Chronography of events from I January 1200 to 31 December 1499
Page last modified 15 February
2023
(-9999) = Day count to end of World War Two in Europe (day zero = Tuesday). Easter Sundays derived from https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm
For dates from 1 January 1500 click here
1 January 1500, Wednesday (-162,651)
===============================================================================
31 December 1499, Tuesday (-162,652)
23 November 1499, Saturday (-162,690) Perkin Warbeck was executed
at the Tower of London.� He was a Flemish
impostor, the son of a boatman from Tournai, claiming to be Richard of York,
son of Edward II, whom he closely resembled. Initially treated leniently after
his attempt on the throne (see 31 July 1495), he then attempted to escape the
Royal Palace and team up with another usurper, Edward Earl of Warwick.
22 September 1499, Sunday (-162,752) Under the Treaty
of Basel, Maximilian granted the Swiss independence. Formal
independence was not achieved for another century.
11 September 1499, Wednesday
(-162,763)
8 September 1499, Sunday
(-162,766)
29 August 1499, Thursday
(-162,776) Alessio Baldovinetti, Florentine painter, died (born 14 October 1427).
25 August 1499, Sunday (-162,780) (Italy, Turkey) The
Venetian fleet was defeated at the Battle of Zonchia by the Ottomans. This was
the first time cannon had been used in a naval battle. The
Venetian-Ottoman War, 1499-1503, started. Venetian sea-power in the
Mediterranean was an obstacle to Ottoman expansion. Ottoman Turkey gained the
upper hand, and by 1503 Ottoman cavalry raids were reaching into Venetian
territory. Venice was forced to recognise Turkish gains.
8 August 1499, Thursday
(-162,797)
22 July 1499, Monday (-162,814) The Battle of Dornach. Swiss
Confederation forces defeated the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian. This was the
last battle between Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire.
8 July 1499, �Monday (-162,828)
24 June 1499, Monday
(-162,842) Johann Brenz, scholarly writer, was born (died 11 September 1570).
8 June 1499, Saturday (-162,858)
23 May 1499, Thursday
(-162,874)
8 May 1499, Wednesday
(-162,889)
8 April 1499, Monday
(-162,919)
31 March 1499, Sunday (-162,927)
Easter Sunday. Pope Pius IV was born.
13 February 1499, Wednesday
(-163,973) Justius Menius, German religious writer, was born (died 11
August 1558).
1 January 1499, Tuesday
(-163,016)
==============================================================================
31 December 1498, Monday
(-163,017)
19 December 1498, Wednesday
(-163,029) Andreas Osiander, religious reformer, was born.
17 October 1498, Wednesday
(-163,092)
16 September 1498, Sunday
(-163,123) Tomas de Torquemada, Inquisitor-General, died.
11 September 1498, Tuesday
(-163,128)
16 August 1498, Thursday
(-163,154)
31 July 1498, Tuesday
(-163,170) Christopher Columbus
arrived at an island he called Trinidad.
7 June 1498. Thursday (-163,224) Christopher Columbus left on his third journey of exploration.
23 May 1498, Wednesday
(-153,239) Italian religious reformer Girolamo Savonarola was executed for
heresy.
20 May 1498. Sunday (-163,242)
Vasco da Gama (Food,
India) arrived at Calicut, southern India, after discovering a route via the tip of southern
Africa. , proving the feasibility of a sea route from Portugal
to India and the Spice Islands. This
meant Europe could buy spices independent from Venetian and Muslim middlemen.
15 May 1498, Tuesday (-163,247)
15 April 1498, Sunday (-163,277) Easter Sunday.
14 April 1498, Saturday (-163,278) Vasco da Gama arrived at the
trading city of Malindi, east Africa, after putting in at Kilwa and Monbasa.
8 April 1498, Sunday (-163,284) Charles VIII of France died
suddenly, aged 27. He was succeeded by his cousin, the Duc d�Orleans, as Louis
XII
31 March 1498, Saturday (-163,
292)
25 January 1498, Thursday
(-163,357) Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visited Quelimane and
Mozambique in south-eastern Africa.
1 January 1498, Monday
(-163,381)
=================================================================================
31 December 1497, Sunday
(-163,382)
25 December 1497, Monday
(-163,388) The Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama reached the part of South
Africa which he called Natal.
5 December 1497, Tuesday
(-163,408) King Manuel I of Portugal proclaimed an edict in which he demanded
that Jews convert to Christianity or leave the country.
22 November 1497. Wednesday
(-163,421) The Portuguese explorer Vasco
Da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in his search for a route to
India. His fleet comprised the St Gabriel, the St Raphael, the Berrio, and a store ship.
See 24 December 1524. He had set sail from Lisbon on 8 July 1497.
28 October 1495, Saturday
(-163,446)� John of Denmark (reigned
1481-1513) defeated thye Swedes, entered Stockholm, and revived thye Kalmar
Union.
5 October 1495, Thursday
(-163,469) Perkin Warbeck, Pretender to the English throine, after the
defeat of his rebel forces at Taunton, fled but was captured at Beaulieu,
Hampshire.
20 September 1497, Wednesday
(-163,484)
11 September 1497, Monday
(-163,493)
11 August 1497, Friday
(-163,524)
6 August 1497. Sunday (-163,529) Genoese navigator John Cabot returned from an expedition
across the Atlantic. King Henry VII
of England financed his travels. Though he was Genoese and had Venetian
citizenship, Cabot came to
England in 1487 to raise support for a transatlantic voyage and settled in
Bristol. He sailed from Bristol on 2 May 1497 and landed on 24 June 1497 on the
coast of Labrador. There he planted the Tudor banner, in defiance of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided
up the western world between Spain and Portugal (see 6 December 1492, Papal
backing for gold to finance a war against the Moslems). Under this treaty, signed on 7 June 1494, all
land west of a line in the western Atlantic would belong to Spain; any land
east of it would be Portuguese. He explored the coastline from Labrador to Cape
Breton.
1 August 1497, Tuesday
(-163,534)
25 July 1497, Tuesday
(-163,541)
18 July 1497, Tuesday
(-163,548)
8 July 1497, Saturday
(-163,558) Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama set sail from
Lisbon to attempt to find a sea passage to India.
1 July 1497, Saturday
(-163,565)
24 June 1497, Saturday
(-163,572) John Cabot, in
his exploration of north America, arrived at Cape Breton Island. He believed
had landed in eastern Asia.
17 June 1497, Saturday (-163,579)
(London) Cornish rebels against King Henry VII,
having marched to Guildford on 13 June 1497, and skirmished with the Army on
Hounslow Heath, now ,marched on London. They failed to gain the support of
Kentish men, and therefore marched through Banstead, and this day faced the
King�s men at the Battle of Deptford where the rebels were finally crushed.
14 June 1497, Wednesday
(-163,582) (Italy) Juan Borgia, Duke of Gandia and illegitimate son of Pope
Alexander VI, was murdered, probably by his brother Cesare. Cesare now directed
Papal politics.
1 June 1497, Thursday
(-163,595)
30 May 1497, Tuesday
(-163,597)
16 May 1497, Tuesday
(-163,611)
8 May 1497, Monday (-163,619)
2 May 1497, �Tuesday (-163,625) John Cabot set sail from Bristol.
2 April 1497, Sunday
(-163,655)
26 March 1497, Sunday (-163,662) Easter Sunday.
26 February 1497, Sunday
(-163,690)
16 February 1495, Thursday
(-163,700) Birth of Philip Melancthon, Protestant reformer.
26 January 1497, Thursday
(-163,721)
1 January 1497, Sunday
(-163,746)
==============================================================================
31 December 1496, Saturday
(-163,747)
25 December 1496, Sunday (-163,753)
11 December 1496, Sunday
(-163,767)
7 December 1496, Wednesday
(-163,771)
30 November 1496, Wednesday
(-163,778)
17 November 1496, Thursday
(-163,791)
25 September 1496, Sunday
(-163,844) (Italy)
Piero Capponi, Florentine statesman, died.
11 September 1496, Sunday (-163,858)
7 September 1496, Wednesday
(-163,862) Ferdinand II, King of Naples, died.
7 August 1496, Sunday
(-163,893)
7 July 1496, Thursday
(-163,924)
7 June 1496, Tuesday
(-163,954)
12 May 1496, Thursday
(-163,980) Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, was born.
3 April 1496, Sunday
(-164,019) Easter Sunday.
5 March 1496, Saturday
(-164,048) King Henry VII of England granted John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) a
commission to explore for new lands.
3 March 1496, Thursday
(-164,050)
25 February 1496, Thursday
(-164,057) Eberhard, Duke of Wurttemberg, died (born 1445).
3 January 1496, Sunday
(-164,110) Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tested a flying machine.
1 January 1496, Friday
(-164,112)
=============================================================================
25 December 1495, Friday
(-164,119) At the Second Battle of Acentejo, Spanish forces crushed the
natives of the island of Tenerife, destroying the last bastion of resistance on
the Canary Islands.
18 December 1495, Friday
(-164,126) Alfonso II, King of Naples, died.
5 December 1495, Saturday
(-164,139) Nicolas Cleynaerts, Belgian writer, was born (died 1542).
21 November 1495, Saturday
(-164,153) John Bale, English author, was born in Cove, near Dunwich (died
11/1563).
30 October 1495, Friday
(-164,175) An explosion at Vyborg castle deterred Russian forces who were
invading Sweden through Karelia.
25 October 1495, Sunday
(-164,180) John II, King of Portugal from 1481, died aged 40. He was
succeeded by his cousin, who ruled as Manuel I until 1521.
25 October 1495, Sunday
(-164,180) King Manuel I became rule of Portugal, on the death of King Joao II, aged 40.
25 September 1495, Friday
(-164,210)
11 September 1495, Friday
(-164,224)
7 August 1495, Friday
(-164,259) In the Holy Roman Empire the Diet of Worms abolished private
warfare, established an Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, and introducd an
Imperial tax.
6 July 1495, Monday
(-164,291) (France, Italy, Spain) At the Battle of Fornovo, near
Parma, the French Army secured its retreat from Italy by defeating a combined
Milanese-Venetian force under Giobvanni Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.
France had contested with Spain over who would control Italy. Charles VIII of
France expected support from his one-time allies, the Milanese, but when he
arrived in Italy he found they had joined with Venice, the Papacy and the Holy
Roman Empire to oppose his plans for Italy.
3 July 1495, Friday
(-164,294) The Pretender to the English throne, Perkin Warbeck, landed at
Deal, Kent, with 150 men. He hoped to gather enough supporters to overthrow
King Henry VII. However his force was routed and he went on to Ireland, where
he was again unsuccessful at besieging the pro-Henry town of Waterford. Warbeck
then fled to Scotland. See 23 November 1499.
28 June 1495, Sunday
(-164,299) At the Battle of Seminara,
Cordoba and Ferrante were defeated by a French army under Bernard Stewart, Lord
of Aubigny.
1 June 1495, Monday
(-164,326) Friar John Cor recorded the first known batch of Scotch whisky.
26 May 1495, Tuesday
(-164,332) A Spanish army under Gonzalo de Cordoba landed in Calabria, to
oust the French and restore Ferrante II to the throne of Naples.
12 May 1495, Tuesday
(-164,346) (Italy) Charles VIII of France was crowned King of Naples.
8 May 1495, Friday (-164,350)
19 April 1495, Sunday (-164,369) Easter Sunday.
31 March 1495, Tuesday (-164,388) (Italy) Pope Alexander VI formed the
League of Venice, which included the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Venice and
Milan. It was formed to protect Christendom from the Ottoman Empire, but
initially worked to mexpel France from Italy.
20 March 1495, Friday (-164,399)
22 February 1495, Sunday (-164,425)
King Charles VIII of France entered Naples to claim the city�s throne.� A few months later he returned to France with
most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin, Gilbert Count of
Montpensier as viceroy.
28 January 1495, Wednesday
(-164,450) King Charles VIII of France left Rome for Naples.
11 January 1495, Sunday
(-164,467) Pedro Mendoza, Spanish statesman, died (born 3 May 1428).
1 January 1495, Thursday
(-164.477)
=================================================================================
31 December 1494, Wednesday
(-164,478) French forces engtered Rome. Pope Alexander VI fled to the
fortress of Castel Sant�Angelo.
12 December 1494, Friday
(-164,497)
17 November 1494, Monday
(-164,522) French forces entered Florence, Italy.
8 November 1494, Saturday
(-164,531) French forces entered Lucca, Italy.
6 November 1494, Thursday
(-164,533) Suleiman the Magnificant, Ottoman Sultan, was born
5 November 1494, Wednesday
(-164,534) Hans Sachs, poet and dramatist, was born.
24 September 1494, Wednesday
(-164,576) Angelo Ambrigini, Italian writer, died (born 14 July 1454 in
Tuscany)
12 September 1494, Friday
(-164,588) Francis I, King of France, was born.
1 September 1494, Monday
(-164,599) Charles VIII of France invaded Italy to claim Naples.
7 June 1494, Saturday (-164,685) (Portugal, Brazil, Race Equality, Food) The Treaty
of Tordesillas was signed. On 4 May 1493, Pope Alexander VI had set a
line at 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands from north to south Pole;
Spain had the rights to colonise west of this line, Portugal to the east. The
1494 Treaty moved this line a further 270 leagues to the west. This resulted in
Portugal having possession of both Brazil and Africa; in turn this greatly
facilitated the expansion of the slave trade, providing cheap labour for the
sugar plantations.
24 May 1494, Saturday
(-164,699) Birth of Jacopo da Pontormo, Renaissance artist.
8 May 1494, Thursday
(-164,715)
4 May 1494, Sunday (-164,719) Christopher Columbus landed on an island he called Santa Gloria,
now known as Jamaica.
20 April 1494, Sunday
(-164,733) Johannes Agricola, German Protestant reformer (died 22 September
1566) was born.
30 March 1494, Sunday (-164,754)
Easter Sunday
28 February 1494, Friday
(-164,784)
25 January 1494, Saturday
(-164,818) Alfonso II succeeded to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples and
was recognised by Pope Alexander VI. Charles VIII of France also claimed the
throne through descent from the House of Anjou.
11 January 1494, Saturday
(-164,832) Domenico Ghirlandajo, Florentine painter, died (born 1449).
3 January 1494, Friday
(-164,840) (South America)
Christopher Columbus established the first European colony in the Americas. It
was called Isabella, in Hispaniola.
=================================================================================
17 December 1493, Tuesday
(-164,857) Paracelsus, scientist and occultist, was born. He died on 24
September 1541.
19 November 1493, Tuesday
(-164,885) Christopher Columbus
discovered Puerto Rico, and claimed it
for Spain.
3 November 1493, Sunday
(-164,901) Christopher Columbus,
on his second expedition, sighted the island now known as Dominica.
28 September 1493, Saturday
(-164,937) Agnolo Firenzuola, Italian poet, was born.
25 September 1493, Wednesday
(-164,940) Christopher Columbus
left Spain on a second voyage of exploration with a fleet of 20 ships.
19 August 1493, Thursday
(-164,946) The Habsburg claim to the throne of the Holy Roman empire was
confirmed when, on the death of Emperor Ferdinand III, his son Maximilian, King
of the Romans, became Holy Roman Emperor elect.
11 September 1493, Wednesday
(-164,954)
14 June 1493, Friday
(-165,043) (Italy) Ermolao Barbaro, Italian
scholar, died in Rome (born in Venice 21 May 1454).
5 June 1493, Wednesday
(-165,052) (Christian) Justius Jonas, German
Protestant Reformer, was born (died 1555).
8 May 1493, Wednesday
(-165,080)
4 May 1493, Saturday
(-165,084) Pope Alexander VI issued the Papal Bull Inter Cetera, dividing the Americas between Portrugal and Spain,
8 April 1493, Monday (-165,110)
7 April 1493, Sunday (-165,111)
Easter Sunday.
4 March 1493. Monday (-165,145) Christopher Columbus arrived back in Lisbon, then travelled to
Spain.
6 February 1493, Wednesday
(-165,171) Maximilian I of Germany
became Holy Roman Emperor.
19 January 1493, Saturday
(-165,189) (France, Spain)
King Charles VIII of France returned Cardagne and Roussillon in the eastern
Pyrenees to Spain under the Treaty of Barcelona.
4 January 1493. Friday (-165,204) Christopher Columbus left America on the return voyage to Spain in
the Nina.
1 January 1493, Tuesday
(-165,207)
================================================================================
31 December 1492, Monday (-165,208) About 100,000 Jews were
expelled from Sicily.
6 December 1492. Thursday (-165,233)
Christopher Columbus landed on
an island he called Hispaniola,
now Haiti, in search of gold. He had won backing from Spain for his
expedition on condition he found gold to finance another war by Christian Spain
against the Moors. Many
Christians also believed that Christ�s second coming would not occur until all
pagans had been converted to Christianity or at least defeated by Christendom.
5 December 1492, Wednesday
(-165,234) Christopher Columbus
discovered the island of Santo Domingo.
5 November 1492, Monday (-165,264)
3 November 1492, Saturday
(-165,266) The Peace of Etaples, France expelled Perkin Warbeck, Pretender
to the English throne, and paid England to evacuate all French territories it
held, except for Calais.
28 October 1492. Sunday (-165,272) Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba, believing it to be Japan.
12 October 1492. Friday (-165,288) Christopher Columbus first saw land; it was not Asia but the
continent of America. He called it San
Salvador.� Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas.
2
October 1492, Thursday (-165,296) Henry VII, first Tudor King of England,
invaded France after Charles VIII of France recognised Perkin Warbeck�s claim
to the English throne.
12
September 1492, Wednesday (-165,318)
11
September 1492, Tuesday (-165,319)
10 August 1492. Friday (-165,351) Pope Innocent VIII was
succeeded by Rodrigo de Borgia.
He took the name Pope Alexander VI. Rodrigo Borgia had bribed enough cardinals
to ensure his election as Pope. See 18 August 1503.
3 August 1492. Friday (-165,358) Christopher Columbus left Palos de la Frontera, Andalusia,
south-west Spain, on his first voyage to search for a passage to the Far East
via the Atlantic. He actually found the Americas.� He sailed in the Santa Maria,
accompanied by the Nina and the Pinta. Columbus had delayed his
sailing until after 2 August 1492 as that was the deadline for Jews to leave
Spain; therefore Columbus was now departing from a �cleansed� Spain.
24 July 1492, Tuesday
(-165,368) Pope Innocent VIII died.
28 June 1492, Thursday
(-165,394)
8 May 1492, Tuesday
(-165,445)
22 April 1492, Sunday (-165,461)
Easter Sunday.
20 April 1492, Friday
(-165,463) Birth of Italian playwright and poet Pietro Aretino.
11 April 1492, Wednesday
(-165,472) Marguerite d�Angoulmeme,
Queen of Navarre, was born.
8 April 1492. Sunday (-165,475) Lorenzo de Medici, patron of learning and the
arts, died aged 43, after a 23 year reign of cultural enlightenment.
30 March 1492. Friday (-165,484) The Jews were expelled from Spain by edict of King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella unless they agreed to convert to Roman Catholicism.
Under the Moslem rule, the Jews had benefited from tolerant Arab rulers. But
the last Moslem state was conquered by Christian Spain on 2 January 1492 when
Granada fell. On 30 March 1492 the 150,000 strong Jewish community was ordered
out by Queen Isabella and her husband Ferdinand. Urban anti-Semitism in Spain
had been growing for years, and the Spanish Inquisition, founded in
1487, made things worse. See 12 February 1502.
14 March 1492, Wednesday
(-165,500)
14 February 1492, Tuesday
(-165,529)
30 January 1492, Monday (-165,544)
12 January 1492, Thursday
(-165,562) (Italy) Andrea Alcati, Italian jurist, was born in Alzano, near
Milan.
2 January 1492. Monday (-165,572) The Spanish Army under Queen
Isabella recaptured Granada from the Moors.�
This had been the last remaining Moslem territory in Spain.� See
30 March 1492.
1 January 1492, Sunday
(-165,573)
====================================================================================
31 December 1491, Saturday (-165,574) Jacques Cartier, French
explorer of the St Lawrence area of north America, was born in St Malo,
northern France.
24 December 1491, Saturday (-165,581) Ignatius Loyola, Spanish
priest who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), was born in Azpeitia.
21 December 1491, Wednesday
(-165,584) A five-year truce between
England and Scotland was declared at Coldstream.
6 December 1491, Tuesday
(-165,599) Charles VIII, King of France, married Anne, Duchess of Brittany,
thereby incorporate ng Brittany in the French Kingdom. This latetr provoked
King Henry VII of England into declaring war on France.
25 November 1491, Friday (-165,610) The siege of Granada, last
stronghold of the Moors in Spain, began.
7 November 1491, Monday
(-165,628) (Hungary) Ladislas II, King of Bohemia and Hungary, signed the
Pact of Bratislava with Holy Roman Empieror Maximilian I. Maximilian recognised
ladislas as King of Hungary and ceased to try and take Hungarian territory, and
Ladislas agreed the succession rights of the Habsburgs to the Hungarian throne
if he died without an heir.
25 September 1491, Sunday (-165,671)
11 September 1491, Sunday
(-165,685)
17 August 1491, Wednesday
(-165,710)
17 July 1491, Sunday (-165,741)
28 June 1491, Tuesday (165,760) Henry VIII, best known for his six wives
and religious split from Rome, was born
at Greenwich. He was the son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
8 May 1491, Sunday (-165,811)
3 May 1491, Tuesday
(-165,816) The ruler of the Kingdom
of Kongo, Nkuwu Nzinga, was baptised by Portuguese missionaries, adopting the
baptismal name of Jo�o I.
3 April 1491, Sunday (-165,846)
Easter Sunday.
3 March 1491, Thursday
(-165,877)
2 February 1491, Wednesday
(-165,906) Martin Schongauer, German painter, died in Breisach, Baden.
1 January 1491, Saturday
(-165,938)
====================================================================================
26 December 1490, Sunday
(-165,944) Friedrich Myconius, religious writer, was born (died 7 April 1546).
19 December 1490, Sunday
(-165,951) Anne of Brittany married Maximillian I, Holy Roman Emperor, by
proxy.
8 November 1491, Monday
(-165,992) Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet, was born (died 9 December 1544).
19 October 1490, Tuesday
(-166,012)
19 September 1490, Sunday (-166,042)
Vladislas II, King of Bohemia, became King of Hungary.
11 September 1490, Saturday
(-166,050)
17 August 1490, Tuesday
(-166,075)
17 July 1490, Saturday (-166,106) Lightning struck an old
Greek church in Constantinople in which the Ottoman Turks were storing
gunpowder; the ensuing explosion killed 5,000.
28 June 1490, Monday
(-166,125) Albert, Archbishop of Mainz (died 24 September 1545) was born.
16 May 1490, Sunday
(-166,168) (Germany) Albert, 1st
Duke of Prussia, was born in Ansbach (died 20 March 1568 in Tapiau).
11 April 1490, Sunday (-166,203) Easter Sunday.
6 April 1490, Tuesday
(-166,208) Matthias Corvinus, King
of Hungary, died suddenly, aged 50. He was succeeded by Ladislas II of Bohemia.
3 April 1490, Saturday
(-166,211)
3 March 1490, Wednesday
(-166,242)
17 February 1490, Wednesday
(-166,256) Charles Bourbon, Constable of France, was born (died 6 May 1527).
3 January 1490, Sunday
(-166,301)
=====================================================================================
4 December 1489, Friday
(-166,331) The fall of Baza, in southern Spain. The Catholic Spanish army
had besieged this town, held by the Muslims; both siege and defence were
financed by the sale of the jewels of the ladies on both sides. Baza had been a
bishopric since before 302, when its bishop was recorded as attending the
Council of Elvira.
29 November 1489, Sunday
(-166,336) Margaret Queen of Scotland was born (died 18 October 1541).
10 November 1489, Tuesday
(-166,355) Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, was born (died 1568).
2 October 1489, Friday
(-166,394)
11 September 1489, Friday
(-166,415)
2 July 1489, Thursday
(-166,486) Thomas Cranmer, Henry
VIII�s first reformed Archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Aslockton,
Nottinghamshire. He produced the Book of Common Prayer in 1549.
8 June 1489, Monday
(-166,510)
8 May 1489, Friday (-166,541)
19 April 1489, Sunday (-166,560) Easter Sunday.
14 April 1489, Tuesday
(-166,565) (Italy, Cyprus)
The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sold her kingdom to Venice.
1 January 1489, Thursday
(-166,668)
====================================================================================
25 December 1488, Thursday
(-166,661)
7 October 1488, Tuesday
(-166,754) Andrea de Verrochio, Italian painter and sculptor, teacher of
Leonardo da Vinci, died in Venice.
