France.
23 May 1524, Monday (-153,742) Shah Ismail of Persia died
aged 38. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Tahmasp, aged 10.
30 April 1524, Saturday
(-153,765) (Italy)
France defeated at the Battle of the Sesia, and retreated back across the
Alps.
17 April 1524, Sunday (-153,778) Verrazzano's expedition
makes the first European entry into New York Bay and sighted the island of
Manhattan.
27 March 1524, Sunday (-153,799)
Easter Sunday.
1 January 1524, Friday
(-153,885)
==================================================================================
31 December 1523, Thursday
(-153,886)
19 November 1523, Thursday
(-153,928) Pope Clement VII
succeeded Pope Adrian VI as the 219th Pope.
2 October 1523, Friday
(-153,976) (Italy) Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist, died in Rome.
14 September 1523, Monday (-153,994), Pope Adrian VI, Adrian
Dedel, Dutch, (218th Pope) died, aged 64. The last non-Italian Pope until John
Paul II (acceded 1978), he allied with the Holy Roman Emperor, Venice and
England against France. This split the forces of Christendom, resulting in the
loss of Rhodes to the Ottoman Turks.
14 July 1523, Tuesday
(-154,056)
6 June 1523, Saturday (-154,094) Gustav Vasa, aged 27, was
elected King of Sweden, finally established full independence from Denmark.
5 June 1523, Friday
(-154,095) Marguerite, daughter of King Francis I of France, was born.
1 June 1523, Monday
(-154,099) Two followers of Martin Luther were burnt alive in Brussels.
12 May 1523, Tuesday
(-154,119) (France) Imbert de Batarnay,
French statesman, died.
23 April 1523, Thursday
(-154,138) Henry Clifford, supporter of King Henry VII of England, died.
5 April 1523, Sunday (-154,156)
Easter Sunday.
19 March 1523, Thursday
(-154,173)
19 January 1523, Monday (-154,232) Huldreich Zwingli published
his 67 Articles in Zurich. They attacked the authority of the Pope, and the
concept of Transubstantiation.
1 January 1523, Thursday
(-154,250)
===============================================================================
31 December 1522, Wednesday
(-154,251)
21 December 1522. Sunday (-154,261)
Rhodes, formerly the base of the
Knights of St John, was conquered by
the Ottoman Turks, led by
Suleiman, after a six-month siege.�
The Knights of St John, driven out of Rhodes, were given permission by
Emperor Charles V in 1530 to settle in Malta.�
See 18 May 1565.
18 December 1522, Thursday
(-154,264) The Turks finally broke
into Rhodes, but the Knights continued fierce resistance in the streets.
9 November 1522, Sunday
(-154,303) Martin Chemnitz, German religious writer, was born (died 8 April
1586).
15 October 1522, Wednesday
(-154,328) Spanish Emperor Charles V
promoted Herman Cortes to Governor-General of the new colony of Mexico, founded
in 1521.
11 September 1522, Thursday
(-154,362) (Biology) Ulissi Aldrovandi,
Italian naturalist, was born in Bologna (died 10 May 1605 in Bologna).
6 September 1522, Saturday (-154,367) Ferdinand Magellan�s ship,
the Vittoria, under the command of Juan Sebastian Del Cano, arrived in
San Lucar, Spain, after completing the first circumnavigation of the
world.� Magellan himself was killed on
the Philippine island of Mactan.
24 August 1522, Sunday
(-154,380) Gustavus Vasa was appointed administrator of Sweden and promised
to free the whole country from Danish rule. In November 1522 the Danish
nobility also rebelled against King Christian II.
13 August 1522, Wednesday
(-154,391) Emperor Cuauhtemotzin
surrendered Mexico City to the Spanish under Cortezs.
28 July 1522, Monday (-154,407) Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I began
a siege of the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.
19 July 1522, Saturday (-154,416)
30 June 1522, Monday
(-154,435) Johann Reuchlin, German scholarly religious writer, died in Bad
Loebenzell.
19 June 1522, Thursday
(-154,446) (France) Emperor Charles V visited England and signed the Treaty
of Windsor with King Henry VIII. They both agreed to invade France in May 2024.
30 May 1522, Friday
(-154,466) The French were evicted from Genoa.
24 May 1522, Saturday
(-154,472) John Jewel, English religious writer, was born (died 23
September 1571).
27 April 1522, Sunday
(-154,499) (Italy) France was forced to
surrender control over Milan after defeat at the Battle of Bicocca. France was
again fighting in Italy to counter the potential hegemony of Charles V as Holy
Roman Emperor.
20
April 1522, Sunday (-154,506) Easter Sunday.
28
March 1522, Friday (-154,529) (Germany) Albert, Prince of Bayreuth, was born
in Ansbach (died 8 January 1557 in Pforzheim).
19 March 1522, Wednesday
(-154,538)
25 February 1522, Tuesday
(-154,560) William Lilye, English scholarly writer, died.
19 February 1522, Wednesday
(-154,566)
30 January 1522, Thursday
(-154,586) (Sweden) The powerful German port of Lubeck allied with Gustavus
Vasa of Sweden, against Danish King Christian II.
9 January 1522, Thursday
(-154,607) Pope Adrian VI (218th
Pope) acceded (died 1523).
1 January 1522, Wednesday
(-154,615)
===============================================================================
13 December 1521, Friday (-154,634) Manuel I, 14th King
of Portugal, died aged 52 (born 3 May 1469). He was succeeded by his son, Joao
III.
1 December 1521, Sunday (-154,646) Pope Leo X died.
23 November 1521, Saturday
(-154,654) (Italy) The Italians under General Prosper Colonna, with their
Spanish and Papal allies, made a surprise attack on the French in Milan under
Marshal Odet de Lautrec and ousted tehm from the city. Then in 4/1522 Lautrec,
having obtained Swiss, Venetian and French reinforcements, and prepared to
retake the city. The Swiss troops threatened to depart unless paid, then agreed
tp fight one more time.
1 November 1521, Friday
(-154,676)
11 October 1521, Friday (-154,697) Pope Leo X conferred the
title of Defender of the faith on King Henry VIII.� Twelve years later Henry VIII broke with Rome
to marry Anne Boleyn.
25 September 1521, Wednesday
(-154,713) (France) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Cardinal Wolsey, Lord
Chancellor of Engfland, agreed secretly at Bruges that war would be declared on
France in March 1523.
13 September 1521, Friday
(-154,725) (Britain) William Burghley,
English statesman, was born (died 4 August 1598).
31 August 1521, Saturday (-154,738) The major city of
Tenochtitlan in Central America was conquered by Cortez after an 85-day battle.
