Chronography of events from I January 1200 to 31 December 1499

Page last modified 26 August 2023

 

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(-9999) = Day count to end of World War Two in Europe (day zero = Tuesday). Easter Sundays derived from https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm

See also Julian Day Count, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day

 

For dates from 1 January 1500 click here

 

1 January 1500, Wednesday (-162,651)

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31 December 1499, Tuesday (-162,652)

23 November 1499, Saturday (-162,690) Perkin Warbeck was executed at the Tower of London.He was a Flemish impostor, the son of a boatman from Tournai, claiming to be Richard of York, son of Edward II, whom he closely resembled. Initially treated leniently after his attempt on the throne (see 31 July 1495), he then attempted to escape the Royal Palace and team up with another usurper, Edward Earl of Warwick.

22 September 1499, Sunday (-162,752) Under the Treaty of Basel, Maximilian granted the Swiss independence. Formal independence was not achieved for another century.

11 September 1499, Wednesday (-162,763)

8 September 1499, Sunday (-162,766)

29 August 1499, Thursday (-162,776) Alessio Baldovinetti, Florentine painter, died (born 14 October 1427).

25 August 1499, Sunday (-162,780) (Italy, Turkey) The Venetian fleet was defeated at the Battle of Zonchia by the Ottomans. This was the first time cannon had been used in a naval battle. The Venetian-Ottoman War, 1499-1503, started. Venetian sea-power in the Mediterranean was an obstacle to Ottoman expansion. Ottoman Turkey gained the upper hand, and by 1503 Ottoman cavalry raids were reaching into Venetian territory. Venice was forced to recognise Turkish gains.

8 August 1499, Thursday (-162,797)

22 July 1499, Monday (-162,814) The Battle of Dornach. Swiss Confederation forces defeated the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian. This was the last battle between Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire.

8 July 1499, Monday (-162,828)

24 June 1499, Monday (-162,842) Johann Brenz, scholarly writer, was born (died 11 September 1570).

8 June 1499, Saturday (-162,858)

23 May 1499, Thursday (-162,874)

8 May 1499, Wednesday (-162,889)

8 April 1499, Monday (-162,919)

31 March 1499, Sunday (-162,927) Easter Sunday. Pope Pius IV was born.

1 March 1499, Friday (-162,957) In Dublin, the first Parliament opened under Poynings Law sat. This law gave supremacy to English law in Ireland..

13 February 1499, Wednesday (-163,973) Justius Menius, German religious writer, was born (died 11 August 1558).

1 January 1499, Tuesday (-163,016)

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31 December 1498, Monday (-163,017)

19 December 1498, Wednesday (-163,029) Andreas Osiander, religious reformer, was born.

17 October 1498, Wednesday (-163,092)

16 September 1498, Sunday (-163,123) Tomas de Torquemada, Inquisitor-General, died.

11 September 1498, Tuesday (-163,128)

16 August 1498, Thursday (-163,154)

31 July 1498, Tuesday (-163,170) Christopher Columbus arrived at an island he called Trinidad.

7 June 1498. Thursday (-163,224) Christopher Columbus left on his third journey of exploration.

23 May 1498, Wednesday (-153,239) Italian religious reformer Girolamo Savonarola was executed for heresy.

20 May 1498. Sunday (-163,242) Vasco da Gama (Food, India) arrived at Calicut, southern India, after discovering a route via the tip of southern Africa. , proving the feasibility of a sea route from Portugal to India and the Spice Islands. This meant Europe could buy spices independent from Venetian and Muslim middlemen.

15 May 1498, Tuesday (-163,247)

15 April 1498, Sunday (-163,277) Easter Sunday.

14 April 1498, Saturday (-163,278) Vasco da Gama arrived at the trading city of Malindi, east Africa, after putting in at Kilwa and Monbasa.

11 April 1498, Wednesday (-163,281)

8 April 1498, Sunday (-163,284) Charles VIII of France died suddenly, aged 27. He was succeeded by his cousin, the Duc d�Orleans, as Louis XII

31 March 1498, Saturday (-163, 292)

25 January 1498, Thursday (-163,357) Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visited Quelimane and Mozambique in south-eastern Africa.

16 January 1498, Tuesday (-163,366) Francesco Botticini, Italian painter, died in Florence.

1 January 1498, Monday (-163,381)

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31 December 1497, Sunday (-163,382)

25 December 1497, Monday (-163,388) The Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama reached the part of South Africa which he called Natal.

5 December 1497, Tuesday (-163,408) King Manuel I of Portugal proclaimed an edict in which he demanded that Jews convert to Christianity or leave the country.

22 November 1497. Wednesday (-163,421) The Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in his search for a route to India. His fleet comprised the St Gabriel, the St Raphael, the Berrio, and a store ship. See 24 December 1524. He had set sail from Lisbon on 8 July 1497.

5 October 1497, Thursday (-163,469) Perkin Warbeck was captured at Taunton.

4 October 1497, Wednesday (-163,470) Benozzo Gozzoli, Florentine painter, died in Pistoia.

30 September 1497, Saturday (-163,474) James IV, King of Scotland, now aged 23, agreed another seven year truce with England.Signed at Ayton, this truce replaced an earlier one extended in 1493 but breached recently by several Scottish border raids into England.

11 September 1497, Monday (-163,493)

7 September 1497, Thursday (-163,497) Perkin Warbeck landed at Lands End, Cornwall, hoping to exploit local unrest against King Henry VII.

11 August 1497, Friday (-163,524)

6 August 1497. Sunday (-163,529) Genoese navigator John Cabot returned from an expedition across the Atlantic. King Henry VII of England financed his travels. Though he was Genoese and had Venetian citizenship, Cabot came to England in 1487 to raise support for a transatlantic voyage and settled in Bristol. He sailed from Bristol on 2 May 1497 and landed on 24 June 1497 on the coast of Labrador. There he planted the Tudor banner, in defiance of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided up the western world between Spain and Portugal (see 6 December 1492, Papal backing for gold to finance a war against the Moslems). Under this treaty, signed on 7 June 1494, all land west of a line in the western Atlantic would belong to Spain; any land east of it would be Portuguese. He explored the coastline from Labrador to Cape Breton.

1 August 1497, Tuesday (-163,534)

26 July 1497, Wednesday (-163,540) Perkin Warbeck landed in Cork to raise support for his campaign to take the English throne from King Henry VII.

18 July 1497, Tuesday (-163,548)

8 July 1497, Saturday (-163,558) Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama set sail from Lisbon to attempt to find a sea passage to India.

1 July 1497, Saturday (-163,565)

24 June 1497, Saturday (-163,572) John Cabot, in his exploration of north America, arrived at Cape Breton Island. He believed had landed in eastern Asia.

17 June 1497, Saturday (-163,579) (London) Cornish rebels against King Henry VII, having marched to Guildford on 13 June 1497, and skirmished with the Army on Hounslow Heath, now ,marched on London. They failed to gain the support of Kentish men, and therefore marched through Banstead, and this day faced the King�s men at the Battle of Deptford where the rebels were finally crushed.

14 June 1497, Wednesday (-163,582) (Italy) Juan Borgia, Duke of Gandia and illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI, was murdered, probably by his brother Cesare. Cesare now directed Papal politics.

1 June 1497, Thursday (-163,595)

30 May 1497, Tuesday (-163,597)

24 May 1497, Wednesday (-163,603) Benedetto la Maiano, Ita;lian painter, died in Florence.

16 May 1497, Tuesday (-163,611)

8 May 1497, Monday (-163,619)

2 May 1497, Tuesday (-163,625) John Cabot set sail from Bristol.

2 April 1497, Sunday (-163,655)

26 March 1497, Sunday (-163,662) Easter Sunday.

26 February 1497, Sunday (-163,690)

16 February 1495, Thursday (-163,700) Birth of Philip Melancthon, Protestant reformer.

26 January 1497, Thursday (-163,721)

1 January 1497, Sunday (-163,746)

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31 December 1496, Saturday (-163,747)

25 December 1496, Sunday (-163,753)

11 December 1496, Sunday (-163,767)

7 December 1496, Wednesday (-163,771)

30 November 1496, Wednesday (-163,778)

17 November 1496, Thursday (-163,791)

25 September 1496, Sunday (-163,844) (Italy) Piero Capponi, Florentine statesman, died.

11 September 1496, Sunday (-163,858)

7 September 1496, Wednesday (-163,862) Ferdinand II, King of Naples, died.

7 August 1496, Sunday (-163,893)

7 July 1496, Thursday (-163,924)

7 June 1496, Tuesday (-163,954)

12 May 1496, Thursday (-163,980) Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, was born.

3 April 1496, Sunday (-164,019) Easter Sunday.

7 April 1496, Wednesday (-164,023) (Sea) The first dry dock opened at Portsmouth.

18 March 1496, Friday (-164,035) A daughter, Mary, was born to Elizabeth, Queen of King Henry VII.

5 March 1496, Saturday (-164,048) King Henry VII of England granted John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) a commission to explore for new lands.

3 March 1496, Thursday (-164,050)

25 February 1496, Thursday (-164,057) Eberhard, Duke of Wurttemberg, died (born 1445).

3 January 1496, Sunday (-164,110) Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tested a flying machine.

1 January 1496, Friday (-164,112) Henry Deane, Bishop of Bangor, became Justiciar of Ireland.

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25 December 1495, Friday (-164,119) At the Second Battle of Acentejo, Spanish forces crushed the natives of the island of Tenerife, destroying the last bastion of resistance on the Canary Islands.

18 December 1495, Friday (-164,126) Alfonso II, King of Naples, died.

5 December 1495, Saturday (-164,139) Nicolas Cleynaerts, Belgian writer, was born (died 1542).

21 November 1495, Saturday (-164,153) John Bale, English author, was born in Cove, near Dunwich (died 11/1563).

30 October 1495, Friday (-164,175) An explosion at Vyborg castle deterred Russian forces who were invading Sweden through Karelia.

25 October 1495, Sunday (-164,180) John II, King of Portugal from 1481, died aged 40. He was succeeded by his cousin, who ruled as Manuel I until 1521.

25 October 1495, Sunday (-164,180) King Manuel I became rule of Portugal, on the death of King Joao II, aged 40.

25 September 1495, Friday (-164,210)

11 September 1495, Friday (-164,224)

7 August 1495, Friday (-164,259) In the Holy Roman Empire the Diet of Worms abolished private warfare, established an Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, and introducd an Imperial tax.

1 August 1495, Saturday (-164,265) Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter, was born near Alkmaar (died 6 December 1562 in Utrecht)

6 July 1495, Monday (-164,291) (France, Italy, Spain) At the Battle of Fornovo, near Parma, the French Army secured its retreat from Italy by defeating a combined Milanese-Venetian force under Giobvanni Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua. France had contested with Spain over who would control Italy. Charles VIII of France expected support from his one-time allies, the Milanese, but when he arrived in Italy he found they had joined with Venice, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire to oppose his plans for Italy.

3 July 1495, Friday (-164,294) The Pretender to the English throne, Perkin Warbeck, landed at Deal, Kent, with 150 men. He hoped to gather enough supporters to overthrow King Henry VII. However his force was routed and he went on to Ireland, where he was again unsuccessful at besieging the pro-Henry town of Waterford. Warbeck then fled to Scotland. See 23 November 1499.

28 June 1495, Sunday (-164,299) At the Battle of Seminara, Cordoba and Ferrante were defeated by a French army under Bernard Stewart, Lord of Aubigny.

25 June 1495, Thursday (-164,302) (Scotland) Negotiatons for a marriage between King James IV of Scotland and Margaret, daughter of King henry VII of England.

1 June 1495, Monday (-164,326) Friar John Cor recorded the first known batch of Scotch whisky.

31 May 1495, Sunday (-164,327) Cecily Neville, 80 year old dowager Duchess of York, died in her castle at Berkhamstead.

26 May 1495, Tuesday (-164,332) A Spanish army under Gonzalo de Cordoba landed in Calabria, to oust the French and restore Ferrante II to the throne of Naples.

12 May 1495, Tuesday (-164,346) (Italy) Charles VIII of France was crowned King of Naples.

8 May 1495, Friday (-164,350)

19 April 1495, Sunday (-164,369) Easter Sunday.

31 March 1495, Tuesday (-164,388) (Italy) Pope Alexander VI formed the League of Venice, which included the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Venice and Milan. It was formed to protect Christendom from the Ottoman Empire, but initially worked to mexpel France from Italy.

20 March 1495, Friday (-164,399)

22 February 1495, Sunday (-164,425) King Charles VIII of France entered Naples to claim the city�s throne.A few months later he returned to France with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin, Gilbert Count of Montpensier as viceroy.

6 February 1495, Friday (-164,441) Bishop William Elphinstone of Aberdeen obtained Papal authorisation to buld a university in Aberdeen, to be called Kings College.

28 January 1495, Wednesday (-164,450) King Charles VIII of France left Rome for Naples.

11 January 1495, Sunday (-164,467) Pedro Mendoza, Spanish statesman, died (born 3 May 1428).

1 January 1495, Thursday (-164.477)

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31 December 1494, Wednesday (-164,478) French forces engtered Rome. Pope Alexander VI fled to the fortress of Castel Sant�Angelo.

12 December 1494, Friday (-164,497)

17 November 1494, Monday (-164,522) French forces entered Florence, Italy.

8 November 1494, Saturday (-164,531) French forces entered Lucca, Italy.

6 November 1494, Thursday (-164,533) Suleiman the Magnificant, Ottoman Sultan, was born

5 November 1494, Wednesday (-164,534) Hans Sachs, poet and dramatist, was born.

24 September 1494, Wednesday (-164,576) Angelo Ambrigini, Italian writer, died (born 14 July 1454 in Tuscany)

12 September 1494, Friday (-164,588) Francis I, King of France, was born.

1 September 1494, Monday (-164,599) Charles VIII of France invaded Italy to claim Naples.

11 August 1494, Monday (-164,620) Hans Memlinc, Dutch painter, died in Bruges.

1 August 1494, Friday (-164,630) Giovani Santi, Italian painter, died in Urbino.

7 June 1494, Saturday (-164,685) (Portugal, Brazil, Race Equality, Food) The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed. On 4 May 1493, Pope Alexander VI had set a line at 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands from north to south Pole; Spain had the rights to colonise west of this line, Portugal to the east. The 1494 Treaty moved this line a further 270 leagues to the west. This resulted in Portugal having possession of both Brazil and Africa; in turn this greatly facilitated the expansion of the slave trade, providing cheap labour for the sugar plantations.

24 May 1494, Saturday (-164,699) Birth of Jacopo da Pontormo, Renaissance artist.

8 May 1494, Thursday (-164,715)

4 May 1494, Sunday (-164,719) Christopher Columbus landed on an island he called Santa Gloria, now known as Jamaica.

20 April 1494, Sunday (-164,733) Johannes Agricola, German Protestant reformer (died 22 September 1566) was born.

30 March 1494, Sunday (-164,754) Easter Sunday

24 March 1494, Monday (-164,760) German geologist and metallurgist Georgius Agricola was born in Glachau, Saxony. In 1546 he published De Natural Fossilium (On the Nature of Digging).Here he introduced the word �fossil� for anything dug from the ground, including odd rocks that Agricola believed to be former bones and shells.

8 March 1494, Saturday (-164,776) Florentino Rosso, ita;lian painter, was born in Florence (died 14 November 1540 near Paris)

2 March 1494, Sunday (-164,782) Niccolo dell�Arca, Italian sculptor, died in Bologna.

28 February 1494, Friday (-164,784)

25 January 1494, Saturday (-164,818) Alfonso II succeeded to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples and was recognised by Pope Alexander VI. Charles VIII of France also claimed the throne through descent from the House of Anjou.

11 January 1494, Saturday (-164,832) Domenico Ghirlandajo, Florentine painter, died (born 1449).

3 January 1494, Friday (-164,840) (South America) Christopher Columbus established the first European colony in the Americas. It was called Isabella, in Hispaniola.

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17 December 1493, Tuesday (-164,857) Paracelsus, scientist and occultist, was born. He died on 24 September 1541.

19 November 1493, Tuesday (-164,885) Christopher Columbus discovered Puerto Rico, and claimed it for Spain.

12 November 1493, Tuesday (-164,892) Baccie Bandinelli, Italian sculptor, was born in Florence (died 7 February 1560)

3 November 1493, Sunday (-164,901) Christopher Columbus, on his second expedition, sighted the island now known as Dominica.

28 September 1493, Saturday (-164,937) Agnolo Firenzuola, Italian poet, was born.

25 September 1493, Wednesday (-164,940) Christopher Columbus left Spain on a second voyage of exploration with a fleet of 20 ships.

19 August 1493, Thursday (-164,946) The Habsburg claim to the throne of the Holy Roman empire was confirmed when, on the death of Emperor Ferdinand III, his son Maximilian, King of the Romans, became Holy Roman Emperor elect.

11 September 1493, Wednesday (-164,954)

25 June 1493, Tuesday (-165,032) The Anglo-Scottish truce was extended until April 1501.

14 June 1493, Friday (-165,043) (Italy) Ermolao Barbaro, Italian scholar, died in Rome (born in Venice 21 May 1454).

5 June 1493, Wednesday (-165,052) (Christian) Justius Jonas, German Protestant Reformer, was born (died 1555).

8 May 1493, Wednesday (-165,080)

4 May 1493, Saturday (-165,084) Pope Alexander VI issued the Papal Bull Inter Cetera, dividing the Americas between Portrugal and Spain,

8 April 1493, Monday (-165,110)

7 April 1493, Sunday (-165,111) Easter Sunday.

4 March 1493. Monday (-165,145) Christopher Columbus arrived back in Lisbon, then travelled to Spain.

6 February 1493, Wednesday (-165,171) Maximilian I of Germany became Holy Roman Emperor.

19 January 1493, Saturday (-165,189) (France, Spain) King Charles VIII of France returned Cardagne and Roussillon in the eastern Pyrenees to Spain under the Treaty of Barcelona.

4 January 1493. Friday (-165,204) Christopher Columbus left America on the return voyage to Spain in the Nina.

1 January 1493, Tuesday (-165,207)

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31 December 1492, Monday (-165,208) About 100,000 Jews were expelled from Sicily.

6 December 1492. Thursday (-165,233) Christopher Columbus landed on an island he called Hispaniola, now Haiti, in search of gold. He had won backing from Spain for his expedition on condition he found gold to finance another war by Christian Spain against the Moors. Many Christians also believed that Christ�s second coming would not occur until all pagans had been converted to Christianity or at least defeated by Christendom.

5 December 1492, Wednesday (-165,234) Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Santo Domingo.

5 November 1492, Monday (-165,264)

3 November 1492, Saturday (-165,266) The Peace of Etaples, France expelled Perkin Warbeck, Pretender to the English throne, and paid England to evacuate all French territories it held, except for Calais.

28 October 1492. Sunday (-165,272) Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba, believing it to be Japan.

12 October 1492. Friday (-165,288) Christopher Columbus first saw land; it was not Asia but the continent of America. He called it San Salvador.Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas.

2 October 1492, Thursday (-165,296) Henry VII, first Tudor King of England, invaded France after Charles VIII of France recognised Perkin Warbeck�s claim to the English throne.

12 September 1492, Wednesday (-165,318)

11 September 1492, Tuesday (-165,319)

10 August 1492. Friday (-165,351) Pope Innocent VIII was succeeded by Rodrigo de Borgia. He took the name Pope Alexander VI. Rodrigo Borgia had bribed enough cardinals to ensure his election as Pope. See 18 August 1503.

3 August 1492. Friday (-165,358) Christopher Columbus left Palos de la Frontera, Andalusia, south-west Spain, on his first voyage to search for a passage to the Far East via the Atlantic. He actually found the Americas.He sailed in the Santa Maria, accompanied by the Nina and the Pinta. Columbus had delayed his sailing until after 2 August 1492 as that was the deadline for Jews to leave Spain; therefore Columbus was now departing from a �cleansed� Spain.

24 July 1492, Tuesday (-165,368) Pope Innocent VIII died.

28 June 1492, Thursday (-165,394)

8 May 1492, Tuesday (-165,445)

22 April 1492, Sunday (-165,461) Easter Sunday.

20 April 1492, Friday (-165,463) Birth of Italian playwright and poet Pietro Aretino.

11 April 1492, Wednesday (-165,472) Marguerite d�Angoulmeme, Queen of Navarre, was born.

8 April 1492. Sunday (-165,475) Lorenzo de Medici, patron of learning and the arts, died aged 43, after a 23 year reign of cultural enlightenment.

30 March 1492. Friday (-165,484) The Jews were expelled from Spain by edict of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella unless they agreed to convert to Roman Catholicism. Under the Moslem rule, the Jews had benefited from tolerant Arab rulers. But the last Moslem state was conquered by Christian Spain on 2 January 1492 when Granada fell. On 30 March 1492 the 150,000 strong Jewish community was ordered out by Queen Isabella and her husband Ferdinand. Urban anti-Semitism in Spain had been growing for years, and the Spanish Inquisition, founded in 1487, made things worse. See 12 February 1502.

14 March 1492, Wednesday (-165,500)

6 March 1492, Tuesday (-165,508) Luis Juan Vives, Spanish schoilarly writer, was born in Va,encia (died 6 May 1540 in Bruges)

4 March 1492, Sunday (-165,510) King James IV of Scotland ratified a Franco-Scottish alliance against England.

14 February 1492, Tuesday (-165,529)

30 January 1492, Monday (-165,544)

12 January 1492, Thursday (-165,562) (Italy) Andrea Alcati, Italian jurist, was born in Alzano, near Milan.

9 January 1492, Monday (-165,565) Robert Blackadder became the first Archbishop of Glasgow.

2 January 1492. Monday (-165,572) The Spanish Army under Queen Isabella recaptured Granada from the Moors.This had been the last remaining Moslem territory in Spain.See 30 March 1492.

1 January 1492, Sunday (-165,573)

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31 December 1491, Saturday (-165,574) Jacques Cartier, French explorer of the St Lawrence area of north America, was born in St Malo, northern France.

28 December 1491, Wednesday (-165,577) Bertoldo di Giovanni, Italian painter, died near Florence.

24 December 1491, Saturday (-165,581) Ignatius Loyola, Spanish priest who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), was born in Azpeitia.

21 December 1491, Wednesday (-165,584) A five-year truce between England and Scotland was declared at Coldstream.

6 December 1491, Tuesday (-165,599) Charles VIII, King of France, married Anne, Duchess of Brittany, thereby incorporate ng Brittany in the French Kingdom. This latetr provoked King Henry VII of England into declaring war on France.

25 November 1491, Friday (-165,610) The siege of Granada, last stronghold of the Moors in Spain, began.

7 November 1491, Monday (-165,628) (Hungary) Ladislas II, King of Bohemia and Hungary, signed the Pact of Bratislava with Holy Roman Empieror Maximilian I. Maximilian recognised ladislas as King of Hungary and ceased to try and take Hungarian territory, and Ladislas agreed the succession rights of the Habsburgs to the Hungarian throne if he died without an heir.

25 September 1491, Sunday (-165,671)

11 September 1491, Sunday (-165,685)

17 August 1491, Wednesday (-165,710)

17 July 1491, Sunday (-165,741)

28 June 1491, Tuesday (165,760) Henry VIII, best known for his six wives and religious split from Rome, was born at Greenwich. He was the son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.

8 May 1491, Sunday (-165,811)

3 May 1491, Tuesday (-165,816) The ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, Nkuwu Nzinga, was baptised by Portuguese missionaries, adopting the baptismal name of Jo�o I.

3 April 1491, Sunday (-165,846) Easter Sunday.

3 March 1491, Thursday (-165,877)

2 February 1491, Wednesday (-165,906) Martin Schongauer, German painter, died in Breisach, Baden.

1 January 1491, Saturday (-165,938)

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26 December 1490, Sunday (-165,944) Friedrich Myconius, religious writer, was born (died 7 April 1546).

19 December 1490, Sunday (-165,951) Anne of Brittany married Maximillian I, Holy Roman Emperor, by proxy.

8 November 1491, Monday (-165,992) Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet, was born (died 9 December 1544).

19 October 1490, Tuesday (-166,012)

19 September 1490, Sunday (-166,042) Vladislas II, King of Bohemia, became King of Hungary.

11 September 1490, Saturday (-166,050)

17 August 1490, Tuesday (-166,075)

17 July 1490, Saturday (-166,106) Lightning struck an old Greek church in Constantinople in which the Ottoman Turks were storing gunpowder; the ensuing explosion killed 5,000.