11 September 1488, Thursday
(-166,780)
9 September 1488, Tuesday
(-166,782) Anne of Brittany became Duchess of Brittany at the age of 11.� Her marriage to King Charles VIII in 1491
effectively ended Breton independence from France.
7 August 1488, Thursday
(-166,815) (Christian) Caspar Aquila, German
religious reformer, was born in Augsburg (died 12 November 1560).
28 July 1488, Monday
(-166,825) At the Battle of Saint Aubin du Cornier, troops loyal to King
Charles VIII of France defeated forces led by the rebel Duke of Orleans and
Duke of Brittany� in the main engagement
of the Mad War.
30 June 1488, Monday
(-166,853)
26 June 1488, Thursday
(-166,857) Coronation of King James IV of Scotland, at Scone Abbey.
11 June 1488, Wednesday
(-166,872) James III, King of Scotland, was assassinated.� He was succeeded by his son, James IV.
11 May 1488, Sunday
(-166,903)
21 April 1448, Monday
(-166,923) Ulrich von Hutten, German religious writer, was born (died
1523).
6 April 1488, Sunday
(-166.938) Easter Sunday
6 March 1488, Thursday
(-166,969)
14 February 1488, Thursday
(-166,990) The Great Swabian league was formed.
3 February 1488, Sunday (-167,001)
Bartholomew Diaz of Portugal landed in Mossel Bay, after rounding the Cape of
Good Hope.� He was the first known
European to travel this far south.
8 January 1488, Tuesday (-167,027) The
present Netherlands Royal Navy was founded, by decree of Maximillian I of
Austria.
6 January 1488, Sunday (-167,029) Helius
Hessus, German poet, was born (died 5 October 1540).
=====================================================================================
24 November 1487, Saturday (-167,072)
Coronation of Elizabeth, wife of King Henry VII of England.
6 November 1487, Tuesday
(-167,090)
6 October 1487, Saturday
(-167,121)
30 September 1497, �Sunday (-167,127)
10 September 1487, Monday
(-167,147) Pope Julius III was born.
10 August 1487, Friday
(-167,178)
10 July 1487, Tuesday
(-167,209)
16 June 1487, Saturday
(-167,233) The Battle of Stoke Field.� The rebellion of the Pretender Lambert Simnel
to the English throne, led by John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, and Francis
Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell, was crushed by troops loyal to Henry
VII.
24 May 1487, Thursday
(-167,256) Lambert Simnel was
crowned �King Edward VI of England� in Christchurch cathedral.� He claimed to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, and
challenged Henry VII for the throne of England. He was actually the son of a
carpenter from Oxford who went to France and won the backing of one of
Warwick�s aunts, who had never actually met the real Warwick. He then went to
Ireland where he was welcomed, and from where he planned to invade England.
16 May 1487, Wednesday
(-167,264)
15 April 1487, Sunday (-167,295) Easter Sunday.
29 January 1487, Monday
(-167,371) Richard Foxe became Bishop of Exeter.
1 January 1487, Monday
(-167,399)
====================================================================================
13 November 1486, Monday
(-167,448) (Christian) Johann Maier Eck,
opponent of the reforms of Martin Luther, was born (died 10 February 1543).
19 October 1486, Thursday
(-167,473)
19 September 1486, Tuesday
(-167,503) King Henry VII�s son Arthur was born.
14 September 1486, Thursday
(-167,508) Henry Agrippa von Nettesheim, German writer, (died 18 February 1535
in Grenoble) was born in Cologne.
11 September 1486, Monday
(-167,511)
31 August 1486, Thursday
(-167,522) The Portuguese explorer Bartholomew Diaz set sail for India.
11 July 1486, Tuesday
(-167,573)
9 May 1486, �Tuesday (-167,636)
1 May 1486. Monday (-167,644) Christopher
Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to grant him funds to find a western
sea passage to the Indies.
9 April 1486, Sunday
(-167,666) Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, was crowned at Aix la
Chapelle.
1 April 1486, Saturday (-167,674)
26 March 1486, Sunday �(-167,680) Easter Sunday.
14 March 1486, Tuesday
(-167,692) Queen Isabella of Castile decreed that the 150,000 Jews within
Spain must convert to Christianity or be expelled.
11 March 1486, Saturday
(-167,695) (Germany) Albert III, Elector of
Brandenburg, died 11 March 1486 in Frankfort (born 9 November 1414 in
Tangermunde).
18 February 1486, Saturday (-167,716)
16 February 1486, Thursday
(-167,718) On the abdication of his father, Emperor Frederick III,
Maximilian of Austria became King of the Romans.
18 January 1486, Wednesday
(-167,747) In England, the
houses of York and Lancaster were united by the marriage of King Henry VII to
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV.
1 January 1486, Sunday
(-167,764)
==================================================================================
16 December 1485, Friday (-167,780) Catherine of Aragon, first
wife of King Henry VIII, was born, the fourth daughter of Ferdinand Isabella.
16 November 1485, Wednesday
(-167,810)
30 October 1485. Sunday (-167,827) (1) Coronation of King Henry VII,
aged 28
(2) King Henry VII established the Yeoman of the Guard.
28 October 1485, Friday (-167,829) Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch
scholar (born 23 August 1443) died.
22 September 1485, Thursday
(-167,865)
22
August 1485. Monday (-167,896)
Battle of Bosworth
Field, 12 miles west of Leicester. The two sides met at White
Moor, on the slopes of Ambien Hill, some two miles from the market town of
Market Bosworth. Richard had a force twice the size of Henry�s, but the Stanleys, the Earl of Derby and his
brother, defected to Henry�s side. King Richard III, (White Rose, Yorkist) the last Plantagenet king, born
2 October 1452 at Fotheringay, was killed
as he tried to reach the usurper
to the English throne, Henry Tudor, (Red
Rose, Lancastrian) now Henry VII. Henry,
exiled to France, had landed at Milford Haven on 7 August 1485 and reached
Shrewsbury on 15 August 1485, gathering only moderate support along the way.
He then passed through Newport (Shropshire), Stafford, Lichfield, Tamworth, and
reached Atherstone on the borders of Leicestershire on 20 August 1485. Here he
linked up with the Stanley brothers,
both anti-Yorkist. The night of the 21st, Henry encamped at White
Moors, south west of what was to be the battlefield. Richard and his army
halted three miles away on high ground at Sutton Cheney. Both sides attempted
to occupy Ambien Hill, midway between the two armies. The Stanleys moved against the Yorkist flanks , and the Yorkist Duke of
Northumberland, at the rear, failed to intervene. Richard was unhorsed and killed, and the Yorkist army melted away,
unpursued.
7 August 1485, Sunday (-167,911) Henry Tudor (Henry VII)
landed at Milford Haven, Wales.
1 August 1485, Monday (-167,917) Henry Tudor (Henry VII) set
sail from France for Wales. He had been advised by Rhys ap Thomas (a powerful
Welsh landowner), wrongly as it turned out, that the whole of Wales would rise
up in his favour.
1 July 1485, Friday (-167,948)
24 June 1485, Friday
(-167,055) (Germany) Johann Bugenhagen,
German Protestant reformer, was born (died 20 April 1558).
21 June 1485, Tuesday
(-167,958) King Richard III,
anticipating a challenge for his rulership, issued a proclamation against
�Henry Tydder� and other rebels.
8 June 1485, Wednesday
(-167,971)
8 May 1485, �Sunday (-168,002)
3 April 1485, Sunday
(-168,037) Easter Sunday.
3 March 1485, Thursday
(-168,068)
18 February 1485, Friday
(-168,081)
3 February 1485, Thursday
(-168,096)
1 January 1485, Saturday (-168,129)
The English Parliament set aside �14,000 for the King�s Household Expenses.
This eventually became the Civil List, which the present British Royal Family
still live on.
====================================================================================
25 December 1485, Saturday
(-168,136)
5 December 1484, Sunday (-168,156)
Pope Innocent VIII issued the Papal bull Summis desiderantes affectibus giving
the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches in Germany, led by
Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.
5 November 1484, Friday
(-168,186)
5 October 1484, Tuesday (-168,217)
21 September 1484, Tuesday
(-168,231) Treaty of Nottingham: Three-year truce between the kingdoms of
England and Scotland signed.
29 August 1484, Sunday
(-168,254) Pope Innocent VIII (213rd Pope) acceded (died 1492)/
12 August 1484, Thursday
(-168,271) Pope Sixtus V died, and was succeeded by Pope Innocent Innocent
VIII.
12 July 1484, Monday
(-168,302)
12 June 1484, Saturday
(-168,332)
12 May 1484, Wednesday
(-168,363)
18 April 1484, Sunday
(-168,387) Easter Sunday.
18 March 1484, Thursday
(-168, 418)
21 February 1484, Saturday
(-168,444) Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg, was born (died 11 July 1535).
1 January 1484, Thursday
(-168,495) Church reformer Huldrych Zwingli was born in Switzerland (died
11 October 1513).
===================================================================================
3 December 1483, Wednesday
(-168,524) (Christian) Nicolaus von Amsdorf,
German Protestant reformer, was born in Torgau (died 14 May 1565 in Eisenach).
10 November 1483, Monday
(-168,547) Martin Luther,
German religious reformer, leader of the Protestant Reformation, was born in
Eisleben, the son of a miner.
16 October 1483, Thursday
(-168,572) Gasparo Contarini, Italiun diplomat ad Cardinal, was born.
30 August 1483, Saturday
(-168,619) Louis XI, King of France, died, aged 60. He unified France after the Hundred
Years War. He was
succeeded by his 13-year old son, Charles VIII.
17 August 1483. Sunday
(-168,632) The date on which the two young princes, the uncrowned Edward V and his brother
Richard, Duke of York, are believed to have been murdered by their uncle and
successor, Richard III, in the Tower of London. See 9 April 1483.
9 August 1483. Saturday (-168,640) Pope
Sixtus IV celebrated the first mass in the Sistine Chapel, which was named after him.
2 August 1483, Saturday
(-168,647) Pope Sixtus IV appointed the Dominican priest Tomas de
Torquemada, known for his severe intolerance of Jews and Muslims, as the first
Grand Inquisitor of Spain.
6 July 1483. Sunday (-168,674) The
coronation of King Richard III.
28
June 1483, Saturday
(-168,682) The Dukedom of Norfolk was created.
26 June 1483, Thursday
(-168,684) Richard III
became King of England.
8 May 1483, Thursday
(-168,733)
29 April 1483, Tuesday
(-168,742) Gran Canaria, the main of
the Canary Islands was conquered by the Kingdom of Castile, an important step
in the expansion of Spain.
19 April 1483, Saturday
(-166,752) Paulus Jovius, Italian historical writer, was born.
9 April 1483. Wednesday (-168,762) King Edward IV died at Windsor. During his second reign he
re-established peace after the Wars of the Roses, but his heir, Edward V, was only aged 12. See 17
August 1483.
30 March 1483, Sunday (-168,772)
Easter Sunday
28 March 1483, Friday (-168,774) Raphael, Italian painter,
was born in Urbino as Raffaello Sanzio or Santi.
14 February 1483, Friday
(-168,816) Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Florentine painter, was born (died 1560).
28 January 1483, Tuesday
(-168,833)
1 January 1483, Wednesday
(-168,860) Jews were expelled from Andalusia.
==================================================================================
23 December 1482. Monday (-168,869) (France, Netherlands) Burgundy and Picardy were absorbed
into France by the Treaty of Arras. Meanwhile other Burgundian lands in the Low
Countries passed to the Hapsburgs due to the marriage of Charles� only child,
Margaret, to the future Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian I.
21 October 1482, Monday
(-168,932)
25 August 1482, Sunday
(-168,989) Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, died.
19 August 1482, Monday
(-168,995)
1 July 1482, Monday
(-169,044) Ferdinand V was defeated at the Battle of Loja (see 14 May 1482). However the Spanish fleet
continued to block Moorish supplies from North Africa, ultimately leading to
the fall of Granada and the complete expulsion of the Moors from Spain (1492).
8 June 1482, Saturday
(-169,067)
14 May 1482, Tuesday
(-169,092) In retaliation for the attack of 26 December 1481, the Marquis
of Cadiz seized the Moorish town of Alhama, near Granada. Abdul Hassan then
laid siege to Alhama, but raised the siege when Christian forces under King
Ferdinand V of Castile and Aragon (1452-1516) approached. Ferdinand entered
Alhama this day, and Queen Isabella I of Castile and Aragon helped Ferdinand
prepare to lay siege to Moorish-held Loja, assembling a fleet to block Moorish
reinforcements by sea.
2 May 1482, Thursday
(-169,104) Venice declared war on Ferrara. The 2-year war resulted in
Venice acquiring the Ferrarese city of Rovogo. This was Venice�s ;last
acquisition on the Italian mainland; Venice was now at the peak of its power.
7 April 1482, Sunday
(-169,129) Easter Sunday.
10 February 1482, Sunday
(-169,185) Death of Luca del Robbia, Florentinw sculptor.
7 February 1482, Thursday
(-169,188)
2 January 1482, Wednesday
(-169,224)
1 January 1482, Tuesday
(-169,225)
=================================================================================
26 December 1481, Wednesday
(-169,231) (1) At the Battle of Westbroek,
Holland defeated the troops of Utrecht.
(2) In southern Spain, a period of peace
between Christians and Muslims suddenly ended when Muslim ruler King Muley
Abdul Hassan attacked and captured the Zahara fortress, near Ronda, enslaving
the Chrstians there.
24 October 1481, Wednesday
(-169,294)
10 September 1481, Monday
(-169,338) Alphonso II of Naples recaptured the city of Otranto.
29 August 1481, Wednesday
(-169,350) John II of Portugal began to rule in his own right.
27 June 1481, Wednesday
(-169,413)
21 May 1481, Monday
(-169,450) Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway, died aged 49. He was
succeeded by his son John (1481-1513).
8 May 1481, Tuesday
(-169,463)
3 May 1481, Thursday
(-179,468) Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, died and was succeeded
by his 34-year old son Bayezid II.
22 April 1481, Sunday
(-169,479)
27 March 1481, Tuesday
(-169,505) Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, died (born 13 February 1457).
1 January 1481, Monday
(-169,590)
================================================================================
28 August 1480, Monday
(-169,778)
28 July 1480, Friday
(-169,747) (1)
An Ottoman Army landed near Otranto, Italy.�
Pope Sixtus IV called for a crusade to drive them out.
(2) Mohammed II failed in an attempt to
take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.
10 July 1480, Monday
(-169,765) Rene, Count of Anjou, died without an heir. Louis XI annexed his
territory.
8 May 1480, Monday (-169,828)
18 April 1480, Tuesday
(-169,848) Lucrezia Borgia, Italian noblewoman, illegitimate daughter of
Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI) was born in Rome.
2 April 1480, Sunday
(-169,864) Easter Sunday.
6 March 1480, Monday
(-169,891) The Treaty of Toledo: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognised
the African conquests of Alphonso of Portugal, and he ceded the Canary Islands
to Spain.
13 February 1480, Sunday
(-169,913) (Italy) Girolamo Aleandro, Italian
Cardinal, was born in Motta, near Venice (died 1 February 1542 in Rome).
13 January 1480, Thursday
(-169,944)
10 January 1480, Monday
(-169,947) Margaret of Austria, Regent of The Netherlands 1507-30, was
born.
1 January 1480, Saturday
(-169,956)
=================================================================================
15 December 1479, Wednesday
(-169,973)
6 November 1479, Saturday
(-170,012) Joanna,Queen of Castille, was born (died 11 April 1555).
13 October 1479, Wednesday
(-170,036) The Battle of Kenyermezo.�
The Hungarian army under Pal Kinizsi and Istvan Bathori defeated the
Ottoman army in Transylvania, Hungary.
7 September 1479, Tiuesday
(-170,072) In Milan, Ludovico Sforza launched a coup against the rule of
his yoiung nephew Duke Gian Galeazzo Sforza.
4 September 1479, Saturday
(-170,075) (Africa,
Portugal, Spain)
The Treaty of Alcovas between Portugal and Spain confirmed Castile�s claim on
the Canary Islands, and Portugal�s claim on the Azores and Madeira, also
Portuguese rights in west Africa.
7 August 1479, Saturday
(-170,103) The Battle of Guinegatte.
A French army attempting to invade The Netherlands was defeated by Maximilian
of Austria, with Flemish foot soldiers.
14 June 1479, Monday
(-170,157) Giglio Giraldi, Italian poet, was born (died 2/1552).
8 May 1479, Saturday (-170,194)
11 April 1479, Sunday (-170,221) Easter Sunday.
11 February 1479, Thursday
(-170.280)
24 January 1479, �Sunday (-170,298) The
Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire signed a peace treaty.� Venice ceded Argo, Negroponte, Lemnos, and Scutari,
and agreed to pay an annual tribute of 10,000 golden ducats.
20 January 1479, Wednesday
(-170,302) Ferdinand
II took the throne of Aragon and ruled with his wife Isabella, Queen of Castile
over most of the Iberian Peninsula.� In 1492 they conquered Granada, ending 700
years of Moorish rule.
1 January 1479, Friday
(-170,321)
===================================================================================
28 December 1478, Monday
(-170,325) Swiss infantrymen defeated a larger Milanese force at the Battle
of Giornico. Ths was essentially a border dispute between Switzerland and
Milan. Although the Swiss generally were not in favour of territorial conquests
into Milanese territory, the Canton of Uri did manage to capture the Milanese
border town of Bellinzona in 1500.
18 November 1478, Wednesday
(-170,365)
16 September 1478, Wednesday
(-170,428)
22 July 1478, Wednesday
(-170,484) Philip II, King of Spain, was born. Son of Emperor Maximilian I
and Mary of Burgundy, he married Joanna the Mad; she inherited the throne of
Castile in 1504 but due to her insanity Philip assumed full control in 1506.
15 July 1478, Wednesday
(-170,491)
8 June 1478, Monday (-170,528)
8 May 1478, Friday (-170,559)
26 April 1478, Sunday
(-170,571) Guiliano de Medici was assassinated; the Pazzi Assassination.
21 April 1478, Tuesday
(-170,576)
22 March 1478, Sunday (-170,606)
Easter Sunday
7 March 1478, Saturday
(-170,621)
7 February 1478, Saturday
(-170,649) Sir Thomas Moore,
Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII, was born in London, the son of a judge. He
was executed for refusing to deny the authority of the Pope.
18 January 1478, Sunday
(-170,669) Ivan the Great, Grand Prince of Moscow, subjugated the
city-state of Novgorod and absorbed its territory into that ruled from Moscow,
8 January 1478, Thursday
(-170,679) Conrad Pelicanus, German religious writer, was born in Alsace
(died 6 April 1556)
1 January 1478, Thursday
(-170,686)
===================================================================================
17 December 1477, Wednesday
(-170,701) The decade long civil war in Japan ended with the conformation
of Ashikaga Yoshimasa as Shogun, However there now ensued a century of internal
instability, diminishing the power of the Japanese Royal family.
14 November 1477, Friday (-170,734) (Arts, Education-Schools)
William Caxton issued the first
dated, printed, book from his printing press in Westminster. It was Dictes
or Sayengis of The Philosophres.
4 November 1477, Tuesday
(-170,744)
2 September 1477, Tuesday
(-170, 807)
18 August 1477, Monday (-170,822) The Hapsburgs gained possession of the Netherlands through the marriage of the son
of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Maximillian, with Mary, daughter of Charles
the Bold.
2 July 1477,�
Wednesday (-170,869)
8 May 1477, Thursday
(-170,924)
6 April 1477, Sunday
(-170,956) Easter Sunday.
20 March 1477, Thursday
(-170,973) (Christian) Jerome Emser,
opponent of Martin Luther�s reforms, was born (died 8 November 1527)
27 February 1477, Thursday
(-170,994) The Swedish University of Uppsala was founded, becoming the
first university in Sweden and all of Scandinavia.
14 February 1477. Friday
(-171,007) A man in Norfolk received the world�s first known Valentine. Margery Brews sent her fianc�e John
Poston a letter saying �To my right welbelovyd Voluntyne�. She explained that
she had asked her mother to put pressure on her father to increase her dowry
but also said that if he loved her, she would marry him anyway. The Romans,
around 600 BC, celebrated a February festival with romantic games and dancing.
When the Roman Empire was converted to Christianity, the festival was linked to
the martyrdom of St Valentine on
14 February, ca. 270 AD, by the Roman Emperor Claudius. Another possible origin
is the medieval belief that birds traditionally pair off on 14 February. Oliver Cromwell�s government banned St
Valentine�s day but it was restored when Charles II came to the throne in 1660.
See 14 February 1822.
14 January 1477, Tuesday
(-171,038) Hermann, Elector of Cologne, was born (died 15 August 1552).
5 January 1477, Sunday
(-171,047) Battle of Nancy.
Swiss pikemen defeated the Duke of Burgundy�s cavalry. The 43-year old Duke was
killed in the battle, and his body was found later, half-eaten by wolves.
1 January 1477, Wednesday
(-171,051)
===================================================================================
26 December 1476, Thursday
(-171,057) Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, was assassinated by
Milanese nobles. His 7-year-old son, Gian Galeazzo, succeeded him under the
regency of his mother, Bona of Savoy.
26 November 1476, Tuesday
(-171,087) Radu died and Vlad III The Impaler took the Romanian throne a
third time. However in 1477 Vlad III was killed by an invading Ottoman army.
3 November 1476, Sunday
(-171,110)
1 September 1476, Sunday
(-171,173)
6 July 1476, Saturday
(-171,230) Regiomontanus (Johann Muller), German astronomer, died in Rome (born
6 June 1436 in Konigsberg)
1 July 1476, Monday
(-171,235)
28 June 1476, Friday
(-171,238) Pope Paul IV born.
22 June 1476, Saturday
(-171,244) The Battle of Morat/Murten.
The Swiss again defeated the Burgundians.
8 June 1476, Saturday
(-171,258) George Neville, Chancellor of England, died.
8 May 1476, Wednesday
(-171,289)
14 April 1476, Sunday (-171,313) Easter Sunday
2 March 1476, Saturday (-171,356) (Switzerland)
The Swiss defeated a Burgundian Army at Granson,
Switzerland.
31 January 1476, Wednesday (-171,387) (Romania) Vlad III Tepes The Impaler,
now married to the sister of Matthias I Corvinus King of Hungary, returned to
the throne of Wallachia (in present day Romania)
1 January 1476, Monday (-171,417)
================================================================================
24 December 1475, Sunday (-171,425) Thomas Murner, satirical writer, was born.
11 December 1475, Monday
(-171,438) Pope Leo X was born.
9 October 1475, Monday
(-171,501)
29 August 1475, Tuesday
(-171,542) King Edward IV of England and King Louis XI of France signed the
Treaty of Picquigny (see 4 July 1475). Under this Treaty, England recieved
annual compensation and free and safe trade access; France secured peace for
seven years.
7 August 1475, Monday
(-171,564)
4 July 1475, Tuesday
(-171,598) King Edward IV of England landed at Calais in support of the
Burgundians. Louis XI of France quickly arranged a peace deal with Edward, see
29 August 1475.
8 May 1475, Monday
(-171,655)
18 April 1475,Tuesday �(-171,675)
4 April 1475, Tuesday
(-171,689)
26 March 1475, Sunday (-171,698) Easter Sunday.
6 March 1475, Monday (-171,718)
Michelangelo, Italian painter and sculptor, was born in Capresse, Tiuscany, as
Michelagniolo di Lodovico Buonarroti.
6 January 1475, Friday
(-171,777)
1 January 1475, Sunday
(-171,782)
==============================================================================
25 December 1474, Sunday
(-171,789)
12 December 1474, Monday
(-171,802) King Henry IV of Castile died of a urinary blockage. His younger
sister, Isabella, seized power, publically declaring herself as the new
monarch. Her brother, known as Henry the Impotent, has been married twice but
produced just one heir, Joanna, who was rumoured to have been fathered by a
different man. Isabella seized her opportunity before an official successor to
Henry IV could be proclaimed. She proved to be a capable and popular ruler,
conquering Islamic Andalusia along with Ferdinand. She was the mother of
Catharine of Aragon.
4 November 1474, Friday
(-171,840)
8 September 1474, Thursday
(-177,897) Ludovic Ariosto, poet, was born.
2 September 1474, Friday
(-171,903)
2 July 1474, Saturday
(-171,965)
9 May 1474, Monday
(-172,019) (France) Peter von Hagenbach was tried, found
guilty and executed the same day for alleged atrocities committed during his
tyrannical rule of Alsace. He had been appointed to this position by Charles,
Duke of Burgundy, who had acquired Alsace in 1469.