27 August 1521, Tuesday
(-154,742) Josquin des Pres, French composer, died.
15 August 1521, Thursday
(-154,754) King Henry VIII of
England and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V signed the Treaty of Bruges against
France, in contrast to the Anglo-French friendship at the Field of the Cloth of
Gold (6 June 1520). This Treaty involved English forces in long campaigns in
northern Europe.
30 July 1521, Tuesday
(-154,770)
19 July 1521, Friday (-154,781)
19 June 1521, Wednesday
(-154,811)
28 May 1521, Tuesday
(-154,833) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Pope Leo X agreed a secret
treaty to expel the French from Milan.
25 May 1521, Saturday
(-154,836) The Holy Roman Empire ordered the destruction of all of Martin
Luther�s writings within its territory.
17 May 1521, Friday
(-154,844) Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, was executed for fear he
might try to claim the English throne.
16 May 1521, Thursday
(-154,845) The Edict of Worms imposed the Ban of Empire on Martin Luther.
30 April 1521, Tuesday
(-154,861)
28 April 1521, Sunday (-154,863)
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V granted his brother Archduke Ferdinand I of
Austria the Habsburg possessions in Lower Austria, Carinthia, Styria and
Carniola.
27 April 1521. Saturday (-154,864) Inhabitants of the island of
Mactan, Philippines, killed the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan. He was on a voyage around
the world.
25 April 1521, Thursday
(-154,866)
24 April 1521, Wednesday
(-154,867) In Spain, the Communeros rebel leaders were executed.
23 April 1521, Tuesday
(-154,868) Comuneros uprising in Spain, against the autocratic rule of King
Charles I (1500-58). On this day the Comuneros were defeated at Villalar; the
movement�s leaders were subsequently captured and arrested. Charles�s
autocratic powers were increased.
20 April 1521, Saturday
(-154,871)
18 April 1521, Thursday
(-154,873) Martin Luther ended his
defence at the Imperial Diet of Worms with the words �I cannot and will not
recant anything.� God help me.� Amen�.
16 April 1521, Tuesday
(-154,875) Martin Luther arrived at
the Diet of Worms.
7 April 1521, Sunday (-154,884) Ferdinand Magellan arrived
at Cebu.
31 March 1521, Sunday
(-154,891) Easter Sunday
21 March 1521, Thursday
(-154,901) Maurice, Elector of Saxony, was born (died 11 July 1553).
16 March 1521, Saturday (-154,906) Ferdinand Magellan
sighted the Philippine Islands.
11 March 1521, Monday
(-154,911) (Britain) Andrew Forman, Scottish
ecclesiastic, died.
15 February 1521, Friday (-154,935)
28 January 1521, Monday (-154,953) The Diet of Worms began.
3 January 1521, Thursday
(-154,978) Pope Leo X again issued a
Papal Bull, Decet Romanum Pontificem,� re-excommunicating Martin Luther, after a
deadline by which Luther had been ordered to recant his �heretical� views
expired. Martin Luther had condemned the sale of Indulgences (Papal forgiveness
for sins) to raise funds for the Papacy, promoted by the Archbishop of Mainz as
a� way of raising money for rebuilding St
Peters in Rome.
1 January 1521, Tuesday (-154,980)
================================================================================
28 December 1520, Friday (-154,984) (Mexico) Cortes returned to attack Tenochtitlan with a Tlaxacalan
army, who were sworn enemies of the Aztecs. He laid siege to the city, and destroyed
the aqueduct that brought in fresh water.
10 December 1520, Monday
(-1545,002) Martin Luther publicly burnt the papal Bull, Exurge, that had
excommunicated him.
28
November 1520, Wednesday (-155,014) After navigating through the South
American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan reached the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
(the strait was later named the Strait of Magellan).
8 November 1520, Thursday
(-155,034) The Stockholm Bloodbath. King Christian II killed leading
Swedish nobles and churchmen, starting a national revolt under the future
leader Gustavus Vasa.
4 November 1520, Sunday (-155,038) Christian was crowned King
of Sweden.
23 October 1520, Tuesday
(-155,050) Charles I of Spain was crowned Holy Roman Emperor� Charles V at Aachen, Germany, He promised to
live in Germany, to preserve the rights of the Estates, and to restore the
Council of the Regency.
21 October 1520, Sunday (-155,052) The islands of Saint Pierre
and Miquelon were discovered by Portuguese explorer Jo�o �lvares Fagundes off
Newfoundland. He named them "Islands of the 11,000 Virgins" in honour
of Saint Ursula.
21 September 1520, Friday (-155,082) Ottoman Sultan Selim died,
aged 53. He was succeeded by his 24-year old son, Suleiman I (The Magnificent).
13 September 1520, Thursday
(-155,090) William Cecil, 1st
Baron Burghley, Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth 1st, was born
in Bourne Lincolnshire.
30 August 1520 Thursday (-155,104)
14 July 1520, Saturday
(-155,151) The Communeros Revolt in Spain�
began, against abolition of ancient rights by the Habsburgs.
10 July 1520, Tuesday
(-155,155) In Mexico, Cortez was
driven out of Tenochtitlan by the Aztec leader, Cuauhtemoc. Cortez retreated to
Tlaxcala.
30 June 1520. Saturday (-155,165) Montezuma II, the last Aztec ruler, was killed by his own people
in Mexico City during the Spanish conquest of Mexico under Cortez.
15 June 1520, Friday
(-155,180) Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther.
6 June 1520. Wednesday (-155,189) Henry VIII and Francis I of France met in a glittering ceremony at
The Field Of The Cloth Of Gold
near Calais. However see 15 August 1521.
6 May 1520, Sunday
(-155,220)
8 April 1520, Sunday
(-155,248) Easter Sunday.
6 April 1520. Friday (-155,250) The painter Raphael died on
his 37th birthday.� He was
born in Urbino, Italy, on 6 April 1483.
3 March 1520, Saturday
(-155,284) Matthius Flacius, religious reformer and writer, was born (died
11 March 1575).
6 February 1520, Monday (-155,310)
18 January 1520, Wednesday
(-155,329) (Sweden) Christian II of Denmark defeated the Swedes at Lake
Malar. The Swedish regent, Sten Sture the Younger, died of his wounds on 3
February 1520, and Christian Ii could now become King of Sweden also.