28 June 1490, Monday (-166,125) Albert, Archbishop of Mainz (died 24 September 1545) was born.

16 May 1490, Sunday (-166,168) (Germany) Albert, 1st Duke of Prussia, was born in Ansbach (died 20 March 1568 in Tapiau).

11 April 1490, Sunday (-166,203) Easter Sunday.

6 April 1490, Tuesday (-166,208) Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, died suddenly, aged 50. He was succeeded by Ladislas II of Bohemia.

3 April 1490, Saturday (-166,211)

3 March 1490, Wednesday (-166,242)

17 February 1490, Wednesday (-166,256) Charles Bourbon, Constable of France, was born (died 6 May 1527)

14 February 1490, Sunday (-166,259) Valentin Friedland Trotzendorff, German educationalist, was born near Gorlitz, Silesia (died 20 April 1556)

3 January 1490, Sunday (-166,301)

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25 Decemeber 1489, Friday (-166,310) Simon Marmion, painter, died in Vanenciennes.

4 December 1489, Friday (-166,331) The fall of Baza, in southern Spain. The Catholic Spanish army had besieged this town, held by the Muslims; both siege and defence were financed by the sale of the jewels of the ladies on both sides. Baza had been a bishopric since before 302, when its bishop was recorded as attending the Council of Elvira.

29 November 1489, Sunday (-166,336) Margaret Queen of Scotland was born (died 18 October 1541).

10 November 1489, Tuesday (-166,355) Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, was born (died 1568).

2 October 1489, Friday (-166,394)

11 September 1489, Friday (-166,415)

10 August 1489, Monday (-166,447) Jacob Sturm von Sturmbeck, German statesman, was borndied 30 October 1553)

2 July 1489, Thursday (-166,486) Thomas Cranmer, Henry VIII�s first reformed Archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Aslockton, Nottinghamshire. He produced the Book of Common Prayer in 1549.

8 June 1489, Monday (-166,510)

8 May 1489, Friday (-166,541)

19 April 1489, Sunday (-166,560) Easter Sunday.

14 April 1489, Tuesday (-166,565) (Italy, Cyprus) The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sold her kingdom to Venice.

17 March 1489, Tuesday (-165,593) (England) Ferdinand of Aragon agreed to marry his daughter Catherine to Prince Arthur, son of King Henry VII of England.

1 January 1489, Thursday (-166,668)

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25 December 1488, Thursday (-166,661)

7 October 1488, Tuesday (-166,754) Andrea de Verrochio, Italian painter and sculptor, teacher of Leonardo da Vinci, died in Venice.

11 September 1488, Thursday (-166,780)

9 September 1488, Tuesday (-166,782) Anne of Brittany became Duchess of Brittany at the age of 11.Her marriage to King Charles VIII in 1491 effectively ended Breton independence from France.

7 August 1488, Thursday (-166,815) (Christian) Caspar Aquila, German religious reformer, was born in Augsburg (died 12 November 1560).

28 July 1488, Monday (-166,825) At the Battle of Saint Aubin du Cornier, troops loyal to King Charles VIII of France defeated forces led by the rebel Duke of Orleans and Duke of Brittanyin the main engagement of the Mad War.

30 June 1488, Monday (-166,853)

26 June 1488, Thursday (-166,857) Coronation of King James IV of Scotland, at Scone Abbey.

11 June 1488, Wednesday (-166,872) James III, King of Scotland, was assassinated.He was succeeded by his son, James IV.

11 May 1488, Sunday (-166,903)

21 April 1448, Monday (-166,923) Ulrich von Hutten, German religious writer, was born (died 1523).

6 April 1488, Sunday (-166.938) Easter Sunday

6 March 1488, Thursday (-166,969)

14 February 1488, Thursday (-166,990) The Great Swabian league was formed.

3 February 1488, Sunday (-167,001) Bartholomew Diaz of Portugal landed in Mossel Bay, after rounding the Cape of Good Hope.He was the first known European to travel this far south.

8 January 1488, Tuesday (-167,027) The present Netherlands Royal Navy was founded, by decree of Maximillian I of Austria.

6 January 1488, Sunday (-167,029) Helius Hessus, German poet, was born (died 5 October 1540).

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24 November 1487, Saturday (-167,072) Coronation of Elizabeth, wife of King Henry VII of England.

6 November 1487, Tuesday (-167,090)

3 November 1487, Saturday (-167,093) Melin de Saint Gelais, French poet, was born in Angoulmeme (died 1558)

27 October 1487, Saturday (-167,100) Giovanni da Udine, Italian painter, was born in Udine.

6 October 1487, Saturday (-167,121)

30 September 1497, Sunday (-167,127)

10 September 1487, Monday (-167,147) Pope Julius III was born.

10 August 1487, Friday (-167,178)

10 July 1487, Tuesday (-167,209)

16 June 1487, Saturday (-167,233) The Battle of Stoke Field.The rebellion of the Pretender Lambert Simnel to the English throne, led by John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, and Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell, was crushed by troops loyal to Henry VII.

24 May 1487, Thursday (-167,256) Lambert Simnel was crowned �King Edward VI of England� in Christchurch cathedral.He claimed to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, and challenged Henry VII for the throne of England. He was actually the son of a carpenter from Oxford who went to France and won the backing of one of Warwick�s aunts, who had never actually met the real Warwick. He then went to Ireland where he was welcomed, and from where he planned to invade England.

16 May 1487, Wednesday (-167,264)

15 April 1487, Sunday (-167,295) Easter Sunday.

29 January 1487, Monday (-167,371) Richard Foxe became Bishop of Exeter.

1 January 1487, Monday (-167,399)

====================================================================================

13 November 1486, Monday (-167,448) (Christian) Johann Maier Eck, opponent of the reforms of Martin Luther, was born (died 10 February 1543).

19 October 1486, Thursday (-167,473)

19 September 1486, Tuesday (-167,503) King Henry VII�s son Arthur was born.

14 September 1486, Thursday (-167,508) Henry Agrippa von Nettesheim, German writer, (died 18 February 1535 in Grenoble) was born in Cologne.

11 September 1486, Monday (-167,511)

31 August 1486, Thursday (-167,522) The Portuguese explorer Bartholomew Diaz set sail for India.

11 July 1486, Tuesday (-167,573)

3 July 1486, Monday (-167,582) A three year Anglo-Scottish truce was agreed.

9 May 1486, Tuesday (-167,636)

1 May 1486. Monday (-167,644) Christopher Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to grant him funds to find a western sea passage to the Indies.

9 April 1486, Sunday (-167,666) Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, was crowned at Aix la Chapelle.

1 April 1486, Saturday (-167,674)

26 March 1486, Sunday (-167,680) Easter Sunday.

14 March 1486, Tuesday (-167,692) Queen Isabella of Castile decreed that the 150,000 Jews within Spain must convert to Christianity or be expelled.

11 March 1486, Saturday (-167,695) (Germany) Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg, died 11 March 1486 in Frankfort (born 9 November 1414 in Tangermunde).

18 February 1486, Saturday (-167,716)

16 February 1486, Thursday (-167,718) On the abdication of his father, Emperor Frederick III, Maximilian of Austria became King of the Romans.

18 January 1486, Wednesday (-167,747) In England, the houses of York and Lancaster were united by the marriage of King Henry VII to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV.

1 January 1486, Sunday (-167,764)

==================================================================================

16 December 1485, Friday (-167,780) Catherine of Aragon, first wife of King Henry VIII, was born, the fourth daughter of Ferdinand Isabella.

16 November 1485, Wednesday (-167,810)

7 November 1485, Monday (-167,819) King Henry VII called his first Parliament.

30 October 1485. Sunday (-167,827) (1) Coronation of King Henry VII, aged 28

(2) King Henry VII established the Yeoman of the Guard.

28 October 1485, Friday (-167,829) Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar (born 23 August 1443) died.

22 September 1485, Thursday (-167,865)

22 August 1485. Monday (-167,896) Battle of Bosworth Field, 12 miles west of Leicester. The two sides met at White Moor, on the slopes of Ambien Hill, some two miles from the market town of Market Bosworth. Richard had a force twice the size of Henry�s, but the Stanleys, the Earl of Derby and his brother, defected to Henry�s side. King Richard III, (White Rose, Yorkist) the last Plantagenet king, born 2 October 1452 at Fotheringay, was killed as he tried to reach the usurper to the English throne, Henry Tudor, (Red Rose, Lancastrian) now Henry VII. Henry, exiled to France, had landed at Milford Haven on 7 August 1485 and reached Shrewsbury on 15 August 1485, gathering only moderate support along the way. He then passed through Newport (Shropshire), Stafford, Lichfield, Tamworth, and reached Atherstone on the borders of Leicestershire on 20 August 1485. Here he linked up with the Stanley brothers, both anti-Yorkist. The night of the 21st, Henry encamped at White Moors, south west of what was to be the battlefield. Richard and his army halted three miles away on high ground at Sutton Cheney. Both sides attempted to occupy Ambien Hill, midway between the two armies. The Stanleys moved against the Yorkist flanks , and the Yorkist Duke of Northumberland, at the rear, failed to intervene. Richard was unhorsed and killed, and the Yorkist army melted away, unpursued.

7 August 1485, Sunday (-167,911) Henry Tudor (Henry VII) landed at Milford Haven, Wales.

1 August 1485, Monday (-167,917) Henry Tudor (Henry VII) set sail from France for Wales. He had been advised by Rhys ap Thomas (a powerful Welsh landowner), wrongly as it turned out, that the whole of Wales would rise up in his favour.

1 July 1485, Friday (-167,948)

24 June 1485, Friday (-167,055) (Germany) Johann Bugenhagen, German Protestant reformer, was born (died 20 April 1558).

21 June 1485, Tuesday (-167,958) King Richard III, anticipating a challenge for his rulership, issued a proclamation against �Henry Tydder� and other rebels.

8 June 1485, Wednesday (-167,971)

8 May 1485, Sunday (-168,002)

3 April 1485, Sunday (-168,037) Easter Sunday.

16 March 1485, Wednesday (-168,055) Anne Neville, wife of King Richard III of Enbgland, died during a solar elcipse. This meant Richard now had no heir, since Edward Prince of Wales had died in 1484.

3 March 1485, Thursday (-168,068)

18 February 1485, Friday (-168,081)

3 February 1485, Thursday (-168,096)

1 January 1485, Saturday (-168,129) The English Parliament set aside �14,000 for the King�s Household Expenses. This eventually became the Civil List, which the present British Royal Family still live on.

====================================================================================

25 December 1485, Saturday (-168,136)

5 December 1484, Sunday (-168,156) Pope Innocent VIII issued the Papal bull Summis desiderantes affectibus giving the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches in Germany, led by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.

5 November 1484, Friday (-168,186)

5 October 1484, Tuesday (-168,217)

21 September 1484, Tuesday (-168,231) Treaty of Nottingham: Three-year truce between the kingdoms of England and Scotland signed.

29 August 1484, Sunday (-168,254) Pope Innocent VIII (213rd Pope) acceded (died 1492)

21 August 1484, Saturday (-168,263) Richard III of England appointed the Earl of Lincoln as Lieutenant of Ireland.

12 August 1484, Thursday (-168,271) Pope Sixtus V died, and was succeeded by Pope Innocent Innocent VIII.

12 July 1484, Monday (-168,302)

12 June 1484, Saturday (-168,332)

12 May 1484, Wednesday (-168,363)

18 April 1484, Sunday (-168,387) Easter Sunday.

9 April 1484, Friday (-168,396) Edward, only son of King Richard III of England, died at Middleham Castle, aged 10.

18 March 1484, Thursday (-168, 418)

13 March 1484, Saturday (-168,423) The Franco-Scottish alliance was renewed.

21 February 1484, Saturday (-168,444) Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg, was born (died 11 July 1535)

30 January 1484, Friday (-168,492) Framcisco di Cristofano, Italian painter was born in Florence (died 14 January 1`525 in Florence)

17 January 1484, Saturday (-168,479) George Spalatin (Burckhardt), Church reformer, was born in Spalt (died 16 January 1545 in Altenburg)

1 January 1484, Thursday (-168,495) Church reformer Huldrych Zwingli was born in Switzerland (died 11 October 1513).

===================================================================================

3 December 1483, Wednesday (-168,524) (Christian) Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German Protestant reformer, was born in Torgau (died 14 May 1565 in Eisenach).

10 November 1483, Monday (-168,547) Martin Luther, German religious reformer, leader of the Protestant Reformation, was born in Eisleben, the son of a miner.

16 October 1483, Thursday (-168,572) Gasparo Contarini, Italiun diplomat ad Cardinal, was born.

30 August 1483, Saturday (-168,619) Louis XI, King of France, died, aged 60. He unified France after the Hundred Years War. He was succeeded by his 13-year old son, Charles VIII.

17 August 1483. Sunday (-168,632) The date on which the two young princes, the uncrowned Edward V and his brother Richard, Duke of York, are believed to have been murdered by their uncle and successor, Richard III, in the Tower of London. See 9 April 1483.

9 August 1483. Saturday (-168,640) Pope Sixtus IV celebrated the first mass in the Sistine Chapel, which was named after him.

2 August 1483, Saturday (-168,647) Pope Sixtus IV appointed the Dominican priest Tomas de Torquemada, known for his severe intolerance of Jews and Muslims, as the first Grand Inquisitor of Spain.

19 July 1483, Saturday (-168,661) Richard III of England made his son Edward Lieutenant of Ireland.

6 July 1483. Sunday (-168,674) The coronation of King Richard III.

28 June 1483, Saturday (-168,682) The Dukedom of Norfolk was created.

26 June 1483, Thursday (-168,684) Richard III became King of England.

8 May 1483, Thursday (-168,733)

29 April 1483, Tuesday (-168,742) Gran Canaria, the main of the Canary Islands was conquered by the Kingdom of Castile, an important step in the expansion of Spain.

19 April 1483, Saturday (-166,752) Paulus Jovius, Italian historical writer, was born.

9 April 1483. Wednesday (-168,762) King Edward IV died at Windsor. During his second reign he re-established peace after the Wars of the Roses, but his heir, Edward V, was only aged 12. See 17 August 1483.

30 March 1483, Sunday (-168,772) Easter Sunday

28 March 1483, Friday (-168,774) Raphael, Italian painter, was born in Urbino as Raffaello Sanzio or Santi.

14 February 1483, Friday (-168,816) Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Florentine painter, was born (died 1560).

28 January 1483, Tuesday (-168,833)

1 January 1483, Wednesday (-168,860) Jews were expelled from Andalusia.

==================================================================================

23 December 1482. Monday (-168,869) (France, Netherlands) Burgundy and Picardy were absorbed into France by the Treaty of Arras. Meanwhile other Burgundian lands in the Low Countries passed to the Hapsburgs due to the marriage of Charles� only child, Margaret, to the future Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian I.

21 October 1482, Monday (-168,932)

25 August 1482, Sunday (-168,989) Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, died.

24 August 1482, Saturday (-168,990) Berwick fell after a siege by the English.

19 August 1482, Monday (-168,995)

22 July 1482, Monday (-169,023) King James III of Scotland was deposed by his nobles. There was resentment at the debasing of the Scottish coinage to pay for wars with England.

1 July 1482, Monday (-169,044) Ferdinand V was defeated at the Battle of Loja (see 14 May 1482). However the Spanish fleet continued to block Moorish supplies from North Africa, ultimately leading to the fall of Granada and the complete expulsion of the Moors from Spain (1492).

8 June 1482, Saturday (-169,067)

15 May 1482, Wednesday (-169,091) Paolo Toscanelli, Italian physician, died in Florence

14 May 1482, Tuesday (-169,092) In retaliation for the attack of 26 December 1481, the Marquis of Cadiz seized the Moorish town of Alhama, near Granada. Abdul Hassan then laid siege to Alhama, but raised the siege when Christian forces under King Ferdinand V of Castile and Aragon (1452-1516) approached. Ferdinand entered Alhama this day, and Queen Isabella I of Castile and Aragon helped Ferdinand prepare to lay siege to Moorish-held Loja, assembling a fleet to block Moorish reinforcements by sea.

2 May 1482, Thursday (-169,104) Venice declared war on Ferrara. The 2-year war resulted in Venice acquiring the Ferrarese city of Rovogo. This was Venice�s ;last acquisition on the Italian mainland; Venice was now at the peak of its power.

7 April 1482, Sunday (-169,129) Easter Sunday.

10 February 1482, Sunday (-169,185) Death of Luca del Robbia, Florentine sculptor.

7 February 1482, Thursday (-169,188)

2 January 1482, Wednesday (-169,224)

1 January 1482, Tuesday (-169,225)

=================================================================================

26 December 1481, Wednesday (-169,231) (1) At the Battle of Westbroek, Holland defeated the troops of Utrecht.

(2) In southern Spain, a period of peace between Christians and Muslims suddenly ended when Muslim ruler King Muley Abdul Hassan attacked and captured the Zahara fortress, near Ronda, enslaving the Chrstians there.

24 October 1481, Wednesday (-169,294)

10 September 1481, Monday (-169,338) Alphonso II of Naples recaptured the city of Otranto.

29 August 1481, Wednesday (-169,350) John II of Portugal began to rule in his own right.

27 June 1481, Wednesday (-169,413)

21 May 1481, Monday (-169,450) Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway, died aged 49. He was succeeded by his son John (1481-1513).

8 May 1481, Tuesday (-169,463)

3 May 1481, Thursday (-179,468) Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, died and was succeeded by his 34-year old son Bayezid II.

22 April 1481, Sunday (-169,479)

27 March 1481, Tuesday (-169,505) Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, died (born 13 February 1457)

15 January 1481, Monday (-69,576) Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian artist, was born near Diena (died 6 January 1536 in Rome)

1 January 1481, Monday (-169,590)

================================================================================

28 August 1480, Monday (-169,778)

28 July 1480, Friday (-169,747) (1) An Ottoman Army landed near Otranto, Italy.Pope Sixtus IV called for a crusade to drive them out.

(2) Mohammed II failed in an attempt to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.

10 July 1480, Monday (-169,765) Rene, Count of Anjou, died without an heir. Louis XI annexed his territory.

6 June 1480, Tuesday (-169,799) Lorenzo di Pietro Vecchiietta, Italian artist, died in Siena (born 1410 in Siena)

12 May 1480, Friday (-169,824) King Edward IV made his brother Richard Duke of Gloucester the Lieutenant-General of the North of England. Edward feared a Scottish invasion, but if there was war he hoped to recover Berwick on Tweed.

8 May 1480, Monday (-169,828)

18 April 1480, Tuesday (-169,848) Lucrezia Borgia, Italian noblewoman, illegitimate daughter of Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI) was born in Rome.

14 April 1480, Friday (-169,852) Thomas de Spens, Scottish statesman, died in Edinburgh.

2 April 1480, Sunday (-169,864) Easter Sunday.

6 March 1480, Monday (-169,891) The Treaty of Toledo: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognised the African conquests of Alphonso of Portugal, and he ceded the Canary Islands to Spain.

13 February 1480, Sunday (-169,913) (Italy) Girolamo Aleandro, Italian Cardinal, was born in Motta, near Venice (died 1 February 1542 in Rome).

13 January 1480, Thursday (-169,944)

10 January 1480, Monday (-169,947) Margaret of Austria, Regent of The Netherlands 1507-30, was born.

1 January 1480, Saturday (-169,956)

=================================================================================

15 December 1479, Wednesday (-169,973)

6 November 1479, Saturday (-170,012) Joanna,Queen of Castille, was born (died 11 April 1555).

13 October 1479, Wednesday (-170,036) The Battle of Kenyermezo.The Hungarian army under Pal Kinizsi and Istvan Bathori defeated the Ottoman army in Transylvania, Hungary.

7 September 1479, Tiuesday (-170,072) In Milan, Ludovico Sforza launched a coup against the rule of his yoiung nephew Duke Gian Galeazzo Sforza.

4 September 1479, Saturday (-170,075) (Africa, Portugal, Spain) The Treaty of Alcovas between Portugal and Spain confirmed Castile�s claim on the Canary Islands, and Portugal�s claim on the Azores and Madeira, also Portuguese rights in west Africa.

7 August 1479, Saturday (-170,103) The Battle of Guinegatte. A French army attempting to invade The Netherlands was defeated by Maximilian of Austria, with Flemish foot soldiers.

14 June 1479, Monday (-170,157) Giglio Giraldi, Italian poet, was born (died 2/1552).

8 May 1479, Saturday (-170,194)

5 May 1479, Wednesday (-170,197) Richard Duke of York, second son of Edward IV, aged 5, was appointed Lieutenant of Ireland.

11 April 1479, Sunday (-170,221) Easter Sunday.

11 February 1479, Thursday (-170.280)

24 January 1479, Sunday (-170,298) The Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire signed a peace treaty.Venice ceded Argo, Negroponte, Lemnos, and Scutari, and agreed to pay an annual tribute of 10,000 golden ducats.

20 January 1479, Wednesday (-170,302) Ferdinand II took the throne of Aragon and ruled with his wife Isabella, Queen of Castile over most of the Iberian Peninsula.In 1492 they conquered Granada, ending 700 years of Moorish rule.

1 January 1479, Friday (-170,321)

===================================================================================

28 December 1478, Monday (-170,325) Swiss infantrymen defeated a larger Milanese force at the Battle of Giornico. Ths was essentially a border dispute between Switzerland and Milan. Although the Swiss generally were not in favour of territorial conquests into Milanese territory, the Canton of Uri did manage to capture the Milanese border town of Bellinzona in 1500.

18 November 1478, Wednesday (-170,365)

16 September 1478, Wednesday (-170,428)

22 July 1478, Wednesday (-170,484) Philip II, King of Spain, was born. Son of Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy, he married Joanna the Mad; she inherited the throne of Castile in 1504 but due to her insanity Philip assumed full control in 1506.

15 July 1478, Wednesday (-170,491)

8 June 1478, Monday (-170,528)

8 May 1478, Friday (-170,559)

26 April 1478, Sunday (-170,571) Guiliano de Medici was assassinated; the Pazzi Assassination.

21 April 1478, Tuesday (-170,576)

15 March 1478, Wednesday (-170,603) Justiciar of Ireland, Thomas fitzMaurice fitzGerald, Earl of Kildare, died. He was succeeded by his son, Gerald.

22 March 1478, Sunday (-170,606) Easter Sunday

7 March 1478, Saturday (-170,621)

7 February 1478, Saturday (-170,649) Sir Thomas Moore, Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII, was born in London, the son of a judge. He was executed for refusing to deny the authority of the Pope.

18 January 1478, Sunday (-170,669) Ivan the Great, Grand Prince of Moscow, subjugated the city-state of Novgorod and absorbed its territory into that ruled from Moscow,

8 January 1478, Thursday (-170,679) Conrad Pelicanus, German religious writer, was born in Alsace (died 6 April 1556)

1 January 1478, Thursday (-170,686)

===================================================================================

17 December 1477, Wednesday (-170,701) The decade long civil war in Japan ended with the conformation of Ashikaga Yoshimasa as Shogun, However there now ensued a century of internal instability, diminishing the power of the Japanese Royal family.

14 November 1477, Friday (-170,734) (Arts, Education-Schools) William Caxton issued the first dated, printed, book from his printing press in Westminster. It was Dictes or Sayengis of The Philosophres.

4 November 1477, Tuesday (-170,744)

2 September 1477, Tuesday (-170, 807)

18 August 1477, Monday (-170,822) The Hapsburgs gained possession of the Netherlands through the marriage of the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Maximillian, with Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold.

2 July 1477,Wednesday (-170,869)

8 May 1477, Thursday (-170,924)

6 April 1477, Sunday (-170,956) Easter Sunday.

20 March 1477, Thursday (-170,973) (Christian) Jerome Emser, opponent of Martin Luther�s reforms, was born (died 8 November 1527)

27 February 1477, Thursday (-170,994) The Swedish University of Uppsala was founded, becoming the first university in Sweden and all of Scandinavia.

14 February 1477. Friday (-171,007) A man in Norfolk received the world�s first known Valentine. Margery Brews sent her fianc�e John Poston a letter saying �To my right welbelovyd Voluntyne�. She explained that she had asked her mother to put pressure on her father to increase her dowry but also said that if he loved her, she would marry him anyway. The Romans, around 600 BC, celebrated a February festival with romantic games and dancing. When the Roman Empire was converted to Christianity, the festival was linked to the martyrdom of St Valentine on 14 February, ca. 270 AD, by the Roman Emperor Claudius. Another possible origin is the medieval belief that birds traditionally pair off on 14 February. Oliver Cromwell�s government banned St Valentine�s day but it was restored when Charles II came to the throne in 1660. See 14 February 1822.