10 April 1474, Sunday (-172,048) Easter Sunday.
4 April 1474, Monday (-172,054) (Switzerland) The Union of Constance, a
defensive alliance between Sigismund of Austria and the Swiss Cantons against
the Burgundians, was agreed.
6 February 1474, Sunday (-172,111)
1 January 1474, Saturday (-172,147)
=============================================================================
5 December 1473, Sunday (-172,174)
3 October 1473, Sunday (-172,237)
24 September 1473, Friday (-172,246) Georg von Frundsberg, German soldier, was
born (died 20 August 1528).
11 August 1473, Wednesday (-172,290) (Turkey) Ottoman Turkey defeated the Turkomans
at the Battle of Otlukbeli. The �White Sheep Turkomans�, under Uzun Hasan, had
comprised the most significant threat to the Ottomans since the Mongols under
Timur in the early 1400s. However at Otlukbeli the overwhelming firepower of
the Ottoman Army comprehensively defeated the Turkomans.
1 August 1473, Sunday (-172,300)
10 July 1473, Saturday (-172,322)
8 May 1473, Saturday (-172,385)
18 April 1473, Sunday (-172,405) Easter Sunday.
8 April 1473, Thursday
(-172,415)
17 March 1473, Wednesday
(-172,437) James IV, King of
Scotland, was born.
19 February 1473, Friday (-172,463) Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, was
born in Torun, Poland.
1 January 1473, Friday (-172,512)
===============================================================================
8 June 1472, Monday
(-172,719)
8 May 1472, Friday (-172,750)
25 April 1472, Sunday
(-172,762) Leon Battista Alberti, Italoian architect, died in Rome.
8 April 1472, Wednesday
(-172,780)
29 March 1472, Sunday (-172,790) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1472, Thursday
(-172,828) Orkney and Shetland were given by Norway to
Scotland, due to a defaulted dowry payment. King Christiaan of
Norway and Denmark wanted to form an alliance with Scotland by marrying his
daughter Margaret to James III. However Christiaan lacked money for a dowry, so
Orkney and Shetland were temporarily handed over in lieu. The dowry was never
paid so these islands became part of Scotland.
1 January 1472, Wednesday
(-172,878)
====================================================================================
15 October 1471, Tuesday
(-172,956) Konrad Mutian, German Humanist writer, was born (died 30 March 1526).
26 September 1471, Thursday
(-172,975)
25 July 1471, Thursday� (-173,038) Pope Paul II died, aged 54. He
was succeeded by Pope Sixtus IV.
21 May 1471, Tuesday
(-173,103) (1)
King Henry VI died, in the Tower
of London.� He was probably murdered, and
was succeeded by Edward IV.
(2) Albrecht Durer, German artist and
engraver, was born in Nuremberg. He was the son of a goldsmith.
4 May 1471. Saturday (-173,120) The Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians under Margaret
of Anjou at the Battle of Tewkesbury. The Lancastrians were
attempting to cross the River Severn to join�
with Welsh troops under Jasper Tudor. The death of Margaret�s son,
Prince Edward, as he fled the battlefield extinguished the House of Lancaster.
14 April 1471, Sunday (-173,140) Easter Sunday. Yorkists
under King Edward IV defeated the Earl of Warwick�s Lancastrians at the Battle
of Barnet.
22 March 1471, Friday
(-173,163) George Podobrady, Hussite King of Bohemia, died. He was
succeeded by Ladislas II, son of King Casimir IV of Poland. The Czech nobility
held real power, and a seven-year war with Hungary ensued.
14 March 1471, Thursday
(-173,171) Thomas Malory., writer.died.
20 February 1471, Wednesday
(-173,193)
1 January 1471, Tuesday
(-173,243)
===================================================================================
2 November 1470, Thursday
(-173,304) Edward V, King of England, was born.
9 October 1470. Monday
(-173,328) Lancastrian King Henry VI was restored to the English throne after having been
deposed nine years earlier. The power behind the throne here was
held by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, a former Yorkist who abandoned the
cause when his prot�g�, Edward IV, strong-willed, secretly married the woman he
wanted to, the young widow Elizabeth Woodville, rather than undertake an
arranged marriage to a French Princess. Henry VI, a weak character, was
accustomed to abdication of political responsibilities so an alliance with
power-hungry Warwick suited them both. However Henry VI�s weak reign was blamed
for the wars that had split England for the previous 15 years, and the loss of
English lands in France, and Henry�s days seemed numbered.
30 September 1470, Saturday
(-173,337)
30 July 1470, Monday (-173,398)
Hongzhi, Emperor of China, was born.
24 June 1470, Sunday
(-173,434)
20 May 1470, Sunday
(-173,369) Pietro Bembo, Italian writer, was born in Venice (died 18
January 1547).
15 May 1470, Tuesday
(-173,474) Charles VIII, King of
Sweden, died
22 April 1470, Sunday
(-173,497) Easter Sunday
12 March 1470, Monday
(-173,538) Battle of Empingham, Wars of the Roses. King Edward IV routed
Sir Robert Welles� rebels.
20 February 1470, Tuesday
(-173,558)
1 January 1470, Monday
(-173,608)
=====================================================================================
25 December 1469, Monday
(-173,615)
2 December 1469, Saturday
(-173.637) Piero de Medici died. Control of his Florentine bank passed to
his sons Lorenzo and Guiliano.
22 November 1469, Tuesday
(-173,649) Sir Alexander Boyd, Scottish statesman, was beheaded.
20 October 1469, Thursday
(-173,682) Guru Nanak Dev, Sikh leader, was born.
19 October 1469, Wednesday
(-173,683) (Spain)
The Crowns of Castile and Aragon were joined with the marriage of Prince
Ferdinand of Aragon and the Infanta Isabella of Castile. This nominally united
almost all of what is now Spain, except for the Kingdom of Navarre in the north
and Granada in the south (although the two kingdoms remained politically
separate entities). Spain was now the most powerful State in Europe.
8 October 1469, Saturday (-173,694)
Fra Filippo Lippi, painter, died.
28 September 1469, Wednesday
(-173,704)
26 July 1469, Wednesday (-173,767)
Battle of Edgecote,
Northamptonshire, Wars of the Roses. Lancastrians defeated the Yorkists.
10 July 1469, Monday
(-173,783)
3 May 1469. Wednesday (-173,851) Niccolo Machiavelli, Italian statesman and historian, was born in
Florence.
2 April 1469, Sunday
(-173,882) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1469, Monday
(-173,923)
1 January 1469, Sunday
(-173,973)
==================================================================================
24 November 1468, Thursday
(174,011) Jean Dunois, French commander who achieved many victories against
the English during the Hundred Years War, died (born 1403).
7 November 1468, Monday
(-174,028)
7 October 1468, Friday
(-174,059) Sigismondo Malatesta, tyrant and soldier, died.
11 September 1468, Sunday (-174,085)
28 August 1468, Sunday
(-174,099) Death of Ethiopian Emperor Zara Yaqub.
10 July 1468, Sunday (-174,148)
3 July 1468, Sunday
(-174,155) Charles the Bold of Burgundy married Margaret, sister of King
Edward IV of England. This renewed the political and economic alliance between
Burgundy and England against France.
30 June 1468, Thursday
(-174,158) John the Steadfast, Elector of Saxony,was born (died 16 August 1532).
16 June 1468, Thursday
(-174,172) Jean le Fevre, Burgundian historical writer, died.
8 May 1468, Sunday (-174,211)
17 April 1468, Sunday (-174,232) Easter Sunday.
28 February 1468, Sunday (-174,281)
Pope Paul III was born.
20 February 1468, Saturday (-174,289)
3 February 1468, Wednesday
(-174,306) Johann Gutenberg,
German inventor of printing from moveable type, died.
17 January 1468, Sunday
(-174,323) Skanderbeg, ruler of Albania, died in Lezhe. The Ottomans took
advantage of the power vacuum to invade.
1 January 1468, Friday
(-174,339)
==================================================================================
15 June 1467, Monday
(-174,539) Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, died, aged 71, after a
48-year reign. He was succeeded by his son, Charles the Bold, who began a
10-year power struggle with Louis XI of France.
8 May 1467, Friday (-174,577)
29 March 1467, Sunday (-174,617) Easter Sunday.
1 March 1467, Sunday (-174,645)
1 February 1467, Sunday (-174,673)
1 January 1467, Thursday (-174,704)
=================================================================================
23 December 1466, Tuesday
(-174,713) George Podobrady, King of Bohemia, was excommunicated as a
Hussite by Pope paul II, who encouraged a Crusade against him.
13 December 1466, Saturday (-174,723) Donatello, sculptor, died.
1 December 1466, Monday
(-174,735)
1 November 1466, Saturday
(-174,765)
19 October 1466, Friday(-174,768)
(Poland,
Germany)
King Casimir IV signed the Second Peace
of Thorn, ending the� warfare which
began in 1454 when Casimir IV agreed to help the Prussian
Confederation against the Teutonic Knights.
6 April 1466, Sunday
(-174,976) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1466, Thursday
(-175,019)
1 January 1466, Wednesday
(-175,069)
=================================================================================
1 November 1465, Friday
(-175,130)
1 September 1465, Sunday
(-175,191)
13 July 1465, Saturday
(-175,241) Louis XI defeated by the League of the Common Weal at the Battle of Montlhery.
26 May 1465, Sunday
(-175,289) Elizabeth, wife of King Edward IV of England, was crowned Queen
at Westminster Abbey.
8 May 1465, Wednesday
(-175,307)
14 April 1465, Sunday (-175,331) Easter Sunday
8 January 1465, Tuesday (-175,427) (Italy) Lorenzo
Giustiniani, Bishop of Venice, died (born 1380).
4 January 1465, Saturday (-175,430) Charles Duke of Orleans, French poet, in
Amboise (born 26 May 1391)
=================================================================================
30 August 1464, Thursday
(-175,558) Pope Paul II (211st Pope) acceded (died 1471)
14 August 1464, Tuesday
(-175,574) Pope Pius II died.
12 August 1464, Sunday
(-175,576) John Capgrave, English historian, born 21 April 1393, died.
1 August 1464, Wednesday
(-175,587) Cosimo de Medici died aged 75 in Florence. He was succeeded as
head of the banking family by his son, Piero.
8 July 1464, Sunday
(-175,611)
16 June 1464, Saturday
(-175,633) Roger van der Weyden, painter, died.
15 May 1464, Tuesday
(-175,665) Battle of Hexham.
Lancastrians defeated by Montague.
8 May 1464, Tuesday
(-175,672)
25 April 1464, Wednesday (-175,885) At Hedgeley
Moor, near Alnwick, Northumberland, the Lancastrians in northern England
were defeated.
8 April 1464, Sunday (-175,702)
1 April 1464, Sunday (-175,709) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1464, Sunday (-175,800)
=====================================================================================
25 December 1463, Sunday (-175,807)
6 December 1463, Tuesday (-175,826) Mathias I Corvinus, King of Hungary, took
Bosnia from Ottoman Turkey. He also claimed Bosnia, Serbia, Moldavia and
Wallachia.
3 December 1463, Saturday (-175,829) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, united
Upper and Lower Austria on the death of his brother Albert I, Grand Duke of
Austria.
1 December 1463, Thursday (-175,831)
1 November 1463, Tuesday (-175,861)
29 October 1463, Saturday (-175,864) (Medical) Alessandro Achillini, Italian anatomist,
(died 2 August 1512 in Bologna) was born in Bologna.
10 April 1463, Sunday (-176,066) Easter Sunday.
10 March 1463, Thursday (-176,097)
24 February 1463, Thursday (-176,111) Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, Italian
writer, was born (died 17 November 1494)
10 February 1463, Thursday (-176,125)
17 January 1463, Monday (-176,149) Antoine du Prat, Chancellor of France, was
born (died 9 July 1535).
1 January 1463, Saturday (-176,165)
=====================================================================================
17 September 1462, Friday
(-176,271) (Poland,
Germany)
The Poles decisively defeated the Teutoinic Knights at the Battle of Pluck, a
fortress on the Vistula River south of Tczew.
16 September 1462, Thursday
(-176,272) Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher, was born in Mantua (died
18 May 1525 in Bologna)
8 May 1462, Saturday (-176,403)
18 April 1462, Sunday (-176,423) Easter Sunday.
27 March 1462, Saturday (-176,445) Basil II, Grand Duke of Muscovy, died aged
47 after a 27-year reign marked by civil war. He was succeeded by his son, Ivan
III,aged 22, who effectively became the first Russian monarch. Ivan III ruled
for 23 years and greatly expanded Russian territory.
23 February 1462, Tuesday (-176,477) Gilbert Lafayette, Marshal of France,
died.
20 February 1462, Saturday (-176,480)
1 January 1462, Friday (-176,530)
====================================================================================
15 August 1461, Saturday (-176,669) The Ottomans took Trebizond.
22 July 1461, Wednesday (-176,693)
Charles VII of France died aged 58. He was succeeded by his son, Louis XI.
28 June 1461, Sunday (-176,717) Coronation of Yorkist
King Edward IV.
17 June 1461, Wednesday
(-176,728) Vlad the Impaler, or
Dracula, massacred an Ottoman army, killing 15,000, near Targoviste, capital of
Wallachia. However Vlad III was forced into exile and his younger brother Radu
became King.
8 May 1461, Friday (-176,768)
5 April 1461, Sunday
(-176,801) Easter Sunday.
29 March 1461, Sunday (-176,808) The Battle of
Towton (North Yorkshire) took place, during the Wars of the Roses, in a
snowstorm. It was the bloodiest battle ever on
British soil; over 28,000 died. The Lancastrians
were heavily defeated and the position of King Edward IV was secured.
The Yorkists were exhausted after a long march, and were fighting up-slope.
However the Yorkists had an advantage as the wind was behind them, causing
their arrows to fly further, whilst the Lancastrians were blinded by snow
blowing into their faces, spoiling their aim and causing their arrows to fall
short.
28 March 1461, Saturday
(-178,809) Battle of Ferrybridge,
Wars of the Roses. The Lancastrians under Lord Clifford defeated the
Yorkists under Lord Fitzwalter, who was killed.
5 March 1461, Thursday
(-176,832) Henry VI was
deposed as King of England. Edward IV (Duke of York) succeeded him.
17 February 1461, Tuesday
(-176,848) The Second Battle
of Barnet. Margaret of Anjou�s Lancastrian forces defeated the Yorkist Earl of
Warwick. Warwick, defending the Yorkists in London, was taken by surprise
and fled in disarray, failing to take King Henry VI with him.
3 February 1461, Tuesday
(-176,862) At Mortimer�s Cross, Richard�s son, Edward, Earl of March, defeated
the Lancastrian forces.
17 January 1461, Saturday (-176,879)
3 January 1461, Saturday
(-176,893)
1 January 1461, Thursday
(-176,895)
====================================================================================
30 December 1460, Tuesday
(-176,897)� The
Battle of Wakefield. A superior Lancastrian force caught Yorkists,
foraging, by surprise, and the Duke of York was killed. This would have
ended the Yorkist cause but for the Battle of Mortimer�s Cross, 3 February 1461.
13 November 1460, Thursday
(-176,944) Prince Henry the
Navigator died, aged 66.
13 October 1460, Monday (-176,975)
13 September 1460, Saturday (-177,005)
10 August 1460, Sunday
(-177,039) King James III of Scotland, then aged just 9, was crowned King
at Kelso Abbey. This was at the siege of Roxburgh Castle, which was subsequently
captured by the Scots.
3 August 1460. Sunday (-177,046) James II, King of Scotland,
killed during the siege of Roxburgh Castle by the English.
10 July 1460. Thursday
(-177,070) The Yorkists defeated the
Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses
and captured King Henry VI at
the Battle of Northampton.
10 June 1460, Tuesday
(-177,100)
8 May 1460, Thursday
(-177,133)
13 April 1460, Sunday (-177,138) Easter Sunday
4 April 1460, Friday (-177,147)
The University of Basle opened.
20 February 1460, Wednesday
(-177,211)
1 January 1460, Tuesday
(-177,261)
====================================================================================
23 September 1459, Sunday (-177,361) The Battle of Blore Heath, during the Wars of the Roses. The
Yorkists under Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, defeated the Lancastrians
under Lord Audley. Salisbury was now able to join forces with the Yorkists at
Ludlow.
10 July 1459, Tuesday
(-177,436)
8 May 1459, Tuesday
(-177,499)
25 March 1459, Sunday (-177,543) Easter Sunday.
22 March 1459, Thursday (-177,546)
Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian was born.
20 February 1459, Tuesday
(-177,576)
1 January 1459, Monday
(-177,626)
===================================================================================
14 August 1458, Monday
(-177,766)
6 August 1458, Sunday
(-177,774) Pope Calistus III died.
27 June 1458, Tuesday
(-177,814) King Alfonso V of Aragon (also Alfonso I of Sicily and
Sardinia), born 1385, died. He succeeded his father Ferdinand the Just in 1416,
12 June 1458. Monday (-177,829) Magdalen College, Oxford,
was founded.
8 May 1458, Monday (-177,864)
2 April 1458, Sunday
(-177,900) Easter Sunday.
2 March 1458, Thursday
(-177,931) The Bohemian Diet elected George Podobrady, leader of the
moderate Hussite Ultraquists, as King of Bohemia.
20 February 1458, Monday
(-177,941)
20 January 1458, Friday
(-177,972) Mathew Corvinas, second son of Janos Hunyadi (the ruler who had
successfully defended Belgrade against the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1456)
was elected King of Hungary. He took territory for Hungary from Bohemia, having
obtained papal consent for a Crusade against its Hussite ruler, George of
Podebrady (ruled 1458-71). However Hungary eventually came under Ottoman rule
in 1526.
1 January 1458, Sunday
(-177,991)
================================================================================
25 November 1457, Friday
(-178,028)
23 November 1457, Wednesday
(-178,030) (Hungary) Following
the execution of Laszlo Hunyadi, King Ladislas V was forced to flee to Prague
in Bohemia, where he died suddenly, aged 17.
9 November 1457, Wednesday
(-178,034) (Hungary) Ulrich Cilli,
Hungarian governor, was assassinated hy Laszlo Hunyadi.
8 May 1457, Sunday
(-178,229)
17 April 1457, Sunday (-178,250) Easter Sunday.
6 March 1457, Sunday (-178,292) King James II of
Scotland banned golf, because it distracted men from archery training.
There was a constant threat of invasion from England, The ban was reiterated in
1471 and 1491, and was not formally lifted until 1744.
28 February 1457, Monday
(-178,298)
13 February 1457, Sunday
(-178,313) Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, was born (died 27 March 1481).
28 January 1457, Friday (-178,329) Henry VII born at Pembroke Castle. The start of the Tudor dynasty. He was the son of Edmund Tudor,
Earl of Richmond, and of Margaret Beaufort.
1 January 1457, Saturday
(-178,356)
==============================================================================
17 December 1456, Friday (-178,371)
25 November 1456, Thursday
(-178,393) Jacques Couer, French trader, died.
23 October 1456, Saturday (-178,426)
(Christian) Giovanni di Capistrano, Italian
theologian, died (born 1386).
17 October 1456, Sunday (-178,432) The University of Greifswald
was established.
22 September 1456, Wednesday
(-178,457)
20 August 1456, Friday (-178,490) Vlad III �The Impaler�
became King of Romania. This was his second term oas ruler; he had earlier been
deposed after a reign of just 2 months. His cruelty gave rise to the legend of
Dracula. He fought the Ottoman Empire for control of Wallachia,
11 August 1456, Wednesday
(-178,499) Janos Hunyadi died suddenly in Belgrade, However he had secured
Hungarian independence from Ottoman Tiurkey.
22 July 1456, Thursday
(-178,519) John Hunyadi, King of the
Hungarians, defeated an invading Ottoman Turkish army at Belgrade. This halted
the ambitions of Sultan Mahomet II to occupy Vienna and then Rome, which
Mahomet regarded as still the �capital of Europe�.
14 July 1456, Wednesday
(-178,527) Hunyadi defeated a Turkish fleet on the Danube in the Naval Battle of Belgrade.
8 July 1456, Thursday
(-178,533)
8 May 1456, Saturday (-178,594)
8 April 1456, Thursday
(-178,624)
28 March 1456, Sunday (-178,635)
Easter Sunday.
1 January 1456, Thursday
(-178,722)
==================================================================================
25 December 1455, Thursday
(-178,729)
1 December 1455, Monday
(-178,754) Lorenzo Ghiberti, Florentine sculptor, died in Florence.
22 May 1455. Thursday
(-178,946) The First Battle
of Barnet.� In the Wars of the Roses, Richard
Neville, Earl of Warwick, Yorkist, fought his way into the Lancastrian camp because
Henry VI had refused Richard of York�s demand that Simon Beaufort, Duke of
Somerset, be imprisoned. The Yorkists won, killing their principal enemies,
Somerset, Northumberland and Clifford.
8 April 1455, Tuesday
(-178,990) Pope Callixtus III (born
1378) acceded (died 1458).
6 April 1455, Sunday
(-178,992) Easter Sunday
24 March 1455, Monday (-179,005) Pope Nicholas V died.
22 March 1455, Saturday
(-179,907) Alvise Ca�da Mosto, a Venetiain in the employment of the
Portuguese, set sail to explore the coast of Africa. He discovered the Cape
Verde Islands, also visited the Senegal and Gambia Rivers.
18 March 1455, Tuesday
(-179,011)
23 February 1455, Sunday
(-179,034) Traditional date for the publication of Gutenberg�s Bible, the
first book printed from moveable metal type.
22 February 1455, Saturday
(-179,035) Johann Reuchlin, German scholarly writer, was born (died 30 June
1522)
18 February 1455, Tuesday
(-179,039) Fra Angelico, Florentine painter, died.
1 January 1455, Wednesday
(-179,087)
================================================================================
21 July 1454, Sunday
(-179,251) Juan II of Castile died and was succeeded by his son, Enrique.
14 July 1454, Sunday
(-179,258) Angelo Ambrigini, Italian writer, was born in Tuscany (died 24
September 1494)
21 May 1454, Tuesday
(-179,312) (Italy) Ermolao Barbaro, Italian
scholar, was born in Venice (died in Rome 14 June 1493).
8 May 1454,�
Wednesday (-179,325)
21 April 1454, Sunday (-179,342)
Easter Sunday.
9 April 1454. Tuesday (-179,354) Three rival Italian powers �
Venice, Milan, and Florence � agreed to unite in an �Italian league�. Rome also
seemed likely to join.
27 March 1454, Wednesday
(-179,367) Richard was elected Protector by the English Parliament, during
King Henry VI�s first bout of insanity.
9 March 1454, Saturday (-179,385) Amerigo Vespucci, Italian
explorer who discovered the mouth of the Amazon and gave his name to America,
was born.
20 February 1454, Wednesday
(-179,402)
1 January 1454, Tuesday
(-179,452)
=================================================================================
1 December 1453, Saturday
(-179,483)
1 November 1453, Thursday
(-179,513)
19 October 1453, Friday
(-179,526) (France) France recaptured Bordeaux from the
English. Bordeaux had fallen to France in 1451, but the English retook it.�
20 July 1453, Friday
(-179,617) Enguerrand de Monstrelet, French historical writer, died.
17 July 1453. Tuesday
(--179,620) (France, Britain)
The end of the Hundred
Years War, when the French defeated the English at Chatillon/Castillon.
Now only Calais remained in English hands; in 1449 England had occupied
nearly a third of France. By now England was pre-occpied with
the Wars of the Roses.
2 June 1453, Saturday
(-179,665) Alvaro de Luna, Constable of Castile, was executed after a show
trial. The Spanish King, Juan II�s, second wife was distiurbed at Alvaro�s
influence over him.
29 May 1453.Tuesday (-179,669) (Roman Empire, Turkey) The Turks conquered Constantinople,
following a siege of over a year. The end of the Byzantine Empire.
12
May 1453, Saturday
(-179,686) The Ottoman Sultan ordered the walls of Constantinople be
bombarded with huge cannon balls fired from an 8 metre long, 1.05 metre
calibre, cannon.
6 April 1453, Friday
(-179,722) The Turkish attack on Constantinople began.
1 April 1453, Sunday (-179,727)
Easter Sunday.
20 February 1453, Tuesday
(-179,767)
1 January 1453, Monday
(-179,817)
=================================================================================
2 October 1452, Monday
(-179,908) Richard III, King of England, was born.
21 September 1452, Thursday
(-179,919) Girolamo Savonarola, Church reformer, was born.