1 January 1520, Sunday
(-155,346)
===============================================================================
31 December 1519, Saturday
(-155,347)
6 December 1519, Tuesday
(-155,372)
8 November 1519, Tuesday
(-155,400) (Mexico)
Hern�n Cort�s entered Tenochtitlan and the court of Aztec
ruler Montezuma. The Spanish band of about 400 men became alarmed at
the obvious signs of human sacrifice and realised they were heavily outnumbered
by the 250,000 Aztecs. They feared they were being led into a trap; in order to
escape, Cortes ordered his men to seize Montezuma as a hostage. Montezuma, to
avert a rebellion amongst his own people, went along and pretended he was
accompanying the Spanish voluntarily.
8 October 1519, Saturday (-155,431)
20 September 1519. Tuesday (-155,449) Portuguese-born
navigator Ferdinand Magellan
started on a voyage to cross the Pacific Ocean and circumnavigate the world.
He had a fleet of five small ships; Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion,
Vittoria, and Santiago. On 28 November 1520 Magellan discovered a strait at the southern tip of South America
and entered the Pacific. Magellan
was killed on 27 April 1521 by natives of the Philippines. Magellan�s ship, the
Vittoria, arrived alone in San Lucar, Spain, on 6 September 1522 under the
command of Del Cano, to become the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
16 September 1519, Friday (-155,453) Death of John Colet, who
founded the modern St Pauls School.
15 August 1519, Monday (-155,485) Panama City was founded.
11 August 1519, Thursday
(-155,489) Johann Tetzel died in
Leipzig Priory, aged 54. He defended the Church practice of selling indulgences
(forgiveness), promoted by the Archbishop of Mainz as a� way of raising money for rebuilding St Peters
in Rome.
11 July 1519, Monday (-155,520)
4 July 1519, Monday
(-155,527) Death of Johann Tetzel, German Dominican whose sale of
Indulgences was criticised by Martin Luther.
28 June 1519, Tuesday
(-155,533) Charles V was elected as Holy Roman Emperor. He was already the
ruler of several territories across Europe,in Italy, Austria, Spain and the Low
Countries. He had ambitions to establish a wealthy Catholic pan-European State
which would push back the ottoman threat, In practice the varied peoples he
ruled were disinclined to surrender power to a remote central authority, or to
pay taxes to him, and religious differences between his lands persisted. Other
European powers were suspicious of his pan-European aims. This resulted in his
reign being one of almost continual warfare.
26 June 1519, Sunday
(-155,535) Martin Luther publicly debated with German Catholic theologian
Johann Eck at Leipzig, Saxony. Luther went further than before in contesting
Papal authority.
24 June 1519, Friday (-155,537) Lucrezia Borgia, Italian
noblewoman from a corrupt family, illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VII, died.
12 June 1519, Sunday
(-155,549) (Italy) Cosimo I de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was born. He
was Duke of Florence from 1539 and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569; he died in
1574.
2 May 1519. Monday (-155,590) (Science) Leonardo Da Vinci
died, at the Chateaux Cloux near Amboise, aged 67.
24 April 1519, Sunday (-155,598) Easter Sunday. Montezuma II,
the Aztec Emperor, sent envoys to attend the first Easter Mass to be celebrated
in the Americas.
13 April 1519, Wednesday
(-155,609) (France) Catherine di Medici was born in Florence, Italy. She
became the wife of Henry II of France and the mother of three French Kings
(Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III of France. She also served as Regent of
France, 1560-74.
31 March 1519, Thursday
(-155,622) Henry II, King of France, was born in Saint German en Laye,
France.
12 March 1519, Saturday (-155,641)
16 February 1519, Wednesday
(-155,665) Gaspard II de Coligny, Huguenot leader, was born in Chatillion
sur Loing, France.
15 February 1519, Tuesday
(-155,666) (Spain) Pedro Aviles, Spanish naval
adventurer, was born in Aviles, Asturia (died 17 September 1574).
12 January 1519, Wednesday
(-155,700) Holy Roman Emperor,
Maximillian I, died aged 59. He had been King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor
from 1493. He was succeeded by Spain�s Carlos I, elected Holy Roman Emperor as
Charles V.
1 January 1519, Saturday
(-155,711)
================================================================================
31 December 1518, Friday
(-155,712)
30 November 1518, Tuesday
(-155,743) Andrea Palladio, Italian
architect, was born.
27 November 1518, Saturday (-155,746) Daniel Bomberg completed the
Rabbinical Bible.
12 October 1518, Sunday
(-155,794) At the Diet of Augsburg, Germany, Church reformer Martin Luther
refused to withdraw his 95 theses against the Church.
2 October 1518, Saturday
(-155,802) (Turkey) A major political triumph for Cardinal Wolsey of
England. He got all major European powers (England, The Papacy, France, the
Holy Roman Empire and Spain) to sign the Treaty of London, uniting them to
fight Ottoman Turkey.
29 September 1518, Wednesday
(-155,805) Tintoretto, Venetian
painter, was born as Jabobi Robusti, the son of a dyer.
20 September 1518, Monday (-155,814)
4 April 1518, Sunday (-155,983)
Easter Sunday.
4 March 1518, Thursday
(-156,014)
1 January 1518, Friday
(-156,076)
================================================================================
31 December 1517, Thursday
(-156,077)
7 December 1517, Monday
(-156,101) Albert Krantz, German historical writer, died.
8 November 1517, Sunday
(-156,130) Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, recently appointed Regent of
Spain, died. The Habsburgs now ruled Spain; Charles I, grandson of Holy Roman
Emperor Maximilian I, made a triumphal entry into Madrid.
31 October 1517. Saturday (-156,138)
Martin Luther,
born 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany, nailed his 95 Theses to the church�
door at Wittenburg, so starting
the Reformation. He died on 18 February 1546.
These theses condemned the sale of indulgences
granting forgiveness of sin. On 15 June 1520 Pope Leo X condemned Luther�s theses as �heretical and
scandalous�.
5 October 1517, Monday (-156,164)
17 July 1517, Friday
(-156,244) The Sherif (Chief magistrate) of Mecca accepted Ottoman
suzerainty over Arabia.
3 July 1517, Friday
(-156,258)
30 April 1517, Thursday
(-156,322) (Race discrimination) This evening the Evil May Day riots began
in London; one of the earliest race riots recorded. Riots were directed against
foreigners, whom they claimed were protected by their nations�s ambassadors
from punishment for crimes that English citizens would be penalised for. In
fact, London was suffering an economic downturn after a poor harvest the
previous autumn. Prices were rising and wages being cut. Hanseatic merchants
and foreign bankers were targeted, also foreign courtiers.
12 April 1517, Sunday (-156,340) Easter Sunday
16 March 1517, Monday (-156,367)
The Fifth Lateran Council ended.