16 January 1477, Thursday (-171,036) (Cartography) Georgrapher Johannes Schoner was born in Karlstadt, Germany. In 1515 he constructed the forst globe showing the Americas.

14 January 1477, Tuesday (-171,038) Hermann, Elector of Cologne, was born (died 15 August 1552).

5 January 1477, Sunday (-171,047) Battle of Nancy. Swiss pikemen defeated the Duke of Burgundy�s cavalry. The 43-year old Duke was killed in the battle, and his body was found later, half-eaten by wolves.

1 January 1477, Wednesday (-171,051)

===================================================================================

26 December 1476, Thursday (-171,057) Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, was assassinated by Milanese nobles. His 7-year-old son, Gian Galeazzo, succeeded him under the regency of his mother, Bona of Savoy.

26 November 1476, Tuesday (-171,087) Radu died and Vlad III The Impaler took the Romanian throne a third time. However in 1477 Vlad III was killed by an invading Ottoman army.

3 November 1476, Sunday (-171,110)

1 September 1476, Sunday (-171,173)

8 July 1476, Monday (-171,228) Archbishop George Neville of York, freed from prison in 1474, died.

6 July 1476, Saturday (-171,230) Regiomontanus (Johann Muller), German astronomer, died in Rome (born 6 June 1436 in Konigsberg)

1 July 1476, Monday (-171,235)

28 June 1476, Friday (-171,238) Pope Paul IV born.

22 June 1476, Saturday (-171,244) The Battle of Morat/Murten. The Swiss again defeated the Burgundians.

8 June 1476, Saturday (-171,258) George Neville, Chancellor of England, died.

8 May 1476, Wednesday (-171,289)

14 April 1476, Sunday (-171,313) Easter Sunday

2 March 1476, Saturday (-171,356) (Switzerland) The Swiss defeated a Burgundian Army at Granson, Switzerland.

31 January 1476, Wednesday (-171,387) (Romania) Vlad III Tepes The Impaler, now married to the sister of Matthias I Corvinus King of Hungary, returned to the throne of Wallachia (in present day Romania)

1 January 1476, Monday (-171,417)

================================================================================

24 December 1475, Sunday (-171,425) Thomas Murner, satirical writer, was born.

11 December 1475, Monday (-171,438) Pope Leo X was born.

10 December 1475, Sunday (-171,439) Paolo Uccello, Italian painter, died in Florence.

9 October 1475, Monday (-171,501)

29 August 1475, Tuesday (-171,542) King Edward IV of England and King Louis XI of France signed the Treaty of Picquigny (see 4 July 1475). Under this Treaty, England recieved annual compensation and free and safe trade access; France secured peace for seven years.

7 August 1475, Monday (-171,564)

4 July 1475, Tuesday (-171,598) King Edward IV of England landed at Calais in support of the Burgundians. Louis XI of France quickly arranged a peace deal with Edward, see 29 August 1475.

8 May 1475, Monday (-171,655)

6 May 1475, Saturday (-171,657) Dierec Bouts, Dutch painter, died in Louvain.

18 April 1475,Tuesday (-171,675)

4 April 1475, Tuesday (-171,689)

26 March 1475, Sunday (-171,698) Easter Sunday.

6 March 1475, Monday (-171,718) Michelangelo, Italian painter and sculptor, was born in Capresse, Tiuscany, as Michelagniolo di Lodovico Buonarroti.

6 January 1475, Friday (-171,777)

1 January 1475, Sunday (-171,782)

==============================================================================

25 December 1474, Sunday (-171,789)

 

12 December 1474, Monday (-171,802) King Henry IV of Castile died of a urinary blockage. His younger sister, Isabella, seized power, publically declaring herself as the new monarch. Her brother, known as Henry the Impotent, has been married twice but produced just one heir, Joanna, who was rumoured to have been fathered by a different man. Isabella seized her opportunity before an official successor to Henry IV could be proclaimed. She proved to be a capable and popular ruler, conquering Islamic Andalusia along with Ferdinand. She was the mother of Catharine of Aragon.

27 November 1474, Sunday (-171,817) Belgian composer Guillaume Dufay died in Cambrai.

25 November 1474, Friday (-171,819)

4 November 1474, Friday (-171,840)

25 October 1474, Tuesday (-171,850)

13 October 1474, Thursday (-177,862) Mariotto Albertinelli, Italian painter, was born in Florence (died 5 November 1515 in Florence)

25 September 1474, Sunday (-171,880)

8 September 1474, Thursday (-177,897) Ludovic Ariosto, poet, was born.

2 September 1474, Friday (-171,903)

2 July 1474, Saturday (-171,965)

9 May 1474, Monday (-172,019) (France) Peter von Hagenbach was tried, found guilty and executed the same day for alleged atrocities committed during his tyrannical rule of Alsace. He had been appointed to this position by Charles, Duke of Burgundy, who had acquired Alsace in 1469.

10 April 1474, Sunday (-172,048) Easter Sunday.

4 April 1474, Monday (-172,054) (Switzerland) The Union of Constance, a defensive alliance between Sigismund of Austria and the Swiss Cantons against the Burgundians, was agreed.

6 February 1474, Sunday (-172,111)

1 January 1474, Saturday (-172,147)

=============================================================================

5 December 1473, Sunday (-172,174)

3 October 1473, Sunday (-172,237)

24 September 1473, Friday (-172,246) Georg von Frundsberg, German soldier, was born (died 20 August 1528).

11 August 1473, Wednesday (-172,290) (Turkey) Ottoman Turkey defeated the Turkomans at the Battle of Otlukbeli. The �White Sheep Turkomans�, under Uzun Hasan, had comprised the most significant threat to the Ottomans since the Mongols under Timur in the early 1400s. However at Otlukbeli the overwhelming firepower of the Ottoman Army comprehensively defeated the Turkomans.

1 August 1473, Sunday (-172,300)

10 July 1473, Saturday (-172,322)

8 May 1473, Saturday (-172,385)

18 April 1473, Sunday (-172,405) Easter Sunday.

8 April 1473, Thursday (-172,415)

17 March 1473, Wednesday (-172,437) James IV, King of Scotland, was born.

19 February 1473, Friday (-172,463) Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, was born in Torun, Poland.

1 January 1473, Friday (-172,512)

===============================================================================

25 December 1472, Friday (-172,519)

25 November 1472, Wednesday (-172,549)

22 November 1472, Sunday (-172,552) Pietro Torrigiano, Italian sculptor, was born in Florence.

8 June 1472, Monday (-172,719)

8 May 1472, Friday (-172,750)

25 April 1472, Sunday (-172,762) Leon Battista Alberti, Italoian architect, died in Rome.

8 April 1472, Wednesday (-172,780)

29 March 1472, Sunday (-172,790) Easter Sunday.

28 March 1472, Saturday (-172,791) Fra Bartolommeo, Italian painter, was born in Florence (died 31 October 1517 in Florence)

20 February 1472, Thursday (-172,828) Orkney and Shetland were given by Norway to Scotland, due to a defaulted dowry payment. King Christiaan of Norway and Denmark wanted to form an alliance with Scotland by marrying his daughter Margaret to James III. However Christiaan lacked money for a dowry, so Orkney and Shetland were temporarily handed over in lieu. The dowry was never paid so these islands became part of Scotland.

9 January 1472, Thursday (-172,870) Hans Pleydenwurff, German painter, died in Nuremberg.

1 January 1472, Wednesday (-172,878)

====================================================================================

15 October 1471, Tuesday (-172,956) Konrad Mutian, German Humanist writer, was born (died 30 March 1526).

26 September 1471, Thursday (-172,975)

9 August 1471, Friday (-173,023) Pope Sixtus IV (212nd Pope) acceded (died 1484)

25 July 1471, Thursday(-173,038) Pope Paul II died, aged 54. He was succeeded by Pope Sixtus IV.

21 May 1471, Tuesday (-173,103) (1) King Henry VI died, in the Tower of London.He was probably murdered, and was succeeded by Edward IV.

(2) Albrecht Durer, German artist and engraver, was born in Nuremberg. He was the son of a goldsmith.

4 May 1471. Saturday (-173,120) The Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians under Margaret of Anjou at the Battle of Tewkesbury. The Lancastrians were attempting to cross the River Severn to joinwith Welsh troops under Jasper Tudor. The death of Margaret�s son, Prince Edward, as he fled the battlefield extinguished the House of Lancaster.

14 April 1471, Sunday (-173,140) Easter Sunday. Yorkists under King Edward IV defeated the Earl of Warwick�s Lancastrians at the Battle of Barnet.

11 April 1471, Thursday (-173,143) Edward IV and his supporters entered London.

2 April 1471, Tuesday (-173,152) King Edward IV was joined by George, Duke of Clarence, who had deserted hois former ally the Earl of Warwick.

22 March 1471, Friday (-173,163) George Podobrady, Hussite King of Bohemia, died. He was succeeded by Ladislas II, son of King Casimir IV of Poland. The Czech nobility held real power, and a seven-year war with Hungary ensued.

14 March 1471, Thursday (-173,171) Thomas Malory., writer.died.

2 March 1471, Saturday (-173,183) King Edward IV of England set sail from The Netherlands to reclaim the English throne.

18 February 1471, Monday (-173,195) George Duke of Clarence was reappointed Lieutenant of Ireland.

1 January 1471, Tuesday (-173,243)

===================================================================================

18 November 1470, Saturday (-173,288) John Bessarion, Italian philosopher, died in Ravenna.

2 November 1470, Thursday (-173,304) Edward V, King of England, was born.

9 October 1470. Monday (-173,328) Lancastrian King Henry VI was restored to the English throne after having been deposed nine years earlier. The power behind the throne here was held by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, a former Yorkist who abandoned the cause when his prot�g�, Edward IV, strong-willed, secretly married the woman he wanted to, the young widow Elizabeth Woodville, rather than undertake an arranged marriage to a French Princess. Henry VI, a weak character, was accustomed to abdication of political responsibilities so an alliance with power-hungry Warwick suited them both. However Henry VI�s weak reign was blamed for the wars that had split England for the previous 15 years, and the loss of English lands in France, and Henry�s days seemed numbered.

30 September 1470, Saturday (-173,337)

30 July 1470, Monday (-173,398) Hongzhi, Emperor of China, was born.

24 June 1470, Sunday (-173,434)

20 May 1470, Sunday (-173,369) Pietro Bembo, Italian writer, was born in Venice (died 18 January 1547).

15 May 1470, Tuesday (-173,474) Charles VIII, King of Sweden, died

22 April 1470, Sunday (-173,497) Easter Sunday

12 March 1470, Monday (-173,538) Battle of Empingham, Wars of the Roses. King Edward IV routed Sir Robert Welles� rebels.

20 February 1470, Tuesday (-173,558)

1 January 1470, Monday (-173,608)

=====================================================================================

25 December 1469, Monday (-173,615)

2 December 1469, Saturday (-173.637) Piero de Medici died. Control of his Florentine bank passed to his sons Lorenzo and Guiliano.

22 November 1469, Tuesday (-173,649) Sir Alexander Boyd, Scottish statesman, was beheaded.

20 October 1469, Thursday (-173,682) Guru Nanak Dev, Sikh leader, was born.

19 October 1469, Wednesday (-173,683) (Spain) The Crowns of Castile and Aragon were joined with the marriage of Prince Ferdinand of Aragon and the Infanta Isabella of Castile. This nominally united almost all of what is now Spain, except for the Kingdom of Navarre in the north and Granada in the south (although the two kingdoms remained politically separate entities). Spain was now the most powerful State in Europe.

8 October 1469, Saturday (-173,694) Fra Filippo Lippi, painter, died.

28 September 1469, Wednesday (-173,704)

26 July 1469, Wednesday (-173,767) Battle of Edgecote, Northamptonshire, Wars of the Roses. Lancastrians defeated the Yorkists.

10 July 1469, Monday (-173,783)

3 May 1469. Wednesday (-173,851) Niccolo Machiavelli, Italian statesman and historian, was born in Florence.

2 April 1469, Sunday (-173,882) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1469, Monday (-173,923)

1 January 1469, Sunday (-173,973)

==================================================================================

24 November 1468, Thursday (174,011) Jean Dunois, French commander who achieved many victories against the English during the Hundred Years War, died (born 1403).

7 November 1468, Monday (-174,028)

7 October 1468, Friday (-174,059) Sigismondo Malatesta, tyrant and soldier, died.

26 September 1468, Monday (-174,070) Juan de Torquemada, spanishchurchman, died in Rome (born 1388 in Valladolid)

11 September 1468, Sunday (-174,085)

28 August 1468, Sunday (-174,099) Death of Ethiopian Emperor Zara Yaqub.

10 July 1468, Sunday (-174,148)

3 July 1468, Sunday (-174,155) Charles the Bold of Burgundy married Margaret, sister of King Edward IV of England. This renewed the political and economic alliance between Burgundy and England against France.

30 June 1468, Thursday (-174,158) John the Steadfast, Elector of Saxony,was born (died 16 August 1532).

16 June 1468, Thursday (-174,172) Jean le Fevre, Burgundian historical writer, died.

8 May 1468, Sunday (-174,211)

17 April 1468, Sunday (-174,232) Easter Sunday.

28 February 1468, Sunday (-174,281) Pope Paul III was born.

20 February 1468, Saturday (-174,289)

3 February 1468, Wednesday (-174,306) Johann Gutenberg, German inventor of printing from moveable type, died.

17 January 1468, Sunday (-174,323) Skanderbeg, ruler of Albania, died in Lezhe. The Ottomans took advantage of the power vacuum to invade.

1 January 1468, Friday (-174,339)

==================================================================================

15 June 1467, Monday (-174,539) Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, died, aged 71, after a 48-year reign. He was succeeded by his son, Charles the Bold, who began a 10-year power struggle with Louis XI of France.

8 June 1467, Monday (-174,546) Edward IV dismissed George Neville, Archbishop of York, from his post as Chancellor, as a rift between the King and the Neville family deepened.

8 May 1467, Friday (-174,577)

29 March 1467, Sunday (-174,617) Easter Sunday.

1 March 1467, Sunday (-174,645)

1 February 1467, Sunday (-174,673)

1 January 1467, Thursday (-174,704)

=================================================================================

23 December 1466, Tuesday (-174,713) George Podobrady, King of Bohemia, was excommunicated as a Hussite by Pope Paul II, who encouraged a Crusade against him.

13 December 1466, Saturday (-174,723) Donatello, sculptor, died.

1 December 1466, Monday (-174,735)

29 November 1466, Saturday (-174,737) Agostino Chigi, Italian art patron, was born in Siena (died 11 April 1520 in Rome)

1 November 1466, Saturday (-174,765)

19 October 1466, Friday(-174,768) (Poland, Germany) King Casimir IV signed the Second Peace of Thorn, ending thewarfare which began in 1454 when Casimir IV agreed to help the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Knights.

22 May 1466, Thursday (-174,930) Marino Sanuto, Venetian historian, was born (died 1533)

6 April 1466, Sunday (-174,976) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1466, Thursday (-175,019)

1 January 1466, Wednesday (-175,069)

=================================================================================

1 November 1465, Friday (-175,130)

1 September 1465, Sunday (-175,191)

13 July 1465, Saturday (-175,241) Louis XI defeated by the League of the Common Weal at the Battle of Montlhery.

26 May 1465, Sunday (-175,289) Elizabeth, wife of King Edward IV of England, was crowned Queen at Westminster Abbey.

8 May 1465, Wednesday (-175,307)

14 April 1465, Sunday (-175,331) Easter Sunday

15 March 1465, Friday (-175,361) George Neville, another of Warwick�s brothers, was made Archbishop of York, increasing Neville family power in the North.

8 January 1465, Tuesday (-175,427) (Italy) Lorenzo Giustiniani, Bishop of Venice, died (born 1380).

4 January 1465, Saturday (-175,430) Charles Duke of Orleans, French poet, in Amboise (born 26 May 1391)

=================================================================================

23 September 1464, Monday (-175,534) Bernardo Rossellino, Italian sculptor, died in Florence

30 August 1464, Thursday (-175,558) Pope Paul II (211st Pope) acceded (died 1471)

14 August 1464, Tuesday (-175,574) Pope Pius II died.

12 August 1464, Sunday (-175,576) John Capgrave, English historian, born 21 April 1393, died.

11 August 1464, Saturday (-175,577) Nicholas of Cusa, German scholarly writer, died in Lodi, Italy.

1 August 1464, Wednesday (-175,587) Cosimo de Medici died aged 75 in Florence. He was succeeded as head of the banking family by his son, Piero.

8 July 1464, Sunday (-175,611)

16 June 1464, Saturday (-175,633) Roger van der Weyden, painter, died.

11 June 1464, Monday (-175,638) A 15-year Anglo-Scotrtish truce was signed.

27 May 1464, Sunday (-175,653) Edward IV created Montagu as Earl of Northumberland.

15 May 1464, Tuesday (-175,665) Battle of Hexham. Lancastrians defeated by Montague.

8 May 1464, Tuesday (-175,672)

25 April 1464, Wednesday (-175,885) At Hedgeley Moor, near Alnwick, Northumberland, the Lancastrians in northern England were defeated.

8 April 1464, Sunday (-175,702)

1 April 1464, Sunday (-175,709) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1464, Sunday (-175,800)

=====================================================================================

25 December 1463, Sunday (-175,807)

9 December 1463, Friday (-175,823) (England, Scotland) An Anglo-Scottish truce was signed. Edward IV ceased support for the Earl of Angus and James III abandoned the Lancastrians.

6 December 1463, Tuesday (-175,826) Mathias I Corvinus, King of Hungary, took Bosnia from Ottoman Turkey. He also claimed Bosnia, Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia.

3 December 1463, Saturday (-175,829) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, united Upper and Lower Austria on the death of his brother Albert I, Grand Duke of Austria.

1 December 1463, Thursday (-175,831)

1 November 1463, Tuesday (-175,861)

29 October 1463, Saturday (-175,864) (Medical) Alessandro Achillini, Italian anatomist, (died 2 August 1512 in Bologna) was born in Bologna.

8 October 1463, Saturday (-175,885) Louis XI of France agreed peace terms with Edward IV of England.

10 April 1463, Sunday (-176,066) Easter Sunday.

10 March 1463, Thursday (-176,097)

24 February 1463, Thursday (-176,111) Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, Italian writer, was born (died 17 November 1494)

10 February 1463, Thursday (-176,125)

17 January 1463, Monday (-176,149) Antoine du Prat, Chancellor of France, was born (died 9 July 1535)

5 January 1463, Wednesday (-176,161) Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, retreated from besieging Alnwick as Lancastrian forces arrived.

1 January 1463, Saturday (-176,165)

=====================================================================================

17 September 1462, Friday (-176,271) (Poland, Germany) The Poles decisively defeated the Teutoinic Knights at the Battle of Pluck, a fortress on the Vistula River south of Tczew.

16 September 1462, Thursday (-176,272) Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher, was born in Mantua (died 18 May 1525 in Bologna)

8 May 1462, Saturday (-176,403)

18 April 1462, Sunday (-176,423) Easter Sunday.

27 March 1462, Saturday (-176,445) Basil II, Grand Duke of Muscovy, died aged 47 after a 27-year reign marked by civil war. He was succeeded by his son, Ivan III,aged 22, who effectively became the first Russian monarch. Ivan III ruled for 23 years and greatly expanded Russian territory.

23 February 1462, Tuesday (-176,477) Gilbert Lafayette, Marshal of France, died.

20 February 1462, Saturday (-176,480)

1 February 1462, Monday (-176,499) Johannes Trithemius, German writer, was born in Trittenheim (died 13 December 1516 in Wutrzburg)

1 January 1462, Friday (-176,530)

====================================================================================

15 August 1461, Saturday (-176,669) The Ottomans took Trebizond.

22 July 1461, Wednesday (-176,693) Charles VII of France died aged 58. He was succeeded by his son, Louis XI.

16 July 1461, Thursday (-176,699) Jaime Baco, Spanish painter, died in Valencia.

2 July 1460, Thursday (-176,713) Londoners, supporting the Yorkist side, welcomed Yorkist forces into London.

28 June 1461, Sunday (-176,717) Coronation of Yorkist King Edward IV.

17 June 1461, Wednesday (-176,728) Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula, massacred an Ottoman army, killing 15,000, near Targoviste, capital of Wallachia. However Vlad III was forced into exile and his younger brother Radu became King.

1 May 1461, Friday (-176,775) Thomas fitzMaurice fitzGerald, Earl of Kildare, was appointed justiciar.

8 April 1461, Wednesday (-176,798) Georg von Puerbach, mathematician, died.

5 April 1461, Sunday (-176,801) Easter Sunday.

29 March 1461, Sunday (-176,808) The Battle of Towton (North Yorkshire) took place, during the Wars of the Roses, in a snowstorm. It was the bloodiest battle ever on British soil; over 28,000 died. The Lancastrians were heavily defeated and the position of King Edward IV was secured. The Yorkists were exhausted after a long march, and were fighting up-slope. However the Yorkists had an advantage as the wind was behind them, causing their arrows to fly further, whilst the Lancastrians were blinded by snow blowing into their faces, spoiling their aim and causing their arrows to fall short.

28 March 1461, Saturday (-178,809) Battle of Ferrybridge, Wars of the Roses. The Lancastrians under Lord Clifford defeated the Yorkists under Lord Fitzwalter, who was killed.

5 March 1461, Thursday (-176,832) Henry VI was deposed as King of England. Edward IV (Duke of York) succeeded him.

27 February 1461, Friday (-176,838) Londoners had refused to entertain the Lancastrian forces after their victory at Barnet, However this day they welcomed the Duke of York�s eldest son, Edward, Earl of March.

17 February 1461, Tuesday (-176,848) The Second Battle of Barnet. Margaret of Anjou�s Lancastrian forces defeated the Yorkist Earl of Warwick. Warwick, defending the Yorkists in London, was taken by surprise and fled in disarray, failing to take King Henry VI with him.

3 February 1461, Tuesday (-176,862) At Mortimer�s Cross, Richard�s son, Edward, Earl of March, defeated the Lancastrian forces.

17 January 1461, Saturday (-176,879)

3 January 1461, Saturday (-176,893)

1 January 1461, Thursday (-176,895)

====================================================================================

30 December 1460, Tuesday (-176,897)The Battle of Wakefield. A superior Lancastrian force caught Yorkists, foraging, by surprise, and the Duke of York was killed. This would have ended the Yorkist cause but for the Battle of Mortimer�s Cross, 3 February 1461.

13 November 1460, Thursday (-176,944) Prince Henry the Navigator died, aged 66.

31 October 1460, Friday (-176,957) King Henry VI of England accepted the Duke of York as his heir.

13 October 1460, Monday (-176,975)

13 September 1460, Saturday (-177,005)

10 August 1460, Sunday (-177,039) King James III of Scotland, then aged just 9, was crowned King at Kelso Abbey. This was at the siege of Roxburgh Castle, which was subsequently captured by the Scots.

3 August 1460. Sunday (-177,046) James II, King of Scotland, killed during the siege of Roxburgh Castle by the English.

10 July 1460. Thursday (-177,070) The Yorkists defeated the Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses and captured King Henry VI at the Battle of Northampton.

2 July 1460, Wednesday (-177,078) Londoners, supporting the Yorkist side, welcomed Yorkist forces into London.

1 July 1460, Tuesday (-177,079) Yorkist troops who had landed at Sandwich from Calais on 26 June now arrived in Southwark, London.

10 June 1460, Tuesday (-177,100)

8 May 1460, Thursday (-177,133)

13 April 1460, Sunday (-177,138) Easter Sunday

4 April 1460, Friday (-177,147) The University of Basle opened.

20 February 1460, Wednesday (-177,211)

1 January 1460, Tuesday (-177,261)

====================================================================================

23 September 1459, Sunday (-177,361) The Battle of Blore Heath, during the Wars of the Roses. The Yorkists under Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, defeated the Lancastrians under Lord Audley. Salisbury was now able to join forces with the Yorkists at Ludlow.