17 July 1452, Monday
(-179,985)
8 May 1452, Monday (-180,055)
19 April 1452, Wednesday
(-180,074) Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, was born.
9 April 1452, Sunday (-180,084) Easter Sunday.
26 April 1452. Wednesday (-180,067) Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician,
engineer, scientist, and inventor, was born into the Renaissance.
19 March 1452, Sunday
(-180,105) Frederick, King of Germany, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by
Pope Nicholas.
16 March 1452, Thursday
(-180,108) Ferdinand V, King of Castile and Leon, was born (died 23 January
1516).
3
February 1452, Thursday (-180,150) The Duke of York accused the
Beaufort family, who backed the Lancastrian King Henry VI, of incompetence and
ineptitude and of thereby losing the English territories in France.
1
January 1452, Saturday (-180,183)
==================================================================================
20 August 1451, Friday (-180,317) The French captured Bayonne,
the last English stronghold in Guyenne.
10 July 1451, Saturday
(-180,358) James III, King of Scotland, was born (died 11 June 1488).
30 June 1451, Wednesday
(-180,368) French troops under the
Comte de Dunois invaded Guyenne and captured Bordeaux.
25 April 1451, Sunday
(-180,434) Easter Sunday.
22 April 1451, Thursday
(-180,437) Isabella, Queen of
Castile and Leon was born.
20 February 1451, Saturday
(-180,498)
2 February 1451, Tuesday
(-180,516) Ottoman Sultan Murad II died in Edirne. He was succeeded by his
19-year-old son Mehmed II.
7 January 1451, Thursday (-180,542) Glasgow University was
founded.
1 January 1451, Friday
(-180,548)
================================================================================
3 November 1450, Tuesday
(-180,607)
5 October 1450, Monday (-180,636)� Jews were expelled from Lower Bavaria by
order of Ludwig IX.
16 September 1450, Wednesday
(-180,655) (France)
Louis Aleman, French Cardinal, died in Arles.
12 August 1450, Wednesday
(-180,690) Cherbourg, the last
English territory in Normandy, surrendered to the French.
17 July 1450, Friday
(-180,716)
12 July 1450, Sunday (-180,721) Cade had been promised a
free pardon and had disbanded his army. However he was then hunted down by
Government forces and killed this day.
6 July 1450, Monday (-180,727) Caen surrendered to the
French.
4 July 1450, Saturday (-180,729) Jack� Cade entered London. Henry VI had left London
for Kenilworth, allowing Cade�s men to enter the capital and execute unpopular
courtiers. However Cade proved unable to maintain discipline amongst his
followers and Londoners turned against him.
27 June 1450. Saturday (-180,736) Jack Cade, an Irish born
physician, led an insurrection march of 40,000 through Kent to London to
protest against the high taxes of King Henry VI. The English Government was
unpopular after its defeat in the Hundred Years War. Meanwhile Henry VI�s
courtiers blamed the Men of Kent for the murder of William de la Pole in May
1450 and wanted reprisals, sparking the Kentish rebellion. Pole had been
involved in the disastrous English military campaign in France that culminated
with the loss of Normandy to the French; Parliament had him sent to The Tower
on charges of treason. King Henry VI, to save Pole from a trial with a foregone
conclusion, declared him innocent but banished him from England for five years.
As Pole left Dover, on 3 May 1450, his ship was intercepted, and Pole was
forcibly dragged into a small boat and beheaded.
18 June 1450, Thursday
(-180,745) Jack Cade�s men ambushed and defeated the King�s soldiers in an
ambush nbear Sevenoaks.
6 June 1450, Saturday
(-180,757) Rebellion began in England over the high levels of taxation due
to the war with France. Jack Cade emerged as oits leader.
28 May 1450, Thursday
(-180,766)
15 April 1450, Wednesday
(-180,809) The Battle of Formigny. Fought near Caen, the French defeated an
English force sent to halt King Charles VII�s reconquest of Normandy.
5 April 1450, Sunday
(-180,819) Easter Sunday.
26 February 1450, Thursday
(-180,857) Francesco Sforza, claimant to govern the Ambrosian republic of
Milan, after Filippo Maria Visconti, successfully mounted a coup and became its
new ruler.
20 February 1450, Friday
(-180,863)
1 January 1450, Thursday
(-180,913)
===================================================================================
31 December 1499, Wednesday
(-180,914)
1 December 1449, Monday
(-180,944)
30 November 1449, Sunday
(-180,945)
1 November 1449, Saturday
(-180,974)
29 October 1449, Wednesday� (-180,977) The French recaptured Rouen
from the English.
27 August 1449, Wednesday
(-181,040)
27 July 1449, Sunday
(-181,071)
23 July 1449, Wednesday
(-181,075)
3 July 1449, Thursday
(-181,095) Coronation of Mary, wife of King James II of Scotland, at
Holyrood Abbey.
15 June 1449, Sunday
(-181,113)
24 May 1449, Saturday
(-181,135) Afonso V of Portugal declared war on his uncle and Regent,
Pedro, who was killed at the Battle of Alfarrobeira.
13 May 1449, Tuesday
(-181,146)
13 April 1449, Sunday (-181,176) Easter Sunday
20 February 1449, Thursday (-181,228)
6 January 1449, Monday
(-181,273) Constantine XI was crowned Byzantine Emperor at Mistra. He was
the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.
1 January 1449, Wednesday
(-181,278) Lorenzo de Medici, statesman, was born.
==================================================================================
4 November 1448, Monday
(-181,336)
31 October 1448, Thursday
(-181,340) Byzantine Emperor John VIII Paleologus died childless aged 57
after a 23-year reign. He was succeeded by his 44-year-old brother who reigned
until 1453 as Constantine XI Paleologus, the last of the Byzantine Emperors.
17 October 1448, Thursday
(-181,354) Battle of Kosovo:
Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi were defeated by the Turks.
28 August 1448, Wednesday
(-181,404) (France) France�s first regular
infantry, the Francs-Archers, was formed. By ordinance of Montils les Tours,
each parish was to selecte its best archer, who was to practice on Sundays and
feast days, and was exempt from the taille. They had to be ready to mobilise
instantly when required.
20 June 1448, Thursday
(-181,473) The Swedish nobility chose Karl Knuttson as King; however the
Danes chose Count Christian of Oldenburg.
8 May 1448, Wednesday
(-181,516)
7 May 1449, Tuesday
(-181,517) (Scotland) Alexander II, Lord of the Isles, died.
8 April 1448, Monday
(-181,546)
24 March 1448, �Sunday (-181,561) Easter
Sunday.
16 March 1448, Saturday (-181,569) Charles VII of France renwed the war with
England, by vcapturing le Mans in Maine Province, western France.
20 February 1448, Tuesday (-181,594)
2 February 1448, Friday (-181,611) Pope Nicholas V agreed the Concordat of
Vienna with Frederick, Elector of Bradenburg, and other German princes. This
gave the princes extensive powers over the Church in Germany; the Pope saw it
as a means of curbing reformist pressures within Germany.
5 January 1448, Friday (-181,639) (Sweden) In Helsingborg, Sweden,
Christopher III of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden died. The Kalmar
Union temporarily dissolved.
1 January 1448, Monday (-181,644)
================================================================================
25 December 1447, Monday
(-181,651)
13 August 1447, Thursday
(-181,816) Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan and last of the Visconti
Dynasty, died. Milan now established the Ambrosian Republic. Francesco Sforza,
son-in-law of the late Filippo, claimed military leadership, but his claim was
disputed� by various factions, including
supporters of King Alfonso V of Aragon. (whom Filipo had actually nominated as
his successor) and also Charles Duke of Orleans.
25 July 1447, Saturday
(-181,835)
25 June 1447, Thursday
(-181,865) The nobility of Poland chose the 20-year-old Grand Duke of
Lithiania to succeed the late Ladislas VI, his older brother. He began a
45-year reign as Casimir IV. He reunited Poland and Lithuania, giving Poland
access to the Baltic.
15 June 1447, Monday
(-181,875) The Inquisition was revived in Spain.
8 May 1447, Monday
(-181,882)
15 April 1447, Saturday (-181,905)
9 April 1447, Sunday (-181,911) Easter Sunday.
6 March 1447, Monday (-181,945) St Colette, founder of the Colettine Poor
Clares, died at Ghent (born 13 January 1381). She founded 18 convents.
23 February 1447, Thursday
(-181,956) Pope Eugene IV (207th Pope) died.
20 February 1447, Monday
(-181,959)
1 January 1447, Sunday (-182,009)
================================================================================
24 May 1446, Tuesday
(-182,231) Ambrose de Lore, French military commander, died.
8 May 1446, Sunday (-182,247)
17 April 1446, Sunday (-182,268) Easter Sunday.
16 April 1446, Saturday (-182,269) Filippo Brunelleschi, the
Florentine architect and sculptor who designed the city�s cathedral, died.
20 February 1446, Sunday
(-182,324)
1 January 1446, Saturday
(-182,374)
================================================================================
30 May 1445, Sunday
(-182,590) Coronation of Queen Margaret, wife of King Henry VI of England,
at Westminster Abbey
8 May 1445, Saturday (-182,612)
23 April 1445, Friday
(-182,627) King Henry VI of England married Margaret of Anjou at Titchfield
Abbey, near Southampton.
28 March 1445, Sunday (-182,653)
Easter Sunday.
16 March 1445, Tuesday
(-183,665) Johann Geiler, German religious writer, was born (died 10 March 1510)
20 February 1445, Saturday
(-182,689)
20 January 1445, Wednesday
(-182,720)
1 January 1445, Friday
(-182,739)
==================================================================================
11 December 1444, Friday
(-182,760) The earliest mention of the Welsh town of Bridgend, in a legal
document, as Bruggen Eynde. The older
market town of Kenfig had been abandoned due to coastal flooding and
encroachment by sand dunes, and a bridge over the River Ogmore was constructed
to the new town site.
10 November 1444, Tuesday
(-182,791) (1)
(Turkey)
Christian forces were heavily defeated at Varna
by Ottoman Turks.
(2) Ladislas VI, King of Poland, died.
24 August 1444, Monday
(-182,869) Battle of St Jakob,
near Basle. Frederick III, seeking to regain Hapsburg control of Switzerland,
allied with Charles VII of France who was seeking employment for troops
de,mobilised after the Hunderd Years War. The French veterans, 30,00 strong,
were met by some 1,500 Swiss. The Swiss force was annihilated but not before
they had killed some 3,000 French. The determination of the Swiss deterred any
further French attacks, who instead turned to harassing Frederick�s domains in
Alsace.
10 July 1444, Friday
(-182,914)
8 May 1444, Friday (-182,977)
16 April 1444, Thursday
(-182,999) The Truce of Tours, England and France signed a 5-year peace.
12 April 1444, Sunday (-183,003) Easter Sunday
20 February 1444, Thursday (-183,055)
1 January 1444, Wednesday (-183,105)
=================================================================================
25 December 1443, Wednesday (-183,112)
12 December 1443, Thursday (-183,125) Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, won a decisive
victory at the Battle of Zlatica. This halted the advance of the Hungarians
iunder Janos Hunyadi into Thrace, northern Greece.
10 November 1443, Sunday (-183,157) Ottoman forces invading Bulgaria were
defeated by the Hungarians under Janos Hunyadi, who was Voivode (military
viceroy) of Transylvania. Hunyadi went on to take Sofia.
23 October 1443, Wednesday (-183,175)
23 August 1443, Friday (-183,236) Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar (died 28
October 1485) was born.
10 July 1443, Wednesday (-183,280)
31 May 1443, Friday (-183,320) Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby,
mother of King Henry VII, was born (died 29 June 1509)
8 May 1443, Wednesday
(-183,343)
21
April 1443, Sunday (-183,360) Easter Sunday.
27 March 1443, Wednesday (-183,385) Matthius Corvinus, King of
Hungary, second son of John Hunyadi, was born.
20 February 1443, Wednesday (-183,420)
28 January 1443, Monday (-183,443)
Robert le Macon, Chancellor of France, died.
27 January 1443, Sunday (-183,444) (Germany) Albert III, Duke of
Saxony, was born (died 12 September 1500 in Emden).
1 January 1443, Tuesday (-183,470)
===================================================================================
18 December 1442, Tuesday (-183,484) (France)
Pierre Cauchon, French Bishop, died.
27 November 1442, Tuesday (-183,505)
30 September 1442, Sunday (-183,563) Johannes Gutenberg�s Bible became
the first book to be printed using moveable metal type.
30 July 1442, Monday (-183,625)
17 June 1442, Sunday
(-183,668) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, was crowned King of Germany
at Aix la Chapelle.
12 June 1442, Tuesday
(-183,673) Alfonso V, King of Aragon, was crowned King pof Naples.
8 May 1442, Tuesday
(-183,708)
28 April 1442, Saturday (-183,718) King Edward IV was born in Rouen, son of Richard, Duke of York.
8 April 1442, Sunday
(-183,738)
1 April 1442, Sunday
(-183,745) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1442, Monday
(-183,835)
=================================================================================
25 December 1441, Monday
(-183,842)
10 December 1441, Sunday
(-183,857) The Treaty of Cavriana settled peace between Milan and Venice.
It was organised by Francesco Sforza, working for Venice but married to Bianca,
daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan.
9 June 1441, Friday (-184,073) Dutch painter Jan van Eyck,
equerry to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, died.
16 April 1441, Sunday (-184,095) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1441, Monday (-184,150)
1 January 1441, Sunday (-184,200)
==================================================================================
26 October 1440, Wednesday
(-184,267) Gilles de Rais, Marshal of France, was hanged.
20 September 1440. Tuesday
(-184,303) Eton School was founded
by Henry VI for poor and needy scholars. Prefects were warned to watch
out for ill-kempt beards, unwashed faces, and foul clothes.
9 July 1440, Saturday (-184,376)
Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter, died in Bruges.
7 July 1440, Thursday
(-184,378) English forces under Sir John Talbot, 1st Earl of
Shrewsbury, took Harfleur from the French.
8 May 1440, Sunday (-184,438)
10 April 1440, Sunday
(-184,466)
27 March 1440, Sunday (-184,480)
Easter Sunday.
22 February 1440, Monday
(-184,514) Ladislaus V, King of Hungary and Bohemia, was born (died 23
November 1457)
21 February 1440, Sunday
(-184,515) The Prussian Confederation was formed.
2 February 1440, Tuesday
(-184,534) Frederick of Habsburg, Duke of Styria, was elected Holy Roman
Emperor, Frederick III.
1 January 1440, Friday
(-184,566)
=================================================================================
27 October 1439. Tuesday
(-184,632) (Hungary)
Death of King Albert II of Hungary at Langendorf, from dysentery, whilst
fighting the Turks. Born in 1397, he reigned less than two years and spent this
in the defence of Hungary against the
Turks.
7 September 1439, Monday
(-184,682)
6 July 1439, Monday
(-184,745) (Roman
Empire, Turkey, Christian)
Emperor John III of Constantinople (by then he ruled very little outside
Constantinople, Salonika and Morea, and was known in western Europe as �Emperor
of the Greeks�, not as he was officially, Roman Emperor) travelled to an
Ecumenical Council in Florence and accepted papal primacy and union with Rome.
The Decree of Union (Laetentur Caeli) formally uniting the Latin and Greek
churches was issued. This was a last-ditch attempt to save his dominions from
the Ottoman Turkish advance. However the Greek clergy rejected this union;
there were too many fundamental differences of doctrine between the two
Churches. Those who had formally accepted the union recanted upon return home.
They preferred, in the words of a Byzantine dignitary, �the power [in
Constantinople] of the Turkish turban rather than the Latin tiara.
29 June 1439, Monday
(-184,752)
29 May 1439, Friday
(-184,783) Pope Pius III died.
9 May 1439, Saturday
(-184,803) Pope Pius III was born in Siena.
8 May 1439, Friday (-184,804)
5 April 1439, Sunday
(-184,837) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1439, Friday
(-184,881)
1 January 1439, Thursday
(-184,931)
===================================================================================
25 December 1438, Thursday
(-184,938)
23 October 1438, Thursday
(-185,001)
23 September 1438, Tuesday
(-185,031)
9 September 1438, Tuesday
(-184,045) King Duarte I of Portugal died aged 47 after a 5-year reign. He
was succeeded by his 6-year-old son who ruled as Afonso V until 1449, with his
uncle Pedro as Regent.
10 July 1438, Thursday
(-185,106)
7 July 1438, Monday
(-185,109) Charles VII, King of France, consolidated his authority with the
Prgamatic Sanctions of Bourges. These limited Papal authority over French
Bishops and gave the Crown a say in Church appointments.
8 June 1438, Sunday
(-185,138)
8 May 1438, Thursday
(-185,169)
13 April 1438, Sunday (-185,194) Easter Sunday
28 March 1438, Friday (-185,210) Santi Raphael, painter, died.
18 March 1438, Tuesday (-185,220) Albert, Duke of Austria, was elected Holy
Roman Emperor, as Albert II.
1 January 1438, Wednesday (-185,296)
=====================================================================================
9 December 1437, Monday
(-185,319) (Germany) Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund died, aged 69. He was succeeded by hs son in law, Albrecht of
Hapsburg.
8 May 1437, Wednesday
(-185,534)
8 April 1437, Monday
(-185,564)
31 March 1437, Sunday (-185,572)
Easter Sunday.
25 March 1437, Monday
(-185,578) Coronation of King James II of Scotland at Holyrood Abbey.
20 March 1437, Wednesday
(-185,583)
20 February 1437. Wednesday (-185,611) James I, King of Scotland, aged 42, was
assassinated by a group of dissident nobles led by Sir Robert Graham, who
wanted a rival on the Scottish throne. James had become King in 1424, executing
many of the nobility to establish control. James was staying at the Dominican
Friary at Perth when murdered.
20 January 1437, Sunday
(-185,642)
3 January 1437, Thursday
(-184,659) (Britain)
Catherine of Valois, Queen of King Henry V of England, died (born 27 October 1401).
1 January 1437, Tuesday
(-185,661)
=================================================================================
6 June 1436, Wednesday
(-185,870) Regiomontanus (Johann Muller), German astronomer, was born in
Konigsberg (died 6 July 1476 in Rome)
8 May 1436, Tuesday
(-185,899)
13 April 1436, Friday
(-185,924) The English lost Paris to the French.
8 April 1436, Sunday
(-185,929) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1436, Monday
(-185,977)
1 January 1436, Sunday
(-186,027)
===============================================================================
1 December 1435, Thursday
(-186,058)
1 November 1435, Tuesday
(-186,088) week 26,854
1 October 1435, Saturday
(-186,119)
20 September 1435, Tuesday
(-186,130) (France) Charles VII concluded the Treaty of
Arras with the Duke of Burgundy. This deprived England of an ally, further
isolating it.
5 August 1435, Friday
(-186,176) King Alfonso V of Aragon was captured by� the Genoese near the island of Ponza, off
western Italy. He was released following a treaty of alliance between Aragon
and Milan, in which Alfonso�s claim to the throne of Sicily was recognised.
8 May 1435, Sunday (-186,265)
17 April 1435, Sunday (-186,286) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1435, Sunday (-186,342)
11 February 1435, Friday
(-186,351) Joanna II, Queen of Naples, died.
1 January 1435, Saturday
(-186,392)
=================================================================================
10 December 1434, Friday
(-186,414)
15 November 1434, Monday
(-186,439) Louis III, Duke of Anjou, died (born 25 September 1403).
10 November 1434, Wednesday
(-186,444)
19 October 1434, Wednesday
(-185,465) The University of Catania was founded in Italy.
5 October 1434, Wednesday
(-165,479) Florentine banker Cosimo de Medici returned from exile to rule
Florence for ther next 30 years.
1 June 1434, Tuesday
(-186,606) Ladislas V Jagiello,
(born ca. 1362), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, died aged 84 after
a 38-year reign. He was succeeded by his 10-year-old son who ruled as Ladislas
VI until his death in 1444.
30 May 1434, Sunday
(-186,608) (Czech-Slovakia)� Battle
of Lipany, in modrn-day Hungary. Andrew Prokop, a Bohemian religious dissident,
led an army of radical anti-Papist Taborites against a combines force of
Catholics and Ultraquists (moderate Hussites). Prokop was killed and the
Taborites defeated.
8 May 1434, Saturday (-186,630)
8 April 1434, Thursday
(-186,660)
28 March 1434, Sunday (-186,671)
Easter Sunday.
20 February 1434, Saturday
(-186,707)
1 January 1434, Friday
(-186,757)
================================================================================
25 December 1433, Friday
(-186.764)
30 November 1433, Monday
(-186,789) In Prague the Compacts of Prague were drafted, to end the
Hussite Wars. Most Hussites were now happy to submit to the authority of the
Holy Roman Emperor, in return for some freedom of worship. The Hussite Wars had
helped forge a sense of Czech national identity.
10 November 1433, Tuesday
(-186,809) Charles, Duke of Burgundy was born.
13 October 1433, Tuesday
(-186,837)
11 August 1433, Tuesday
(-186,900) John I, King of Portugal, died.
10 July 1433, Friday
(-186,932)
8 May 1433, Friday (-186,995)
12 April 1433, Sunday (-187,021) Easter Sunday
20 February 1433, Friday (-187,072)
1 January 1433, Thursday (-187,122)
===============================================================================
5 May 1432, Monday
(-187,363) (Italy) Francesco Carmagnola, Italian
soldier of fortune, was executed in Venice (born 1390).
20 April 1432, Sunday (-187,378)
Easter Sunday.
5 March 1432, Wednesday (-187,424) (France) Charles VII concluded the Treaty of
Rennes.
20 February 1432, Wednesday (-187,438)
20 January 1432, Sunday (-187,469)
1 January 1432, Tuesday (-187,488)
=================================================================================
16 December 1431. Sunday (-187,504) The
Bishop of Winchester, Henry Beaufort, crowned King Henry VI King of France.
30 May 1431. Wednesday (-187,704) Jeanne D�Arc, a
peasant girl from Donremy, was burned at the stake in Rouen for heresy.
She had been taken prisoner by the Burgundians in May 1430 and handed over to
Pierre Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais. She endured a year of inquisition and
torture. She was canonised in 1920 on the anniversary of her death.
8 May 1431, Tuesday
(-187,726)
8 April 1431, Sunday
(-187,756)
3 April 1431, Tuesday
(-187,761) Pope Eugene IV (207th Pope) acceded (died 23 February 1447).
Opposed by antipope Felix V (Amadeus of Savoy)
1 April 1431, Sunday (-187,763)
Easter Sunday.
21 February 1431, Wednesday
(-187,802) The trial of Joan of Arc began.
20 February 1431, Tuesday
(-187,803) Pope Martin V died.
26 January 1431, Friday
(-187,828) (Christian) Richard Fleming,
Bishop of Lincoln, died.
9 January 1431, Tuesday
(-187,845) Judicial enquiries preliminary to the trial of Joan of Arc began
in Rouen.
1 January 1431, Monday
(-187,853)
====================================================================================
16 October 1430, Monday
(-187,930) James II, King of Scotland, was born.
11 September 1430,�
Monday (-187,965)
10 July 1430, Monday
(-188,028)
23 May 1430, Tuesday
(-188,076) Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians, who were allied to
the English. This was as part of a French force attempting to relieve the
English siege of Compeigne.
8 May 1430, Monday (-188,091)
16 April 1430, Sunday (-188,113) Easter Sunday.
8 April 1430, Saturday (-188,121)
23 March 1430, Thursday
(-188,137) Margaret of Anjou, Queen
of England, was born.
20 February 1430, Monday (-188,168)
22 January 1430, Sunday (-188,197)
1 January 1430, Sunday
(-188,218)
==================================================================================
23 December 1429, Friday (-188,227)
23 November 1429, Wednesday (-188,257)
6 November 1429, Sunday (-188,274) The coronation of King Henry
VI of England.
7 October 1429, Friday (-188,304)
7 September 1429, Wednesday
(-188,334)
26 August 1429. Friday (-188,346) Jeanne D�Arc made a triumphal entry into Paris.
17 July 1429, Sunday (-188,386) Charles VII was crowned King
in Reims.
16 July 1429, Saturday (-188,387) The French Army reached
Reims, which surrendered to Charles VII without a fight.
12 July 1429, Tuesday
(-188,391) John Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris, died (born
14 December 1363).
18 June 1429. Saturday (-188,415) Jeanne D�Arc, 17 years old, defeated the British at the Battle
of Patay. Historians are still in dispute over Jeanne D�Arc�s role in the Hundred Years War between Britain and France.