20 January 1517, Tuesday
(-156,422) The Ottomans conquered Cairo, Egypt.
=================================================================================
31 December 1516, Wednesday (-156,442)
13 December 1516, Sunday
(-156,459) (Italy) Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I overturned his treaty
with England and by the Treaty of Brussels, accepted the Treaty of Noyon, The
Emperor�s claims on Italy were withdrawn for a payment of 200,000 ducats, and
Verona was transferred to Venice.
29 November 1516, Saturday
(-156,474) (Switzerland) King Francis I of Ftrance signed the Treaty of
Freiburg, agreeing to peace with Switzerland. This Treaty remained in force
until 1789.
24 August 1516, Sunday
(-156,571) Selim I, Ottoman Sultan, defeated and killed Mamluk Sultan Kansu
al Guari of Egypt, near Aleppo in Syria. Selim I now took control of Syria.
13 August 1516, Wednesday
(-156,582) (Spain, France, Italy) The Treaty of Noyon. Charles I, newly
crowned King of Spain (later Emperor Charles V), made peace with France,
recognising French control of Milan in return for French renunciation of its
claims over Naples.
25 July 1516, Friday
(-156,601)
23 May 1516, Friday
(-156,664) Georg Fabricius, German poet, was born (died 17 July 1571).
23 April 1516, Wednesday
(-156,694) Duke Wilhelm I of Germany passed laws against the adulteration
and dilution of beer.
6 April 1516, Sunday (-156,711)
26 March 1516, Wednesday
(-156,722) Konrad von Gesner, Swiss scholarly writer, was born (died 13
December 1565).
23 March 1516, Sunday (-156,725) Easter Sunday.
13 March 1516, Thursday (-156,735) Death of King Ladislas II of Hungary and
Bohemia. He was succeeded by his son, aged 10, as King Louis II.
18 February 1516, Monday (-156,759) Queen Mary I, Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary), was born at Greenwich
Palace, the daughter of Henry VIII and
Catharine of Aragon. She was known as Bloody Mary due to her relentless
persecution of the Protestants.
23 January 1516, Wednesday
(-156,785) Ferdinand V, King of Castile and Leon, also Ferdinand II of
Aragon, died aged 63. He was succeeded by his 16-year old grandson, Carlos I,
then a student in Flanders.
1 January 1516, Tuesday
(-156,807)
=================================================================================
24 December 1515, Monday
(-156,815) Thomas Wolsey became Lord Chancellor of England.
16 December 1515, Sunday
(-156,823) (Portugal) Alphonso D�Albuquerque,
Portuguese naval military expert, died at sea.
11 December 1515, Tuesday (-156,828)
Treaty of Bologna. Pope Leo X surrendered the northern Italian cities of Parma
and Piacenza to the French.
2 December 1515, Sunday
(-156,837) Gonzalo Cordoba., Spanish military commander, died (born 16
March 1453).
22 November 1515, Thursday
(-156,847) Mary of Lorraine, Regent of Scotland, was born (died 11 June 1560).
15 November 1515, Thursday
(-156,854) Thomas Wolsey was invested as a Cardinal.
7 November 1515, Wednesday
(-156,862) (Switzerland) Switxerland and France signed the Treaty of
Geneva. The Swiss retained� the southern
canton of Ticino, and recognised French sovereignty over the Duchy of Milan.
8 October 1515, Monday
(-156,892) Margaret Lennox, grand-daughter of King henry VII of England,
was born (died 7 March 1578).
22 September 1515, Saturday
(-156,908) Anne of Cleves, one of King Henry VIII�s wives, was born.
13 September 1515, Thursday
(-156,917) (Italy, France) The French defeated the Swiss at the Battle of
Marengo (Marignano). After fierce fighting in which many on both sides were killed,
the French now occupied Milan. Switzerland negotiated peace with France, a
peace that endured until the French Revolution. The Pope then also also sued for
peace, and the anti-French alliance collapsed. France now occupied most of
Lombardy.
10 September 1515, Monday
(-156,920) Thomas Wolsey was made a Cardinal. He commissioned Hampton Court
Palace.
23 August 1515, Thursday
(-156,938) Battle of Chaldiran. Ottoman troops defeated the Pewrsians.
21 July 1515, Saturday
(-156,971) (Christian) Philip Neri, Italian churchman, was born (died 26
May 1595).
12 July 1515, Thursday
(-156,980)
5 July 1515. Thursday (-156,987) The
Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan
Selim, invaded Egypt. The
Mameluke dynasty was destroyed.
16 April 1515, Monday (-157,067) Roman Catholic Mass was
banned in Zurich as the Lutheran Revolution spread across Europe.
8 April 1515, Sunday
(-157,075) Easter Sunday.
28 March 1515, Wednesday
(-157,086) St Teresa of Avila was
born. A Spanish noblewoman, she joined the Carmelite nuns in 1533, and reformed
the order.
6 February 1515, Tuesday
(-157,136) Death of Aldus Manutius,
the first publisher of paperbacks and inventor of italics.
1 January 1515, Monday (-157,172) King Louis XII of France was
succeeded by his nephew, Francis, who
continued France�s policy of attempting to invade Italy.
================================================================================
25 October 1514, Wednesday
(-157,240) William Elphinstone, founder of the University iof Aberdeen in
1498, died (born 1431).
9 October 1514, Monday
(-157,256) Louis XII, King of France, married Mary Tudor.
15 September 1514, Friday
(-157,280) Thomas Wolsey was appointed Archbishop of York.
8 September 1514, Friday
(-157,287) At the Battle of Orsha, a combined force of Poles and Ukrainians
defeated the Russians.
23 August 1514, Wednesday
(-157,303) (Iran, Turkey)
At the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I ,
ruler of the Shia Muslim Ottoman Empire, defeated the Sunni Muslim Persians
under Shah Ismail I. Drawing on lessons learnt from fighting European armies,
the Ottoman Army was well disciplined and equipped with heavy cannon and
musket-armed infantry. In contrast the smaller Persian Army relied on the
cavalry charge and possessed no artillery. The Safavid capital at Tabriz was taken
by the Ottoman Turks, forcing the Persians to move their capital further east.
This battle was instrumental in fixing the present day frontier between Turkey
and Iran.
20 July 1514, Thursday
(-157,337) A peasant�s rebellion in Hiungary, led by George Dozsa, was
crushed by John Zapolya, ruler of Transylvania, near Temesvar in the Bansat.
16 April 1514, Sunday (-157,432) Easter Sunday.
11 April 1514, Tuesday
(-157,437) Italian architect Donate
Bramante died whilst still building St Peters in Rome, which he had begun in 1506.