10 July 1459, Tuesday (-177,436)

8 May 1459, Tuesday (-177,499)

25 March 1459, Sunday (-177,543) Easter Sunday.

22 March 1459, Thursday (-177,546) Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian was born.

20 February 1459, Tuesday (-177,576)

1 January 1459, Monday (-177,626)

===================================================================================

14 August 1458, Monday (-177,766)

6 August 1458, Sunday (-177,774) Pope Calistus III died.

27 June 1458, Tuesday (-177,814) King Alfonso V of Aragon (also Alfonso I of Sicily and Sardinia), born 1385, died. He succeeded his father Ferdinand the Just in 1416,

12 June 1458. Monday (-177,829) Magdalen College, Oxford, was founded.

8 May 1458, Monday (-177,864)

2 April 1458, Sunday (-177,900) Easter Sunday.

25 March 1458, Saturday (-177,908) Inigo Santillana, Castillian poet, died in Guadalajara (born 19 August 1398)

2 March 1458, Thursday (-177,931) The Bohemian Diet elected George Podobrady, leader of the moderate Hussite Ultraquists, as King of Bohemia.

20 February 1458, Monday (-177,941)

20 January 1458, Friday (-177,972) Mathew Corvinas, second son of Janos Hunyadi (the ruler who had successfully defended Belgrade against the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1456) was elected King of Hungary. He took territory for Hungary from Bohemia, having obtained papal consent for a Crusade against its Hussite ruler, George of Podebrady (ruled 1458-71). However Hungary eventually came under Ottoman rule in 1526.

1 January 1458, Sunday (-177,991)

================================================================================

25 November 1457, Friday (-178,028)

23 November 1457, Wednesday (-178,030) (Hungary) Following the execution of Laszlo Hunyadi, King Ladislas V was forced to flee to Prague in Bohemia, where he died suddenly, aged 17.

9 November 1457, Wednesday (-178,034) (Hungary) Ulrich Cilli, Hungarian governor, was assassinated hy Laszlo Hunyadi.

28 August 1457, Sunday (-178,117) French raid on the port of Sandwich.

1 August 1457, Monday (-178,144) Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist scholarly writer, died in Rome.

29 July 1457, Thursday (-178,148) Francesco di Stefano Pesellino, Italian painter, died in Florence.

10 July 1457, Sunday (-178,166)

8 May 1457, Sunday (-178,229)

17 April 1457, Sunday (-178,250) Easter Sunday.

6 March 1457, Sunday (-178,292) King James II of Scotland banned golf, because it distracted men from archery training. There was a constant threat of invasion from England, The ban was reiterated in 1471 and 1491, and was not formally lifted until 1744.

28 February 1457, Monday (-178,298)

13 February 1457, Sunday (-178,313) Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, was born (died 27 March 1481).

28 January 1457, Friday (-178,329) Henry VII born at Pembroke Castle. The start of the Tudor dynasty. He was the son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and of Margaret Beaufort.

1 January 1457, Saturday (-178,356)

==============================================================================

17 December 1456, Friday (-178,371)

25 November 1456, Thursday (-178,393) Jacques Couer, French trader, died.

3 November 1456, Wednesday (-178,415) Edmund Twdwr, half-brother of King Henry VI, died of the Plague in Carmarthen Castle. He was aged 26; his wife, Margaret, aged just 13, was pregnant; Edmund took the earliest possible moment to ensure he had a cussessor to keep hold on hs lands.

23 October 1456, Saturday (-178,426) (Christian) Giovanni di Capistrano, Italian theologian, died (born 1386).

17 October 1456, Sunday (-178,432) The University of Greifswald was established.

22 September 1456, Wednesday (-178,457)

20 August 1456, Friday (-178,490) Vlad III �The Impaler� became King of Romania. This was his second term oas ruler; he had earlier been deposed after a reign of just 2 months. His cruelty gave rise to the legend of Dracula. He fought the Ottoman Empire for control of Wallachia,

11 August 1456, Wednesday (-178,499) Janos Hunyadi died suddenly in Belgrade, However he had secured Hungarian independence from Ottoman Tiurkey.

22 July 1456, Thursday (-178,519) John Hunyadi, King of the Hungarians, defeated an invading Ottoman Turkish army at Belgrade. This halted the ambitions of Sultan Mahomet II to occupy Vienna and then Rome, which Mahomet regarded as still the �capital of Europe�.

14 July 1456, Wednesday (-178,527) Hunyadi defeated a Turkish fleet on the Danube in the Naval Battle of Belgrade.

8 July 1456, Thursday (-178,533)

8 May 1456, Saturday (-178,594)

8 April 1456, Thursday (-178,624)

28 March 1456, Sunday (-178,635) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1456, Thursday (-178,722)

==================================================================================

25 December 1455, Thursday (-178,729)

1 December 1455, Monday (-178,754) Lorenzo Ghiberti, Florentine sculptor, died in Florence.

22 May 1455. Thursday (-178,946) The First Battle of Barnet.In the Wars of the Roses, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Yorkist, fought his way into the Lancastrian camp because Henry VI had refused Richard of York�s demand that Simon Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, be imprisoned. The Yorkists won, killing their principal enemies, Somerset, Northumberland and Clifford.

18 May 1455, Sunday (-178,950) The Duke of York and the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick marched south to confront the King and the Duke of Somerset.

8 April 1455, Tuesday (-178,990) Pope Callixtus III (born 1378) acceded (died 1458).

6 April 1455, Sunday (-178,992) Easter Sunday

24 March 1455, Monday (-179,005) Pope Nicholas V died.

22 March 1455, Saturday (-179,907) Alvise Ca�da Mosto, a Venetiain in the employment of the Portuguese, set sail to explore the coast of Africa. He discovered the Cape Verde Islands, also visited the Senegal and Gambia Rivers.

18 March 1455, Tuesday (-179,011)

23 February 1455, Sunday (-179,034) Traditional date for the publication of Gutenberg�s Bible, the first book printed from moveable metal type.

22 February 1455, Saturday (-179,035) Johann Reuchlin, German scholarly writer, was born (died 30 June 1522)

18 February 1455, Tuesday (-179,039) Fra Angelico, Florentine painter, died.

1 January 1455, Wednesday (-179,087)

================================================================================

21 July 1454, Sunday (-179,251) Juan II of Castile died and was succeeded by his son, Enrique.

14 July 1454, Sunday (-179,258) Angelo Ambrigini, Italian writer, was born in Tuscany (died 24 September 1494)

21 May 1454, Tuesday (-179,312) (Italy) Ermolao Barbaro, Italian scholar, was born in Venice (died in Rome 14 June 1493).

8 May 1454,Wednesday (-179,325)

21 April 1454, Sunday (-179,342) Easter Sunday.

9 April 1454. Tuesday (-179,354) Three rival Italian powers � Venice, Milan, and Florence � agreed to unite in an �Italian league�. Rome also seemed likely to join.

27 March 1454, Wednesday (-179,367) Richard was elected Protector by the English Parliament, during King Henry VI�s first bout of insanity.

9 March 1454, Saturday (-179,385) Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer who discovered the mouth of the Amazon and gave his name to America, was born.

20 February 1454, Wednesday (-179,402)

1 January 1454, Tuesday (-179,452)

=================================================================================

1 December 1453, Saturday (-179,483)

1 November 1453, Thursday (-179,513)

19 October 1453, Friday (-179,526) (France) France recaptured Bordeaux from the English. Bordeaux had fallen to France in 1451, but the English retook it.

13 Ocxtober 1453, Saturday (-179,532) (England) Edward was born to Queen Margaret.

20 July 1453, Friday (-179,617) Enguerrand de Monstrelet, French historical writer, died.

17 July 1453. Tuesday (--179,620) (France, Britain) The end of the Hundred Years War, when the French defeated the English at Chatillon/Castillon. Now only Calais remained in English hands; in 1449 England had occupied nearly a third of France. By now England was pre-occpied with the Wars of the Roses.

2 June 1453, Saturday (-179,665) Alvaro de Luna, Constable of Castile, was executed after a show trial. The Spanish King, Juan II�s, second wife was distiurbed at Alvaro�s influence over him.

29 May 1453.Tuesday (-179,669) (Roman Empire, Turkey) The Turks conquered Constantinople, following a siege of over a year. The end of the Byzantine Empire.

12 May 1453, Saturday (-179,686) The Ottoman Sultan ordered the walls of Constantinople be bombarded with huge cannon balls fired from an 8 metre long, 1.05 metre calibre, cannon.

6 April 1453, Friday (-179,722) The Turkish attack on Constantinople began.

1 April 1453, Sunday (-179,727) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1453, Tuesday (-179,767)

1 January 1453, Monday (-179,817)

=================================================================================

2 October 1452, Monday (-179,908) Richard III, King of England, was born.

 

21 September 1452, Thursday (-179,919) Girolamo Savonarola, Church reformer, was born.

17 July 1452, Monday (-179,985)

8 May 1452, Monday (-180,055)

19 April 1452, Wednesday (-180,074) Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, was born.

15 April 1452. Saturday (-180,078 Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, scientist, and inventor, was born into the Renaissance.

9 April 1452, Sunday (-180,084) Easter Sunday.

19 March 1452, Sunday (-180,105) Frederick, King of Germany, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Nicholas.

16 March 1452, Thursday (-180,108) Ferdinand V, King of Castile and Leon, was born (died 23 January 1516).

3 February 1452, Thursday (-180,150) The Duke of York accused the Beaufort family, who backed the Lancastrian King Henry VI, of incompetence and ineptitude and of thereby losing the English territories in France.

1 January 1452, Saturday (-180,183)

==================================================================================

20 August 1451, Friday (-180,317) The French captured Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne.

10 July 1451, Saturday (-180,358) James III, King of Scotland, was born (died 11 June 1488).

30 June 1451, Wednesday (-180,368) French troops under the Comte de Dunois invaded Guyenne and captured Bordeaux.

25 April 1451, Sunday (-180,434) Easter Sunday.

22 April 1451, Thursday (-180,437) Isabella, Queen of Castile and Leon was born.

20 February 1451, Saturday (-180,498)

2 February 1451, Tuesday (-180,516) Ottoman Sultan Murad II died in Edirne. He was succeeded by his 19-year-old son Mehmed II.

7 January 1451, Thursday (-180,542) Glasgow University was founded.

1 January 1451, Friday (-180,548)

================================================================================

3 November 1450, Tuesday (-180,607)

5 October 1450, Monday (-180,636)Jews were expelled from Lower Bavaria by order of Ludwig IX.

16 September 1450, Wednesday (-180,655) (France) Louis Aleman, French Cardinal, died in Arles.

12 August 1450, Wednesday (-180,690) Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrendered to the French.

17 July 1450, Friday (-180,716)

12 July 1450, Sunday (-180,721) Cade had been promised a free pardon and had disbanded his army. However he was then hunted down by Government forces and killed this day.

6 July 1450, Monday (-180,727) Caen surrendered to the French.

4 July 1450, Saturday (-180,729) JackCade entered London. Henry VI had left London for Kenilworth, allowing Cade�s men to enter the capital and execute unpopular courtiers. However Cade proved unable to maintain discipline amongst his followers and Londoners turned against him.

27 June 1450. Saturday (-180,736) Jack Cade, an Irish born physician, led an insurrection march of 40,000 through Kent to London to protest against the high taxes of King Henry VI. The English Government was unpopular after its defeat in the Hundred Years War. Meanwhile Henry VI�s courtiers blamed the Men of Kent for the murder of William de la Pole in May 1450 and wanted reprisals, sparking the Kentish rebellion. Pole had been involved in the disastrous English military campaign in France that culminated with the loss of Normandy to the French; Parliament had him sent to The Tower on charges of treason. King Henry VI, to save Pole from a trial with a foregone conclusion, declared him innocent but banished him from England for five years. As Pole left Dover, on 3 May 1450, his ship was intercepted, and Pole was forcibly dragged into a small boat and beheaded.

18 June 1450, Thursday (-180,745) Jack Cade�s men ambushed and defeated the King�s soldiers in an ambush nbear Sevenoaks.

6 June 1450, Saturday (-180,757) Rebellion began in England over the high levels of taxation due to the war with France. Jack Cade emerged as oits leader.

28 May 1450, Thursday (-180,766)

2 May 1450, Saturday (-180,792) William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, English statesman, died (born 13 October 1396)

15 April 1450, Wednesday (-180,809) The Battle of Formigny. Fought near Caen, the French defeated an English force sent to halt King Charles VII�s reconquest of Normandy.

5 April 1450, Sunday (-180,819) Easter Sunday.

1 April 1450, Wednesday (-180,823) Stefano Sassetta, Italian painter, died in Siena.

26 February 1450, Thursday (-180,857) Francesco Sforza, claimant to govern the Ambrosian republic of Milan, after Filippo Maria Visconti, successfully mounted a coup and became its new ruler.

19 February 1450, Thursday (-180,864) The carrying of weapons was forbidden in south east England, following anti-Royalist riots in London in January 1450.

9 January 1450, Friday (-180,905) Adam Molyneaux, Treasurer of the English Parliament, was murdered by saoilors in Portsmouth.

1 January 1450, Thursday (-180,913) Harfleur fell to the French.

===================================================================================

31 December 1499, Wednesday (-180,914)

1 December 1449, Monday (-180,944)

30 November 1449, Sunday (-180,945)

15 November 1449, Saturday (-180,960) The Anglo-Scottish truce was renewed.

1 November 1449, Saturday (-180,974)

29 October 1449, Wednesday(-180,977) The French recaptured Rouen from the English.

27 August 1449, Wednesday (-181,040)

27 July 1449, Sunday (-181,071)

23 July 1449, Wednesday (-181,075)

3 July 1449, Thursday (-181,095) Coronation of Mary, wife of King James II of Scotland, at Holyrood Abbey.

15 June 1449, Sunday (-181,113)

24 May 1449, Saturday (-181,135) Afonso V of Portugal declared war on his uncle and Regent, Pedro, who was killed at the Battle of Alfarrobeira.

13 May 1449, Tuesday (-181,146)

13 April 1449, Sunday (-181,176) Easter Sunday

1 April 1449, Tuesday (-181,188) A marriage was arranged between King James II of Scotland and Mary of Guelders, further reinforcing Franco-Scottish relations.

27 March 1449, Thursday (-181,193) Ulugh Beg, Mongol astronomer, was assassinated in Samarkand by his son.

20 February 1449, Thursday (-181,228)

6 January 1449, Monday (-181,273) Constantine XI was crowned Byzantine Emperor at Mistra. He was the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.

1 January 1449, Wednesday (-181,278) Lorenzo de Medici, statesman, was born.

==================================================================================

4 November 1448, Monday (-181,336)

31 October 1448, Thursday (-181,340) Byzantine Emperor John VIII Paleologus died childless aged 57 after a 23-year reign. He was succeeded by his 44-year-old brother who reigned until 1453 as Constantine XI Paleologus, the last of the Byzantine Emperors.

23 October 1448, Wednesday (-181,348) Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormond, defeated an English army at the River Sark, Annandale.

17 October 1448, Thursday (-181,354) Battle of Kosovo: Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi were defeated by the Turks.

28 August 1448, Wednesday (-181,404) (France) France�s first regular infantry, the Francs-Archers, was formed. By ordinance of Montils les Tours, each parish was to selecte its best archer, who was to practice on Sundays and feast days, and was exempt from the taille. They had to be ready to mobilise instantly when required.

20 June 1448, Thursday (-181,473) The Swedish nobility chose Karl Knuttson as King; however the Danes chose Count Christian of Oldenburg.

8 May 1448, Wednesday (-181,516)

7 May 1449, Tuesday (-181,517) (Scotland) Alexander II, Lord of the Isles, died.

8 April 1448, Monday (-181,546)

24 March 1448, Sunday (-181,561) Easter Sunday.

16 March 1448, Saturday (-181,569) Charles VII of France renwed the war with England, by vcapturing le Mans in Maine Province, western France.

20 February 1448, Tuesday (-181,594)

2 February 1448, Friday (-181,611) Pope Nicholas V agreed the Concordat of Vienna with Frederick, Elector of Bradenburg, and other German princes. This gave the princes extensive powers over the Church in Germany; the Pope saw it as a means of curbing reformist pressures within Germany.

5 January 1448, Friday (-181,639) (Sweden) In Helsingborg, Sweden, Christopher III of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden died. The Kalmar Union temporarily dissolved.

1 January 1448, Monday (-181,644)

================================================================================

25 December 1447, Monday (-181,651)

13 August 1447, Thursday (-181,816) Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan and last of the Visconti Dynasty, died. Milan now established the Ambrosian Republic. Francesco Sforza, son-in-law of the late Filippo, claimed military leadership, but his claim was disputedby various factions, including supporters of King Alfonso V of Aragon. (whom Filipo had actually nominated as his successor) and also Charles Duke of Orleans.

27 July 1447, Monday (-181,833) King Henry VI promised he would cede Maine by November.

25 June 1447, Thursday (-181,865) The nobility of Poland chose the 20-year-old Grand Duke of Lithiania to succeed the late Ladislas VI, his older brother. He began a 45-year reign as Casimir IV. He reunited Poland and Lithuania, giving Poland access to the Baltic.

15 June 1447, Monday (-181,875) The Inquisition was revived in Spain.

8 May 1447, Monday (-181,882)

15 April 1447, Saturday (-181,905)

9 April 1447, Sunday (-181,911) Easter Sunday.

6 March 1447, Monday (-181,945) St Colette, founder of the Colettine Poor Clares, died at Ghent (born 13 January 1381). She founded 18 convents.

23 February 1447, Thursday (-181,956) Pope Eugene IV (207th Pope) died.

20 February 1447, Monday (-181,959)

1 January 1447, Sunday (-182,009)

================================================================================

24 May 1446, Tuesday (-182,231) Ambrose de Lore, French military commander, died.

8 May 1446, Sunday (-182,247)

17 April 1446, Sunday (-182,268) Easter Sunday.

15 April 1446, Friday (-182,270) Filippo Brunelleschini, Italian sculptor, died in Florence (born 1377 in Florence)

20 February 1446, Sunday (-182,324)

20 January 1446, Thursday (-182,355)

1 January 1446, Saturday (-182,374)

================================================================================

25 December 1445, Saturday (-182,381)

22 December 1445, Wednesday (-182,384) (France) King Henry VI of Engtland submitted to his wife and surrendered Maine to her father, Rene of Anjou.

15 July 1445, Thursday (-182,544) Queen Joan, mother of James II, died at Dunbar. She was a Beaufort and related to the English Royal Family. Her death now made possible closer Franco-Scottish relations.

1 July 1445, Thursday (-182,558)

1 June 1445, Tuesday (-182,588)

30 May 1445, Sunday (-182,590) Coronation of Queen Margaret, wife of King Henry VI of England, at Westminster Abbey

8 May 1445, Saturday (-182,612)

23 April 1445, Friday (-182,627) King Henry VI of England married Margaret of Anjou at Titchfield Abbey, near Southampton.

28 March 1445, Sunday (-182,653) Easter Sunday.

16 March 1445, Tuesday (-183,665) Johann Geiler, German religious writer, was born (died 10 March 1510)

20 February 1445, Saturday (-182,689)

20 January 1445, Wednesday (-182,720)

1 January 1445, Friday (-182,739)

==================================================================================

11 December 1444, Friday (-182,760) The earliest mention of the Welsh town of Bridgend, in a legal document, as Bruggen Eynde. The older market town of Kenfig had been abandoned due to coastal flooding and encroachment by sand dunes, and a bridge over the River Ogmore was constructed to the new town site.

10 November 1444, Tuesday (-182,791) (1) (Turkey) Christian forces were heavily defeated at Varna by Ottoman Turks.

(2) Ladislas VI, King of Poland, died.

24 August 1444, Monday (-182,869) Battle of St Jakob, near Basle. Frederick III, seeking to regain Hapsburg control of Switzerland, allied with Charles VII of France who was seeking employment for troops de,mobilised after the Hunderd Years War. The French veterans, 30,00 strong, were met by some 1,500 Swiss. The Swiss force was annihilated but not before they had killed some 3,000 French. The determination of the Swiss deterred any further French attacks, who instead turned to harassing Frederick�s domains in Alsace.

10 July 1444, Friday (-182,914)

27 May 1444, Wednesday (-182,958) (England) John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, who returned in disgrace from a failed campaign in France, died in Wimborne.

8 May 1444, Friday (-182,977)

16 April 1444, Thursday (-182,999) The Truce of Tours, England and France signed a 5-year peace.

12 April 1444, Sunday (-183,003) Easter Sunday

20 February 1444, Thursday (-183,055)

1 January 1444, Wednesday (-183,105)

=================================================================================

25 December 1443, Wednesday (-183,112)

12 December 1443, Thursday (-183,125) Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, won a decisive victory at the Battle of Zlatica. This halted the advance of the Hungarians iunder Janos Hunyadi into Thrace, northern Greece.

10 November 1443, Sunday (-183,157) Ottoman forces invading Bulgaria were defeated by the Hungarians under Janos Hunyadi, who was Voivode (military viceroy) of Transylvania. Hunyadi went on to take Sofia.

23 October 1443, Wednesday (-183,175)

23 August 1443, Friday (-183,236) Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar (died 28 October 1485) was born.

10 July 1443, Wednesday (-183,280)

31 May 1443, Friday (-183,320) Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of King Henry VII, was born (died 29 June 1509)

8 May 1443, Wednesday (-183,343)

21 April 1443, Sunday (-183,360) Easter Sunday.

27 March 1443, Wednesday (-183,385) Matthius Corvinus, King of Hungary, second son of John Hunyadi, was born.

20 February 1443, Wednesday (-183,420)

6 February 1443, Wednesday (-183,436) England lacked the funds to defend both Gascony and Normandy against the French.

28 January 1443, Monday (-183,443) Robert le Macon, Chancellor of France, died.

27 January 1443, Sunday (-183,444) (Germany) Albert III, Duke of Saxony, was born (died 12 September 1500 in Emden).

1 January 1443, Tuesday (-183,470)

===================================================================================

18 December 1442, Tuesday (-183,484) (France) Pierre Cauchon, French Bishop, died.

27 November 1442, Tuesday (-183,505)

30 September 1442, Sunday (-183,563) Johannes Gutenberg�s Bible became the first book to be printed using moveable metal type.

30 July 1442, Monday (-183,625)

17 June 1442, Sunday (-183,668) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, was crowned King of Germany at Aix la Chapelle.

12 June 1442, Tuesday (-183,673) Alfonso V, King of Aragon, was crowned King pof Naples.

8 May 1442, Tuesday (-183,708)

28 April 1442, Saturday (-183,718) King Edward IV was born in Rouen, son of Richard, Duke of York.

8 April 1442, Sunday (-183,738)

1 April 1442, Sunday (-183,745) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1442, Monday (-183,835)

=================================================================================

25 December 1441, Monday (-183,842)

10 December 1441, Sunday (-183,857) The Treaty of Cavriana settled peace between Milan and Venice. It was organised by Francesco Sforza, working for Venice but married to Bianca, daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan.

25 June 1441, Sunday (-184,057) Richard Duke of York, and his wife Cecily Neville, arrived in Rouen with a large army.

9 June 1441, Friday (-184,073) Dutch painter Jan van Eyck, equerry to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, died.

16 April 1441, Sunday (-184,095) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1441, Monday (-184,150)

1 January 1441, Sunday (-184,200)

==================================================================================

26 October 1440, Wednesday (-184,267) Gilles de Rais, Marshal of France, was hanged.

20 September 1440. Tuesday (-184,303) Eton School was founded by Henry VI for poor and needy scholars. Prefects were warned to watch out for ill-kempt beards, unwashed faces, and foul clothes.

9 July 1440, Saturday (-184,376) Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter, died in Bruges.

7 July 1440, Thursday (-184,378) English forces under Sir John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, took Harfleur from the French.

8 May 1440, Sunday (-184,438)

10 April 1440, Sunday (-184,466)

27 March 1440, Sunday (-184,480) Easter Sunday.

22 February 1440, Monday (-184,514) Ladislaus V, King of Hungary and Bohemia, was born (died 23 November 1457)

21 February 1440, Sunday (-184,515) The Prussian Confederation was formed.

2 February 1440, Tuesday (-184,534) Frederick of Habsburg, Duke of Styria, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III.

1 January 1440, Friday (-184,566)

=================================================================================

27 October 1439. Tuesday (-184,632) (Hungary) Death of King Albert II of Hungary at Langendorf, from dysentery, whilst fighting the Turks. Born in 1397, he reigned less than two years and spent this in the defence of Hungary against the Turks.