Born a peasant�s daughter on 7 January 1412,
she believed she was led by divine guidance and her mission was to make sure
that Charles VII became King of France and not the English Henry V. The French
and the English came face to face at Patay on 18 June 1429 and Jeanne D�Arc had
promised the French a greater victory than ever they had seen so far. The
English army was indeed routed and also its reputation for invincibility, as
the Earl of Salisbury�s 5,000 men were forced back across the River Loire.� She was captured by the English a year later,
24 May 1430, with the help of French collaborators, and burnt as a witch on 30
May 1431, She was canonised in 1920.
10 May 1429, �Tuesday (-188,454)
8 May 1429, Sunday (-188,456)
7 May 1429, Saturday (-188,457) The French captured the
English fort of Les Tourelles, inspired by Joan of Arc. This was one of several
strongholds around Orleans lost by
the English. The following day, 8 May 1429, the English began retreating, but
Joan of Arc forbade the French to pursue because it was a Sunday.
29 April 1429, Friday
(-188,465) Joan of Arc arrived to relieve the Siege of Orl�ans.
27 April 1429, Wednesday
(-188,467) French troops mustered at Blois and set off for Orleans. Orleans
had been almost surrounded by English troops since 12 October 1428, although it
was possible for the French to enter and leave.
27 March 1429, Sunday (-188,498) Easter Sunday.
8 March 1429, Tuesday (-188,517) Sir Richard Ros, English poet, was born.
20 February 1429, Sunday (-188,533)
13 February 1429, Sunday (-188,540)
Joan of Arc left Vancouleurs, a town loyal to the French Dauphin,
and travelled across English-held territory to Chinon to meet the Dauphin. The French nobility were unsure if she was
mad or a heretic, but then decided to use her to raise French morale so as to
defeat the English at Orleans.
12 February 1429, Saturday
(-188,541) Battle of Herrings,
Hundred Years War. Sir John Falstolfe defeated the Comte de Clermont at
Rouvray.
13 January 1429, Thursday
(-188,571)
1 January 1429, Saturday
(-188,583)
==================================================================================
13 December 1428, Monday
(-188,602)
22 November 1428, Monday
(-188,623) Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was born.
24 October 1428, Sunday
(-188,652) The Earl of Salisbury was fatally wounded by a cannon shot
across the Loire from Orleans. He was succeeded by the Earl of Suffolk.
12 October 1428, Tuesday
(-188,664) The Earl of Salisbury commenced operations to take Orleans by
siege, first attacking and eliminating the fortified French bridgehead south of
the River Loire. The English were too weak numerically to complete the siege,
and some supplies got into Orleans, mainly by river, however French morale was
low and they did not attempt to break out.
11 May 1428, Tuesday (-188,818)
8 May 1428, Saturday (-188,821)
3 May 1428, Monday
(-188,826) Pedro Mendoza, Spanish statesman, was born (died 11 January 1495).
4 April 1428, Sunday
(-188,855) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1428, Friday
(-188,899)
1 January 1428, Thursday
(-188,949)
=================================================================================
30 November 1427, Sunday
(-188,981) King Casimir IV of Poland was born.
14 October 1427, Tuesday
(-189,028) Alessio Baldovinetti, Florentine painter, was born (died 29
August 1499).
11 September 1427, Thursday
(-189,061)
10 July 1427, Thursday
(-189,124)
8 May 1427, Thursday
(-189,187)
20 April 1427, Sunday (-189,205)
Easter Sunday.
20 February 1427, Thursday (-189,264)
1 January 1427, Wednesday (-189,314)
=================================================================================
8 May 1426, Wednesday
(-189,552)
8 April 1426, Monday
(-189,582)
31 March 1426, Sunday (-189,590)
Easter Sunday.
6 March 1426, Wednesday
(-180,615) Battle of St James,
near Avrancjhes. The English under Bedford defeated the French under Arthur de
Richemont, Constable of France. De Richemomnt�s brother, the Duke of Britaany,
was forced to submit to the English.
20 February 1426, Wednesday
(-187,629)
2 February 1426, Saturday
(-187,647) Venice declared war on Milan. During the three year war that
followed, Venice gained control of Verona, Vicenza, Brescia and Bergamo.
1 January 1426, Tuesday
(-189,679)
===============================================================================
25 December 1425, Tuesday
(-289,686)
21 July 1425, Saturday (-189,843)
Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Paleologus died aged 75. He was succeeded by his
35-year-old son who ruled until 1448 as John VIII Paleologus.
10 July 1425, Tuesday
(-189,854)
8 May 1425, Tuesday
(-189,917)
8 April 1425, Sunday
(-189,947) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1425, Tuesday
(-189,994)
1 January 1425, Monday
(-190,044)
=================================================================================
17 August 1424, Thursday (-190,181)
Battle of Verneuil. John of
Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, defeated a French force, consolidating English
conquest of Normandy.
5 August 1424, Saturday (-190,193) Emperor Chu Ti,
also known as Yung Lo or Ch�eng Tsu, died (born 2 May 1360). Under his rule China sent out
exploration fleets, between 1403 and 1433, under the command of the Muslim
eunuch Cheng Ho (Zheng He). These
expeditions reached Java, southern
India, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and eastern Africa as far south as
Zanzibar. He also maintained peaceable relations with the Mongols and other
peoples, as far as the Amur River and west to Herat and Samarkand.
10 July 1424, Monday
(-190,219)
7 June 1424, Wednesday
(-190,252) (Czech) Ziska defeated the Ulytraquists at the Battle of Malesov.
21 May 1424, Sunday (-190,269)
Coronation of King James I of Scotland and Queen Joan at Scone Abbey. James I
had been held captive in England since he was declared King of Scotland 18
years earlier.
8 May 1424, Monday (-190,282)
23 April 1524, Sunday
(-190,297) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1424, Sunday
(-190,360)
6 January 1424, Thursday
(-190,405) (Czech) Ziska defeated the Ultraquists at the Battle of Skalic.
1 January 1424, Saturday
(-190,410)
====================================================================================
4 August 1423, Wednesday
(-190,560) (Czech) Ziska (Taborite) defeated the Ultraquists at the Battle
of Strachov.
21 July 1423, Wednesday
(-190,574) Battle of Cravant. An
English-Burgundian force defeated French and Scottish troops
10 July 1423, Saturday (-190,585)
3 July 1423, Saturday
(-190,592) Louis XI, King of France, was born.
8 May 1423, Saturday (-190,648)
27 April 1423, Tuesday
(-190,659) (Czech)� Ziska (Taborite)
defeated the Ultraquists at the Battle of Horid)
4 April 1423, Sunday
(-190,682) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1423, Saturday
(-190,725)
1 January 1423, Friday
(-190,775)
====================================================================================
30 October 1422, Friday
(-190,838) Charles the Dauphin defied the Treaty of Troyes and declared himself
King of France. England resumed war with France. John, Duke of Bedford and an
uncle of Henry VI, ruled France as Regent; another uncle, Humphrey Duke of
Gloucester, was Regent in England.
21 October 1422, Wednesday
(-190,847) King Charles VI of France died (born 3 December 1368). Henry VI was declared King of France,
with John Duke of Bedford as Regent.
6 September 1422. Sunday (-190,892) Sultan
Murat gave up besieging Constantinople.
31 August 1422. Monday
(-190,898) King
Henry V died in Vincennes, France, struck down by dysentery.. Aged 35, he was just about to
take the crown of both France and England; his
son, Henry VI, was just 9 months
old, and English power in France looked uncertain again.
13 August 1422, Thursday (-190,916) William
Caxton, England�s first printer, was born.
10 July 1422, Friday
(-190,950)
8 May 1422, Friday (-191,013)
12 April 1422, Sunday (-191,039) Easter Sunday
20 February 1422, Friday (-191,090)
20 January 1422, Tuesday (-191,121)
10 January 1422, Saturday (-191,131) Ziska defeated Sigismund at the Battle
of Nemeclysbrod.
6 January 1422, Tuesday (-191,135) Sigismund again attempted to claim the
throne of Bohemia and was again defeated by Ziska at the Battle of Nevobid.
===================================================================================
6 December 1421, Saturday
(-191,166) Henry VI was born in Windsor Castle, the only child of Henry V
and Catherine Valois. Catherine Valois, daughter of Charles IV and Isabella of
France, had married Henry V on 2 June 1420.
18 November 1421. Tuesday (-191,184) 73
villages were flooded and up to 100,000 people killed when a dyke gave way just
south east of Dordrecht, Holland. This polder was never reclaimed; today its
marshes and lakes make up the Biesbosch national park.
28 October 1421, Tuesday
(-191,205) Milan annexed the port city of Genoa, as the Visconti Dynasty
made a bid for regional supremacy in northern Italy.
20 August 1421, Wednesday
(-191,274) Richard Clifford, Bishop of Worcester, died.
10 July 1421, Thursday (-191,315)
26 May 1421, Monday
(-191,360) Mehmed I, Ottoman Turkish Sultan, died aged 34 after an 8-year
reign, at Erdine. He was succeeded by his 8-year-old son Murad II, who ruled
until 1451 and continued the policy of Tiurkish expansion I nto the Balkans.
8 May 1421, Thursday
(-191,378)
8 April 1421, Tuesday
(-191,408)
23 March 1421, Sunday (-191,424) Easter Sunday.
21 March 1421, Friday (-191,426) Battle
of Bauge. A French raiding force surprised the English under Thomas Duke of
Clarence (King Henry V�s brother); Clarence was killed in the battle.
24 February 1421, Monday (-191,451) Coronation of Katherine, wife of King
Henry V of England, at Westminster Abbey.
20 February 1421, Thursday (-191,455)
20 January 1421, Monday (-191,486)
=====================================================================================
1 December 1420, Sunday (-191,536) Henry V
made a triumphal entry into Paris, see 25 October 1415 and 21 May 1420.
1 November 1420, Friday (-191,566) Bohemian
followers of the heretical religious reformer John Hus defeated a Papal army
led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, near Prague. This was the first of four
attempts by the Pope to suppress the Hussites.
21 May 1420, Tuesday (-191,730) Under the Treaty
of Troyes, King Henry V of England became ruler of France also, following his
victory at Agincourt. Henry V married Catherine de Valois and when Charles de Valois died
Henry would inherit the throne, so long as Henry and Catherine produced a male
heir. Under French Salic Law, a woman could not rule France.
8 May 1420, Wednesday
(-191,743)
7 April 1420, Sunday (-191,
774)
20 February 1420, Tuesday
(-191,821)
1 January 1420, Monday
(-191,871)
===================================================================================
22 December 1419, Friday
(-191,881) Pope John XXIII, Baldassare Cossa, antipope, died.
20 October 1419, Friday
(-191,944)
10 September 1419, Sunday
(-191,984) John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was murdered at Montereau,
France (born 28 May 1371). He was succeeded by his son Philip The Good, who
allied himself with the English against Charles, Dauphin of France.
30 July 1419, Sunday
(-192,026) Battle of Prague.
Ziska, Hussite (Protestant), took his army to Prague where he defeated
Sigismund (Catholic), who was compelled to withdraw.
30 June 1419, Friday
(-192,056) Sigismund, asserting his claim to the throne of Bohemia,
besieged Prague. Prague appealed to the Hussites for assistance.
8 May 1419, Monday (-192,109)
16 April 1419, Sunday (-192,131) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1419, Monday (-192,186)
19 January 1419, Thursday
(-192,218) In the Hundred Years' War, Rouen surrendered to Henry V of
England, which took Normandy under the control of England.
1 January 1419, Sunday
(-192,236)
=================================================================================
29 May 1418, Sunday (-192,453) John of
Biurgundy captured Paris, then massacred most of the remaining Armagnac and
Orleanist leaders. However the Dauphin, Charles, escaped to the south.
8 May 1418, Sunday (-192,474)
8 April 1418, Friday
(-192,504)
27 March 1418, Sunday (-192,516) Easter Sunday.
22 March 1418, Tuesday (-192,521) Dietrich of Niem, historical writer, died
in Maastricht.
20 February 1418, Sunday (-192,551)
1 January 1418, Saturday (-192,601)
================================================================================
14 December 1417, Tuesday
(-192,619) Sir John Oldcastle, prototype of Shakespeare�s Falstaff, was
hanged.
18 October 1417, Monday
(-199,676) Pope Gregory XII was killed.
24 June 1417, Thursday
(-192,792) The Isle of Man held its first known Tynwald Day; the annual
meeting of its parliament (Tynwald) which has continued every year until the
present.
8 May 1417, Saturday (-192,839)
29 April 1417, Thursday
(-192,848) Louis II Duke of Anjou died (born 7 October 1377).
11 April 1417, Sunday (-192,866) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1417, Saturday
(-192,916)
1 January 1417, Friday
(-192,966)
================================================================================
8 May 1416, Friday (-193,204)
19 April 1416, Sunday (-193,223) Easter Sunday.
2 April 1416, Thursday
(-193,240) Ferdinand I, King of Aragon, died.
2 March 1416, Monday
(-193,271)
20 February 1416, Thursday
(-193,282)
3 February 1416, Monday
(-193,299)
27 January 1416, Monday
(-193,306) The Republic of Ragusa became the first state in Europe to
outlaw slavery.
1 January 1416, Wednesday
(-193,332)
================================================================================
27 December 1415, Friday
(-193,337)
25 October 1415, Friday
(-193,400) Battle
of Agincourt, 20 miles inland from Boulogne.
The English forces, after the capture by the French of Harfleur, had set out to
march to Calais through Picardy. Henry V could have simply garrisoned Harfleur
and returned the way he had come, by sea, but he decided to march through enemy
French territory to the English enclave of Calais to make a political point. Their
crossing of the River Somme was delayed by torrential rains and the French set
out to block their passage. The French troops set up at the northern end of a
defile of open ground between the woods of Agincourt and Tramercourt. The
English were short of food and supplies and hunger might have eventually forced
their surrender. The French outnumbered the English three to one. However King Henry V was able to use his
archers, in the restricted space of the battlefield, to mow down the French
cavalry and so win the battle.
Thick mud, from the rains, restricted the movement of the French cavalry. The English victory gave Henry the finances
and reputation to continue the war. Four years later the whole of Normandy was
under British control, and in 1420 the Treaty of Troyes recognised Henry as
heir to the French throne, see 1 December 1420.
21 September 1415, Saturday
(-193,434) (1) Owain Glyndwr, Welsh
independence fighter, died this day.
(2) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor,
was born.
14 August 1415, Wednesday
(-193,472) Henry V�s fleet arrived at Chef de Caux, 10 miles west of
Harfleur. Harfleur was a port from which the French had made many raids on the
English south coast.
10 August 1415, Saturday
(-193,476) Henry V of England set sail for Normandy with an army of 12,000
men; two-thirds archers. Harfleur was captured in September 1415 and Henry V
set out for Paris. However illness began to thin his military ranks. On 5
October 1415 military advisers told Henry to return to England via Calais.
6 July 1415. Saturday (-193,511) Jan Hus, preacher and religious reformer, arrested on 28 November 1414, was
burnt at the stake in Constance, Germany.
7 June 1415, Friday
(-193,540)
29 May 1415, Wednesday
(-193, 549) Pope John XXIII, Baldassare Cossa, antipope, acceded 1400, was
deposed by the Council of Constance.
8 May 1415, Wednesday
(-193,570)
5 May 1415, Sunday
(-193,573) (Christian) The Council of Constance opened in Germany. Its aim
was to reform the Church of abuses, promote unity and prosecute heresy.
9 April 1415, Tuesday
(-193,599)
8 April 1415, Monday (-193,600)
31 March 1415, Sunday (-193,608)
Easter Sunday.
28 February 1415, Thursday
(-139,639)
20 February 1415, Wednesday
(-193,647)
31 January 1415, Thursday
(-139,667)
1 January 1415, Tuesday
(-93,697)
==================================================================================
31 December 1414, Monday
(-139,698)
9 November 1414, Friday
(-193,750) (Germany) Albert III, Elector of
Brandenburg, was born in Tangermunde (died 11 March 1486 in Frankfort).
8 May 1414, Tuesday
(-193,935)
8 April 1414, Sunday
(-193,965)
8 March 1414, Thursday
(-193, 996)
19 February 1414, Monday
(-193,013) (Britain) Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of
Canterbury, died (born 1353).
9 January 1414, Tuesday
(-193,054) In England the Lollards, religious dissidents who followed the
teachings of John Wycliffe, were suppressed.
1 January 1414, Monday
(-194,062)
====================================================================================
25 December 1413, Monday
(-194,069)
10 July 1413, Monday
(-194,237)
7 July 1413, Friday
(-194,240) The Ottoman Tiurkish succession dispute was resolved when Prince
Mehmet defeated and killed his brother Prince Musa at Jamarlu, Serbia.
8 May 1413, Monday (-194,300)
23 April 1413, Sunday
(-194,315) Easter Sunday.
9 April 1413, Sunday
(-194,329) Coronation of King Henry V of England at Westminster Abbey.
20 March 1413, Monday
(-194,349) (Britain) England�s King Henry IV died, after
suffering a stroke in the Jerusalem Chamber at Westminster Abbey. He had
earlier prophesied that he would die in Jerusalem. He was succeeded by his
eldest son Henry V. See 30 March
1399.
20 February 1413, Monday
(-194,377)
1 January 1413, Sunday
(-194,427)
====================================================================================
18 December 1412, Monday
(-194,440)
18 November 1412, Saturday
(-194,470)
28 October 1412, Saturday
(-194,491) Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, died.
1 July 1412, Friday
(-194,611) In southern England the standard rate of pay for a building
craftsman was 6d (2.5p) a day; a general labourer earned 4d (1.7p) a day. These
rates of pay remained unchanged until the 1530s.
8 June 1412, Wednesday
(-194,634)
16 May 1412, Monday
(-194,653) In Italy, Giovanni Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, was
assassinated. He was succeeded by his brother Filippo.
8 May 1412, Sunday (-194,665)
3 April 1412, Sunday
(-194,700) Easter Sunday.
3 March 1412, Thursday
(-194,731)
20 February 1412, Saturday
(-194,743)
3 February 1412, Wednesday
(-194,760)
6 January 1412, Wednesday
(-194,788) Joan of Arc was born.
1 January 1412, Friday
(-194,793)
=================================================================================
8 May 1411, Friday (-195,031)
12 April 1411, Sunday (-195,057) Easter Sunday
20 February 1411, Friday (-195,108)
1 February 1411, Sunday (-195,127) The Teutonic Knights regained their
supremacy at the Peace of Torun. Poland and Lithuania failed to gain any Baltic
territories, and the Knights only had to surrender part of Lithuania.
17 January 1411, Saturday (-195,142) Jobst, Margrave of Moravia, died.
=================================================================================
20 July 1410, Sunday (-195,323)
15 July 1410. Tuesday (-195,328) (Germany, Poland) The
Poles and Lithuanians defeated the Teutonic Knights at the First Battle of Tannenberg / Battle
of Grunwald). The Order of the Teutonic Knights had established a State in
Prussia, from where they launched Crusades against their non-Christian neighbours
to the east, including the Duchy of Lithuania. In 1386 the ruler of Lithuania
converted to Christianity and married the Queen of Poland; on her death� he became ruler of Poland, as King Ladislav
II Jagiellon. The Teutonic Knights contested the sincerity if his conversion,
and in 1409 their Grand Master, the volatile Ulrich von Jungingen, declared war
on Poland and Lithuania. He had underestimated the power and unity of the joint
Polish-Lithuanian State. In Summer 1410 a joint Polish-Lithuanian army, led by
King Jagiellon and Grand Duke Witold of Lithuania, marched upon the Teutonic
Knights capital at Marienberg. The Knights confronted the invaders at a point
between the villages of Grunwald and Tannenberg; they enjoyed initial success
but were outflanked by Lithuanian cavalry and mostly slaughtered. However the
Poles did not press on and take Marienberg, and peace terms were mild. In
Soviet Russia, some credit was claimed for this battle because troops from
Smolensk also supported the Poles. In an early German victory over Russia in
World War One, the Germans called this battle �Tannenberg� to avenge defeat 5
centuries earlier.
18 May 1410, Sunday
(-195,386) (Germany) Rupert, King of Germany,
died.Holy Roman Emperor Rupert III of Wittelsbach died in
Landskron, near Oppenheim, aged 58.. He was succeeded by Sigismund of
Luxembourg, brother of the deposed Wenceslas of Bohemia, who ruled until 1437.
17 May 1410, Saturday (-195,387) Anti-Pope John XXIII, formerly the
Neapolitan, Baldassare Cossa, acceded.
8 May 1410, Thursday
(-195,396)
4 May 1410, Sunday
(-195,400) (Papal Succession) anti-Pope
Alexander V died at Bologna, possibly poisoned. He was succeeded by the
Neapolitan Cardinal Baldassare Cossa, elected Pope on 17 May .1410 at Bologna,
who ruled until 1415 as anti-Pope John XXIII.
23 March 1410, Sunday (-195,442) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1410, Thursday (-195.473)
1 January 1410, Wednesday (-195,523)
==================================================================================
25 December 1409,
Wednesday (-195,530)
12 December 1409,
Thursday (-195,543) Pope Alexander V issued a
Papal Bull ordering all books written by English reformer John Wycliff to be handed in.
Archbishop Zbynek of Prague publicly burned his books.
13 September 1409, Friday
(-195,633) Isabella, 2nd wife of King Richard II of England, died (born in
Paris 9 November 1389)
7 August 1409, Wednesday
(-195,670) The Council of Pisa was dissolved.
10 July 1409, Wednesday
(-195,698)
26 June 1409,
Wednesday (-195,712) Pope Alexander V, Pietro
Philarghi, antipope, acceded (ruled to 1410).
5 June 1409,
Wednesday (-195,733) The Council of Pisa deposed
Pope Gregory XII of Rome and antiPope Benedict XIII of Avignon, and elected anti-Pope Alexander V.
8 May 1409, Wednesday
(-195,761)
7 April 1409, Sunday
(-195,792) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1409, Wednesday
(-195,838)
20 January 1409, Sunday
(-195,869)
1 January 1409, Tuesday
(-195,888) The Welsh surrendered Harlech Castle to the English.
===================================================================================
1 November 1408, Thursday
(-195,949)
1 October 1408, Monday
(-195,980)
16 September 1408, Sunday
(-195,995) (Greenland)
The last recorded event in Norse history in Greenland; a wedding at Old Hvalsey
church.
8 May 1408, Tuesday
(-196,126)
20 February 1408, Monday
(-196,204)
19 February 1408, Sunday (-196,205)
The Battle of Bramham Moor. Near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, forces loyal to King
Henry IV defeated rebels under Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. This ended
the Percy Rebellion.
1 January 1408, Sunday
(-196,254)
==================================================================================
25 December 1407,
Sunday (-196,261)
23 November 1407,
Tuesday (-196,294) Followers of John the
Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, killed Louis, Duke of Orleans. France was plunged
into civil war. The
Armagnacs supported the new Duke of Orleans, and wanted to intensify the war
with England, whereas the Burgundians opposed the war with England.
8 May 1407, Sunday (-196,492)
23 April 1407, Saturday
(-196,507) Olivier de Clisson, French soldier, died (born 1336).
27 March 1407, Sunday (-196,534) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1407, Sunday (-196,569)
1 January 1407, Saturday (-196,619)
===================================================================================
25 December 1406, Saturday (-196,626) King Henry III of Castille died (born
1390).
30 November 1406, Monday (-196,652) Pope Gregory XII (205th Pope) acceded.
6 November 1406, Friday
(-196,676) Pope Innocent VII died.
9 October 1406, Friday
(-196,704) Florence had long coveted Pisa for an outlet to the sea. In
1362-4 Pisa had defended its independence with the help of a band under Sir
John Hawkwood (died 1392), and later secured French protection under French
King Charles VI (13680-1422). However in 1405 Florence persuaded France to hand
over Pisa in return fpor supporting the AntiPope Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna).
Pisa rebelled against Florentine rule and Florence imposed a six-month siege by
land and sea. Pisa fell to Florence this day, giving it its desired seaport.
8 May 1406, Saturday (-196,857)
11 April 1406, Sunday (-196,884) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1406, Saturday
(-196,934)
1 January 1406, Friday
(-196,984)
===================================================================================
20 December 1405, Sunday
(-196,996)
18 October 1405, Sunday
(-197,059) Pope Pius II was born.
29 May 1405, Friday
(-197,201) Philippe de Mezieres, French author, died.
8 May 1405, Friday (-197,222)
19 April 1405, Sunday (-197,241) Easter Sunday.
6 March 1405, Friday (-197,285) Juan II,King of Castile, was born (died 21
July 1454).