11 March 1514, Saturday
(-157,468) Lazzari Bramante, Italian painter and architect, died.
15 February 1514, Wednesday
(-157,492) George Joachim, German mathematician, was born in Tirol (died 4 December
1576 in Hungary)
1 January 1514, Sunday
(-157,537)
================================================================================
31 December 1513, Saturday
(-157,538)
30 November 1513, Wednesday
(-157,569)
30 October 1513, Sunday (-157,600)
Jacques Amyot, French writer, was born in Melun (died 6 February 1593).
24 October 1513, Monday (-157,606)
In England, clergymen who committed murder were no longer exempt from
punishment.
11 October 1513, Tuesday
(-157,619) Church reformer Huldrych Zwingli died (born 1 January 1484). He
was killed, as Army Chaplain for the forces of Zurich, in battle during the War
of Kappel, against the Forest Cantons.
7 October 1513, Friday
(-157,623) (Italy) Battle of La Motta. Cardona, Viceroy of Naples, defeated
Venice, due to his superior Spanish pikemen.
25 September 1513, Sunday
(-157,635) Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see
the Pacific from the Americas. Leaving his base near Darien he headed west
across the Isthmus of Panama in a gruelling 25 day trek across 45 miles of
almost impenetrable rainforest. Hostile indigenous people were an added hazard.
24 September 1513, Saturday
(-157,636) (France) The French city of Tournai (now in Belgium) surrendered
to the English.
21 September 1513, Wednesday
(-157,639) Coronation of King James V of Scotland. He was then less than 18
months old.
9 September 1513, Friday
(-157,651) Battle of Flodden
Field, at Branxton, Northumberland. The Scots were defeated by the English, under Thomas Howard, Earl of
Surrey, and James IV of Scotland was killed. James IV had abandoned his
alliance with Henry VIII and attempted an invasion of England. Margaret, the
sister of King Henry VIII, became regent for her one year old son, James V.
1 September 1513, Thursday
(-157,659)
22 August 1513, Monday
(-157,669) (France) Therouanne surrendered to the British.
16 August 1513, Tuesday
(-157,675) (France) The Battle of
the Spurs. King Henry VIII defeated
the French. The English were besieging Therouanne, near Calais, King Henry
VIII having invaded France from Calais. The French this day tried to relieve
Therouanne but encountered stronger than expected opposition and had to
retreat., Many French knights lost their spurs, which were subsequently
recovered by local villagers, hence the name of the battle.
3 August 1513, Wednesday
(-157,688) John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Custrin, was born (died 13 January
1571).
6 June 1513, Monday
(-157,746) (Italy) Battle of Novara. Swiss forces made a surprise attack on
the French, forcing to withdraw back across the Alps into southern France.
3 May 1513, Tuesday
(-157,780)
8 April 1513, Friday (-157,805) The Spaniard, Juan
Ponce de Leon, claimed Florida,
which he believed to be an island, for Spain. He called it Florida because of
the abundance of wild flowers there and because it was discovered close to the
religious festival Pasqua de Flores.
5 April 1513, Tuesday
(-157,808) (France) The Treaty of Mechlin was signed. Emperor Maximillian
I, Henry VIII of England, Ferdinand II of Spain and the Pope agreed to unite
for an invasion of France.
27 March 1513, Sunday (-157,817)
Easter Sunday.
11 March 1513, Friday
(-157,833) Pope Leo X acceded.
28 February 1513, Monday
(-157,844) Robert Fabyan, English writer, died
21 February 1513, Monday
(-157,851) Pope Julius II died.
9 February 1513, Wednesday
(-157,863) Portuguese explorer Pedro Mascarenhas discovered the island of
Reunion.
20 January 1513, Thursday
(-157,883) King John I of Denmark (who was also King John II of Sweden,
1497-1501), died after a 32-year reign. He founded the Danish Navy. He was
succeeded by his 32-year-old son as King Christian II of Denmark and Norway,
but Sweden under Sten Mure the Younger refused to accept his rule.
1 January 1513, Saturday
(-157,902)
=================================================================================
31 December 1512, Friday
(-157,903)
27 December 1512, Monday (-157,907) Spain
enacted the Laws of Burgos, giving New World indigenous peoples legal
protection against abuse but
authorising slavery of Black people.
1 November 1512. Monday
(-157,963) Michelangelo
unveiled his painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
1 September 1512, Wednesday
(-158,024)
12 August 1512, Thursday
(-158,044) (France) An English fleet under Sir Edward Howard destroyed 25
French ships in Brest harbour.
2 August 1512, Monday
(-158,054) (Biology) Alessandro Achillini,
Italian anatomist, (born 29 October 1453 in Bologna) died in Bologna.
25 May 1512, Tuesday
(-158,123) Ottoman Sultan Bayazid II died shortly after abdicating. He was
succeeded by his youngest son, Selim, who successfully defeated his two
brothers in the ensuing civil war.
3 May 1512, Monday
(-158,145) The Fifth Lateran Council began. It declared that the
immortality of the soul was a dogma ofd the Church.
11 April 1512, Sunday (-158,167) Easter Sunday.
10 April 1512, Saturday (-158,168) James V, King of Scotland,
born.
2 April 1512, Friday
(-158,176) At the Battle of Ravenna, French forces defeated a Spanish �
Papal army.
5 March 1512, Friday
(-158,204) Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cartographer, was born in Flanders,
as Gerhard Kremer.
22 February 1512. Sunday (-158,216) Italian
explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who gave America his name, died in Seville.
22 January 1512, Thursday
(-158,247)
1 January 1512,
Thursday (-158,268)
==================================================================================
31 December 1511, Wednesday
(-158,269)
4 December 1511, Thursday
(-158,296) (Race Equality) Antonio de
Montesinos, a� Spanish Dominican friar,
denounced the
cruelty of settlers enslaving indigenous peoples.
17 November 1511, Monday (-158,313) (France) England and Spain allied (see 5 October 1511)
to attack French cities in Navarre and Guienne, SW France.
15 November 1511, Saturday
(-158,315) Johannes Secundus, poet, was born.
13 November 1511, Thursday
(-158,317) (Italy) England intervened in Italian politics when King Henry
VIII joined the Holy League (see 5 October 1511).
5 October 1511, Sunday
(-158,356) (Italy) Pope Julius II formed the Holy League, allying the
Papacy with Venice and Spain to evict the French from Italy.
4 August 1511, Monday
(-158,418) (Portugal, SE Asia) The Portuguese explorer, Alfonso
de Aberquerque, captured Malacca, now in Malaysia. This gave Portugal control
over the strategic Strait of Malacca, through which all trade between China and
India passed.