7 September 1439, Monday (-184,682)

30 August 1439, Sunday (-184,690) (France) King Henry VI of England, advised by his counsel, refused to give up the title of King of France.

18 July 1439, Saturday (-184,733) A truce between England and France was signed. England continued to hold French lands, but King Henry VI lost the title of King of France.

13 July 1439, Monday (-184,738) (Education, Schools) King Henry VI of England granted a licence for the foundation of a new college at Cambridge to be devoted to the teaching of grammar school masters. It was founded hy William Zachary, rector of the Church of St John Zachary in London.

6 July 1439, Monday (-184,745) (Roman Empire, Turkey, Christian) Emperor John III of Constantinople (by then he ruled very little outside Constantinople, Salonika and Morea, and was known in western Europe as �Emperor of the Greeks�, not as he was officially, Roman Emperor) travelled to an Ecumenical Council in Florence and accepted papal primacy and union with Rome. The Decree of Union (Laetentur Caeli) formally uniting the Latin and Greek churches was issued. This was a last-ditch attempt to save his dominions from the Ottoman Turkish advance. However the Greek clergy rejected this union; there were too many fundamental differences of doctrine between the two Churches. Those who had formally accepted the union recanted upon return home. They preferred, in the words of a Byzantine dignitary, �the power [in Constantinople] of the Turkish turban rather than the Latin tiara.

29 June 1439, Monday (-184,752)

29 May 1439, Friday (-184,783) Pope Pius III died.

9 May 1439, Saturday (-184,803) Pope Pius III was born in Siena.

8 May 1439, Friday (-184,804)

5 April 1439, Sunday (-184,837) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1439, Friday (-184,881)

1 January 1439, Thursday (-184,931)

===================================================================================

25 December 1438, Thursday (-184,938)

23 October 1438, Thursday (-185,001)

20 October 1438, Monday (-185,004) Jacopo della Quercia, Italian sculptor, died in Siena)

23 September 1438, Tuesday (-185,031)

9 September 1438, Tuesday (-184,045) King Duarte I of Portugal died aged 47 after a 5-year reign. He was succeeded by his 6-year-old son who ruled as Afonso V until 1449, with his uncle Pedro as Regent.

10 July 1438, Thursday (-185,106)

7 July 1438, Monday (-185,109) Charles VII, King of France, consolidated his authority with the Prgamatic Sanctions of Bourges. These limited Papal authority over French Bishops and gave the Crown a say in Church appointments.

8 June 1438, Sunday (-185,138) Melozzo da Forli, Italian painter, was born in Forli (died 8 November 1494 in Forli)

8 May 1438, Thursday (-185,169)

13 April 1438, Sunday (-185,194) Easter Sunday

28 March 1438, Friday (-185,210) Santi Raphael, painter, died.

18 March 1438, Tuesday (-185,220) Albert, Duke of Austria, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, as Albert II.

1 January 1438, Wednesday (-185,296)

=====================================================================================

9 December 1437, Monday (-185,319) (Germany) Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund died, aged 69. He was succeeded by hs son in law, Albrecht of Hapsburg.

8 May 1437, Wednesday (-185,534)

8 April 1437, Monday (-185,564)

31 March 1437, Sunday (-185,572) Easter Sunday.

25 March 1437, Monday (-185,578) Coronation of King James II of Scotland at Holyrood Abbey.

20 March 1437, Wednesday (-185,583)

20 February 1437. Wednesday (-185,611) James I, King of Scotland, aged 42, was assassinated by a group of dissident nobles led by Sir Robert Graham, who wanted a rival on the Scottish throne. James had become King in 1424, executing many of the nobility to establish control. James was staying at the Dominican Friary at Perth when murdered.

20 January 1437, Sunday (-185,642)

3 January 1437, Thursday (-184,659) (Britain) Catherine of Valois, Queen of King Henry V of England, died (born 27 October 1401).

1 January 1437, Tuesday (-185,661)

=================================================================================

25 December 1436, Tuesday (-185,668)

29 July 1436, Sunday (-185,817) An English fleet arrived at Calais, causing the Duke of Burgundy, who had been besieging the town, to withdraw.

25 June 1436, Monday (-185,851) In France, Louis, the 13-year old Dauphin (Royal heir) married Margaret, the 10-year-old daughter of James of Scotland.

16 June 1436, Saturday (-185,860) Mathematician Johann Muller (Regiomontanus) was born in Konigsberg, Germany. In n1464 he wrote De Triangulis Omnimodid (On Triangles of All Kinds), detailing the laws of trigonometry. This was not published until 1533.

6 June 1436, Wednesday (-185,870) Regiomontanus (Johann Muller), German astronomer, was born in Konigsberg (died 6 July 1476 in Rome)

8 May 1436, Tuesday (-185,899)

13 April 1436, Friday (-185,924) The English lost Paris to the French.

8 April 1436, Sunday (-185,929) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1436, Monday (-185,977)

1 January 1436, Sunday (-186,027)

===============================================================================

1 December 1435, Thursday (-186,058)

1 November 1435, Tuesday (-186,088) week 26,854

1 October 1435, Saturday (-186,119)

20 September 1435, Tuesday (-186,130) (France) Charles VII concluded the Treaty of Arras with the Duke of Burgundy. This deprived England of an ally, further isolating it.

5 August 1435, Friday (-186,176) King Alfonso V of Aragon was captured bythe Genoese near the island of Ponza, off western Italy. He was released following a treaty of alliance between Aragon and Milan, in which Alfonso�s claim to the throne of Sicily was recognised.

8 May 1435, Sunday (-186,265)

17 April 1435, Sunday (-186,286) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1435, Sunday (-186,342)

11 February 1435, Friday (-186,351) Joanna II, Queen of Naples, died.

1 January 1435, Saturday (-186,392)

=================================================================================

15 December 1434, Wednesday (-186,409) Enrique de Villena, Spanish author, died (born 1384)

10 December 1434, Friday (-186,414)

15 November 1434, Monday (-186,439) Louis III, Duke of Anjou, died (born 25 September 1403).

10 November 1434, Wednesday (-186,444)

19 October 1434, Wednesday (-185,465) The University of Catania was founded in Italy.

5 October 1434, Wednesday (-165,479) Florentine banker Cosimo de Medici returned from exile to rule Florence for ther next 30 years.

1 June 1434, Tuesday (-186,606) Ladislas V Jagiello, (born ca. 1362), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, died aged 84 after a 38-year reign. He was succeeded by his 10-year-old son who ruled as Ladislas VI until his death in 1444.

30 May 1434, Sunday (-186,608) (Czech-Slovakia)Battle of Lipany, in modrn-day Hungary. Andrew Prokop, a Bohemian religious dissident, led an army of radical anti-Papist Taborites against a combines force of Catholics and Ultraquists (moderate Hussites). Prokop was killed and the Taborites defeated.

8 May 1434, Saturday (-186,630)

8 April 1434, Thursday (-186,660)

28 March 1434, Sunday (-186,671) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1434, Saturday (-186,707)

1 January 1434, Friday (-186,757)

================================================================================

25 December 1433, Friday (-186.764)

30 November 1433, Monday (-186,789) In Prague the Compacts of Prague were drafted, to end the Hussite Wars. Most Hussites were now happy to submit to the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor, in return for some freedom of worship. The Hussite Wars had helped forge a sense of Czech national identity.

10 November 1433, Tuesday (-186,809) Charles, Duke of Burgundy was born.

13 October 1433, Tuesday (-186,837)

11 August 1433, Tuesday (-186,900) John I, King of Portugal, died.

10 July 1433, Friday (-186,932)

8 May 1433, Friday (-186,995)

12 April 1433, Sunday (-187,021) Easter Sunday

20 February 1433, Friday (-187,072)

1 January 1433, Thursday (-187,122)

===============================================================================

5 May 1432, Monday (-187,363) (Italy) Francesco Carmagnola, Italian soldier of fortune, was executed in Venice (born 1390).

20 April 1432, Sunday (-187,378) Easter Sunday.

5 March 1432, Wednesday (-187,424) (France) Charles VII concluded the Treaty of Rennes.

20 February 1432, Wednesday (-187,438)

20 January 1432, Sunday (-187,469)

1 January 1432, Tuesday (-187,488)

=================================================================================

16 December 1431. Sunday (-187,504) The Bishop of Winchester, Henry Beaufort, crowned King Henry VI King of France.

30 May 1431. Wednesday (-187,704) Jeanne D�Arc, a peasant girl from Donremy, was burned at the stake in Rouen for heresy. She had been taken prisoner by the Burgundians in May 1430 and handed over to Pierre Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais. She endured a year of inquisition and torture. She was canonised in 1920 on the anniversary of her death.

8 May 1431, Tuesday (-187,726)

8 April 1431, Sunday (-187,756)

3 April 1431, Tuesday (-187,761) Pope Eugene IV (207th Pope) acceded (died 23 February 1447). Opposed by antipope Felix V (Amadeus of Savoy)

1 April 1431, Sunday (-187,763) Easter Sunday.

21 February 1431, Wednesday (-187,802) The trial of Joan of Arc began.

20 February 1431, Tuesday (-187,803) Pope Martin V died.

26 January 1431, Friday (-187,828) (Christian) Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, died.

9 January 1431, Tuesday (-187,845) Judicial enquiries preliminary to the trial of Joan of Arc began in Rouen.

1 January 1431, Monday (-187,853)

====================================================================================

15 December 1430, Friday (-187,872) The Anglo-Scottish truce was renewed for a further five years.

16 October 1430, Monday (-187,930) James II, King of Scotland, was born.

11 September 1430,Monday (-187,965)

10 July 1430, Monday (-188,028)

23 May 1430, Tuesday (-188,076) Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians, who were allied to the English. This was as part of a French force attempting to relieve the English siege of Compeigne.

8 May 1430, Monday (-188,091)

16 April 1430, Sunday (-188,113) Easter Sunday.

8 April 1430, Saturday (-188,121)

23 March 1430, Thursday (-188,137) Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, was born.

20 February 1430, Monday (-188,168)

22 January 1430, Sunday (-188,197)

1 January 1430, Sunday (-188,218)

==================================================================================

23 December 1429, Friday (-188,227)

23 November 1429, Wednesday (-188,257)

6 November 1429, Sunday (-188,274) The coronation of King Henry VI of England.

7 October 1429, Friday (-188,304)

7 September 1429, Wednesday (-188,334)

26 August 1429. Friday (-188,346) Jeanne D�Arc made a triumphal entry into Paris.

17 July 1429, Sunday (-188,386) Charles VII was crowned King in Reims.

16 July 1429, Saturday (-188,387) The French Army reached Reims, which surrendered to Charles VII without a fight.

12 July 1429, Tuesday (-188,391) John Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris, died (born 14 December 1363).

18 June 1429. Saturday (-188,415) Jeanne D�Arc, 17 years old, defeated the British at the Battle of Patay. Historians are still in dispute over Jeanne D�Arc�s role in the Hundred Years War between Britain and France. Born a peasant�s daughter on 7 January 1412, she believed she was led by divine guidance and her mission was to make sure that Charles VII became King of France and not the English Henry V. The French and the English came face to face at Patay on 18 June 1429 and Jeanne D�Arc had promised the French a greater victory than ever they had seen so far. The English army was indeed routed and also its reputation for invincibility, as the Earl of Salisbury�s 5,000 men were forced back across the River Loire.She was captured by the English a year later, 24 May 1430, with the help of French collaborators, and burnt as a witch on 30 May 1431, She was canonised in 1920.

10 May 1429, Tuesday (-188,454)

8 May 1429, Sunday (-188,456)

7 May 1429, Saturday (-188,457) The French captured the English fort of Les Tourelles, inspired by Joan of Arc. This was one of several strongholds around Orleans lost by the English. The following day, 8 May 1429, the English began retreating, but Joan of Arc forbade the French to pursue because it was a Sunday.

29 April 1429, Friday (-188,465) Joan of Arc arrived to relieve the Siege of Orl�ans.

27 April 1429, Wednesday (-188,467) French troops mustered at Blois and set off for Orleans. Orleans had been almost surrounded by English troops since 12 October 1428, although it was possible for the French to enter and leave.

27 March 1429, Sunday (-188,498) Easter Sunday.

8 March 1429, Tuesday (-188,517) Sir Richard Ros, English poet, was born.

20 February 1429, Sunday (-188,533)

13 February 1429, Sunday (-188,540) Joan of Arc left Vancouleurs, a town loyal to the French Dauphin, and travelled across English-held territory to Chinon to meet the Dauphin. The French nobility were unsure if she was mad or a heretic, but then decided to use her to raise French morale so as to defeat the English at Orleans.

12 February 1429, Saturday (-188,541) Battle of Herrings, Hundred Years War. Sir John Falstolfe defeated the Comte de Clermont at Rouvray.

13 January 1429, Thursday (-188,571)

1 January 1429, Saturday (-188,583)

==================================================================================

13 December 1428, Monday (-188,602)

22 November 1428, Monday (-188,623) Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was born.

24 October 1428, Sunday (-188,652) The Earl of Salisbury was fatally wounded by a cannon shot across the Loire from Orleans. He was succeeded by the Earl of Suffolk.

12 October 1428, Tuesday (-188,664) The Earl of Salisbury commenced operations to take Orleans by siege, first attacking and eliminating the fortified French bridgehead south of the River Loire. The English were too weak numerically to complete the siege, and some supplies got into Orleans, mainly by river, however French morale was low and they did not attempt to break out.

11 May 1428, Tuesday (-188,818)

8 May 1428, Saturday (-188,821)

3 May 1428, Monday (-188,826) Pedro Mendoza, Spanish statesman, was born (died 11 January 1495).

4 April 1428, Sunday (-188,855) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1428, Friday (-188,899)

1 January 1428, Thursday (-188,949)

=================================================================================

30 November 1427, Sunday (-188,981) King Casimir IV of Poland was born.

14 October 1427, Tuesday (-189,028) Alessio Baldovinetti, Florentine painter, was born (died 29 August 1499).

11 September 1427, Thursday (-189,061)

10 July 1427, Thursday (-189,124)

8 May 1427, Thursday (-189,187)

20 April 1427, Sunday (-189,205) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1427, Thursday (-189,264)

1 January 1427, Wednesday (-189,314)

=================================================================================

8 May 1426, Wednesday (-189,552)

8 April 1426, Monday (-189,582)

31 March 1426, Sunday (-189,590) Easter Sunday.

6 March 1426, Wednesday (-180,615) Battle of St James, near Avrancjhes. The English under Bedford defeated the French under Arthur de Richemont, Constable of France. De Richemomnt�s brother, the Duke of Britaany, was forced to submit to the English.

20 February 1426, Wednesday (-187,629)

2 February 1426, Saturday (-187,647) Venice declared war on Milan. During the three year war that followed, Venice gained control of Verona, Vicenza, Brescia and Bergamo.

1 January 1426, Tuesday (-189,679)

===============================================================================

25 December 1425, Tuesday (-289,686)

21 July 1425, Saturday (-189,843) Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Paleologus died aged 75. He was succeeded by his 35-year-old son who ruled until 1448 as John VIII Paleologus.

10 July 1425, Tuesday (-189,854)

8 May 1425, Tuesday (-189,917)

8 April 1425, Sunday (-189,947) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1425, Tuesday (-189,994)

1 January 1425, Monday (-190,044)

=================================================================================

17 August 1424, Thursday (-190,181) Battle of Verneuil. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, defeated a French force, consolidating English conquest of Normandy.

5 August 1424, Saturday (-190,193) Emperor Chu Ti, also known as Yung Lo or Ch�eng Tsu, died (born 2 May 1360). Under his rule China sent out exploration fleets, between 1403 and 1433, under the command of the Muslim eunuch Cheng Ho (Zheng He). These expeditions reached Java, southern India, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and eastern Africa as far south as Zanzibar. He also maintained peaceable relations with the Mongols and other peoples, as far as the Amur River and west to Herat and Samarkand.

10 July 1424, Monday (-190,219)

7 June 1424, Wednesday (-190,252) (Czech) Ziska defeated the Ulytraquists at the Battle of Malesov.

21 May 1424, Sunday (-190,269) Coronation of King James I of Scotland and Queen Joan at Scone Abbey. James I had been held captive in England since he was declared King of Scotland 18 years earlier.

8 May 1424, Monday (-190,282)

23 April 1524, Sunday (-190,297) Easter Sunday.

28 March 1424, Tuesday (-190,232) At Durham, England and Scotland agreed to a seven-year truce.

20 February 1424, Sunday (-190,360)

6 January 1424, Thursday (-190,405) (Czech) Ziska defeated the Ultraquists at the Battle of Skalic.

1 January 1424, Saturday (-190,410)

====================================================================================

24 August 1423, Tuesday (-190,540) Thomas Rotherham, Archbishop of York, was born in Rotherham (died 1500 in C\awood near York)

4 August 1423, Wednesday (-190,560) (Czech) Ziska (Taborite) defeated the Ultraquists at the Battle of Strachov.

21 July 1423, Wednesday (-190,574) Battle of Cravant. An English-Burgundian force defeated French and Scottish troops

10 July 1423, Saturday (-190,585)

3 July 1423, Saturday (-190,592) Louis XI, King of France, was born.

30 May 1423, Sunday (-190,626) Mathematician Georg von Puerbach was born in Puerbach, near Vienna. He published tables of sines in Arabic numerals.

8 May 1423, Saturday (-190,648)

27 April 1423, Tuesday (-190,659) (Czech)Ziska (Taborite) defeated the Ultraquists at the Battle of Horid)

4 April 1423, Sunday (-190,682) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1423, Saturday (-190,725)

1 January 1423, Friday (-190,775)

====================================================================================

30 October 1422, Friday (-190,838) Charles the Dauphin defied the Treaty of Troyes and declared himself King of France. England resumed war with France. John, Duke of Bedford and an uncle of Henry VI, ruled France as Regent; another uncle, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, was Regent in England.

21 October 1422, Wednesday (-190,847) King Charles VI of France died (born 3 December 1368). Henry VI was declared King of France, with John Duke of Bedford as Regent.

6 September 1422. Sunday (-190,892) Sultan Murat gave up besieging Constantinople.

31 August 1422. Monday (-190,898) King Henry V died in Vincennes, France, struck down by dysentery.. Aged 35, he was just about to take the crown of both France and England; his son, Henry VI, was just 9 months old, and English power in France looked uncertain again.

13 August 1422, Thursday (-190,916) William Caxton, England�s first printer, was born.

10 July 1422, Friday (-190,950)

8 May 1422, Friday (-191,013)

2 May 1422, Saturday (-191,019) The French city of Meaux fell after a siege in which many English, including King Henry V, contracted dysentery.

12 April 1422, Sunday (-191,039) Easter Sunday

20 February 1422, Friday (-191,090)

20 January 1422, Tuesday (-191,121)

10 January 1422, Saturday (-191,131) Ziska defeated Sigismund at the Battle of Nemeclysbrod.

6 January 1422, Tuesday (-191,135) Sigismund again attempted to claim the throne of Bohemia and was again defeated by Ziska at the Battle of Nevobid.

===================================================================================

6 December 1421, Saturday (-191,166) Henry VI was born in Windsor Castle, the only child of Henry V and Catherine Valois. Catherine Valois, daughter of Charles IV and Isabella of France, had married Henry V on 2 June 1420.

18 November 1421. Tuesday (-191,184) 73 villages were flooded and up to 100,000 people killed when a dyke gave way just south east of Dordrecht, Holland. This polder was never reclaimed; today its marshes and lakes make up the Biesbosch national park.

28 October 1421, Tuesday (-191,205) Milan annexed the port city of Genoa, as the Visconti Dynasty made a bid for regional supremacy in northern Italy.

20 August 1421, Wednesday (-191,274) Richard Clifford, Bishop of Worcester, died.

10 July 1421, Thursday (-191,315)

26 May 1421, Monday (-191,360) Mehmed I, Ottoman Turkish Sultan, died aged 34 after an 8-year reign, at Erdine. He was succeeded by his 8-year-old son Murad II, who ruled until 1451 and continued the policy of Tiurkish expansion I nto the Balkans.

8 May 1421, Thursday (-191,378)

8 April 1421, Tuesday (-191,408)

23 March 1421, Sunday (-191,424) Easter Sunday.

21 March 1421, Friday (-191,426) Battle of Bauge. A French raiding force surprised the English under Thomas Duke of Clarence (King Henry V�s brother); Clarence was killed in the battle.

24 February 1421, Monday (-191,451) Coronation of Katherine, wife of King Henry V of England, at Westminster Abbey.

20 February 1421, Thursday (-191,455)

12 February 1421, Wednesday (-191,463) Nanni di Banco, Italian sculprot, died in Florcnce.

20 January 1421, Monday (-191,486)

=====================================================================================

1 December 1420, Sunday (-191,536) Henry V made a triumphal entry into Paris, see 25 October 1415 and 21 May 1420.

1 November 1420, Friday (-191,566) Bohemian followers of the heretical religious reformer John Hus defeated a Papal army led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, near Prague. This was the first of four attempts by the Pope to suppress the Hussites.

3 September 1420, Tuesday (-191,625) Robert Duke of Albany, Governor of Scotland, died at Stirling Castle.

21 May 1420, Tuesday (-191,730) Under the Treaty of Troyes, King Henry V of England became ruler of France also, following his victory at Agincourt. Henry V married Catherine de Valois and when Charles de Valois died Henry would inherit the throne, so long as Henry and Catherine produced a male heir. Under French Salic Law, a woman could not rule France.

8 May 1420, Wednesday (-191,743)

7 April 1420, Sunday (-191, 774)

20 February 1420, Tuesday (-191,821)

1 January 1420, Monday (-191,871)

===================================================================================

22 December 1419, Friday (-191,881) Pope John XXIII, Baldassare Cossa, antipope, died.

20 October 1419, Friday (-191,944)

10 September 1419, Sunday (-191,984) John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was murdered at Montereau, France (born 28 May 1371). He was succeeded by his son Philip The Good, who allied himself with the English against Charles, Dauphin of France.

30 July 1419, Sunday (-192,026) Battle of Prague. Ziska, Hussite (Protestant), took his army to Prague where he defeated Sigismund (Catholic), who was compelled to withdraw.

30 June 1419, Friday (-192,056) Sigismund, asserting his claim to the throne of Bohemia, besieged Prague. Prague appealed to the Hussites for assistance.

8 May 1419, Monday (-192,109)

16 April 1419, Sunday (-192,131) Easter Sunday.

5 April 1419, Wednesday (-192,142) St Vincent Ferrer, Spanish Dominican preacher, died in Vannes (born 23 January 1355 in Valencia)

20 February 1419, Monday (-192,186)

19 January 1419, Thursday (-192,218) In the Hundred Years' War, Rouen surrendered to Henry V of England, which took Normandy under the control of England.

1 January 1419, Sunday (-192,236)

=================================================================================

30 July 1418, Saturday (-192,391) King Henry V of England laid siege to Rouen.

10 July 1418, Sunday (-192,411)

8 May 1418, Sunday (-192,474)

8 April 1418, Friday (-192,504)

27 March 1418, Sunday (-192,516) Easter Sunday.

22 March 1418, Tuesday (-192,521) Dietrich of Niem, historical writer, died in Maastricht.

20 February 1418, Sunday (-192,551)

1 January 1418, Saturday (-192,601)

================================================================================

14 December 1417, Tuesday (-192,619) Sir John Oldcastle, prototype of Shakespeare�s Falstaff, was hanged.

18 October 1417, Monday (-199,676) Pope Gregory XII was killed.

4 September 1417, Saturday (-199,720) Caen fell to King Henry V of England.

24 June 1417, Thursday (-192,792) The Isle of Man held its first known Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of its parliament (Tynwald) which has continued every year until the present.

8 May 1417, Saturday (-192,839)

29 April 1417, Thursday (-192,848) Louis II Duke of Anjou died (born 7 October 1377).

11 April 1417, Sunday (-192,866) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1417, Saturday (-192,916)

1 January 1417, Friday (-192,966)

================================================================================

31 December 1416, Thursday (-192,967) The King of Leinster, Art MacMurrough, died. He was succeeded by his son, Donough.

15 August 1416, Saturday (-193,105) The Duke of Bedford, brother of King Henry V of England, defeated French forces on the River Seine. This lifted the siege of Harfleur and returned the Channel to English control.