20 February 1405, Friday (-197,299)
17 February 1405, Tuesday
(-197,302) Death of the Mongol leader Tamerlane (Timur-i-Leng) atOtrar,
east of the Syr Darya River, whilst en-route to conquer China. He became leader
in 1369, and went on to conquer Persia, the Caucasus, and the Tartars (in
1390). In 1398 he subdued northern India.
1 January 1405, Thursday
(-197,349)
==================================================================================
17 October 1404, Friday
(-197,425) Pope Innocent VII (204th Pope) acceded (died 1406).
1 October 1404, Wednesday
(-197,441) Pope Boniface IX died.
27 September 1404, Saturday
(-197,445) William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, died.
12 September 1404, Friday
(-197,460) Francis I, King of France, was born.
14 July 1404, Monday
(-197,520) Rebel leader Owain Glyndwr, having declared himself Prince of
Wales, allied with the French against the English. He later began holding
parliamentary assemblies.
10 July 1404, Thursday
(-197,524)
8 May 1404, Thursday
(-197,587)
27 April 1404, Sunday
(-197,598) Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died. He was succeeded by his son
John the Fearless.
8 April 1404, Tuesday
(-197,617)
30 March 1404, Sunday (-197,626)
Easter Sunday
20 February 1404, Wednesday
(-197,665)
14 February 1404, Thursday
(-197,671) Leone Alberti, Italian artist, was born (died 1472).
1 January 1404, Tuesday
(-197,715)
=================================================================================
25 September 1403, Tuesday
(-197,813) Louis III, Duke of Anjou, was born (died 15 November 1434).
23 September 1403, Sunday (-197,815)
22 July 1403, Sunday (-197,878) The Battle of Shrewsbury. Sir Henry Percy, known as Harry Hotspur,
was killed trying to overthrow King Henry IV.
10 July 1493, Tuesday
(-197,890)
8 May 1403, Tuesday
(-197,953)
15 April 1403, Sunday (-197,976) Easter Sunday.
8 March 1403, Thursday (-198,014) Bayezid I, Sultan of Turkey 1389-1492,, died in
captivity in Akehir. He succeeded his father, Murad I, who died at the Battle
of Kosovo. Within three years of his accession he had conquered Bulgaria, parts
of Serbia, Macedonia and Thessaly, and most of Asia Minor. A succession
struggle followed, won in 1413 by his son Mehmed I.
26 February 1403, Monday (-198,024) Coronation of Queen Joan, wife of King
Henry IV of England, at Westminster Abbey.
22 February 1403, Thursday (-198,028) Charles VII of France was born (died 22
July 1461).
20 February 1403, Tuesday (-198,030)
1 January 1403, Monday (-198,080)
====================================================================================
14 September 1402, Wednesday (-198,190) Battle
of Homildon Hill. A Scottish raiding party under the Earl of Douglas was
routhed by the English Northern Nobles under Lord Henry Percy.
8 September 1402, Friday (-198,195) King Henry IV took a large force into
Wales to suppress the Glendower rebellion. However as soon as he left
Shrewsbury it began raining incessantly, with hail and even snow. His troops
were cold, drenched, and half-starved. On this day a tornado struck Henry IV�s
tent, collapsing it. Fortunately for him he was wearing his armour at the time
and so survived. Henry�s forces retreated back to England, having never fought
the Welsh.
21 July 1402, Friday
(-198,244) The Ottoman Turks were decisively defeated by Timur at the Battle of Ankara. The Ottomans lost
control of Anatolia. However they had expanded territorially into Europe, and
were able to recover Anatolia after Timur departed.
10 July 1402, Monday
(-198,255)
22 June 1402, Thursday
(-198,273) English forces heavily defeated by the Welsh at Bryn Glas, even
though the Welsh were outnumbered. King Henry IV now assembled an even larger
army, but see 8 September 1402.
8 May 1402, Monday (-198,318)
26 March 1402, Sunday (-198,361) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1402, Monday (-198,395)
1 January 1402, Sunday (-198,445)
====================================================================================
20 December 1401, Tuesday (-198,457)
27 October 1401, Thursday (-198,511) (Britain) Catherine of Valois, Queen of King
Henry V of England, was born (died 3 January 1437).
9 July 1401, Thursday (-198,560) Timur sacked Baghdad and ,massacred its
inhabitants.
3 April 1401, Sunday (-198,669) Easter Sunday.
20 March 1401, Sunday (-198,683)
20 February 1401, Sunday
(-198,760)
1 January 1401, Saturday
(-198,810)
====================================================================================
20 December 1400, Monday
(-198,822)
11 November 1400, Thursday
(-198,861) Battle of Aleppo. During a Tatar invasion of Syria, Tamerlaned defeated the
Turks and Syrians.
25 October 1400. Monday -198,878) Geoffrey
Chaucer, English poet and
storyteller, who wrote the unfinished Canterbury Tales, died at his home
in Westminster.
16 September 1400, Thursday
(-198,917) The Owen Glendower revolt in Wales; Welsh landowners proclaimed
Owen King of Wales, and attacked the English in Flint and Denbigh.
21 August 1400,
Saturday (-198,943) Rupert III, Elector Palatine of the Rhine,
was elected King of the Germans, in place of the deposed Wenceslas.
8 May 1400, Saturday (-199,048)
18 April 1400, Sunday (-199,068) Easter Sunday.
14 February 1400, Saturday
(-199,132) Richard II was killed whilst being held at Pontefract Castle, to
prevent further rebellions by his followers.
1 January 1400, Thursday
(-199,176)
=================================================================================
14 December 1399, Sunday
(-199,194)
13 October 1399, Monday (-199,256) Coronation of Henry IV, first
Lancastrian King of England.
11 October 1399. Saturday (-199,258) The
Order of the Bath was instituted.
30 September 1399. Tuesday
(-199,269) King Richard II,
born 6 January 1367, was deposed. Unpopular, he had dispossessed many of the
nobility.� He was crowned, aged 10, on 22 June 1377. He
surrendered to Bolingbroke without a fight; Bolingbroke became King Henry IV. Henry IV was born at
Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, on 3 April 1366. He reigned from 1399 to
1413. See 20 March 1413.
4 July 1399, Friday (-199,357) Henry
of Lancaster, Henry IV, landed at Ravenspur, Yorkshire.
30 June 1399, Monday
(-199,361) Henry IV, exiled to France by King Richard II for treason,
landed at Ravenspur, Humberside, to retake the English throne.
8 May 1399, Thursday
(-199,414)
8 April 1399, Tuesday
(-199,444)
30 March 1399, Sunday (-199,453)
Easter Sunday
3 March 1399, Monday
(-199,480)
20 February 1399, Thursday
(-199,491)
3 February 1399, Monday
(-199,508) John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward III and
father of Henry IV, died (born 24 June 1340).
13 January 1399, Monday
(-199,529) Delhi was captured and sacked by Tamerlane.
1 January 1399, Wednesday
(-199,541)
=================================================================================
8 May 1398, Wednesday
(-199,779)
8 April 1398, Monday (-199,809)
7 April 1398, Sunday
(-199,810) Easter Sunday.
8 March 1398, Friday (-199,840)
20 February 1398, Wednesday
(-199,856)
6 February 1398, Wednesday
(-199,870)
7 January 1398, Monday (-199,900)
1 January 1398, Tuesday
(-199,906)
==============================================================================
15 December 1397, Saturday (-199,923)
15 November 1397, Thursday
(-199,953) Pope Nicholas V was born.
18 September 1397, Tuesday
(-200,011)
15 September 1397, Saturday (-200,014)
10 August 1397, Friday
(-200,050) Albert II, King of Bohemia and Hungary (died 27 October 1439)
was born.
15 July 1397, Sunday (-200,076)
29 June 1397, Friday
(-200,092) John II, King of Aragon, was born (died 20 January 1479).
20 June 1397. Wednesday (-200,101) The Union of
Kalmar united Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under one monarch.
8 May 1397, Tuesday
(-200,144)
22 April 1397, Sunday
(-200,160) Easter Sunday.
17 April 1397, Tuesday
(-200,165) Geoffrey Chaucer told The Canterbury Tales for the first time.
8 April 1397, Sunday (-200,174)
20 February 1397, Tuesday
(-200,221)
19 March 1397, Monday
(-200,194) (France) Pierre D�Ailly became
Bishop of Cambrai.
8 January 1397, Monday
(-200,264) Coronation of Queen Isabella, second wife of King Richard II of
England, at Westminster Abbey.
1 January 1397, Monday
(-200,271)
================================================================================
25 September 1396, Monday
(-200,369) (Bulgaria) Battle of Nicopolis. Alarmed by Ottoman expansion into Europe, an
army composed of contingents from France, Germany and Hungary marched on the
Ottoman-held fortress of Nicopolis, Bulgaria. They were led by King Sigismund
of Hungary. However the Christian army was ill equipped for the venture,
divided by national factionalism, and only reached the fortress in late summer,
then had to enforce a long siege. Hearing that an Ottoman relief army under
Bayezid was only hours away, the French knights insisted on a frontal charge,
despite not knowing the size of the force they were up against. Bayezid arrived
and counterattacked, and outflanked the Christian force. Sigismund himself
escaped but most of his army was taken prisoner and slaughtered.
15 August 1396, Tuesday
(-200,410)
26 June 1396, Monday
(-200,460) (Britain, France)
King Richard II of England married Isabella of France, daughter of King Charles
VI of France. This was intended to effect a reconciliation between the two
countires in the Hundred Years War. However Richard was later dethroned by
Henry of Lancaster (Henry IV), and Anglo-French hsotilities resumed.
13 June 1396, Tuesday
(-200,473) Philip the Good, Duke of
Burgundy, was born.
8 May 1396, Monday (-200,509)
2 April 1396, Sunday
(-200,545) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1396, Sunday
(-200,587)
1 January 1396, Saturday
(-200,637)
==================================================================================
1 July 1395, Thursday
(-200,821) Ale cost 0.8d a gallon. Bordeaux wine was 3.5d per gallon.
Chickens were 2d each. Apples cost 7d per 100. Eggs were 33d for 425. A
labourer was paid 3.25d a day, a carpenter made 4.25d a day. A mason earned 6d
a day, and the Kings Physician was paid �40 a year.
10 June 1395, Thursday
(-200,842)
8 May 1395, Saturday (-200,875)
11 April 1395, Sunday (-200,902) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1395, Saturday
(-200,952)
1 January 1395, Friday
(-201,002)
=====================================================================================
10 December 1394, Thursday (-201,024))
King James I of Scotland was born.
29 November 1394, �Sunday (-201,035) The
capital city of the Joseon Dynasty in present-day Korea was moved from
Gaegyeong (now Gaeseong) to Hanseong (now Seoul).
27 September 1394, Sunday (-201,098)
17 September 1394, Thursday (-201,108)
King Charles VI of France ordered the expulsion of all Jews from France.
16 September 1394, Wednesday
(-201,109) Pope Clement VII, antipope, died.
17 July 1394, Friday
(-201,170) Turkish troops took Trnovo, a town in Bulgaria 124 miles ENE of
Sofia.
8 May 1394, Friday (-201,240)
19 April 1394, Sunday (-201,259) Easter Sunday.
4 March 1394, Wednesday
(-201,305) Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese Prince, was born, son of
King John I.
20 February 1394, Friday (201,317)
1 January 1394, Thursday (-201,367)
=====================================================================================
20 December 1393, Saturday (-201,379)
18 October 1393, Saturday
(-201,442)
6 October 1393, Monday
(-201,454) Osbern Bokenham, English chronicler, was born.
8 May 1393, Thursday
(-201,605)
21 April 1393, Monday
(-201,622) John Capgrave, English historical writer, was born (died12
August 1464).
6 April 1393, Sunday
(-201,637) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1393, Thursday
(-201,682)
1 January 1393, Wednesday
(-201,732)
====================================================================================
8 May 1392, Wednesday
(-201,970)
14 April 1392, Sunday (-201,994) Easter Sunday
20 February 1392, Tuesday (-202,048)
1 January 1392, Monday (-202,098)
===================================================================================
5 August 1391, Saturday
(-202,247) Anti-Jewish riots spread to Toledo, Spain and Barcelona. Many
Jews left Barcelona after the following massacres, though many remained in the
city.
6 July 1391, Thursday
(-202,277)
6 June 1391, Tuesday
(-202,307) Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of
Jews were massacred and the violence spread throughout Spain and Portugal.
26 May 1391, Friday
(-202,318) Charles Duke of Orleans, French poet, was born (died 4 January
1465 in Amboise)
8 May 1391, Monday (-202,336)
8 April 1391, Saturday (-202,366)
26 March 1391, Sunday (-202,379) Easter Sunday.
4 March 1391, Saturday (-202,401) Ferrara University was
founded.
20 February 1391, Monday (-202,413)
1 January 1391, Sunday
(-202,463)
================================================================================
25 December 1390, Sunday
(-202,470)
23 October 1390, Sunday
(-202,533)
21 August 1390, Sunday
(-202,596)
14 August 1390, Sunday (-202,603)
Coronation of King Robert III of Scotland, and Queen Annabella, at Scone.
13 May 1390, Friday (-202,696) (Scotland)
Scotland�s first Stuart King, Robert II, died aged 74. His legitimised
50-year-old son succeeded him as King Robert III, and ruled until 1424.
8 May 1390, Sunday (-202,701)
19 April 1390, Tuesday
(-202,720) Robert II, King of
Scotland 1371-90, died at Dundonald, Ayrshire.
20 February 1390, Sunday
(-202,778)
1 January 1390, Saturday
(-202,828)
===============================================================================
25 December 1389,
Saturday (-202,835)
9 November 1389, Tuesday
(-202,881) Isabella, 2nd wife of King Richard II of England, was
born in Paris (died 13 September 1409)
23 October 1389,
Saturday (-202,898)
28 August 1389,
Saturday (-202,954) A captured Serb noble assassinated the
Ottoman Sultan Murad I. he was succeeded by his son Bayazid I.
21 August 1389,
Saturday (-202,961)
19 June 1389,
Saturday (-203,024)
18 June 1389,
Friday (-203,025) France and England signed a
thre-year truce in
their war.
15 June 1389, Sunday Tuesday (-203,059028) Serbia was crushed by the Ottoman Turks (see 20 December 1355). At a
battle in Kosovo, at the �field of
the blackbirds�, the entire Serbian nobility was wiped out. Hrebeljanovic
Lazar, Prince of Serbia from 1371 (born 1329) was executed by the Turks. The
Ottomans had already invaded Bulgaria.
8 May 1389, Saturday (-203,066)
18 April 1389, Sunday (-203,086) Easter Sunday.
10 April 1389, Saturday (-203,094) Cosimo de Medici, Italian ruler, was born.
20 February 1389, Saturday (-203,143)
1 January 1389, Friday (-203,193)
===================================================================================
10 August 1388, Saturday
(-203,339) The Battle of Otterburn. A Scottish raiding party
led by the Earls of Douglas, March and Moray was confronted by the English at
Redesdale, Northumberland. The Scots won, and the English leader, Hotspur, was
captured.
10 June 1388, Monday
(-203,400)
8 May 1388, Friday (-203,431)
9 April 1388, Thursday
(-203,460) Battle of Nafaels, Swiss War of Indepoendence. Albert III of
Austria marched against Glarus, a district that had joined the Swiss
Confederacy but that had been regained by the Hapsburgs in 1355. The Swiss rebels,
with allies from Schwyz, drove the Austrians back.
8 April 1388, Wednesday
(-203,461)
29 March 1388, Sunday (-203,471) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1388, Thursday (-203,509)
1 January 1388, Wednesday (-203,559)
=====================================================================================
20 December 1387, Friday (-203,571) The Battle of Radcot Bridge.� An army raised by Robert de Vere, Earl of
Oxford, to assist Richard II, was attacked as it crossed the Thames. De Vere
escaped and fled the country.
16 September 1387, Monday
(-203,666) King Henry V was born at Monmouth Castle, the eldest of six
children of Henry IV. He defeated the French at Agincourt.
22 July 1387, Monday (-203,722)
(Netherlands)
Francis Ackerman, Flemish diplomat, was murdered in Ghent.
8 May 1387, Wednesday
(-203,797)
7 April 1387, Sunday
(-203,828) Easter Sunday.
24 March 1387, Sunday (-203,842)
In the Hundred Years War, at the Battle
of Margate: The English defeated an invading French and Castilian naval
force.
20 February 1387, Wednesday
(-203,874)
1 January 1387, Tuesday
(-203,924)
====================================================================================
20 December 1386, Thursday
(-203,936)
18 October 1386, �Thursday (-203,999) Ruprecht
Karl University of Heidelberg, the oldest university in Germany, was founded.
9 July 1386, Monday (-204,100) (Switzerland)
The Battle of Sempach. Hapsburg Duke
Leopold III of Austria, alarmed at the growth of the Swiss Confederation,
marched to attack the Swiss town of Lucerne. Swiss victory ensured the
continuation of the Swiss Confederation.
9 May 1386, Wednesday (-204,161) The Treaty of Windsor
cemented the alliance between England and Portugal.
22 April 1386, Sunday (-204,178) Easter
Sunday.
20 February 1386, Tuesday (-204,239)
1 January 1386, Monday (-204,289)
===============================================================================
20 December 1385, Wednesday (-204,301)
18 October 1385, Wednesday (-204,364)
16 August 1385, Wednesday (-204,427)
14 August 1385, Monday (-204,429) (Portugal) The Battle of Aljubarrota. Portugal
secured its independence against Spain.
8 May 1385, Monday (-204,527)
2 April 1385, Sunday (-204,563) Easter
Sunday.
20 February 1385, Monday (-204,604)
1 January 1385, Sunday (-204,654)
=================================================================================
31 December 1384, Saturday (-204,655) John Wycliffe, religious reformer, died.
19 December 1384, Monday
(-204,667)
20 September 1384, Tuesday
(-204,757) Louis I
Duke of Anjou died (born 23 July 1339).
11 September 1384, Sunday
(-204,766)
8 May 1384, Sunday (-204,892)
10 April 1384, Sunday (-204,920) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1384, Saturday (-204,970)
1 January 1384, Friday (-205,020)
==================================================================================
4 December 1383, Friday (-205,048) (Christian) Anti-Pope Felix V (Amadeus, Duke of
Savoy) was born (died 7 January 1451).
22 November 1383, Sunday (-205,060)
22 October 1383, Thursday
(-205,091) (Portugal) Ferdinand I, King of
Portugal, died.
11 September 1383, Friday
(-205,132)
10 July 1383, Friday
(205,195)
8 May 1383, Friday (-205,258)
1 April 1383, Wednesday
(-205,295)
==================================================================================
22 March 1383, Sunday (-205,305)
Easter Sunday.
20 February 1383, Friday
(-205,335)
1 January 1383, Thursday
(-205,385)
1 November 1382, Saturday
(-205,446)
1 October 1382, Wednesday
(-205,477)
10 September 1382, Wednesday
(-205,498) Louis The Great of Hungary died suddenly at Nagyszombat after a
56-year reign, having also been King of Poland for 12 years. In Hungary he was
succeeded by his daughter Maria of Anjou, whose husband Sigismund of Luxembourg
now ruled Hungary for 50 years from 1387.
22 May 1382, Thursday
(-205,609) Joanna I Queen of Naples was executed.
6 April 1382, Sunday (-205,655)
Easter Sunday.
1 April 1382, Tuesday
(-205,660)
20 February 1382, Thursday
(-205,700)
22 January 1382, Wednesday
(-205,729) Anne, first wife of King Richard II of England, was crowned
Queen in Westminster Abbey.
1 January 1382, Wednesday
(-205,750)
15 July 1381, Monday
(-205,920) John Ball, one of the leaders of the Peasantt�s Revolt, was hung
drawn and quartered at St Albans.
24 June 1381, Monday
(-205,941) Peasants revolt ended in Cambridge, UK, (began 12 June 1381).
15 June 1381. Saturday (-205,950) Richard II summoned Wat Tyler,
the first poll tax rebel, and his band, to Smithfield.� Tyler met the King, grew
insolent and abusive, and was killed by Mayor Walworth.
14 June 1381, Friday (-205,951) Richard
II rode to Mile End to negotiate with the rebels. They demanded an end to serfdom
and limits on rents, and the execution of Chancellor Sudbury, Treasurer Hales,
John of Gaunt, and others. Richard II agreed to all but the executions. However
at this time Kentishmen were breaking into the Tower and beheading Sudbury and
Hales. The deaths of the Chancellor and the Treasurer (who was also the
Archbishop of Canterbury) were followed by a general massacre of Flemings in
the City of London. The rebels attempted to break into all places where records
might be stored, such as church buildings and lawyer�s houses, and to massacre
all clerks.
13 June 1381, Thursday (-205,952) The
rebels entered London and the King withdrew to the safety of The Tower. The
rebels ransacked and burnt John of Gaunt�s Palace.
12 June 1381, Wednesday (-205,953) Kentish
rebels reached Blackheath, and Essex rebels reached Mile End.
10 June 1381, Monday (-205,955) Wat
Tyler led his rebels into Canterbury.
7 June 1381, Friday (-205,958) Rebels
entered Maidstone and chose Wat Tyler as their leader.
6 June 1381, Thursday (-205,959) Rebels
in the Peasant�s Revolt besieged Rochester.
4 June 1381, Tuesday (-205,961) The Peasants Revolt began. Rebels
attacked Dartford. The poor were protesting over the imposition of a Poll Tax,
whilst the peasants wages were held down by the Statute of Labourers Act, 1351.
Peasant�s pay had been rising since the Black Death killed many workers.
20 May 1381. Monday
(-205,976) A council was held in Paris to find a way of ending the scandal
of two Popes existing at once; Pope Urban VI at Rome and Pope Clement VII at
Avignon.
8 May 1381, Wednesday
(-205,988)
14 April 1381, Sunday (-206,012) Easter Sunday
20 February 1381, Wednesday (-206,065)
13 January 1381, Sunday (-206,103) Birth of St Colette, founded of the Colettine
Poor Clares, in Corbie, France. See 6 March 1447.
1 January 1381, Tuesday (-206,115)
==================================================================================
12 November 1380, Sunday
(-206,166)
12.10/1380, Thursday
(-206,197)
16 September 1380, Saturday
(-206,223) King Charles V of France, aged 43, died at Vincennes after
eating poisonous mushrooms. He had ruled since 1356, and was succeeded by his
12-year-old son, King Charles VI, who ruled until 1422 (despite bouts of
insanity from 1392 onwards).
8 September 1380,�
Friday (-206,231) The Russians under Prince
Dmitri Donskoi won a major victory over the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo. This prevented the Mongols from reaching
Moscow, although they made several further attempts in future years.
13 July 1380, Friday
(-206,287) Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France, died.
14 June 1380, Thursday
(-206,316) (Italy) Venice gained victory over
Genoa, which had to surrender its fleet. In May 1379, one Venetian fleet had
been destroyed by the Genoese; the rest of the Venetian fleet, under Carlo
Zeno, was far away in the eastern Mediterranean, and Venice seemed open to a
Genoese attack. The Genoese fleet entered the venetian lagoon, and with its
allies Hungary and Padua, blockaded Venice by land and sea. However Venice struck
back and trapped the Genoese fleet; Carlo Zeno�s fleet arrived back, and routed
the Genoese. Genoa never recovered, allowing Venice to dominate the eastern
Mediterranean.
10 June 1380, Sunday
(-206,320)
10 May 1380, Thursday (-206,351)
29 April 1380, Sunday
(-206,362) (Christian, Italy)
Death of Catherine of Siena, who became the patron saint of Italy. She was born
in 1347 in Siena as Caterina Beninasca and became an ascetic. She campaigned
against the Papal split (Avignon) and corruption, and was canonised by Pope
Pius II in 1471, and is a noted Mediaeval writer.
25 March 1380, Sunday (-206,397) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1380, Monday (-206,431)
1 January 1380, Sunday (-206,481)
==============================================================================
26 November 1379, Friday (-206,518) New College, Oxford, was founded.
12 November 1379, Friday (-206,532)
15 July 1379, Friday (-206,651)
8 May 1379, Sunday (-206,719)
10 April 1379, Sunday (-206,747) Easter Sunday.
5 March 1379, Saturday (-206,783)
Foundation stone of New College, Oxford, founded by William of Wykeham, was laid.
20 February 1379, Sunday
(-206,796)
1 January 1379, Saturday
(-206,846)
=================================================================================
31 December 1378, Friday
(-206,847) Pope Callixtus III was born.
1 December 1378, Wednesday
(-206,877)
29 November 1378, Monday
(-206,879) Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV died at 62. His lands were divided
amongst his 3 sons.
18 April 1378, Sunday (-207,104) Easter Sunday.
8 April 1378, Thursday (-207,114) Pope Urban VI (202nd Pope) acceded. Ruled until
1389.