30 July 1511, Wednesday
(-158,423) Giorgio Vasari, Italian architect who designed the Uffizi Palace
in Florence, was born
20 April 1511, Sunday (-158,524)
Easter Sunday.
10 April 1511, Thursday
(-158,534)
1 January 1511, Wednesday
(-158,633)
================================================================================
31 December 1510, Tuesday
(-158,634)
10 December 1510, Tuesday
(-158,655) (India) The Portuguese seized
Goa.
25 October 1510, Friday
(-158,701) Giorgione, painter, died.
6 October 1510, Sunday
(-158,720) John Caius, founder of Caius College Cambridge, was born.
4 August 1510, Sunday
(-158,783)
3 July 1510, Wednesday
(-158,815) (Italy) Pope Julius II invested the Kingdom of Naples to
Ferdinand II of Spain, and gained thye support of the Holy Roman emperor in an
alliance against France.
17 May 1510. Friday (158,862) Death
of Florentine painter Sandro Botticelli, 65, whose work included The Birth of
Venus.
10 April 1510, Wednesday
(-158,899)
31 March 1510, Sunday
(-158,909) Easter Sunday
10 March 1510, Sunday
(-158,930) Johann Geiler, German religious writer, died (born 16 March 1445)
1 March 1510, Friday (-158,939) Francesco de Almeida, the
first Portuguese viceroy to India, died.
23 January 1510, Wednesday
(-158,976) King Henry VIII of England, then aged 18, competed incognito in
a jousting tournament at Richmond. Having won praise for his jousting, he then
revealed his identity.
1 January 1510, Tuesday
(-158,998)
==============================================================================
31 December 1509, Monday (-158,999)
29 October 1509, Monday
(-159,062)
12 October 1509, Friday
(-159,079) (Italy) Emperor Maximilian I, having failed to recapture Padua,
departed for the Tyrol.
11 September 1509, �Tuesday (-159,110) Portuguese
Fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira became the first European to reach Malacca,
having crossed the Gulf of Bengal.
10 September 1509, Monday
(-159,111) Istanbul earthquake destroyed 109 mosques and killed an
estimated 10,000 people.
3 August 1509, Sunday
(-159,147) Etienne Dolet, French scholarly writer, was born (executed 3
August 1546).
17 July 1509, Thursday
(-159,164) Padua rebelled against the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Maximilian
I besieged the city.
10 July 1509, Thursday
(-159,171) John Calvin,
French priest who spread the Reformation, was born at Noyon, Picardy.
1 July 1509, Tuesday
(-159,180) Because the Queen of England customarily did not breastfeed her
children, a �wet nurse� was appointed, a woman who had recently given birth
herself, was appointed. The salary for this post in 1509 was �20 a year.
29 June 1509, Sunday
(-159,182) Death of Lady Margaret, mother of King Henry VII, Countess of
Richmond and Derby. She was noted for her patronage of the arts and education.
24 June 1509, Tuesday
(-159,187) King Henry VIII of England was crowned.
11 June 1509, Wednesday
(-159,200) King Henry VIII, aged
18, married his sister in law, the Spanish princess Catharine of Aragon, aged
24. She was the first of his six wives.
14 May 1509, Wednesday
(-159,228) (Italy) French victory over Venice at
the Battle of Agnadello, near Milan.
11 May 1509, Sunday
(-159,231) Louis II was crowned King of Bohemia.
27 April 1509, Friday
(-159,247) Pope Julius II excommunicated the Venetian Republic.
21 April 1509. Saturday (-159,253) King Henry VII died in Richmond, Surrey,
probably from tuberculosis. His second
son, Henry VIII, succeeded him. The coronation of Henry VIII was on 24 June 1509.
15 April 1509, Sunday
(-159,259) France began an invasion of Venice.
8 April 1509, Sunday
(-159,266) Easter Sunday.
8 March 1599, Thursday
(-159,297)
3 February 1509, Saturday
(-159,330) (India, Portugal) Portugal defeated the Ottoman fleet at
the Battle of Diu, Indian Ocean. Portugal was moving to dominate the spice
trade, which had been lucrative for the Sultan of Gujarat, Mahmud Begada.
Begada was supported by other beneficiaries of the established trade; Egypt,
the Ottoman Empire and Venice. However the Portuguese ships, built to withstand
the rigours of a long voyage, were superior, and Portugal�s victory gave them
control of the Indian spice trade for a century.
25 January 1509, Thursday
(-159,339) (Italy) Giovanni Morone, Italian Cardinal, was born (died 1
December 1580).
1 January 1509, Monday
(-159,363)
===================================================================================
31 December 1508, Sunday
(-159,364)
24 December 1508, Sunday
(-159,371) London houses received piped water for the first time.
22 October 1508, Sunday
(-159,434)
11 September 1508, Monday
(-159,475)
8 August 1508, Tuesday
(-159,509) Juan Ponce de Le�n, a lieutenant under Columbus, founded the
first Spanish settlement on Puerto Rico, Caparra, on August 8, 1508.
4 June 1508, Sunday
(-159,574) (Hungary) Louis II was crowned King of Hungary.
23 May 1508, Tuesday
(-159,586)
23 April 1508, Sunday
(-159,616) Easter Sunday.
4 April 1508, Tuesday (-159,635) The first book was printed in Scotland.
4 February 1508, Friday
(-159,695) Konrad Celtes, German poet, died (born 1459)
31 January 1508, Monday
(-159,699)
1 January 1508, Saturday
(-159,729)
================================================================================
31 December 1507, Friday
(-159,730)
21 December 1507, Tuesday
(-159,740) |Mary Queen of France, daughter of Henry VII of England, was
born (died 24 June 1533).
29 October 1507, Friday
(-159,793)
1 October 1507, Friday
(-159,821) Giacomo Barocchio, Italian architect, was born in Vignola (died
in Rome 7/71573).
11 September 1507, Saturday (-159,841)
23 August 1507, Monday
(-159,860) Jean Molinet, French poet, died.
20 August 1507, Friday
(-159,863) Guru Nanak Dev became the first guru and leader of the Sikh
religion.
1 July 1507, Thursday (-159,913)
The earliest records of coal-mining at Nailsea, near
Bristol. Coal
was being transported to Yatton for household fireplaces. By the late 19th century coal mining had died out south of
Bristol as the industry migrated to the richer seams of south Wales.
29 April 1507, Thursday
(-159,976) Louis XII, King of
France, led his troops into Genoa.