10 July 1416, Friday (-193,141)

8 May 1416, Friday (-193,204)

19 April 1416, Sunday (-193,223) Easter Sunday.

2 April 1416, Thursday (-193,240) Ferdinand I, King of Aragon, died.

2 March 1416, Monday (-193,271)

20 February 1416, Thursday (-193,282)

3 February 1416, Monday (-193,299)

27 January 1416, Monday (-193,306) The Republic of Ragusa became the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.

1 January 1416, Wednesday (-193,332)

================================================================================

27 December 1415, Friday (-193,337)

25 October 1415, Friday (-193,400) Battle of Agincourt, 20 miles inland from Boulogne. The English forces, after the capture by the French of Harfleur, had set out to march to Calais through Picardy. Henry V could have simply garrisoned Harfleur and returned the way he had come, by sea, but he decided to march through enemy French territory to the English enclave of Calais to make a political point. Their crossing of the River Somme was delayed by torrential rains and the French set out to block their passage. The French troops set up at the northern end of a defile of open ground between the woods of Agincourt and Tramercourt. The English were short of food and supplies and hunger might have eventually forced their surrender. The French outnumbered the English three to one. However King Henry V was able to use his archers, in the restricted space of the battlefield, to mow down the French cavalry and so win the battle. Thick mud, from the rains, restricted the movement of the French cavalry. The English victory gave Henry the finances and reputation to continue the war. Four years later the whole of Normandy was under British control, and in 1420 the Treaty of Troyes recognised Henry as heir to the French throne, see 1 December 1420.

21 September 1415, Saturday (-193,434) (1) Owain Glyndwr, Welsh independence fighter, died this day.

(2) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, was born.

14 August 1415, Wednesday (-193,472) Henry V�s fleet arrived at Chef de Caux, 10 miles west of Harfleur. Harfleur was a port from which the French had made many raids on the English south coast.

10 August 1415, Saturday (-193,476) Henry V of England set sail for Normandy with an army of 12,000 men; two-thirds archers. Harfleur was captured in September 1415 and Henry V set out for Paris. However illness began to thin his military ranks. On 5 October 1415 military advisers told Henry to return to England via Calais.

6 July 1415. Saturday (-193,511) Jan Hus, preacher and religious reformer, arrested on 28 November 1414, was burnt at the stake in Constance, Germany.

7 June 1415, Friday (-193,540)

29 May 1415, Wednesday (-193, 549) Pope John XXIII, Baldassare Cossa, antipope, acceded 1400, was deposed by the Council of Constance.

8 May 1415, Wednesday (-193,570)

5 May 1415, Sunday (-193,573) (Christian) The Council of Constance opened in Germany. Its aim was to reform the Church of abuses, promote unity and prosecute heresy.

9 April 1415, Tuesday (-193,599)

8 April 1415, Monday (-193,600)

31 March 1415, Sunday (-193,608) Easter Sunday.

21 March 1415, Thursday (-193,618) Jean Malouel, Dutch painter, died in Dijon.

3 March 1415, Sunday (-139,636) King Henry V of England founded Syon House, the first Briggetine Hoiusein England, for nuns and priests, in Twickenham, near London.

28 February 1415, Thursday (-139,639)

20 February 1415, Wednesday (-193,647)

31 January 1415, Thursday (-139,667)

1 January 1415, Tuesday (-93,697)

==================================================================================

31 December 1414, Monday (-139,698)

9 November 1414, Friday (-193,750) (Germany) Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg, was born in Tangermunde (died 11 March 1486 in Frankfort).

8 May 1414, Tuesday (-193,935)

8 April 1414, Sunday (-193,965)

8 March 1414, Thursday (-193, 996)

19 February 1414, Monday (-193,013) (Britain) Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, died (born 1353).

9 January 1414, Tuesday (-193,054) In England the Lollards, religious dissidents who followed the teachings of John Wycliffe, were suppressed.

1 January 1414, Monday (-194,062)

====================================================================================

25 December 1413, Monday (-194,069)

10 July 1413, Monday (-194,237)

7 July 1413, Friday (-194,240) The Ottoman Tiurkish succession dispute was resolved when Prince Mehmet defeated and killed his brother Prince Musa at Jamarlu, Serbia.

8 May 1413, Monday (-194,300)

23 April 1413, Sunday (-194,315) Easter Sunday.

9 April 1413, Sunday (-194,329) Coronation of King Henry V of England at Westminster Abbey.

20 March 1413, Monday (-194,349) (Britain) England�s King Henry IV died, after suffering a stroke in the Jerusalem Chamber at Westminster Abbey. He had earlier prophesied that he would die in Jerusalem. He was succeeded by his eldest son Henry V. See 30 March 1399.

28 February 1413, St Andrews University was founded. This was the first university in Scotland.

20 February 1413, Monday (-194,377)

1 January 1413, Sunday (-194,427)

====================================================================================

18 December 1412, Monday (-194,440)

18 November 1412, Saturday (-194,470)

28 October 1412, Saturday (-194,491) Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, died.

1 July 1412, Friday (-194,611) In southern England the standard rate of pay for a building craftsman was 6d (2.5p) a day; a general labourer earned 4d (1.7p) a day. These rates of pay remained unchanged until the 1530s.

8 June 1412, Wednesday (-194,634)

16 May 1412, Monday (-194,653) In Italy, Giovanni Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, was assassinated. He was succeeded by his brother Filippo.

8 May 1412, Sunday (-194,665)

3 April 1412, Sunday (-194,700) Easter Sunday.

3 March 1412, Thursday (-194,731)

20 February 1412, Saturday (-194,743)

3 February 1412, Wednesday (-194,760)

6 January 1412, Wednesday (-194,788) Joan of Arc was born.

1 January 1412, Friday (-194,793)

=================================================================================

8 May 1411, Friday (-195,031)

12 April 1411, Sunday (-195,057) Easter Sunday

20 February 1411, Friday (-195,108)

1 February 1411, Sunday (-195,127) The Teutonic Knights regained their supremacy at the Peace of Torun. Poland and Lithuania failed to gain any Baltic territories, and the Knights only had to surrender part of Lithuania.

17 January 1411, Saturday (-195,142) Jobst, Margrave of Moravia, died.

=================================================================================

20 July 1410, Sunday (-195,323)

15 July 1410. Tuesday (-195,328) (Germany, Poland) The Poles and Lithuanians defeated the Teutonic Knights at the First Battle of Tannenberg / Battle of Grunwald). The Order of the Teutonic Knights had established a State in Prussia, from where they launched Crusades against their non-Christian neighbours to the east, including the Duchy of Lithuania. In 1386 the ruler of Lithuania converted to Christianity and married the Queen of Poland; on her deathhe became ruler of Poland, as King Ladislav II Jagiellon. The Teutonic Knights contested the sincerity if his conversion, and in 1409 their Grand Master, the volatile Ulrich von Jungingen, declared war on Poland and Lithuania. He had underestimated the power and unity of the joint Polish-Lithuanian State. In Summer 1410 a joint Polish-Lithuanian army, led by King Jagiellon and Grand Duke Witold of Lithuania, marched upon the Teutonic Knights capital at Marienberg. The Knights confronted the invaders at a point between the villages of Grunwald and Tannenberg; they enjoyed initial success but were outflanked by Lithuanian cavalry and mostly slaughtered. However the Poles did not press on and take Marienberg, and peace terms were mild. In Soviet Russia, some credit was claimed for this battle because troops from Smolensk also supported the Poles. In an early German victory over Russia in World War One, the Germans called this battle �Tannenberg� to avenge defeat 5 centuries earlier.

18 May 1410, Sunday (-195,386) (Germany) Rupert, King of Germany, died.Holy Roman Emperor Rupert III of Wittelsbach died in Landskron, near Oppenheim, aged 58.. He was succeeded by Sigismund of Luxembourg, brother of the deposed Wenceslas of Bohemia, who ruled until 1437.

17 May 1410, Saturday (-195,387) Anti-Pope John XXIII, formerly the Neapolitan, Baldassare Cossa, acceded.

8 May 1410, Thursday (-195,396)

4 May 1410, Sunday (-195,400) (Papal Succession) anti-Pope Alexander V died at Bologna, possibly poisoned. He was succeeded by the Neapolitan Cardinal Baldassare Cossa, elected Pope on 17 May .1410 at Bologna, who ruled until 1415 as anti-Pope John XXIII.

23 March 1410, Sunday (-195,442) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1410, Thursday (-195.473)

26 January 1410, Sunday (-195,498) Bartolo di Fredi, Italian painter, died in Siena.

1 January 1410, Wednesday (-195,523)

==================================================================================

25 December 1409, Wednesday (-195,530)

12 December 1409, Thursday (-195,543) Pope Alexander V issued a Papal Bull ordering all books written by English reformer John Wycliff to be handed in. Archbishop Zbynek of Prague publicly burned his books.

13 September 1409, Friday (-195,633) Isabella, 2nd wife of King Richard II of England, died (born in Paris 9 November 1389)

7 August 1409, Wednesday (-195,670) The Council of Pisa was dissolved.

10 July 1409, Wednesday (-195,698)

26 June 1409, Wednesday (-195,712) Pope Alexander V, Pietro Philarghi, antipope, acceded (ruled to 1410).

5 June 1409, Wednesday (-195,733) The Council of Pisa deposed Pope Gregory XII of Rome and antiPope Benedict XIII of Avignon, and elected anti-Pope Alexander V.

7 May 1409, Tuesday (-195,762) The Scots destroyed the last English stronghold in Scotland, at Jedburgh.

7 April 1409, Sunday (-195,792) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1409, Wednesday (-195,838)

20 January 1409, Sunday (-195,869)

1 January 1409, Tuesday (-195,888) The Welsh surrendered Harlech Castle to the English.

===================================================================================

1 November 1408, Thursday (-195,949)

1 October 1408, Monday (-195,980)

16 September 1408, Sunday (-195,995) (Greenland) The last recorded event in Norse history in Greenland; a wedding at Old Hvalsey church.

8 May 1408, Tuesday (-196,126)

20 February 1408, Monday (-196,204)

19 February 1408, Sunday (-196,205) The Battle of Bramham Moor. Near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, forces loyal to King Henry IV defeated rebels under Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. This ended the Percy Rebellion.

1 January 1408, Sunday (-196,254)

==================================================================================

25 December 1407, Sunday (-196,261)

23 November 1407, Tuesday (-196,294) Followers of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, killed Louis, Duke of Orleans. France was plunged into civil war. The Armagnacs supported the new Duke of Orleans, and wanted to intensify the war with England, whereas the Burgundians opposed the war with England.

8 May 1407, Sunday (-196,492)

23 April 1407, Saturday (-196,507) Olivier de Clisson, French soldier, died (born 1336).

27 March 1407, Sunday (-196,534) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1407, Sunday (-196,569)

1 January 1407, Saturday (-196,619)

===================================================================================

25 December 1406, Saturday (-196,626) King Henry III of Castille died (born 1390).

30 November 1406, Monday (-196,652) Pope Gregory XII (205th Pope) acceded.

6 November 1406, Friday (-196,676) Pope Innocent VII died.

9 October 1406, Friday (-196,704) Florence had long coveted Pisa for an outlet to the sea. In 1362-4 Pisa had defended its independence with the help of a band under Sir John Hawkwood (died 1392), and later secured French protection under French King Charles VI (13680-1422). However in 1405 Florence persuaded France to hand over Pisa in return fpor supporting the AntiPope Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna). Pisa rebelled against Florentine rule and Florence imposed a six-month siege by land and sea. Pisa fell to Florence this day, giving it its desired seaport.

8 May 1406, Saturday (-196,857)

11 April 1406, Sunday (-196,884) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1406, Saturday (-196,934)

1 January 1406, Friday (-196,984)

===================================================================================

20 December 1405, Sunday (-196,996)

18 October 1405, Sunday (-197,059) Pope Pius II was born.

29 May 1405, Friday (-197,201) Philippe de Mezieres, French author, died.

8 May 1405, Friday (-197,222)

19 April 1405, Sunday (-197,241) Easter Sunday.

6 March 1405, Friday (-197,285) Juan II,King of Castile, was born (died 21 July 1454).

20 February 1405, Friday (-197,299)

17 February 1405, Tuesday (-197,302) Death of the Mongol leader Tamerlane (Timur-i-Leng) atOtrar, east of the Syr Darya River, whilst en-route to conquer China. He became leader in 1369, and went on to conquer Persia, the Caucasus, and the Tartars (in 1390). In 1398 he subdued northern India.

1 January 1405, Thursday (-197,349)

==================================================================================

17 October 1404, Friday (-197,425) Pope Innocent VII (204th Pope) acceded (died 1406).

1 October 1404, Wednesday (-197,441) Pope Boniface IX died.

27 September 1404, Saturday (-197,445) William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, died.

12 September 1404, Friday (-197,460) Francis I, King of France, was born.

14 July 1404, Monday (-197,520) Rebel leader Owain Glyndwr, having declared himself Prince of Wales, allied with the French against the English. He later began holding parliamentary assemblies.

10 July 1404, Thursday (-197,524)

8 May 1404, Thursday (-197,587)

27 April 1404, Sunday (-197,598) Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died. He was succeeded by his son John the Fearless.

8 April 1404, Tuesday (-197,617)

30 March 1404, Sunday (-197,626) Easter Sunday

20 February 1404, Wednesday (-197,665)

14 February 1404, Thursday (-197,671) Leone Battista Alberti, Italian artist, was born in Genoa (died 1472) In 1434 he published a book on the geometry of perspective.

1 January 1404, Tuesday (-197,715)

=================================================================================

25 September 1403, Tuesday (-197,813) Louis III, Duke of Anjou, was born (died 15 November 1434).

23 September 1403, Sunday (-197,815)

22 July 1403, Sunday (-197,878) The Battle of Shrewsbury. Sir Henry Percy, known as Harry Hotspur, was killed trying to overthrow King Henry IV.

10 July 1493, Tuesday (-197,890)

8 May 1403, Tuesday (-197,953)

15 April 1403, Sunday (-197,976) Easter Sunday.

8 March 1403, Thursday (-198,014) Bayezid I, Sultan of Turkey 1389-1492,, died in captivity in Akehir. He succeeded his father, Murad I, who died at the Battle of Kosovo. Within three years of his accession he had conquered Bulgaria, parts of Serbia, Macedonia and Thessaly, and most of Asia Minor. A succession struggle followed, won in 1413 by his son Mehmed I.

26 February 1403, Monday (-198,024) Coronation of Queen Joan, wife of King Henry IV of England, at Westminster Abbey.

22 February 1403, Thursday (-198,028) Charles VII of France was born (died 22 July 1461).

20 February 1403, Tuesday (-198,030)

7 February 1403, Wednesday (-198,043) King Henry IV of England married Joan, dowager Duchess of Brittany, and daughter of King Charles Ii of Navarre.

1 January 1403, Monday (-198,080)

====================================================================================

14 September 1402, Wednesday (-198,190) Battle of Homildon Hill. A Scottish raiding party under the Earl of Douglas was routhed by the English Northern Nobles under Lord Henry Percy.

8 September 1402, Friday (-198,195) King Henry IV took a large force into Wales to suppress the Glendower rebellion. However as soon as he left Shrewsbury it began raining incessantly, with hail and even snow. His troops were cold, drenched, and half-starved. On this day a tornado struck Henry IV�s tent, collapsing it. Fortunately for him he was wearing his armour at the time and so survived. Henry�s forces retreated back to England, having never fought the Welsh.

21 July 1402, Friday (-198,244) The Ottoman Turks were decisively defeated by Timur at the Battle of Ankara. The Ottomans lost control of Anatolia. However they had expanded territorially into Europe, and were able to recover Anatolia after Timur departed.

10 July 1402, Monday (-198,255)

22 June 1402, Thursday (-198,273) English forces heavily defeated by the Welsh at Bryn Glas, even though the Welsh were outnumbered. King Henry IV now assembled an even larger army, but see 8 September 1402.

8 May 1402, Monday (-198,318)

26 March 1402, Sunday (-198,361) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1402, Monday (-198,395)

2 January 1402, Monday (-198,444) John Bessarion, Greek scholarly writer, was born in Trebizond, Turkey.

====================================================================================

21 December 1401, Wednesday (-198,456) Tommaso Masaccio, artist, was born near Florence.

27 October 1401, Thursday (-198,511) (Britain) Catherine of Valois, Queen of King Henry V of England, was born (died 3 January 1437).

9 July 1401, Thursday (-198,560) Timur sacked Baghdad and ,massacred its inhabitants.

3 April 1401, Sunday (-198,669) Easter Sunday.

20 March 1401, Sunday (-198,683)

20 February 1401, Sunday (-198,760)

1 January 1401, Saturday (-198,810)

====================================================================================

20 December 1400, Monday (-198,822)

11 November 1400, Thursday (-198,861) Battle of Aleppo. During a Tatar invasion of Syria, Tamerlaned defeated the Turks and Syrians.

25 October 1400. Monday -198,878) Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet and storyteller, who wrote the unfinished Canterbury Tales, died at his home in Westminster.

16 September 1400, Thursday (-198,917) The Owen Glendower revolt in Wales; Welsh landowners proclaimed Owen King of Wales, and attacked the English in Flint and Denbigh.

21 August 1400, Saturday (-198,943) Rupert III, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, was elected King of the Germans, in place of the deposed Wenceslas.

8 May 1400, Saturday (-199,048)

18 April 1400, Sunday (-199,068) Easter Sunday.

14 February 1400, Saturday (-199,132) Richard II was killed whilst being held at Pontefract Castle, to prevent further rebellions by his followers.

1 January 1400, Thursday (-199,176)

=================================================================================

14 December 1399, Sunday (-199,194)

15 October 1399, Wednesday (-199,254) King Henry IV made his son Henry Prince of Wales.

13 October 1399, Monday (-199,256) Coronation of Henry IV, first Lancastrian King of England.

11 October 1399. Saturday (-199,258) The Order of the Bath was instituted.

30 September 1399. Tuesday (-199,269) King Richard II, born 6 January 1367, was deposed. Unpopular, he had dispossessed many of the nobility.He was crowned, aged 10, on 22 June 1377. He surrendered to Bolingbroke without a fight; Bolingbroke became King Henry IV. Henry IV was born at Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, on 3 April 1366. He reigned from 1399 to 1413. See 20 March 1413.

11 August 1399, Saturday (-199,319) King Richard II returned form Ireland to face the invasion of Henry Bolingbroke.

13 July 1399, Sunday (-199,348) Peter Parler, German sculptor, died in Prague.

4 July 1399, Friday (-199,357) Henry of Lancaster, Henry IV, landed at Ravenspur, Yorkshire.

30 June 1399, Monday (-199,361) Henry IV, exiled to France by King Richard II for treason, landed at Ravenspur, Humberside, to retake the English throne.

8 May 1399, Thursday (-199,414)

8 April 1399, Tuesday (-199,444)

30 March 1399, Sunday (-199,453) Easter Sunday

22 March 1399, Saturday (-199,461) (Scotland) Anglo-Scottish peace talks began.

3 March 1399, Monday (-199,480)

20 February 1399, Thursday (-199,491)

3 February 1399, Monday (-199,508) John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward III and father of Henry IV, died (born 24 June 1340).

13 January 1399, Monday (-199,529) Delhi was captured and sacked by Tamerlane.

1 January 1399, Wednesday (-199,541)

=================================================================================

25 December 1398, Wednesday (-199,548)

23 October 1398, Wednesday (-199,611)

21 August 1398, Wednesday (-199,674)

19 August 1398, Monday (-199,676) Inigo Santillana, Castillian poet, was born (died 25 March 1458 in Guadalajara)

8 May 1398, Wednesday (-199,779)

8 April 1398, Monday (-199,809)

7 April 1398, Sunday (-199,810) Easter Sunday.

8 March 1398, Friday (-199,840)

20 February 1398, Wednesday (-199,856)

6 February 1398, Wednesday (-199,870)

7 January 1398, Monday (-199,900)

1 January 1398, Tuesday (-199,906)

==============================================================================

15 December 1397, Saturday (-199,923)

15 November 1397, Thursday (-199,953) Pope Nicholas V was born.

18 September 1397, Tuesday (-200,011)

15 September 1397, Saturday (-200,014)

10 August 1397, Friday (-200,050) Albert II, King of Bohemia and Hungary (died 27 October 1439) was born.

5 August 1397, Sunday (-200,055) Franco-Flemish composer Guillaume Dufay was born near Brussels.

20 July 1398, Friday (-200,071) The Lieutenant of Ireland, Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and of Ulster, die din an attack by the O�Tooles and the O�Byrnes at Leinster.

15 July 1397, Sunday (-200,076)

29 June 1397, Friday (-200,092) John II, King of Aragon, was born (died 20 January 1479).

20 June 1397. Wednesday (-200,101) The Union of Kalmar united Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under one monarch.

8 May 1397, Tuesday (-200,144)

22 April 1397, Sunday (-200,160) Easter Sunday.

17 April 1397, Tuesday (-200,165) Geoffrey Chaucer told The Canterbury Tales for the first time.

8 April 1397, Sunday (-200,174)

20 February 1397, Tuesday (-200,221)

19 March 1397, Monday (-200,194) (France) Pierre D�Ailly became Bishop of Cambrai.

8 January 1397, Monday (-200,264) Coronation of Queen Isabella, second wife of King Richard II of England, at Westminster Abbey.

1 January 1397, Monday (-200,271)

================================================================================

13 October 1396, Friday (-200,351) William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, English statesman, was born (died 2 May 1450)

25 September 1396, Monday (-200,369) (Bulgaria) Battle of Nicopolis. Alarmed by Ottoman expansion into Europe, an army composed of contingents from France, Germany and Hungary marched on the Ottoman-held fortress of Nicopolis, Bulgaria. They were led by King Sigismund of Hungary. However the Christian army was ill equipped for the venture, divided by national factionalism, and only reached the fortress in late summer, then had to enforce a long siege. Hearing that an Ottoman relief army under Bayezid was only hours away, the French knights insisted on a frontal charge, despite not knowing the size of the force they were up against. Bayezid arrived and counterattacked, and outflanked the Christian force. Sigismund himself escaped but most of his army was taken prisoner and slaughtered.

15 August 1396, Tuesday (-200,410)

31 July 1396, Monday (-200,425) Thomas Arundel succeeded William Courtenay as Archbishop of Canterbury.

26 June 1396, Monday (-200,460) (Britain, France) King Richard II of England married Isabella of France, daughter of King Charles VI of France. This was intended to effect a reconciliation between the two countires in the Hundred Years War. However Richard was later dethroned by Henry of Lancaster (Henry IV), and Anglo-French hsotilities resumed.

13 June 1396, Tuesday (-200,473) Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was born.

8 May 1396, Monday (-200,509)

2 April 1396, Sunday (-200,545) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1396, Sunday (-200,587)

1 January 1396, Saturday (-200,637)

==================================================================================

1 July 1395, Thursday (-200,821) Ale cost 0.8d a gallon. Bordeaux wine was 3.5d per gallon. Chickens were 2d each. Apples cost 7d per 100. Eggs were 33d for 425. A labourer was paid 3.25d a day, a carpenter made 4.25d a day. A mason earned 6d a day, and the Kings Physician was paid �40 a year.

10 June 1395, Thursday (-200,842)

8 May 1395, Saturday (-200,875)

11 April 1395, Sunday (-200,902) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1395, Saturday (-200,952)

1 January 1395, Friday (-201,002)

=====================================================================================

10 December 1394, Thursday (-201,024)) King James I of Scotland was born.

29 November 1394, Sunday (-201,035) The capital city of the Joseon Dynasty in present-day Korea was moved from Gaegyeong (now Gaeseong) to Hanseong (now Seoul).

27 September 1394, Sunday (-201,098)

17 September 1394, Thursday (-201,108) King Charles VI of France ordered the expulsion of all Jews from France.

16 September 1394, Wednesday (-201,109) Pope Clement VII, antipope, died.

17 July 1394, Friday (-201,170) Turkish troops took Trnovo, a town in Bulgaria 124 miles ENE of Sofia.

8 May 1394, Friday (-201,240)

19 April 1394, Sunday (-201,259) Easter Sunday.

22 March 1394, Sunday (-201,287) Ulugh Beg, Mongol astronomer, was born in Soltaniyeh, Iran, as Muhammad Taragay. In the 1420s he built an observatory at Samarkand.

4 March 1394, Wednesday (-201,305) Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese Prince, was born, son of King John I.