27 March 1378, Saturday
(-207,126) Pope Gregory XI died.
2 March 1378, Tuesday
(-207,151)
20 February 1378, Saturday
(-207,161)
1 January 1378. Friday
(-207,211)
=================================================================================
12 November 1377, Wednesday
(-207,262)
7 October 1377, Tuesday
(-207,298) Louis II Duke of Anjou was born (died 29 April 1417).
20/91377, Saturday
(-207,315) Pope Clement VII, antipope, Robert of Geneva, acceded. Ruled
until 1394.
16 July 1377, Thursday (-207,380) Coronation
of Richard II, King of England.
15 July 1377, Wednesday
(-207,381)
22 June 1377. Monday
(-207,404) The 10 year old King Richard
II inherited the English throne from his grandfather, Edward III. Effective power was with
the Royal Council. He was deposed 22 years later on 30 September 1399.
21 June 1377, Sunday
(-207,405) (1) King Edward III of England
died.
(2) Charles V of France recommenced
hostilities in Artois and Guienne, and attempted to unite Brittany and France.
15 May 1377, Friday
(-207,442)
15 April 1377, Wednesday
(-207,472)
29 March 1377, Sunday (-207,489) Easter Sunday.
15 March 1377, Sunday (-207,503) The Sultan of Egypt was murdered by the
Mamelukes over a large unpaid debt.
20 February 1377, Friday (-207,526)
17 January 1377, Saturday
(-207,560) The Papal See was transferred back to Rome from Avignon.
1 January 1377, Thursday
(-207,576)
==================================================================================
17 December 1376, Wednesday
(-207,591)
12 November 1376, Tuesday
(-207,627)
15 July 1376, Tuesday
(207,746)
15 June 1376, Sunday
(-207,776)
10 June 1376,
Tuesday (-207,781) Wenceslas, son of the Holy
Roman Emperor Charles IV, was elected King of the Romans.
8 June 1376, Sunday
(-207,783) Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, died.
8 May 1376, Thursday
(-207,814)
29 April 1376, Tuesday
(-207,823) Sir Peter de la Mare took
office as first Speaker of the House of Commons.
13 April 1376, Sunday (-207,839) Easter Sunday
20 February 1376, Wednesday (-207,892)
1 January 1376, Tuesday (-207,942)
=================================================================================
21 December 1375, Friday (207,953)
Giovanni Boccaccio, writer, died.
24 October 1375, Wednesday
(-208,011) End of the reign of King Valdemar IV of Denmark (acceded 26 June
1340).
27 June 1375, Wednesday
(-208,130) (France) The English under King
Edward III, having lost territory in the Loire, Gironde, region, concluded the
Treaty of Bruges.
22 April 1375, Sunday (-208,196)
Easter Sunday.
13 April 1375, Friday
(-208,205)
20 February 1375, Tuesday
(-208,257)
1 January 1375, Monday
(-208,307)
=================================================================================
19 July 1374, Wednesday
(-208,473) Francesco Petrarch, poet, died.
27 June 137734, Tuesday (-208.495)
7 April 1374, Friday (-208,576) King Edward III appointed
the Church reformer, John Wycliffe, to the rectory of Lutterworth.
2 April 1374, Sunday (-208,581) Easter Sunday.
20 February 1374, Monday
(-208,622)
1 January 1374, Sunday (-208,672)
================================================================================
25 December 1373, Sunday (-208,679)
8
August 1373, Monday
(-208,808) Brandenburg,
NE Gerrmany, became a possession of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who
united it with Bohemia.
23 July 1373, Saturday (-208,824) St Bridget, patron saint of Sweden, and founder of
the Briggitine order, died.
19 June 1373, Sunday (-208,858)
16 June 1373, Thursday (-208,861) Under the Treaty of London, England and Portugal
became permanent allies.
17 April 1373, Sunday (-208,931) Easter Sunday.
17 March 1373, Thursday (-208,962)
20 February 1373, Sunday (-208,987)
1 January 1373, Saturday (-209,037)
===============================================================================
25 December 1372, Saturday (-209,044)
17 November 1372, Wednesday (-209,082) Jehan de Mamndeville, early French
travel writer, died.
28 March 1372, Sunday (-209,316)
Easter Sunday
13 March 1372, Saturday
(-209,331) Louis Duke of Orleans was born (died 23 November 1407)
1 January 1372, Thursday
(-209,403)
===============================================================================
28 May 1371, Wednesday (-209,621)
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was born (died 10 September 1419).
6 April 1371, Sunday (-209,673)
Easter Sunday.
26 March 1371, Wednesday
(-206,684) Robert II was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey.
6 March 1371, Thursday
(-209,704)
22 February 1371, Saturday (-209,716) King
David II of Scotland died; Robert II succeeded him, as the first Stuart King of
Scotland.
20 February 1371, Thursday
(-209,718)
1 January 1371, Wednesday
(-209,768)
================================================================================
30 December 1370, Monday
(-209,770) Pope Gregory XI (201st Pope) acceded (died 1378)
4 December 1370, Wednesday
(-209,796) (Britain, France)
Battle of Pontvallain, Hundred Years War. The French won by avoiding a
set-piece battle where English archers would have the advantage, instead
harrying the English raiding parties as they headed back south, unprepared for
battle.
17 November 1370, Sunday
(-299,813) (Poland, Hungary)� King
Louis I of Hungary, having been nominated by the childless Casimir III as his
successor, was crowned King of Poland, formally uniting the two countries.
However the Poles never fully submitted to his rule.
5 November 1370, Tuesday
(-209,825) King Casimir III of Poland died in a hunting accident, aged 60,
after a 30 year reign. He had repulsed a Mongol invasion, annexed Galicia, and
encouraged the immigration of Jews to serve as bankers and tax collectors. He
founded the University of Cracow, and codified the law and administration.
5 October 1370,
Saturday (-209,856)
19 September 1370,
Thursday (-209,872) Edward, Prince of Wales,
sacked Limoges, SW France.
14 April 1370, Sunday (-210,030) Easter Sunday
1 January 1370, Tuesday
(-210,133) Sir John Chandos, English military commander, died.
====================================================================================
25 December 1369, Tuesday
(-210,140)
23 October 1369, Tuesday
(-210,203)
10 October 1369,
Wednesday (-210,216) Byzantine Emperor Jpohn V
Paleologus visited Rome., in an attempt to obtain Papal aid to repel the
Ottoman Turks.
17 October 1369, Wednesday
(-210,209)
3 October 1369, Wednesday
(-210,223) (Austria) Margaret Maultasch, Countess of Tirol, died.
15 August 1369, Wednesday
(-210,272) Philippa of Hainault, wife of King Edward III of England, died.
21 May 1369,
Monday (-210,358) France recommenced the
Hundred Year�s War.
1 April 1369, Sunday (-210,408)
Easter Sunday.
23 March 1369, Friday
(-210,417) Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon, was murdered by his
brother, Henry.
17 January 1369, Wednesday
(-210,482) Peter I of Lusignan., King of Cyprus (and, nominally of Jerusalem� � in practice the Muslims held Jerusalem) was
murdered in his palace at Famagusta. He was succeeded by his 14-year-old son,
Peter II, Due to his youth, Peter II was not formally crowned King of Cyprus
until 1/1372 (and of �Jerusalem� in 10/1372).
1 January 1369, Monday
(-210,498) Gascony
rebelled against British rule.
===================================================================================
3 December 1368, Sunday (-210,527)
King Charles VI of France was born (died 21 October 1422).
9 April 1368, Sunday (-210,765) Easter Sunday.
15 February 1368, Tuesday (-210,819) Emperor
Sigismund was born.
1 January 1368, Saturday (-210,864)
====================================================================================
25 December 1367,
Saturday (-210,871)
19 November 1367,
Friday (-210,907) The Confederation of Cologne
was formed to organise the Commpon Hanseaic financial system, and to undertake
retaliatory action against the Danes.
18 April 1367, Sunday (-211,122) Easter Sunday.
3 April 1367, Saturday (-211,137) (Britain, Spain,
France) In the Hundred Years War, the English under the Black Prince
defeated a Spanish and French army at the Battle
of Navarrete. The Spanish Kingdom of Castile was in civil war, between
rival claimants for the throne, Pedro and his brother Enrique. The French under
Bertrand du Guesclin and the English under Edward the Black Prince intervened,
backing Enrique and Pedro respectively. The French and English met at Najera
(Navarrete), where English longbowmen massacred the French cavalry. Pedro
gained the throne but never repaid the English for the expense of their army.
The heavy French footsoldier casualties brought some relief to the
countryside,� with fewer unemployed
soldiers roaming and plundering it.
2 April 1367, Friday (-211,138)
Henry IV, the first
Lancastrian King of England, was born in Bolingbroke castle, Lincolnshire, the
son of John O�Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Duchess Blanche.
6 January 1367, Wednesday
(-211,224) King Richard II
was born at Bordeaux, France. He was the son of Edward the Black Prince and the
grandson of King Edward III.
1 January 1367, Friday
(-211,229)
=====================================================================================
11 December 1366, Friday
(-211,250) Yelbogha of Egypt was attacked and killed by the Sultan.
5 April 1366, Sunday
(-211,500) Easter Sunday.
5 March 1366,
Thursday (-211,531) In Spain Henry of Trastamare
expelled Pedro I the Cruel and was crowned Henry II of Castille.
18 February 1366, Wednesday
(-211,546) The Staute of Kilkenny was enacted by the Normans, covering the
�four obedient shires� of Dublin, Kildare, Louth and Meath. Anglo-Norman rule
did not extend much beyond this in practice, even 200 years after the first
invasion of Ireland. Anbglo-Irish marriages were forbidden, as was use of Irish
language, dress or music. Traditional irish sports such as hurling and quoits
were forbidden in favour of �gentle games which appertain to arms� such as
archery.
1 January 1366, Thursday
(-211,594)
=====================================================================================
1 November 1365, Thursday
(-211,657)
8 October 1365, Monday
(-211,681) A Frankish fleet under Peter I of Cyprus landed at Alexandria,
Egypt and raided it but was forced to leave again.
5 May 1365,
Monday (-211,835) The English Parliament nsuspended the payment of
troibute money to the Papacy.
13 April 1365, Sunday (-211,857) Easter Sunday
12 April 1365, Saturday
(-211,858) Treaty of Guerande. The French House of Blois ceded its rights
to Brittany.
12 March 1365,
Wednesday (-211,889) Charles V of France
recognised John de
Montfort as Duke of Brittany.
1 January 1365, Wednesday
(-211,959)
================================================================================
30/10.1364, Wednesday
(-212,022)
29 September 1364, Sunday
(-212,053) (Britain, France)
Battle of Auray. Although officially at peace after the Treaty of Bretigny,
England and France continued to fight over control of Brittany. French military
commander Bertrand du Guesclin faced English commander John Chandos. The
English-backed claimant Jean de Montfort was contending with Charles du Blois
for the Dukedom of Brittany. In the fighting for the city of Auray, Charles du
Blois was killed; however after de Montfort was installed as Duke of Brittany
he changed allegiance and swore fealty to the King of France. The English gained
nothing.
16 May 1364, Thursday
(-242,189) Du Guesclin victory at the Battle of Cocherel.
8 April 1364, Monday
(-242,227) (France) John II, The Good, King of
France, died (born 1319).John II, The Good, King of France, died aged 45 as
a prisoner in England, where he had been held since the Battle of Poitiers,
1356 (born 1319). His body was sent back to France with honours, and he was
succeeded by his 27-year-old son, who reigned until 1380 as Charles V.
24 March 1364, �Sunday (-212,242) Easter
Sunday.
20 March 1364, Wednesday (-212,246) Sir Henry Percy, English soldier, was
born (died 1403)
1 January 1364, Monday (-212.325)
==================================================================================
14 December 1363, Thursday (-212,343)
John Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris, was born (died 12 July 1429).
30 November 1363, Thursday (-212,357) The Swedish nobles forced the abdication of Magnus
II Eriksson at age 47 after a weak 44-year reign. He was freplaced by their
puppet, Albert of Mecklenburg, who became Albert II, and ruled until 1387.
12 October 1363, Thursday (-212,406)
6 September 1363, Wednesday (-212,442) John II of France gave the Duchy of Burgundy to his son
Philip the Bold.
29 May 1363, Monday (-212,542) Sultan Malik al Mansur of Egypt was
dethroned on the grounds of incompetence and replaced by Shaban, son of Hosain.
2 April 1363, Sunday
(-212,599) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1363, Sunday
(-215,690)
================================================================================
28 September 1362,
Tuesday (-212,786) Pope Urban V (200th Pope)
acceded (died 1370).
12 September 1362, Sunday
(-212,802) Pope Innocent VI died.
26 May 1362, Thursday
(-212,910) Louis, King of naples, died.
17 April 1362, Sunday (-212,949) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1362, Saturday (-213,055)
================================================================================
9 June 1361,
Wednesday (-213,261) French composer Philippe de
Vitry died.
30 May 1361,
Sunday (-213,271)
28 March 1361, Sunday (-213,334)
Easter Sunday.
16 March 1361, Tuesday
(-213,346) Hasan of Egypt was deposed and assassinated by Amir Yelbogha.
26 February 1361, Friday
(-213,364) Wenceslas, King of Bohemia, was born.
26 January 1361, Tuesday
(-213,395)
1 January 1361, Friday
(-213,420)
=================================================================================
30 October 1360, Friday
(-213,483)
24 October 1360, (Britain, France) Saturday
(-213,489) The Treaty of Br�tigny
was ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred
Years' War. Under its terms, King John II of France, who had been captured
at Poitiers, would be released for a ransom of 3 million Ecus. Calais, Guines,
Ponthieu and all of Aquitaine would be ceded to Edward III of England. In
return Edward, who had besieged Rheims (December 1359 � January 1360) but
failed to capture it, promised to renounce claims to the French Crown when John
renounced sovereignty over Aquitaine. In
fact these renunciations never took place and the Hundred Years War resumed
1369.
2 May 1360, Saturday (-213,664) Emperor Chu Ti, also known
as Yung Lo or Ch�eng Tsu, was born. See 5 August 1424.
13 April 1360, Monday
(-213,683) An exceptionally cold day in Britain, recorded as �Black
Monday�. Dark mist, hail, and cold so bitter that people died of cold whilst
riding their horses.
5 April 1360, Sunday
(-213,691) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1360, Wednesday
(-213,786)
===================================================================================
25 December 1359, Wednesday
(-213,793)
4 December 1359, Wednesday
(-213,814) The English under Edward III besieged Rouen.
21
April 1359, Sunday (-214,041) Easter Sunday.
1
January 1359, Tuesday (-214,151)
===================================================================================
25
December 1358, Tuesday (-214,158)
2 August 1358, Thursday
(-214,317) The dauphin, Charles, returned to Paris where he restored law
and order.
31 July 1358, Tuesday
(-214,319) Etienne
Marcel was assassinated.
24
July 1358, Tuesday (-214,312) This
day a �Great Company� of roving German mercenaries was defeated at Scalella
Pass by the Florentines. These mercenaries had originally bene hired by Italian
princes fighting Milan, but when their pay ceased they took to roving and
plundering anywhere in the Italian Peninsula. This day Florence was saved from
lootoing and destruction by them.
10
June 1358, Sunday (-214,356) End of
the Jacquerie peasant rebellion in France (began 30 May 1358).
1 April 1358, Sunday (-214,426)
Easter Sunday.
27 March 1358, Tuesday
(-214,431) The dauphin, Charles, escaped from Paris.
22 February 1358, Thursday
(-214,464) In France, Etienne Marcel, leader of the Estates-General,
murdered the Marshals of Champagne and Normandy.
18 February 1358, Sunday
(-214,468) Venice ceded Istria and Dalmatia to Ludwig of Hungary.
1 January 1358, Monday
(-214,516)
====================================================================================
22 April 1357, Saturday
(-214,770) John I,King of Portugal, was born (died 11 August 1433).
9 April 1357, Sunday (-214,783) Easter Sunday.
23 March 1357, Thursday (-214,800) England and France agreed a truce..
1 January 1357, Sunday (-214,881)
====================================================================================
30 October 1356, Sunday (-214,944)
18 October 1356, Tuesday
(-214,956) Basel, Switzerland, was badly damaged by an earthquake.
19 September 1356. Monday
(-214,985) (Britain, France)
The English, led by Edward the Black Prince, defeated the French under King
John II, at the Battle of Poitiers, western France, in the Hundred Years War. Edward III had been
raiding in northern France and was making his way back south when he learnt
that the French were making to intercept him. Laden with baggage, the English
moved more slowly and the French met them 5 km east of Poitiers. The English
found a site with restricted access for the French knights, and English archers
took down many French knights. King John himself was captured, and only
released when a huge ransom was paid in 1360.
24 April 1356, Sunday
(-215,133) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1356, Friday
(-215,247)
===================================================================================
20 December 1355, Sunday (-215,259)
Stephen Urosh of Serbia died whilst on route to attack Constantinople.
Under his reign Serbia had expanded greatly, conquering Macedonia, Epirus, and
Thessaly, as well as maintaining his father�s conquest of Bulgaria. However,
see 15 June 1389.
11 November 1355, Wednesday
(-215,298) Byzantine Emperor John VI Cantacuzene was deposed and retired to
a monastery after an 8-year rule during which he imposed heavy taxes to pay for
a foreign mercenary army. He was succeeded by John V Paleologus.
17 April 1355, Friday
(-215,506) Marino Falieri, born 1279, was executed for plotting to
overthrow the government of Venice.
5 April 1355, Sunday
(-215,518) Easter Sunday. Charles IV of Bohemia was cowned Holy Roman
Emperor in Rome.
10 February 1355, Tuesday (-215,572)
The St Scholastica Day riot in Oxford. Opposing members of �town� and �gown�
fought for three days.
7 January 1355, Wednesday
(-215,606) Thomas Gloucester was born (died 1397).
1 January 1355, Thursday
(-215,612)
==================================================================================
20 October 1354, Monday
(-215,685) Sultan Salih of Egypt was deposed and his brother Hasan
reinstated.
8 October 1354, Wednesday
(-215,697) Cola di Rienzi, reformer, was murdered.
13 April 1354, Sunday (-215,875) Easter Sunday
2 March 1354, Thursday (-215,976) The Ottoman Turks seized Gallipoli from
Byzantium.
1 March 1354, Wednesday, (215,977)
==================================================================================
24 March 1353, �Sunday (-216,260) Easter
Sunday.
3 March 1353, Sunday (-216,281)
Bern signed an alliance with the Swiss Confederation.
1 January 1353, Tuesday
(-216,342)
==================================================================================
18 December 1352, Tuesday
(-216,356) Pope Innocent VI (199th Pope) acceded (died 1362)
6 December 1352, Thursday
(-216,368) Pope Clement VI (198th Pope) died.
27 June 1352, Wednesday
(-216,530) Zug joined the Swiss Confederation.
4 June 1352, Monday
(-216,553) Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation.
5 May 1352, Saturday
(-216,583) Rupert, King of Germany, was born.
1 January 1352, Sunday
(-216,708)
=================================================================================
1 May 1351, Sunday
(-216,953) Zurich joined the Swiss Confederation.
17 April 1351, Sunday (-216,967) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1351, Saturday (-217,073)
================================================================================
26 December 1350, Sunday (-217,079) Jean de Marigny, who successfully defended
Beauvais for France against the English in 1346, died.
30/10.1350, Saturday (-217,136)
29 August 1350, Sunday (-217,198)
The English under King Edward III defeated a Spanish fleet off Winchelsea. The
Spanish had been fighting as allies of the French in the Hundred Years War.
28 August 1350, Saturday (-217,199)
22 August 1350. Sunday (-217,205) King
John II, (the Good) succeeded Philip VI as King of France.
12 August 1350, Thursday
(-217,215) (France) Philip IV, King of
France, died.
28 March 1350, Sunday (-217,352)
Easter Sunday.
27/ March 1350, Saturday
(-217,353) Alfonso IV of Castile and Leon died aged 38 of The Plague during
the siege of Moorish-held Gibraltar. He was succeeded by his 16-year-old son
whose excesses during his 19-year reign caused him to be known as Pedro the
Cruel.
1 January 1350, Friday
(-217, 438)
==================================================================================
30 October 1349, Friday
(-217,501)
20 October 1349, Tuesday
(-217,511) Pope Clement VI outlawed the flagellants.
26 August 1349, Wednesday
(-217,566) (Britain) Thomas Bradwardine, English
Archbishop, died in Lambeth.
24 August 1349, Monday
(-217,568) The Black Death broke out in Elbing (Poland).
18 August 1349, Tuesday
(-217,574)
16 June 1349, Tuesday
(-217,637) week 31091
31 May 1349, Sunday (-217,653)
The mortality rate from the Black Death in London finally began to ease.
12 April 1349, Sunday (-217,702) Easter Sunday
21 March 1349, Saturday (-217,724) Many of the 900 strong
Jewish community of Erfurt (Germany) were�
murdered by the rest of the population which accused them� of causing of the Black Death.
14 February 1349, Saturday (-217,759)
2,000 Jews were burned to death in Strasbourg.
9 February 1349, Monday
(-217,764)
9 January 1349, Friday (-217,795) The Jewish population of
Basel, Switzerland was rounded up and incinerated, believed by the residents to
be the cause of the ongoing Black Death.
1 January 1349, Thursday (-217.803)
=================================================================================
30 October 1348, Thursday
(-217,866)
1 October 1348, Wednesday
(-217,895)
29 September 1348, Monday (-217,897) The Black Death reached
London.
29 August 1348, Friday
(-217,928)
10 August 1348, Sunday (-217,947) The first investiture
ceremony of the Order of the Garter, at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. King
Edward III revived the notion of King Arthur�s Round Table, and had the Round
Tower at Windsor built to house a replica version of the Table. In 1344 Edward
III began holding knightly tournaments and feasts around this Table. Following
British successes in the Hundred Years War against France, Edward III instituted
the Order of the Garter, with Windsor as the new Camelot.
21 July 1348, Monday
(-217,967) Battle of Epila. Loyalists to King Pedro IV of Aragon, defending
his intention to have one of his daughters as heir to the kingdom, whereas the
nobles wanted a male heir of their choice, defeated these nobles. Pedro IV then
woithdrew the Charter that had been granted by earlier monarchs Pedro III and
his son Alfonso III, by whoch the nobles had tried to nominate theor own
candidate as heir.
24 June 1348, Tuesday
(-217,994) The Black Death outbreak
hit Melcombe Regis (Weymouth, Dorset in England).
20 April 1348, Sunday (-218,059)
Easter Sunday.
19 January 1348. Saturday
(-218,151) Edward III established the Order of the Garter.
1 January 1348, Tuesday
(-218,169)
=================================================================================
1347, 1348. The Black Death arrived in Europe. It appeared in the Crimea
(probably originating in China in 1333) and spread west to the Mediterranean.
It reached Greece in September 1347, and also appeared in Sicily and southern
Italy. By January 1348 Pisa, Venice, Avignon, and Arles were stricken, and by
April 1348 Toulouse, Spain, and Lyons had the disease. June 1348 saw the Black Death arrive in England, and by
1349 Germany and Brittany were suffering.
25 December 1347, Tuesday
(-218,176) First cases of the plague recorded in the city of Split in
Croatia.
1 November 1347, Thursday
(-218,230) Black Death spreads to Aix-en-Provence in France.
30 October 1347, Tuesday
(-218,232)
11 October 1347, Thursday
(-218,251) Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria died aged 60 in a hunting
accident on a bear hunt near Munich.
His rival, Charles of Luxembourg, was crowned as Emperor
Charles IV in 1355, reigning until 1378.
1 October 1347, Monday
(-218,261)
28 September 1347, Friday
(-218,264) France and England agreed a truce.
1 September 1347, Saturday
(-218,291) The Black Death reached the French city of Marseilles.
4 August 1347, Saturday (-218,319) (France)
Calais surrendered to the English. The city remained in English hands until
1588.
21 May 1347, Monday
(-218,394) Former Byzantine rebel John Cantacuzenus became co-Emoeror as
John VI Cantacuzenus, with John V Paleologus. This ended the civil war in the Byzantine
Empire that began with the death of Andronicus III
1 April 1347, Sunday
(-218,444) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1347, Monday
(-218,534)
=================================================================================
30/10.1346, Monday
(-218,597)
17 October 1346, Tuesday (-218,610) The Battle of Neville�s Cross. An
attempted Scottish invasion of England was routed, west of Durham. Whilst the
English King Edward III was occupied with the siege of Calais, King David II of
Scotland invaded England in support of his French ally. However his army was
heavily defeated by English archers, and David was wounded and captured. Held
for 11 years, Scotland had to raise taxes to pay a heavy ransom for his
release.