25 April 1507, Sunday
(-159,980) The name �America� was first used on a map, by German
cartographer Martin Waldseemuller, in honour of Italian navigator Amerigo
Vespucci.
7 April 1507, Wednesday
(-159,998) Birth of Spanish Jesuit St Francis Xavier, in Sangesa, Navarre,
Spain.
4 April 1507, Sunday (-160,001)
Easter Sunday.
1 April 1507, Thursday
(-160,004)
25 March 1507, Thursday
(-160,011) (Italy) King Louis XII of France attacked Genoa with a Swiss
army to restore law and order there, after a popular uprising in 1506.
12 March 1507, Friday
(-160,024) Cesare Borgia died at the siege of Viana in Navarre.
20 February 1507, Saturday
(-160,044) Death of Gentile Bellini, Venetian painter.
24 January 1507, Sunday (-160,071)
Cornation of King Sigismund I of Poland.
1 January 1507, Friday
(-160,094)
=================================================================================
31 December 1506, Thursday
(-160,095)
29 October 1506, Thursday
(-160,158)
20 October 1506, Tuesday
(-160,167) King Sigismund I of Poland succeeded the late King Alexander I.
25 September 1506, Friday
(-160,192) Philip the Handsome, King of Spain, died suddenly aged 28, at
Burgos. His wife went mad after his death. Her father Ferdinand II of Aragon
ruled as Regent of Castile, as Ferdinand V.
13 September 1506, Sunday
(-160,204) Andrea Mantegna, Italian painter, died in Mantua.
11 September 1506, Friday
(-160,206)
5 August 1506, Wednesday (-160,243)
Death of King Alexander of Poland. Born in 1461, he succeeded his brother
Albert to the Polish throne in 1501.His power was greatly eroded by the Polish
nobility and senate. Consequently, because of lack of funds, Alexander was
unable to restrain much the expansion of the Muscovy or the Teutonic Order in
Prussia.
1 July 1506, Monday
(-160,308) Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia, was born.
20 May 1506. Wednesday
(-160,320) Christopher
Columbus, Italian navigator who
discovered the New World in 1492, died aged 55 in Valladolid, Spain.
See 3 August 1492. He was virtually penniless. However his discovery of
favourable winds in both directions across the Atlantic opened up the way for
European exploration of the New World.
12 May 1506, Tuesday
(-160,328)
12 April 1506, Sunday (-160,358) Easter Sunday
7 April 1506, Tuesday
(-160,363) St Francis Xavier,
Spanish Jesuit missionary, was born near Sanguesa.
1 January 1506, Thursday
(-160,459)
=================================================================================
31 December 1505, Wednesday
(-160,460)
27 October 1505.�
Monday (-160,525) Ivan the Great
(Ivan III), Czar of Russia, died aged 65. He was succeeded by his
26-year-old son who ruled as Basil III Ivanovitch until 1553.
11 September 1505, Thursday
(-160,571)
7 April 1505, Monday (-160,728)
23 March 1505, Sunday (-160,743) Easter Sunday.
17 March 1505, Monday (-160,749) Prince Christopher, son of Janos Corvinus
of Hungary, died.
13 January 1505, Monday (-160,812) Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg, was
born (died 3 January 1571).
==================================================================================
31 December 1504, Tuesday (-160,825)
24 November 1504, Sunday
(-160,862) Isabella, Queen of Castille and Leon, died aged 53. She was
succeeded by her daughter Juana and Juana�s husband, Philip. However they
remained in Flanders, and Ferdinand ruled instead.
13 November 1504, Wednesday
(-160,873) Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, was born (died 31 March 1567)
12 October 1504, Saturday
(-160,905) Janos Corvinus of Hungary died (born 1473).
8 September 1504. Sunday (-160,939)
Michelangelo, 29, unveiled his statue of David in Florence. The 13 foot high
marble statue had taken him three years to carve.
6 August 1504. Tuesday (-160,972) Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury,
was born.� He had a very long nose, and
was extremely inquisitive, hence the expression �nosey parker�.
18 July 1504, Thursday (160,991) Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss religious
writer and reformer, was born (died 17 September 1585).
5 May 1504, Sunday (-160,065) Stanislaus Hosius, Polish Cardinal, was born
(died 5 August 1579).
7 April 1504, Sunday (-161,093)
Easter Sunday.
7 March 1504, Thursday (-161,124)
29 February 1504, �Thursday (-161,131) A
total eclipse of the Moon. Christopher Columbus was stranded in Jamaica and
needed provisions but the locals were reluctant to help him. Columbus knew the
eclipse was due and warned the tribal leaders that his God would turn the Moon
blood-red if they did not help him. The locals did not comply but when the Moon
turned red as Columbus had foretold they did give him necessary provisions.
31 January 1504, Wednesday (-161,160) (Italy) France ceded Naples to Spain
under the Treaty of Lyons. Spain retained the territory until 1713.
25 January 1504, Thursday (-161,166) The English Parliament passed statutes
against retainers (paid military dependants) and liveries (dependant�s
uniforms) to stop private warfare and to place giuilds and companies under
State supervision.
17 January 1504, Wednesday (-161,174) Pope Pius V was born.
11 January 1504, Thursday (-161,180) Parmigianino (Francesco Mazzola),
painter, was born in Italy.
1 January 1504, Monday (-161,190) (Italy) French forces left Gaeta by sea,
under the terms of a peace treaty with the victorious Spanish.
====================================================================================
29 December 1503, Friday (-161,193) At the Battle of Garigliano, near Gaeta,
Italy, Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba defeated a
French-Italian mercenary army under Ludovico II, Marquis of Saluzzo.� French
forces withdrew to Gaeta.
14 December 1503. Thursday (-161,208) The French astrologer Nostradamus was born,
as Michel de Nostradame.� He wrote his
book of prophecies in 1555.
3 November 1503, Friday (-161,249) Michaelangelo was commissioned to
paint� a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, by
her husband, Francesco del Giocondo. This painting, completed in
1507, is now known as the Mona Lisa.
2 November 1503, Thursday (-161,250) Columbus discovered Panama. He also
observed the inhabitants playing with a heavy black bouncing ball, made of a
substance new to him, rubber.
1 November 1503, Wednesday (-161,251)
31 October 1503, Tuesday (-161,252) Pope Julius II succeeded Pope Pius as 216th
Pope.
30 October 1503, Monday (-161,253) Queen Isabella of Spain banned violence
against native tribes.
18 October 1503, Wednesday (-161,265) Pope�
Pius III died.
22 September 1503, Friday (-161,291) Pope Pius III (Francesco Todeschini
Piccolomini) succeeded Pope Alexander VI as 215th Pope.� However he died on 18 October 1503.