20 February 1394, Friday (201,317)

1 January 1394, Thursday (-201,367)

=====================================================================================

20 December 1393, Saturday (-201,379)

18 October 1393, Saturday (-201,442)

6 October 1393, Monday (-201,454) Osbern Bokenham, English chronicler, was born.

8 May 1393, Thursday (-201,605)

21 April 1393, Monday (-201,622) John Capgrave, English historical writer, was born (died12 August 1464).

6 April 1393, Sunday (-201,637) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1393, Thursday (-201,682)

1 January 1393, Wednesday (-201,732)

====================================================================================

8 May 1392, Wednesday (-201,970)

14 April 1392, Sunday (-201,994) Easter Sunday

20 February 1392, Tuesday (-202,048)

1 January 1392, Monday (-202,098)

===================================================================================

5 August 1391, Saturday (-202,247) Anti-Jewish riots spread to Toledo, Spain and Barcelona. Many Jews left Barcelona after the following massacres, though many remained in the city.

6 July 1391, Thursday (-202,277)

6 June 1391, Tuesday (-202,307) Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of Jews were massacred and the violence spread throughout Spain and Portugal.

26 May 1391, Friday (-202,318) Charles Duke of Orleans, French poet, was born (died 4 January 1465 in Amboise)

8 May 1391, Monday (-202,336)

8 April 1391, Saturday (-202,366)

26 March 1391, Sunday (-202,379) Easter Sunday.

4 March 1391, Saturday (-202,401) Ferrara University was founded.

20 February 1391, Monday (-202,413)

1 January 1391, Sunday (-202,463)

================================================================================

25 December 1390, Sunday (-202,470)

23 October 1390, Sunday (-202,533)

21 August 1390, Sunday (-202,596)

14 August 1390, Sunday (-202,603) Coronation of King Robert III of Scotland, and Queen Annabella, at Scone.

13 May 1390, Friday (-202,696) (Scotland) Scotland�s first Stuart King, Robert II, died aged 74. His legitimised 50-year-old son succeeded him as King Robert III, and ruled until 1424.

8 May 1390, Sunday (-202,701)

19 April 1390, Tuesday (-202,720) Robert II, King of Scotland 1371-90, died at Dundonald, Ayrshire.

20 February 1390, Sunday (-202,778)

1 January 1390, Saturday (-202,828)

===============================================================================

25 December 1389, Saturday (-202,835)

9 November 1389, Tuesday (-202,881) Isabella, 2nd wife of King Richard II of England, was born in Paris (died 13 September 1409)

23 October 1389, Saturday (-202,898)

13 October 1389, Wednesday (-202,908) Pope Urban VI died.

28 August 1389, Saturday (-202,954) A captured Serb noble assassinated the Ottoman Sultan Murad I. he was succeeded by his son Bayazid I.

21 August 1389, Saturday (-202,961)

19 June 1389, Saturday (-203,024)

18 June 1389, Friday (-203,025) France and England signed a thre-year truce in their war.

15 June 1389, Sunday Tuesday (-203,059028) Serbia was crushed by the Ottoman Turks (see 20 December 1355). At a battle in Kosovo, at the �field of the blackbirds�, the entire Serbian nobility was wiped out. Hrebeljanovic Lazar, Prince of Serbia from 1371 (born 1329) was executed by the Turks. The Ottomans had already invaded Bulgaria.

 

8 May 1389, Saturday (-203,066)

18 April 1389, Sunday (-203,086) Easter Sunday.

10 April 1389, Saturday (-203,094) Cosimo de Medici, Italian ruler, was born.

20 February 1389, Saturday (-203,143)

1 January 1389, Friday (-203,193)

===================================================================================

10 August 1388, Saturday (-203,339) The Battle of Otterburn. A Scottish raiding party led by the Earls of Douglas, March and Moray was confronted by the English at Redesdale, Northumberland. The Scots won, and the English leader, Hotspur, was captured.

10 June 1388, Monday (-203,400)

8 May 1388, Friday (-203,431)

9 April 1388, Thursday (-203,460) Battle of Nafaels, Swiss War of Indepoendence. Albert III of Austria marched against Glarus, a district that had joined the Swiss Confederacy but that had been regained by the Hapsburgs in 1355. The Swiss rebels, with allies from Schwyz, drove the Austrians back.

8 April 1388, Wednesday (-203,461)

29 March 1388, Sunday (-203,471) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1388, Thursday (-203,509)

1 January 1388, Wednesday (-203,559)

=====================================================================================

20 December 1387, Friday (-203,571) The Battle of Radcot Bridge.An army raised by Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, to assist Richard II, was attacked as it crossed the Thames. De Vere escaped and fled the country.

16 September 1387, Monday (-203,666) King Henry V was born at Monmouth Castle, the eldest of six children of Henry IV. He defeated the French at Agincourt.

22 July 1387, Monday (-203,722) (Netherlands) Francis Ackerman, Flemish diplomat, was murdered in Ghent.

8 May 1387, Wednesday (-203,797)

7 April 1387, Sunday (-203,828) Easter Sunday.

24 March 1387, Sunday (-203,842) In the Hundred Years War, at the Battle of Margate: The English defeated an invading French and Castilian naval force.

20 February 1387, Wednesday (-203,874)

1 January 1387, Tuesday (-203,924)

====================================================================================

20 December 1386, Thursday (-203,936)

18 October 1386, Thursday (-203,999) Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, the oldest university in Germany, was founded.

13 October 1386, Saturday (-204,004) (Ireland) King Richard II of England promoted his favourite, Robert de Vere, from Marquis to Duke of Ireland.

9 July 1386, Monday (-204,100) (Switzerland) The Battle of Sempach. Hapsburg Duke Leopold III of Austria, alarmed at the growth of the Swiss Confederation, marched to attack the Swiss town of Lucerne. Swiss victory ensured the continuation of the Swiss Confederation.

9 May 1386, Wednesday (-204,161) The Treaty of Windsor cemented the alliance between England and Portugal.

22 April 1386, Sunday (-204,178) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1386, Tuesday (-204,239)

1 January 1386, Monday (-204,289)

===============================================================================

20 December 1385, Wednesday (-204,301)

18 October 1385, Wednesday (-204,364)

16 August 1385, Wednesday (-204,427)

14 August 1385, Monday (-204,429) (Portugal) The Battle of Aljubarrota. Portugal secured its independence against Spain.

8 May 1385, Monday (-204,527)

2 April 1385, Sunday (-204,563) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1385, Monday (-204,604)

1 January 1385, Sunday (-204,654)

=================================================================================

31 December 1384, Saturday (-204,655) John Wycliffe, religious reformer, died.

19 December 1384, Monday (-204,667)

20 September 1384, Tuesday (-204,757) Louis I Duke of Anjou died (born 23 July 1339).

11 September 1384, Sunday (-204,766)

8 May 1384, Sunday (-204,892)

10 April 1384, Sunday (-204,920) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1384, Saturday (-204,970)

1 January 1384, Friday (-205,020)

==================================================================================

4 December 1383, Friday (-205,048) (Christian) Anti-Pope Felix V (Amadeus, Duke of Savoy) was born (died 7 January 1451).

22 November 1383, Sunday (-205,060)

22 October 1383, Thursday (-205,091) (Portugal) Ferdinand I, King of Portugal, died.

11 September 1383, Friday (-205,132)

10 July 1383, Friday (205,195)

8 May 1383, Friday (-205,258)

1 April 1383, Wednesday (-205,295)

==================================================================================

22 March 1383, Sunday (-205,305) Easter Sunday.

13 March 1383, Friday (-205,314) Michael de la Pole, Duke of Lancaster, was appointed Chancellor.

20 February 1383, Friday (-205,335)

1 January 1383, Thursday (-205,385)

1 November 1382, Saturday (-205,446)

1 October 1382, Wednesday (-205,477)

10 September 1382, Wednesday (-205,498) Louis The Great of Hungary died suddenly at Nagyszombat after a 56-year reign, having also been King of Poland for 12 years. In Hungary he was succeeded by his daughter Maria of Anjou, whose husband Sigismund of Luxembourg now ruled Hungary for 50 years from 1387.

22 May 1382, Thursday (-205,609) Joanna I Queen of Naples was executed.

6 April 1382, Sunday (-205,655) Easter Sunday.

1 April 1382, Tuesday (-205,660)

20 February 1382, Thursday (-205,700)

22 January 1382, Wednesday (-205,729) Anne, first wife of King Richard II of England, was crowned Queen in Westminster Abbey.

20 January 1382, Monday (-205,731) King Richard II of England, aged 15, married Anne of Bohemia.

1 January 1382, Wednesday (-205,750)

===================================================================================

26 December 1381, Thursday (-205,756) Edmund Mortimer, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, died of an illness caught during the long summer campaign against the O�Byrnes.

15 July 1381, Monday (-205,920) John Ball, one of the leaders of the Peasantt�s Revolt, was hung drawn and quartered at St Albans.

24 June 1381, Monday (-205,941) Peasants revolt ended in Cambridge, UK, (began 12 June 1381).

15 June 1381. Saturday (-205,950) Richard II summoned Wat Tyler, the first poll tax rebel, and his band, to Smithfield.Tyler met the King, grew insolent and abusive, and was killed by Mayor Walworth.

14 June 1381, Friday (-205,951) Richard II rode to Mile End to negotiate with the rebels. They demanded an end to serfdom and limits on rents, and the execution of Chancellor Sudbury, Treasurer Hales, John of Gaunt, and others. Richard II agreed to all but the executions. However at this time Kentishmen were breaking into the Tower and beheading Sudbury and Hales. The deaths of the Chancellor and the Treasurer (who was also the Archbishop of Canterbury) were followed by a general massacre of Flemings in the City of London. The rebels attempted to break into all places where records might be stored, such as church buildings and lawyer�s houses, and to massacre all clerks.

13 June 1381, Thursday (-205,952) The rebels entered London and the King withdrew to the safety of The Tower. The rebels ransacked and burnt John of Gaunt�s Palace.

12 June 1381, Wednesday (-205,953) Kentish rebels reached Blackheath, and Essex rebels reached Mile End.

10 June 1381, Monday (-205,955) Wat Tyler led his rebels into Canterbury.

7 June 1381, Friday (-205,958) Rebels entered Maidstone and chose Wat Tyler as their leader.

6 June 1381, Thursday (-205,959) Rebels in the Peasant�s Revolt besieged Rochester.

4 June 1381, Tuesday (-205,961) The Peasants Revolt began. Rebels attacked Dartford. The poor were protesting over the imposition of a Poll Tax, whilst the peasants wages were held down by the Statute of Labourers Act, 1351. Peasant�s pay had been rising since the Black Death killed many workers.

20 May 1381. Monday (-205,976) A council was held in Paris to find a way of ending the scandal of two Popes existing at once; Pope Urban VI at Rome and Pope Clement VII at Avignon.

8 May 1381, Wednesday (-205,988)

14 April 1381, Sunday (-206,012) Easter Sunday

20 February 1381, Wednesday (-206,065)

13 January 1381, Sunday (-206,103) Birth of St Colette, founded of the Colettine Poor Clares, in Corbie, France. See 6 March 1447.

1 January 1381, Tuesday (-206,115)

==================================================================================

12 November 1380, Sunday (-206,166)

12.10/1380, Thursday (-206,197)

16 September 1380, Saturday (-206,223) King Charles V of France, aged 43, died at Vincennes after eating poisonous mushrooms. He had ruled since 1356, and was succeeded by his 12-year-old son, King Charles VI, who ruled until 1422 (despite bouts of insanity from 1392 onwards).

8 September 1380,Friday (-206,231) The Russians under Prince Dmitri Donskoi won a major victory over the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo. This prevented the Mongols from reaching Moscow, although they made several further attempts in future years.

13 July 1380, Friday (-206,287) Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France, died.

14 June 1380, Thursday (-206,316) (Italy) Venice gained victory over Genoa, which had to surrender its fleet. In May 1379, one Venetian fleet had been destroyed by the Genoese; the rest of the Venetian fleet, under Carlo Zeno, was far away in the eastern Mediterranean, and Venice seemed open to a Genoese attack. The Genoese fleet entered the venetian lagoon, and with its allies Hungary and Padua, blockaded Venice by land and sea. However Venice struck back and trapped the Genoese fleet; Carlo Zeno�s fleet arrived back, and routed the Genoese. Genoa never recovered, allowing Venice to dominate the eastern Mediterranean.

10 June 1380, Sunday (-206,320)

10 May 1380, Thursday (-206,351)

29 April 1380, Sunday (-206,362) (Christian, Italy) Death of Catherine of Siena, who became the patron saint of Italy. She was born in 1347 in Siena as Caterina Beninasca and became an ascetic. She campaigned against the Papal split (Avignon) and corruption, and was canonised by Pope Pius II in 1471, and is a noted Mediaeval writer.

25 March 1380, Sunday (-206,397) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1380, Monday (-206,431)

1 January 1380, Sunday (-206,481)

==============================================================================

26 November 1379, Friday (-206,518) New College, Oxford, was founded.

12 November 1379, Friday (-206,532)

15 July 1379, Friday (-206,651)

8 May 1379, Sunday (-206,719)

10 April 1379, Sunday (-206,747) Easter Sunday.

5 March 1379, Saturday (-206,783) Foundation stone of New College, Oxford, founded by William of Wykeham, was laid.

20 February 1379, Sunday (-206,796)

1 January 1379, Saturday (-206,846)

=================================================================================

31 December 1378, Friday (-206,847) Pope Callixtus III was born.

1 December 1378, Wednesday (-206,877)

29 November 1378, Monday (-206,879) Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV died at 62. His lands were divided amongst his 3 sons.

18 April 1378, Sunday (-207,104) Easter Sunday.

8 April 1378, Thursday (-207,114) Pope Urban VI (202nd Pope) acceded. Ruled until 1389.

27 March 1378, Saturday (-207,126) Pope Gregory XI died.

2 March 1378, Tuesday (-207,151)

20 February 1378, Saturday (-207,161)

1 January 1378. Friday (-207,211)

=================================================================================

12 November 1377, Wednesday (-207,262)

7 October 1377, Tuesday (-207,298) Louis II Duke of Anjou was born (died 29 April 1417).

20/91377, Saturday (-207,315) Pope Clement VII, antipope, Robert of Geneva, acceded. Ruled until 1394.

16 July 1377, Thursday (-207,380) Coronation of Richard II, King of England.

22 June 1377. Monday (-207,404) The 10 year old King Richard II inherited the English throne from his grandfather, Edward III. Effective power was with the Royal Council. He was deposed 22 years later on 30 September 1399.

21 June 1377, Sunday (-207,405) (1) King Edward III of England died.

(2) Charles V of France recommenced hostilities in Artois and Guienne, and attempted to unite Brittany and France.

15 May 1377, Friday (-207,442)

15 April 1377, Wednesday (-207,472)

13 April 1377, Monday (-207,474) French composer Guillaume de Machaut died in Reims.

29 March 1377, Sunday (-207,489) Easter Sunday.

15 March 1377, Sunday (-207,503) The Sultan of Egypt was murdered by the Mamelukes over a large unpaid debt.

22 February 1377, Sunday (-207,524) The English Parliament voted in a new Poll Tax on all lay people, aged 14 or over, of 4d. Only beggars were exempt. By October 1380 it had risen 3x to 1 shilling per head.

17 January 1377, Saturday (-207,560) The Papal See was transferred back to Rome from Avignon.

 

1 January 1377, Thursday (-207,576)

==================================================================================

17 December 1376, Wednesday (-207,591)

12 November 1376, Tuesday (-207,627)

15 July 1376, Tuesday (207,746)

15 June 1376, Sunday (-207,776)

10 June 1376, Tuesday (-207,781) Wenceslas, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, was elected King of the Romans.

8 June 1376, Sunday (-207,783) Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, died.

8 May 1376, Thursday (-207,814)

29 April 1376, Tuesday (-207,823) Sir Peter de la Mare took office as first Speaker of the House of Commons.

13 April 1376, Sunday (-207,839) Easter Sunday

20 February 1376, Wednesday (-207,892)

1 January 1376, Tuesday (-207,942)

=================================================================================

21 December 1375, Friday (207,953) Giovanni Boccaccio, writer, died.

24 October 1375, Wednesday (-208,011) End of the reign of King Valdemar IV of Denmark (acceded 26 June 1340).

27 June 1375, Wednesday (-208,130) (France) The English under King Edward III, having lost territory in the Loire, Gironde, region, concluded a one year truce with France at Bruges.

18 June 1375, Monday (-208,139) (Ireland) Edward III of England appointed Nicholas Dagworth to secure increased Anglo-Irish financial support for England�s war in Ireland.

22 April 1375, Sunday (-208,196) Easter Sunday.

13 April 1375, Friday (-208,205)

20 February 1375, Tuesday (-208,257)

1 January 1375, Monday (-208,307)

=================================================================================

19 July 1374, Wednesday (-208,473) Francesco Petrarch, poet, died.

27 June 1374, Tuesday (-208.495)

6 June 1374, Tuesday (-208,516) William of Whittlesea, Archbishop of Canterbury, died. He succeeded William Langham in 1369.

7 April 1374, Friday (-208,576) King Edward III appointed the Church reformer, John Wycliffe, to the rectory of Lutterworth.

2 April 1374, Sunday (-208,581) Easter Sunday.

20 February 1374, Monday (-208,622)

1 January 1374, Sunday (-208,672)

================================================================================

25 December 1373, Sunday (-208,679) The starving remnant of John of Gaunt�s army straggled back into Bordeaux, after a raid too far into French territory, then finding themselves out in the Auvergne Plains in November with no food.

20 September 1373. Tuesday (-208,765) William of Windsor was reappointed Justiciar of Ireland.

1 September 1373, Thursday (-208,784) The city of Bristol was granted county status by King Edward III.

8 August 1373, Monday (-208,808) Brandenburg, NE Gerrmany, became a possession of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who united it with Bohemia.

23 July 1373, Saturday (-208,824) St Bridget, patron saint of Sweden, and founder of the Briggitine order, died.

19 June 1373, Sunday (-208,858)

16 June 1373, Thursday (-208,861) Under the Treaty of London, England and Portugal became permanent allies.

17 April 1373, Sunday (-208,931) Easter Sunday.

17 March 1373, Thursday (-208,962)

20 February 1373, Sunday (-208,987)

1 January 1373, Saturday (-209,037)

===============================================================================

25 December 1372, Saturday (-209,044)

17 November 1372, Wednesday (-209,082) Jehan de Mamndeville, early French travel writer, died.

22 June 1372, Tuesday (-209,230) (France) Castilian galleys sunk an English fleet in the Bay of Biscay. Henry of Trastamara was now King of castile, after te murder of Pedro the Cruel, former English ally, in 1369. The English fleet had been dcarrying voital reinforcements for the hard-pressed Duchy of Awquitaine, including �20,000 to pay 3,000 soldiers for a year. The English ships were under the command of the young earl of Pembroke, who had no naval experience. They were mno match for the 200 tonne Spanish galleys, who sprayed oil on the English ships then set it afire with blazing arrows, and rained down cannonballs on the English decks.

20 April 1372, Tuesday (-209,293)

28 March 1372, Sunday (-209,316) Easter Sunday

13 March 1372, Saturday (-209,331) Louis Duke of Orleans was born (died 23 November 1407)

1 January 1372, Thursday (-209,403)

===============================================================================

28 May 1371, Wednesday (-209,621) John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was born (died 10 September 1419).

6 April 1371, Sunday (-209,673) Easter Sunday.

26 March 1371, Wednesday (-206,684) Robert II was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey.

6 March 1371, Thursday (-209,704)

22 February 1371, Saturday (-209,716) King David II of Scotland died; Robert II succeeded him, as the first Stuart King of Scotland.

20 February 1371, Thursday (-209,718)

1 January 1371, Wednesday (-209,768)

================================================================================

30 December 1370, Monday (-209,770) Pope Gregory XI (201st Pope) acceded (died 1378)

4 December 1370, Wednesday (-209,796) (Britain, France) Battle of Pontvallain, Hundred Years War. The French won by avoiding a set-piece battle where English archers would have the advantage, instead harrying the English raiding parties as they headed back south, unprepared for battle.

17 November 1370, Sunday (-299,813) (Poland, Hungary)King Louis I of Hungary, having been nominated by the childless Casimir III as his successor, was crowned King of Poland, formally uniting the two countries. However the Poles never fully submitted to his rule.

5 November 1370, Tuesday (-209,825) King Casimir III of Poland died in a hunting accident, aged 60, after a 30 year reign. He had repulsed a Mongol invasion, annexed Galicia, and encouraged the immigration of Jews to serve as bankers and tax collectors. He founded the University of Cracow, and codified the law and administration.

5 October 1370, Saturday (-209,856)

19 September 1370, Thursday (-209,872) Edward, Prince of Wales, sacked Limoges, SW France.

14 April 1370, Sunday (-210,030) Easter Sunday

1 January 1370, Tuesday (-210,133) Sir John Chandos, English military commander, died.

====================================================================================

25 December 1369, Tuesday (-210,140)

23 October 1369, Tuesday (-210,203)

10 October 1369, Wednesday (-210,216) Byzantine Emperor Jpohn V Paleologus visited Rome., in an attempt to obtain Papal aid to repel the Ottoman Turks.

17 October 1369, Wednesday (-210,209)

3 October 1369, Wednesday (-210,223) (Austria) Margaret Maultasch, Countess of Tirol, died.

15 August 1369, Wednesday (-210,272) Philippa of Hainault, wife of King Edward III of England, died.

21 May 1369, Monday (-210,358) France recommenced the Hundred Year�s War.

1 April 1369, Sunday (-210,408) Easter Sunday.

23 March 1369, Friday (-210,417) Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon, was murdered by his brother, Henry.

3 March 1369, Saturday (-210,437) William of Windsor became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

17 January 1369, Wednesday (-210,482) Peter I of Lusignan., King of Cyprus (and, nominally of Jerusalem� in practice the Muslims held Jerusalem) was murdered in his palace at Famagusta. He was succeeded by his 14-year-old son, Peter II, Due to his youth, Peter II was not formally crowned King of Cyprus until 1/1372 (and of �Jerusalem� in 10/1372).

1 January 1369, Monday (-210,498) Gascony rebelled against British rule.

===================================================================================

3 December 1368, Sunday (-210,527) King Charles VI of France was born (died 21 October 1422).

9 April 1368, Sunday (-210,765) Easter Sunday.

15 February 1368, Tuesday (-210,819) Emperor Sigismund was born.

1 January 1368, Saturday (-210,864)

====================================================================================

25 December 1367, Saturday (-210,871)

19 November 1367, Friday (-210,907) The Confederation of Cologne was formed to organise the Commpon Hanseaic financial system, and to undertake retaliatory action against the Danes.

18 April 1367, Sunday (-211,122) Easter Sunday.

3 April 1367, Saturday (-211,137) (Britain, Spain, France) In the Hundred Years War, the English under the Black Prince defeated a Spanish and French army at the Battle of Navarrete. The Spanish Kingdom of Castile was in civil war, between rival claimants for the throne, Pedro and his brother Enrique. The French under Bertrand du Guesclin and the English under Edward the Black Prince intervened, backing Enrique and Pedro respectively. The French and English met at Najera (Navarrete), where English longbowmen massacred the French cavalry. Pedro gained the throne but never repaid the English for the expense of their army. The heavy French footsoldier casualties brought some relief to the countryside,with fewer unemployed soldiers roaming and plundering it.

2 April 1367, Friday (-211,138) Henry IV, the first Lancastrian King of England, was born in Bolingbroke castle, Lincolnshire, the son of John O�Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Duchess Blanche.

10 January 1367, Sunday (-211,220) In honour of an alliance formed in 1362 between King Edward III of England and King Pedro of Castile, an English army left for Castile to restore Pedro to the throne, who had been deposed in 1366.

6 January 1367, Wednesday (-211,224) King Richard II was born at Bordeaux, France. He was the son of Edward the Black Prince and the grandson of King Edward III.

1 January 1367, Friday (-211,229)

=====================================================================================

11 December 1366, Friday (-211,250) Yelbogha of Egypt was attacked and killed by the Sultan.

4 November 1366, Wednesday (-211,287) Simon Langham, former Bishop of Ely and Chancellor of England, received the pallium 9stole of office) of the Archbishop of Canterbury., He succeeded Simon Islip, Archbishop from 1349, who had died on 26 April 1366.

5 April 1366, Sunday (-211,500) Easter Sunday.

5 March 1366, Thursday (-211,531) In Spain Henry of Trastamare expelled Pedro I the Cruel and was crowned Henry II of Castille.