11 September 1503, Monday (-161,302)
3 September 1503, Sunday (-161,310) Ferdinand II of Spain sent an army to
Morocco to fight the Moors. Mers el Kebir fell to Spain.
18 August 1503, Friday (-161,326) Death of Pope Alexander VI, or Rodrigo Borgia, aged 74. See 10 August 1492.
8 August 1503, Tuesday (-161,336) The marriage of King James IV of Scotland
and Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII, took place at Holyrod Palace,
Edinburgh.
30 June 1503, Friday (-161,375) John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, was
born (died 3 March 1554).
23 June 1503, Friday (-161,382) The future King Henry VIII of England was
engaged to Catherine of Aragon, widow of of his older brother Arthur.
1 June 1503, Thursday (-161,404) Wilhelm von Grumbach, German adventurer,
was born (executed 18 April 1567).
28 May 1503, Sunday (-161,408) The
Treaty of Everlasting Peace between Scotland and England was signed; peace
actually lasted ten years.
13 May 1503, Saturday (-161,423)
The Spanish captured Naples.
10 May 1503, Wednesday (-161,426)
Christopher Columbus discovered the Cayman islands, he called them Las
Tortugas, after the numerous sea turtles there.
21 April 1503, Friday (-161,445)
(France, Italy, Spain) The
Battle of Cerignola, Italy.� The Spanish under
Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba defeated the French under the Duc de Nemoura, who
was killed.� This was the first battle
considered to have been won by gunpowder and small arms.
16 April 1503, Sunday (-161,450) Easter Sunday.
22 March 1503, Wednesday (-161,475)
Antonio Grazzini, Italian author, was born (died 18 February 1583).
10 March 1503, Friday (-161,487) Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, was born.
23 February 1503, Thursday (-161,502)
At the Battle of Ruvo, the Spanish defeated the French.
18 February 1503, Saturday (-161,507) Henry Tudor, the future King Henry VIII,
was created Prince of Wales
20 January 1503, Friday (-161,536)
Seville, in Castille, was awarded exclusive rights to trade with the New World.
1 January 1503, Sunday (-161,555)
===============================================================================
31 December 1502, Saturday (-161,556)
29 October 1502, Saturday (-161,619)
18 September 1502, Sunday (-161,660) Christopher Columbus landed at Costa Rica.
11 September 1502, Sunday (-161,667)
6 June 1502, Monday (-161,764)
John III, King of Portugal, was born.
21 May 1502, Saturday (-161,780)
The Portuguese explorer Joao de Nova discovered the island of St Helena, in the
south Atlantic.
11 May 1502. Wednesday (-161,790)
Christopher Columbus left on his
fourth voyage of exploration, returning on 7 November 1504.
8 May 1502, Sunday (-161,793)
2 April 1502, Saturday (-161,829)
Arthur, eldest son of King Henry VII, died after an illness.
27 March 1502, Sunday (-161,835)
Easter Sunday.
12 February 1502. Saturday (-161,878) Spain expelled all Moors who had not been
baptised as Christians.� See 30 March 1492.
7 January 1502, Friday (-161,914) Pope Gregory XIII born
1 January 1502, Saturday (-161,920)
==============================================================================
31 December 1501, Friday (-161,921)
7 November 1501, Sunday (-161,975) Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, was
condemned as a traitor by King Henry VII after he tried to raise forces abroad
to support the Yorkist cause.
29 October 1501, Friday (-161,984)
24 September 1501, Friday (-162,019) Girolamo Cardan, Italian physician, was
born (died 21 September 1576).
11 September 1501, Saturday -162,032)
4 August 1501, Wednesday (-162,070) (Italy) Louis D�Armagnac, Duke of
Nemours, was named Viceroy of Naples by King Louis XII of France.
21 May 1501, Friday (-162,145) The island of St Helena was first visited
by the Portuguese, on St Helena�s Day.
10 May 1501. Monday (-162,156)
Amerigo Vespucci set sail for
what is now called South America.� On 1
January 1502 his fleet entered the bay of Guanabara, where Rio de Janeiro now
stands.
6 May 1501, Thursday (-102,160) Pope Marcellus II was born.
11 April 1501, Sunday (-162,185) Easter Sunday.
25 March 1501, Thursday (-162,202) Ascension Island was first sighted by
the Portuguese navigator, Joao de Nova Gallego. He named it Ilha de Nossa
Senhora de Conceicoa in honour of the Annunciation. It was rediscovered by
Alfonso D�Albuquerque on Ascension Day 1503, and thereby acquired its present
name.
17 January 1501, Sunday (-163,269) Leonhard Fuchs, German physician, was born
(died 10 May 1566).
1 January 1501, Friday (-162,285)
===============================================================================
31 December 1500, Thursday (-162,286)
11 November 1500, Wednesday (-162,336) (Italy) The Treaty of Granada. Spain and France agreed to divide Naples between
them.
1 November 1500, Sunday (-162,346) Birth of Benvenuto Cellini, Italian
sculptor.
12 October 1500, Tuesday (-162,365) John Morton, English statesman, died.
12 September 1500, Saturday (-162,396) Albert III, Duke of Saxony, died in Emden
(born 27 January 1443).
11 September 1500, Friday (-162,397)
28 June 1500, Sunday (-162,472) Perino del Vaga, Italian painter, was born
near Florence (died 19 October 1547)
29 May 1500, Friday (-162,502) Bartholomew Diaz, the Portuguese explorer
who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, was drowned during a storm at
sea.
5 May 1500, Tuesday (-162,526) Moorish revolt in Spain, following the
forced mass conversions to Catholicism by Cardinal Cisneros and the
Inquisition, was suppressed by King Ferdinand II.
23 April 1500, Thursday (-162,538) (Britain)
Alexander Ales, Scottish clergyman, was born in Edinburgh (died 17 March 1565
in Leipzig).
22 April 1500. Wednesday (-162,539)
Portuguese explorer Pedro
Alvarez Cabral discovered the coast of Brazil.
He claimed this territory for Portugal, which he named Vera Cruz or �true cross�
but which was to be called Brazil, after the red-coloured brazil-wood, which
grew there.
19 April 1500, Sunday (-162,542) Easter Sunday.
12 April 1500, Sunday (-162,549) Joachim Camerarius, German scholarly writer,
was born (died 17 April 1574).
20 February 1500, Thursday (-162,601)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was born.
26 January 1500, Sunday (-162,626)
1 January 1500, Wednesday (-162,651)
===============================================================================
31 December 1499, Tuesday (-162,652)
.
For dates up to 1499 click here