18 February 1366, Wednesday (-211,546) The Staute of Kilkenny was enacted by the Normans, covering the �four obedient shires� of Dublin, Kildare, Louth and Meath. Anglo-Norman rule did not extend much beyond this in practice, even 200 years after the first invasion of Ireland. Anbglo-Irish marriages were forbidden, as was use of Irish language, dress or music. Traditional irish sports such as hurling and quoits were forbidden in favour of �gentle games which appertain to arms� such as archery.

1 January 1366, Thursday (-211,594)

=====================================================================================

1 November 1365, Thursday (-211,657)

8 October 1365, Monday (-211,681) A Frankish fleet under Peter I of Cyprus landed at Alexandria, Egypt and raided it but was forced to leave again.

5 May 1365, Monday (-211,835) The English Parliament nsuspended the payment of troibute money to the Papacy.

13 April 1365, Sunday (-211,857) Easter Sunday

12 April 1365, Saturday (-211,858) Treaty of Guerande. The French House of Blois ceded its rights to Brittany.

12 March 1365, Wednesday (-211,889) Charles V of France recognised John de Montfort as Duke of Brittany.

1 January 1365, Wednesday (-211,959)

================================================================================

30/10.1364, Wednesday (-212,022)

29 September 1364, Sunday (-212,053) (Britain, France) Battle of Auray. Although officially at peace after the Treaty of Bretigny, England and France continued to fight over control of Brittany. French military commander Bertrand du Guesclin faced English commander John Chandos. The English-backed claimant Jean de Montfort was contending with Charles du Blois for the Dukedom of Brittany. In the fighting for the city of Auray, Charles du Blois was killed; however after de Montfort was installed as Duke of Brittany he changed allegiance and swore fealty to the King of France. The English gained nothing.

16 May 1364, Thursday (-242,189) Du Guesclin victory at the Battle of Cocherel.

8 April 1364, Monday (-242,227) (France) John II, The Good, King of France, died (born 1319).John II, The Good, King of France, died aged 45 as a prisoner in England, where he had been held since the Battle of Poitiers, 1356 (born 1319). His body was sent back to France with honours, and he was succeeded by his 27-year-old son, who reigned until 1380 as Charles V.

24 March 1364, Sunday (-212,242) Easter Sunday.

20 March 1364, Wednesday (-212,246) Sir Henry Percy, English soldier, was born (died 1403)

4 March 1364, Monday (-212,262) The Scottish Parliament upheld the right of Robert �The Stewart� to inherit the Scottish Crown rather tnan Edward III of England, if King David II died without an heir.

1 January 1364, Monday (-212.325)

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14 December 1363, Thursday (-212,343) John Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris, was born (died 12 July 1429).

30 November 1363, Thursday (-212,357) The Swedish nobles forced the abdication of Magnus II Eriksson at age 47 after a weak 44-year reign. He was freplaced by their puppet, Albert of Mecklenburg, who became Albert II, and ruled until 1387.

12 October 1363, Thursday (-212,406)

6 September 1363, Wednesday (-212,442) John II of France gave the Duchy of Burgundy to his son Philip the Bold.

29 May 1363, Monday (-212,542) Sultan Malik al Mansur of Egypt was dethroned on the grounds of incompetence and replaced by Shaban, son of Hosain.

2 April 1363, Sunday (-212,599) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1363, Sunday (-215,690)

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28 September 1362, Tuesday (-212,786) Pope Urban V (200th Pope) acceded (died 1370).

12 September 1362, Sunday (-212,802) Pope Innocent VI died.

26 May 1362, Thursday (-212,910) Louis, King of naples, died.

17 April 1362, Sunday (-212,949) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1362, Saturday (-213,055)

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13 June 1361, Sunday (-213,257) Johann Tauler, German mystic, died.

9 June 1361, Wednesday (-213,261) French composer Philippe de Vitry died.

30 May 1361, Sunday (-213,271)

28 March 1361, Sunday (-213,334) Easter Sunday.

16 March 1361, Tuesday (-213,346) Hasan of Egypt was deposed and assassinated by Amir Yelbogha.

26 February 1361, Friday (-213,364) Wenceslas, King of Bohemia, was born.

26 January 1361, Tuesday (-213,395)

1 January 1361, Friday (-213,420)

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30 October 1360, Friday (-213,483)

24 October 1360, (Britain, France) Saturday (-213,489) The Treaty of Br�tigny was ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, King John II of France, who had been captured at Poitiers, would be released for a ransom of 3 million Ecus. Calais, Guines, Ponthieu and all of Aquitaine would be ceded to Edward III of England. In return Edward, who had besieged Rheims (December 1359 � January 1360) but failed to capture it, promised to renounce claims to the French Crown when John renounced sovereignty over Aquitaine. In fact these renunciations never took place and the Hundred Years War resumed 1369.

8 May 1360, Friday (-213,658) (France) Edward III of England willingly opened peace negotiations with France, following the heavy storms (13 April 1360) in which heavy hail had killed many of his army horses. The English army was ravaged by sickness. Eward promised to renounce his claim to the French throne in rtturn for French territorial concessions in Gascony and elsewhere. Edward controlled the port of La Rochelle, important for the salt trade.

2 May 1360, Saturday (-213,664) Emperor Chu Ti, also known as Yung Lo or Ch�eng Tsu, was born. See 5 August 1424.

13 April 1360, Monday (-213,683) An exceptionally cold day in Britain, recorded as �Black Monday�. Dark mist, hail, and cold so bitter that people died of cold whilst riding their horses.

5 April 1360, Sunday (-213,691) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1360, Wednesday (-213,786)

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25 December 1359, Wednesday (-213,793)

4 December 1359, Wednesday (-213,814) The English under Edward III besieged Rouen.

21 April 1359, Sunday (-214,041) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1359, Tuesday (-214,151)

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25 December 1358, Tuesday (-214,158)

2 August 1358, Thursday (-214,317) The dauphin, Charles, returned to Paris where he restored law and order.

31 July 1358, Tuesday (-214,319) Etienne Marcel was assassinated.

24 July 1358, Tuesday (-214,312) This day a �Great Company� of roving German mercenaries was defeated at Scalella Pass by the Florentines. These mercenaries had originally bene hired by Italian princes fighting Milan, but when their pay ceased they took to roving and plundering anywhere in the Italian Peninsula. This day Florence was saved from lootoing and destruction by them.

10 June 1358, Sunday (-214,356) End of the Jacquerie peasant rebellion in France (began 30 May 1358).

1 April 1358, Sunday (-214,426) Easter Sunday.

27 March 1358, Tuesday (-214,431) The dauphin, Charles, escaped from Paris.

22 February 1358, Thursday (-214,464) In France, Etienne Marcel, leader of the Estates-General, murdered the Marshals of Champagne and Normandy.

18 February 1358, Sunday (-214,468) Venice ceded Istria and Dalmatia to Ludwig of Hungary.

1 January 1358, Monday (-214,516)

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22 April 1357, Saturday (-214,770) John I,King of Portugal, was born (died 11 August 1433).

9 April 1357, Sunday (-214,783) Easter Sunday.

23 March 1357, Thursday (-214,800) England and France agreed a truce..

1 January 1357, Sunday (-214,881)

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30 October 1356, Sunday (-214,944)

18 October 1356, Tuesday (-214,956) Basel, Switzerland, was badly damaged by an earthquake.

19 September 1356. Monday (-214,985) (Britain, France) The English, led by Edward the Black Prince, defeated the French under King John II, at the Battle of Poitiers, western France, in the Hundred Years War. Edward III had been raiding in northern France and was making his way back south when he learnt that the French were making to intercept him. Laden with baggage, the English moved more slowly and the French met them 5 km east of Poitiers. The English found a site with restricted access for the French knights, and English archers took down many French knights. King John himself was captured, and only released when a huge ransom was paid in 1360.

24 April 1356, Sunday (-215,133) Easter Sunday.

20 January 1356, Wednesday (-215,228) King Edward III of England, having recovered Berwick (lost to Scotland in 1355), received the Scottish Crown at Roxburgh from Edward Balliol.

1 January 1356, Friday (-215,247)

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20 December 1355, Sunday (-215,259) Stephen Urosh of Serbia died whilst on route to attack Constantinople. Under his reign Serbia had expanded greatly, conquering Macedonia, Epirus, and Thessaly, as well as maintaining his father�s conquest of Bulgaria. However, see 15 June 1389.

11 November 1355, Wednesday (-215,298) Byzantine Emperor John VI Cantacuzene was deposed and retired to a monastery after an 8-year rule during which he imposed heavy taxes to pay for a foreign mercenary army. He was succeeded by John V Paleologus.

3 November 1355, Tuesday (-215,306) English forces struck deep into Armagnac, SW France, and further SE towards Toulouse, seizing castles and looting and burning toiwns.

24 June 1355, Friday (-215,499) The Treaty of Gunes (6 April 1354) remained unratified and Anglo-French peace talks broke down.

17 April 1355, Friday (-215,506) Marino Falieri, born 1279, was executed for plotting to overthrow the government of Venice.

5 April 1355, Sunday (-215,518) Easter Sunday. Charles IV of Bohemia was cowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.

10 February 1355, Tuesday (-215,572) The St Scholastica Day riot in Oxford. Opposing members of �town� and �gown� fought for three days.

23 January 1355, Friday (-215,590) St Vincent Ferrer, Spanish Dominican preacher, was born in Valencia (died 5 April 1419 in Vannes)

7 January 1355, Wednesday (-215,606) Thomas Gloucester was born (died 1397).

1 January 1355, Thursday (-215,612)

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20 October 1354, Monday (-215,685) Sultan Salih of Egypt was deposed and his brother Hasan reinstated.

8 October 1354, Wednesday (-215,697) Cola di Rienzi, reformer, was murdered.

13 April 1354, Sunday (-215,875) Easter Sunday

6 April 1354, Sunday (-215,882) A provisional Treaty at Gunes was drawn up. It provided that King Edward III of England could keep sovereignty of Acquitaine, Poitou, Maine, Calais and Touraine, so long as he abandoned claims to the French throne.

2 March 1354, Thursday (-215,976) The Ottoman Turks seized Gallipoli from Byzantium.

1 March 1354, Wednesday, (215,977)

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24 March 1353, Sunday (-216,260) Easter Sunday.

3 March 1353, Sunday (-216,281) Bern signed an alliance with the Swiss Confederation.

1 January 1353, Tuesday (-216,342)

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18 December 1352, Tuesday (-216,356) Pope Innocent VI (199th Pope) acceded (died 1362)

6 December 1352, Thursday (-216,368) Pope Clement VI (198th Pope) died.

27 June 1352, Wednesday (-216,530) Zug joined the Swiss Confederation.

4 June 1352, Monday (-216,553) Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation.

5 May 1352, Saturday (-216,583) Rupert, King of Germany, was born.

1 January 1352, Sunday (-216,708)

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1 May 1351, Sunday (-216,953) Zurich joined the Swiss Confederation.

17 April 1351, Sunday (-216,967) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1351, Saturday (-217,073)

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26 December 1350, Sunday (-217,079) Jean de Marigny, who successfully defended Beauvais for France against the English in 1346, died.

30/10.1350, Saturday (-217,136)

29 August 1350, Sunday (-217,198) The English under King Edward III defeated a Spanish fleet off Winchelsea. The Spanish had been fighting as allies of the French in the Hundred Years War.

28 August 1350, Saturday (-217,199)

22 August 1350. Sunday (-217,205) King John II, (the Good) succeeded Philip VI as King of France.

12 August 1350, Thursday (-217,215) (France) Philip IV, King of France, died.

28 March 1350, Sunday (-217,352) Easter Sunday.

27/ March 1350, Saturday (-217,353) Alfonso IV of Castile and Leon died aged 38 of The Plague during the siege of Moorish-held Gibraltar. He was succeeded by his 16-year-old son whose excesses during his 19-year reign caused him to be known as Pedro the Cruel.

1 January 1350, Friday (-217, 438)

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20 December 1349, Sunday (-217,450) After John Stratfrod, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his elected successor s John de Offord and Thomas Brawardine, had all died of the Black Death, a new Archbishop, Simon Islip, was consecrated.

30 October 1349, Friday (-217,501)

20 October 1349, Tuesday (-217,511) Pope Clement VI outlawed the flagellants.

26 August 1349, Wednesday (-217,566) (Britain) Thomas Bradwardine, English Archbishop, died in Lambeth.

24 August 1349, Monday (-217,568) The Black Death broke out in Elbing (Poland).

18 August 1349, Tuesday (-217,574)

16 June 1349, Tuesday (-217,637) week 31091

31 May 1349, Sunday (-217,653) The mortality rate from the Black Death in London finally began to ease.

12 April 1349, Sunday (-217,702) Easter Sunday

21 March 1349, Saturday (-217,724) Many of the 900 strong Jewish community of Erfurt (Germany) weremurdered by the rest of the population which accused themof causing of the Black Death.

14 February 1349, Saturday (-217,759) 2,000 Jews were burned to death in Strasbourg.

9 February 1349, Monday (-217,764)

9 January 1349, Friday (-217,795) The Jewish population of Basel, Switzerland was rounded up and incinerated, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death.

1 January 1349, Thursday (-217.803)

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30 October 1348, Thursday (-217,866)

1 October 1348, Wednesday (-217,895)

29 September 1348, Monday (-217,897) The Black Death reached London.

29 August 1348, Friday (-217,928)

10 August 1348, Sunday (-217,947) The first investiture ceremony of the Order of the Garter, at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. King Edward III revived the notion of King Arthur�s Round Table, and had the Round Tower at Windsor built to house a replica version of the Table. In 1344 Edward III began holding knightly tournaments and feasts around this Table. Following British successes in the Hundred Years War against France, Edward III instituted the Order of the Garter, with Windsor as the new Camelot.

21 July 1348, Monday (-217,967) Battle of Epila. Loyalists to King Pedro IV of Aragon, defending his intention to have one of his daughters as heir to the kingdom, whereas the nobles wanted a male heir of their choice, defeated these nobles. Pedro IV then woithdrew the Charter that had been granted by earlier monarchs Pedro III and his son Alfonso III, by whoch the nobles had tried to nominate theor own candidate as heir.

24 June 1348, Tuesday (-217,994) The Black Death outbreak hit Melcombe Regis (Weymouth, Dorset in England).

20 April 1348, Sunday (-218,059) Easter Sunday.

19 January 1348. Saturday (-218,151) Edward III established the Order of the Garter.

1 January 1348, Tuesday (-218,169)

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1347, 1348. The Black Death arrived in Europe. It appeared in the Crimea (probably originating in China in 1333) and spread west to the Mediterranean. It reached Greece in September 1347, and also appeared in Sicily and southern Italy. By January 1348 Pisa, Venice, Avignon, and Arles were stricken, and by April 1348 Toulouse, Spain, and Lyons had the disease. June 1348 saw the Black Death arrive in England, and by 1349 Germany and Brittany were suffering.

25 December 1347, Tuesday (-218,176) First cases of the plague recorded in the city of Split in Croatia.

1 November 1347, Thursday (-218,230) Black Death spreads to Aix-en-Provence in France.

30 October 1347, Tuesday (-218,232)

11 October 1347, Thursday (-218,251) Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria died aged 60 in a hunting accident on a bear hunt near Munich.

His rival, Charles of Luxembourg, was crowned as Emperor Charles IV in 1355, reigning until 1378.

1 October 1347, Monday (-218,261)

28 September 1347, Friday (-218,264) France and England agreed a truce.

1 September 1347, Saturday (-218,291) The Black Death reached the French city of Marseilles.

4 August 1347, Saturday (-218,319) (France) Calais surrendered to the English. The city remained in English hands until 1588.

21 May 1347, Monday (-218,394) Former Byzantine rebel John Cantacuzenus became co-Emoeror as John VI Cantacuzenus, with John V Paleologus. This ended the civil war in the Byzantine Empire that began with the death of Andronicus III

1 April 1347, Sunday (-218,444) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1347, Monday (-218,534)

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30/10.1346, Monday (-218,597)

17 October 1346, Tuesday (-218,610) The Battle of Neville�s Cross. An attempted Scottish invasion of England was routed, west of Durham. Whilst the English King Edward III was occupied with the siege of Calais, King David II of Scotland invaded England in support of his French ally. However his army was heavily defeated by English archers, and David was wounded and captured. Held for 11 years, Scotland had to raise taxes to pay a heavy ransom for his release.

6 October 1346, Friday (-218,621) (Scotland) King David II of Scotland prepared to invade England.

4 October 1346, Wednesday (-218,623) Poitiers, central France, fell to the English.

20 September 1346, Wednesday (-218,637)

4 September 1346, Monday (-218,653) The English began a siege of Calais.

26 August 1346. Saturday (-218,662) (1) The Battle of Crecy took place, 32 miles south of Boulogne.The outnumbered army of Edward III, aided by his son Edward the Black Prince, defeated the French under Philip IV, who fled,, leaving over 1,500 French dead. On 3 August 1347 the English captured Calais after nearly a year�s siege, which began on 3 September 1346.This battle, during the Hundred Years War, was the first time the English had used longbows in continental warfare. The crossbow assault at Crecy decimated the French-Genoese archers and the French knights behind, attempting an attack through the Genoese, caused a troops jam into which the English longbowmen continued to fire. The French retreated; Edward decided against pursuing the survivors but marched on north to attack Calais.

(2) John the Blind, King of Bohemia, was killed at Crecy whilst assisting the French. Born on 10 August 1296, son of Count Henry III of Luxembourg (later Emperor Henry III), he married (1310) the heiress of the Kingdom of Bohemia, thereby becoming its King in 1311. He acquired Silesia from Poland. In 1334 he married Beatrix of the House of Bourbon, thereby allying with France. He had been blind from 1340.

26 July 1346, Wednesday (-218,693) The English sacked Caen.

12 July 1346, Wednesday (-218,707) An English invasion force landed unopposed at St Vaast, western Normandy, with the aim of capturing Paris. This force was defeated by a superior French army and the English attempted a retreat back to England, marching west 60 miles in four days. However the French followed their march just to the south, denying the Seine Valley to the English. The English needed a port to evacuate their forces. The English now had to cross the lower Somme between Amiens and the sea, but this tract was tidal, full of treacherous marches, passable only along narrow causeways for a few hours a day at low tide. Crossing points to the north of the Somme were guarded by the French. The English attempted to force a crossing of the Somme at Crecy.

11 July 1346. Tuesday (-218,708) Charles V of Luxembourg was elected Holy Roman Emperor at the instigation of Pope Clement VI.

1 July 1346, Saturday (-281,718) (Venice, Hungary).King Louis I of Hungary, attempting to secure a seaboard on the Adriatic, against the wishes of the Venetian Republic who wishes toi control the entire Adriatic, tried to defend the city of Zara. Zara had declared itself part of Hungary, but was then besieged by Venice. The Venetians won and took Zara.

16 April 1346, Sunday (-218,794) Easter Sunday. Stephen Durosh, King oif Serbia, proclaimed himself Emperor of the Greeks, Serbs, Albanians and Bulgars at Skopje. He now prepared for a campaign to conquer Byzantium.

1 January 1336, Sunday (-218,899)

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24 July 1345, Sunday (-219,060) (Netherlands) Jacob van Artevelde, Flemish statesman, was murdered in Ghent.

16 June 1345, Thursday (-219,098)

14 April 1345, Thursday (-219,161) Richard Aungervyle, English writer and bibliophile, died (born 24 January 1287 near Bury St Edmunds).

27 March 1345, Sunday (-219,179) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1345, Saturday (-219,264)

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4 April 1344, Sunday (-219,536) Easter Sunday.

1 January 1344, Thursday (-219,630)

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25 December 1343, Thursday (-219,637)

23 October 1343, Thursday (-219,700)

21 August 1343, Thursday (-219,763)

21 July 1343, Monday (-219,795)

8 July 1343, Tuesday (-210,808) Casimir III of Poland ceded his Pomeranian territories to the Tuetonic Knights.

21 June 1343, Saturday (-219,825)

21 May 1343, Wednesday (-219,855)

13 May 1343, Tuesday (-219,863) Edward, son of King Edward III of England, was invested as Prince of Wales.

23 April 1343, Wednesday (-219,883) Estonian peasants rose up this day, St Georges Day,against an oppressive and exploitative Danish and German nobility. The revolt began in Harjumaa County and spread to Oesel island. Over 1,800 nobles were killed by the peasants, who besieged revel (now, talinn) and asked for help from Swedish military posts in Finland. Meanwhile the Teutonic Knights of Prussia came in ti settle metters, and killed the peasant leader at a �peace confetrence�. The Teutonic Knights then roiuted the peasant forces near Revel before Swedish help could arrive. Denmark�s King Waldemar then sold northern Estonia for 19,000 silver marks to the Tutonic Knights, in 8/1346, because controlling the region was a drain on his resources. The Teutonic Knights then gave the area to a fellow order, the Livonian Knights.

13 April 1343, Sunday (-219,893) Easter Sunday

12 March 1343, Wednesday (-219,925)

19 January 1343, Sunday (-219,977) (France) A three-year truce was signed between England and France at Malestroit.

4 January 1343, Saturday (-219,992) Andrea Dandolo, a friend of Petrarch, was elected Doge of Venice.

1 January 1343, Wednesday (-219,995)

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21 July 1342, Sunday (-220,159) King Louis I of Hungary was crowned. Born 1326, he died in 1382.

9 July 1342, Tuesday (-220,171)

7 May 1342, Tuesday (-220,234) Pope Clement VI (198th Pope) acceded (died 1352).

30 April 1342, Tuesday (-220,241)

25 April 1342, Thursday (-220,246) Pope Benedict XII died.

31 March 1342, Sunday (-220,271) Easter Sunday. The Scottish captured Roxburgh, decisively expelling the English from Scotland.

15 January 1342, Tuesday (-220,346) Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was born.

1 January 1342, Tuesday (-220,360)

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15 June 1341, Friday (-220,553) (Byzantium) Following the death of Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III, aged 45, this day his 9-year-old son was challenged by his guardian, John Cantacuzene, for the rulership.

10 June 1341, Sunday (-220,558)

7 June 1341, Thursday (-220,561) Malik al Nasir, Sultan of Egypt, died.

6 June 1341, Wednesday (-220,562) The English were expelled from Edinburgh, Scotland. Scottish King David II returned from France.

8 April 1341, Sunday (-220,628) Easter Sunday.

15 March 1341, Thursday (-220,652) Emperor Louis IV made peace with the French and ended his alliance with England.

12 March 1341, Monday (-220,655)

1 January 1341, Monday (-220,725)

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25 October 1340. Wednesday (-220,793) Geoffrey Chaucer was born. He died on his birthday in 1400.

13 October 1340. Friday (-220,805) (Spain) In alliance with Portugal, Alfonso XI of Castile conquered the Moors at the River Salado. This was the last attempt by the Moors to reverse the Reconquista.

24 September 1340, Sunday (-220,824) Temporary cessation in Anlo-French hostilities, because the English war chest was exhausted.

11 August 1340, Friday (-220,868)

26 June 1340, Monday (-220,914) Accession of King Valdemar IV of Denmark.

24 June 1340, Saturday (-220,916) (France) The English fleet, under Edward III (see 21 September 1327) defeated the French fleet at the Battle of Sluys. The French fleet was virtually destroyed, giving Edward III control of the sea. However both the French and English rulers were short of money and unable to pay their troops; so Edward III, and Philip VI of France, settled at the Treaty of Esplechin.

The dispute between England and France had links to the Flemish weavers who rebelled but were defeated on 24 August 1328 by the new Philip VI of France. Also Philip VI supported the Scots under David Bruce against the English, see 21 September 1327. In 1336 Edward III renewed his claim to the French throne. In 1338 Edward III cut wool exports to Flanders, forcing up wool prices and causing economic hardship to the weavers there. Edward then lifted the wool embargo, and encouraged the weavers to rebel again against Philip VI, to secure the unification and independence of Flanders.

7 June 1340, Wednesday (-220,933) Rotterdam was officially declared a city.

16 April 1340, Sunday (-220,985) Easter Sunday.

1 April 1340, Saturday (-221,000)

1 March 1340, Wednesday (-221,031)

1 February 1340, Tuesday (-221,060)

26 January 1340, Wednesday (-221,066) English monarch King Edward III formally proclaimed himself King of France.

1 January 1340, Saturday (-221,091)

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1 November 1339, Monday (-221,152) Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, was born.

30 September 1339,