4 October 1346, Wednesday (-218,623)
Poitiers, central France, fell to the English.
20 September 1346, Wednesday (-218,637)
4 September 1346, Monday (-218,653) The
English began a siege of Calais.
26 August 1346. Saturday (-218,662) (1) The Battle of Crecy
took place, 32 miles south of Boulogne.� The outnumbered army of Edward III, aided by his son Edward
the Black Prince, defeated the French under Philip IV, who fled,, leaving over 1,500 French dead. On 3 August 1347
the English captured Calais
after nearly a year�s siege, which began on 3 September 1346.� This battle, during the Hundred Years War,
was the first time the English had used
longbows in continental warfare. The crossbow assault at Crecy decimated the French-Genoese archers and
the French knights behind, attempting an attack through the Genoese, caused a
troops jam into which the English longbowmen continued to fire. The French
retreated; Edward decided against pursuing the survivors but marched on north
to attack Calais.
(2) John the Blind, King of Bohemia, was killed at Crecy
whilst assisting the French. Born on 10 August 1296, son of Count Henry III of
Luxembourg (later Emperor Henry III), he married (1310) the heiress of the
Kingdom of Bohemia, thereby becoming its King in 1311. He acquired Silesia from
Poland. In 1334 he married Beatrix of the House of Bourbon, thereby allying
with France. He had been blind from 1340.
26
July 1346, Wednesday (-218,693)
The English sacked Caen.
12
July 1346, Wednesday (-218,707) An English invasion force
landed unopposed at St Vaast, western Normandy, with the aim of capturing
Paris. This force was defeated by a superior French army and the English
attempted a retreat back to England, marching west 60 miles in four days.
However the French followed their march just to the south, denying the Seine
Valley to the English. The English needed a port to evacuate their forces. The
English now had to cross the lower Somme between Amiens and the sea, but this
tract was tidal, full of treacherous marches, passable only along narrow
causeways for a few hours a day at low tide. Crossing points to the north of
the Somme were guarded by the French. The English attempted to force a crossing
of the Somme at Crecy.
11 July 1346. Tuesday (-218,708) Charles V of Luxembourg was
elected Holy Roman Emperor at the instigation of Pope Clement VI.
1 July 1346, Saturday
(-281,718) (Venice, Hungary).King Louis I of Hungary, attempting to secure
a seaboard on the Adriatic, against the wishes of the Venetian Republic who
wishes toi control the entire Adriatic, tried to defend the city of Zara. Zara
had declared itself part of Hungary, but was then besieged by Venice. The
Venetians won and took Zara.
16 April 1346, Sunday (-218,794) Easter Sunday. Stephen Durosh, King oif
Serbia, proclaimed himself Emperor of the Greeks, Serbs, Albanians and Bulgars
at Skopje. He now prepared for a campaign to conquer Byzantium.
1 January 1336, Sunday (-218,899)
=================================================================================
24 July 1345, Sunday (-219,060)
(Netherlands)
Jacob van Artevelde, Flemish statesman, was murdered in Ghent.
16 June 1345, Thursday
(-219,098)
14 April 1345, Thursday
(-219,161) Richard Aungervyle, English writer and bibliophile, died (born
24 January 1287 near Bury St Edmunds).
27 March 1345, Sunday (-219,179) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1345, Saturday (-219,264)
===============================================================================
4 April 1344, Sunday (-219,536) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1344, Thursday (-219,630)
=================================================================================
25 December 1343, Thursday (-219,637)
23 October 1343, Thursday (-219,700)
21 August 1343, Thursday (-219,763)
21 July 1343, Monday (-219,795)
8 July 1343, Tuesday (-210,808) Casimir III of Poland ceded his
Pomeranian territories to the Tuetonic Knights.
21 June 1343, Saturday (-219,825)
21 May 1343, Wednesday (-219,855)
23 April 1343, Wednesday (-219,883) Estonian peasants rose up this day, St
Georges Day,against an oppressive and exploitative Danish and German nobility.
The revolt began in Harjumaa County and spread to Oesel island. Over 1,800
nobles were killed by the peasants, who besieged revel (now, talinn) and asked
for help from Swedish military posts in Finland. Meanwhile the Teutonic Knights
of Prussia came in ti settle metters, and killed the peasant leader at a �peace
confetrence�. The Teutonic Knights then roiuted the peasant forces near Revel
before Swedish help could arrive. Denmark�s King Waldemar then sold northern
Estonia for 19,000 silver marks to the Tutonic Knights, in 8/1346, because
controlling the region was a drain on his resources. The Teutonic Knights then
gave the area to a fellow order, the Livonian Knights.
13 April 1343, Sunday (-219,893)
Easter Sunday
12 March 1343, Wednesday (-219,925)
4 January 1343, Saturday (-219,992) Andrea Dandolo, a friend of Petrarch, was
elected Doge of Venice.
1 January 1343, Wednesday (-219,995)
=================================================================================
21 July 1342, Sunday (-220,159) King Louis I of Hungary was crowned. Born
1326, he died in 1382.
9 July 1342, Tuesday (-220,171)
7 May 1342, Tuesday (-220,234) Pope Clement VI (198th Pope) acceded
(died 1352).
30 April 1342, Tuesday (-220,241)
25 April 1342, Thursday (-220,246) Pope Benedict XII died.
31 March 1342, Sunday (-220,271)
Easter Sunday. The Scottish captured Roxburgh, decisively expelling the English
from Scotland.
15 January 1342, Tuesday
(-220,346) Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was born.
1 January 1342, Tuesday
(-220,360)
================================================================================
15 June 1341, Friday
(-220,553) (Byzantium) Following the death of
Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III, aged 45, this day his 9-year-old son was
challenged by his guardian, John Cantacuzene, for the rulership.
10 June 1341, Sunday
(-220,558)
7 June 1341, Thursday
(-220,561) Malik al Nasir, Sultan of Egypt, died.
6 June 1341, Wednesday
(-220,562) The English were expelled from Edinburgh, Scotland. Scottish
King David II returned from France.
8 April 1341, Sunday (-220,628)
Easter Sunday.
15 March 1341, Thursday
(-220,652) Emperor Louis IV made peace with the French and ended his
alliance with England.
12 March 1341, Monday
(-220,655)
1 January 1341, Monday
(-220,725)
=================================================================================
25 October 1340. Wednesday (-220,793) Geoffrey
Chaucer was born. He died on his birthday in 1400.
13 October 1340. Friday (-220,805) (Spain) In
alliance with Portugal, Alfonso XI of Castile conquered the Moors at the River
Salado. This was the last attempt by the Moors to reverse the Reconquista.
24 September 1340, Sunday
(-220,824) Temporary cessation in Anlo-French hostilities, because the
English war chest was exhausted.
11 August 1340, Friday
(-220,868)
26 June 1340, Monday (-220,914) Accession
of King Valdemar IV of Denmark.
24 June 1340, Saturday (-220,916) (France) The English fleet, under Edward III (see 21 September 1327) defeated the French fleet at the Battle of Sluys. The French fleet was
virtually destroyed, giving Edward III control of the sea. However both the
French and English rulers were short of money and unable to pay their troops;
so Edward III, and Philip VI of France, settled at the Treaty of Esplechin.
The dispute between England and
France had links to the
Flemish weavers who rebelled but were defeated on 24 August 1328 by the new Philip VI of France. Also Philip VI supported the Scots under
David Bruce against the English, see 21 September 1327. In 1336 Edward III renewed his claim to the French
throne. In 1338 Edward III cut
wool exports to Flanders, forcing up wool prices and causing economic hardship
to the weavers there. Edward then lifted the wool embargo, and
encouraged the weavers to rebel again against Philip VI, to secure the
unification and independence of Flanders.
7 June 1340, Wednesday
(-220,933) Rotterdam was officially declared a city.
16 April 1340, Sunday (-220,985) Easter Sunday.
1 April 1340, Saturday (-221,000)
1 March 1340, Wednesday (-221,031)
1 February 1340, Tuesday (-221,060)
26 January 1340, Wednesday (-221,066) English monarch King Edward III
formally proclaimed himself King of France.
1 January 1340, Saturday (-221,091)
===================================================================================
1 November 1339, Monday
(-221,152) Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, was born.
23 September 1339, Wednesday
(-221,192) Simon Bocanegra was elected the first Doge of Genoa.
23 July 1339, Friday
(-221,253) Louis I Duke of Anjou was born (died 20 September 1384).
26 June 1339, Saturday
(-221,280)
21 June 1339, Monday
(-221,285) Bern had acquired a protectorate over the town of Laupen, which
Burgundy now tried to reclaim, besieging it. This day a Swiss force of pikemen
and archers., although outnumbered 3 to 1, repoulsed Burgundian forces and
lifted the siege of Laupen, establishing |Bern as a dominant force in the
region.
28 March 1339, Sunday (-221,370)
Easter Sunday.
1 January 1339, Friday
(-221,456)
===================================================================================
25 December 1338, Friday (-221,463)
23 October 1338, Friday (-221,526)
5 September 1338, Saturday (-221,574) King Edward III of England met with
Emperor Louis Iv at Koblenz. They agreed an alliance against France.
16 July 1338, Thursday (-221,623) In Germany the Imperial Diet, meeting in
Frankfurt, stated that the Electors of the Holy Roman Empire could elect the Emperor
without consulting the Pope.
14 June 1338, Sunday (-221,657)
12 April 1338, Sunday (-221,720) Easter Sunday
1 January 1338, Thursday (-221,821)
=================================================================================
24 May 1337, Saturday (-222,043)
Philip VI of France took Gascony from English control.
20 April 1337, Sunday (-222,077)
Easter Sunday.
20 March 1337, Thursday (-222,108)
17 March 1337, Monday
(-222,111) Edward, the Black Prince, was made the first Duke of Cornwall,
by his father King Edward III.
21 February 1337, Friday
(-222,135)
21 January 1337, Tuesday
(-222,166) King Charles V of France was born (died 16 September 1380).
8 January 1337. Wednesday
(-222,179) Painter Giotto died, aged 70.
1 January 1337, Wednesday
(-222,186)
=================================================================================
25 December 1336, Wednesday
(-222,193)
18 April 1336, Thursday
(-222,444) Following a Hindu rebellion against Muslim rule, Harihara I was
crowned King of the Vijayanagar Empire in southern India.
31 March 1336, Sunday (-222,462)
Easter Sunday.
1 January 1336, Monday
(-222,552)
=================================================================================
23 October 1335,
Monday (-222,622)
11 October 1335, Wednesday
(-222,634) Yi Seong-gye, founder of the Joseon Dynasty, was born in Korea.
16 April 1335, Sunday (-222,812) Easter Sunday
2 April 1335, Sunday (-222,826) (Austria) Following the death of Henry Duke
of Carinthia, Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV conferred the Duchy and South Tyrol
on the Habsburgs. His sons received North Tyrol.
1 January 1335, Sunday (-222,917)
==================================================================================
4 December 1334, Sunday
(-222,945) Pope John XXII died at Avignon, aged 85. He was succeeded by
Jacques Fournier, who became Pope Benedict XII.
23 October 1334, Sunday
(-222,987)
30 August 1334, Tuesday
(-223,041) Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon, was born.
21 August 1334,
Sunday (223,050)
27 March 1334, Sunday (-223,197) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1334, Saturday (-223,282)
==================================================================================
25 December 1333, Saturday
(-223,289)
23 October 1333, Saturday
(-223,352)
25 August 1333, Wednesday
(-223,411) In Moorish southern Spain, Yusuf I succeeded his murdered
brother Muhammed IV as King of Granada.
21 August 1333, Saturday
(-223,415)
19 July 1333, Monday
(-223,448) (Scotland) The
Battle of Halidon Hill. Edward III defeated Sir Archibald Douglas, during
the last of the Wars of Scottish Independence. The English victory secured for
England the strategic town of Berwick on Tweed, and the English also learnt
valuable lessons in the use of infantry, which would prove useful in later
European wars.
12 June 1333, Saturday
(-223,485) Edward Balliol recognised King Edward III of England as overlord
and ceded Berwick on Tweed and 8 southern counties of Scotland to him.
8 June 1333, Tuesday
(-223,489) King Edward III seized the Isle of Man from Scotland.
6 June 1333, Sunday
(-223,491)
4 April 1333, Sunday
(-223,554) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1333, Friday
(-223,647)
====================================================================================
25 December 1332, Friday
(-223,654)
12 December 1332, Saturday
(-223,667) Balliol fled to England after his defeat at Annan by the Earl of
Moray.
7 November 1332, Saturday (-223,702) Lucerne joined the Swiss
Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
24 September 1332, Thursday
(-223,746) Edward Balliol was crowned King of Scotland at Scone.
27 August 1332, Thursday
(-223,774)
12 August 1332, Wednesday
(-223,789) Edward Balliol
(1283-1364, the elder son of John Balliol), having landed at Kinghorn, Fife,
made a surprise attack on the Scottish Army at Duplin Moor. Balliol was leading
an army of 3,400 soldiers fighting for the �disniherited Barons�. Balliol
routed the Scots under the Regent, the Earl of Mar, and was crowned King of
Scotland on 24 September 1332 at Scone. However in December 1332 Balliol
himself fell victim to a surprise counter attack at Annan and fled across into
England on an unsaddled horse. Further attempts by Balliol to gain the Scottish
throne in 1334 and 1335 were unsuccessful and in 1356 he formally renounced his
claim in favour of King Edward III. Balliol died without heirs.
19 April 1332, Sunday (-223,904) Easter Sunday.
18 February 1332, Tuesday
(-223,965) Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia began his campaigns in the
southern Muslim provinces.
1 January 1332, Wednesday (-224,013)
=================================================================================
25 December 1331, Wednesday
(-224,020)
24 November 1331, Sunday
(-224,051) King David II of Scotland was crowned at Scone, with Joan as
Queen.
27 September 1331, Friday (-224,109) (Poland)
Battle of Plowce. The Teutonic Knights were defeated by a Polish army under
Ladislas IV Lokietek.
31 March 1331, Sunday
(-224,289) Easter Sunday.
2 March 1331, Saturday
(-224,318) Ottoman ruler Orkhan took Nicea from the Byzantines.
1 January 1331, Tuesday
(-224,378) week 32,054
==================================================================================
25 December 1330, Tuesday
(-324,385)
29 November 1330, Thursday
(-324,411) Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, was executed as a traitor. King
Edward III, 18 years old, feared that his mother�s lover Mortimer was plotting
to prevent him from gaining full power is monarch, so had him seized from
Nottingham castle and taken to London for trial. Queen Isabella lost power but
was allowed to live in luxurious retirement.
23 October 1330, Tuesday
(-324,448)
21 August 1330, Tuesday
(-324,511)
4 August 1330,�
Saturday (-324,528) The Habsburgs recognised the
Holy Roman Emperor, Louis IV.
28 June 1330, Thursday
(-224,565) Stephen Uros II, King of Serbia, defeated and killed Bulgarian
Tsar Michael Sisman near Velbuzd. Ths established Serbain rule in Macedonia.
15 June 1330, Friday (-224,578)
Edward, the Black Prince, was born.
10 June 1330, Sunday
(-224,583)
8 April 1330, Sunday
(-224,646) Easter Sunday
13 January 1330, Saturday
(-224,731) Frederick III of Germany died at Gutenstein.
1 January 1330, Monday
(-224,743)
=================================================================================
11 June 1329, Sunday (-224,947)
Ottoman Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Maltepe
(Pelekanon).
7 June 1329. Wednesday (-224,951) Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland from 1306, died of leprosy at
Cardross Castle on the Firth of Clyde. He was buried at Dunfermline
Abbey under the High Altar.
23 May 1329, Tuesday
(-224,966)
23 April 1329, Sunday
(-224,996) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1329, Sunday
(-225,108)
==================================================================================
23 October 1328, Sunday (-225,178)
24 August 1328. Wednesday
(-225,238) Flemish weavers
rebelled against the French but were defeated at Mount Cassel by Philip VI, the
new King of France. See 24 June 1340.
21 August 1328, Sunday
(225,241)
12 July 1328, Tuesday
(-225,281) Marriage of Bruce�s son David to Joanna, daughter of Edward II
of England.
24 May 1327, Tuesday (-225,330)
17 May 1328, Tuesday
(-225,337) Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV (Louis of Bavaria) declared Pope
John XXII deposed, and elected Pope Nicholas, antipope. He.ruled until 1330.
3 April 1328, Sunday
(-225,381) Easter Sunday.
17 March 1328, Thursday
(-225,398) King Edward III of England recognised Robert I (The Bruce) as
King of Scotland, ending the Scottish War of Independence.
20 February 1328, Saturday
(-225,424) Philippa, wife of King Edward III of England, was crowned Queen
at Westminster Abbey.
1 February 1328, Monday
(-225,443) King Charles IV of France died aged 33, without an heir, ending
the Capetian line. Under the Salic Law (succession through the male line only)
he was succeeded by his 35-year-old cousin who ruled as Philip IV until 1350.
He established the Valois Dynasty, which endured until 1589.
24 January 1328, Sunday
(-225,451) King Edward III of England ,now aged 16, married Philippa,
daughter of the anti-French Count of Hainault and Holland.
17 January 1328, Sunday
(-225,458) Louis of Bavaria was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
1 January 1328, Friday
(-225,474)
================================================================================
23 October 1327,
Friday (-225,544)
21 September 1327. Monday
(-225,576) Edward II was murdered at Berkeley castle in Gloucestershire, to ensure his son Edward III,
aged 15, could ascend the English throne under Isabella�s Regency..
Edward II�s fate was sealed in 1326 when his wife Isabella and her lover Roger
Mortimer landed with a band of foreign mercenaries and marched on
London. Isabella found widespread support amongst the barons, among whom Edward
had caused dissension by granting some lands and lordships, but not others. Edward
was also resented after his defeat by
Robert the Bruce in Scotland. See 21 June 1314, and 24 June 1340. In
1330 Edward III took real power, sending his mother Isabella into a monastery. He executed her lover, Roger Mortimer. See 24/6 1340.
12 April 1327, Sunday (-225,738) Easter Sunday
25 January 1327, Sunday
(-225,815) Edward III became King of England.
7 January 1327, Wednesday
(-225,833) King Edward II of England was deposed.
1 January 1327, Thursday
(-225,839)
===================================================================================
25 December 1326, Thursday
(-225,846)
16 November 1326, Sunday
(-225,885) King Edward II had fled to Gloucester, but was captured at Neath
Abbey this day.
26 October 1326, Sunday
(-225,906) Hugh Despenser was executed. His son was also executed, on 16
November 1326.
23 October 1326, Thursday
(-225,909)
15 October 1326, Wednesday
(-225,917) Walter Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter and Treasurer to King Edward
III of England, was murdered in a popular rebellion in :London.
6 April 1326. Sunday (-226,109) Orkhan, son of Osman, the
founder of the Ottoman Empire,
captured Brusa from the Byzantines and made it his capital. By 1341 Orkhan had
reinforced his influence in the Byzantine Empire by marrying twice into it;
first to Theodora, daughter of Byzantium�s new joint Emperor John Cantacuzene,
whom he had lent 6,000 troops for his coup. Secondly, Orkhan�s new sister in
law, Helen, married the other joint Emperor and coup victim, John Paleologus.
23 March 1326, Sunday (-226,123) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1326, Wednesday (-226,204)
=================================================================================
7 April 1325, Sunday
(-226,473) Easter Sunday.
16 March 1325, Saturday
(-226,495) Charles Count of Valois died (born 12 March 1270).
13 March 1325, Wednesday
(-226,498) (1) The founding of Tenochtitlan
on a small island in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica empire at the dawn of the day.
The Aztec capital became Mexico City in 1521.
(2) The Treaty of Trausnitz was signed.
Frederick III, I return for his freedom, acknowledged Louis IV as King of
Germany. Frederick also undertook to return to captivity if he could not
persuade his brother Leopold to similarly acknowledge Louis IV.
2 February 1325, Saturday
(-226,537) In Byzantium, Andronicus II Paleologus and his grandson
Andronicus III were crowned co-Emperors in an effort to ha;t the civil war.
1 January 1325, Tuesday
(-226,569)
==================================================================================
25 December 1324, Tuesday (-226,576)
22 May 1324, Tuesday (-226,793) King Ludwig of Bavaria denounced the Pope
and denied papal authority in Germany.
15 April 1324, Sunday (-226,830) Easter Sunday.
6 April 1324, Friday (-226,839) Ghazi Orkhan succeeded his father Osman I
as ruler of the Ottoman Turks.
23 March 1324, Friday (-226,853) King Ludwig of Bavaria was excommunicated
by the Pope.
5 March 1324, Monday (-226,871) King David II of Scotland was born, son of
Robert the Bruce.(died 22 February 1371).
1 January 1324, Sunday (-226,935)
==================================================================================
25 December 1323, Sunday (-226,942)
23 October 1323, Sunday (-227,005)
8 October 1323, Saturday (-227,020) Pope John XXII claimed the right to
confirm Imperial kingships and thereby demanded that Ludwig surrender the
kingship of the Romans because Ludwig claimed Imperial authority in northern
Italy.
11 June 1323, Saturday (-227,139) Papal Legate, Bertrand du Poujet, led a
military campaign against the Ghibbelines and besieged Milan, but called off
the siege when Ludwig of Bavaria sent troops to help the Milanese.
29 May 1323, Sunday (-227,152)
27 March 1323, Sunday (-227,215) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1323, Saturday (-227,300)
==================================================================================
28 September 1322, Tuesday (-227,395) In a decisive battle for the German
kingship, Frederick III was deefated and sent as a prisoner to Trausnitz, where
he remained for three years. See 13 March 1325.
27 July 1322, Tuesday (-227,458)
24 June 1322, Thursday
(-227,491) Jews were expelled from France for the third time.
11 April 1322, Sunday (-227,565) Easter Sunday.
16 March 1322, Tuesday
(-227,591) The Battle of
Boroughbridge.� Forces loyal to the
rebel, Thomas of Lancaster, were defeated at the crossing of the River Ure by
an army loyal to King Edward II, led by Andrew Barclay. Edward then ordered the
execution of more than 20 of the rebel leaders, an act that shocked
contemporaries by its severity.
13 February 1322, Saturday
(-227,622) The central tower of Ely Cathedral in England fell.
5 January 1322, Tuesday
(-227,661) In Italy, Milanese forces seized Cremona.
2 January 1322, Saturday
(-227,664) Philip V, King of France, died, aged 28, after a 6-year
reign.� He ended the war with flanders,
and persecuted French Jews, taxing 150,000 livres from the Jews of Paris alone.
He was succeeded by his 27-year-old brother who ruled for 6 years as King
Charles IV, last of the direct line of Capetian Kings.
==================================================================================
14 September 1321. Tuesday
(-227,773) Poet Dante
Alighieri died aged 56 at Ravenna, in the 20th year of exile from
his native Florence.
19 April 1321, Sunday (-227,922) Easter Sunday. King Edward II of England was
forced by his Barons to banish his favourites, Hugh Despenser and his son Hugh
the Younger. The Despensers had assisted Edward in his financial and land
administration affairs. However they had also thereby enriched themselves
whilst thwarting the ambitions of the Barons.
1 January 1321, Thursday (-228,030)
==================================================================================
25
December 1320, Thursday (-228,037)
14
April 1320, Monday (-228,292) Mubarak of Delhi was murdered by his
favourite, Khosraw, who succeeded him but was then himself murdered by Ghazi
Malik (Ghiyas ud Din Tughluq) who in turn succeded him.
6
April 1320, Sunday (-228,300) The Scots reaffirmed their independence from England by signing the
Declaration of Arbroath. The Pope did not recognise Robert The Bruce as
legitimate King of Scotland, and Pope John XXII had demanded that Scotland make
peace with England, However the Scottish barons, with the support of the Church
in Scotland, asserted under this Declaration the identity of Scotland as a
separate nation with its �uninterrupted
succession of 113 Kings, all our native and royal stock�. The Declaration also noted the injuries
caused by English incursions into Scotland. Since
then this has been a key document for those campaigning for Scottish
independence.
30 March 1320, Sunday
(-228,307) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1320, Tuesday
(-228,396)
====================================================================================
25 December 1319, Tuesday
(-228,403)
23 October 1319, Tuesday
(-228,466)
20 September 1319, Thursday
(-228,499) King Edward II of England abandoned his siege of Scottish-held
Berwick on Tweed.
8 July 1319, Sunday
(-228,573) Three-year-old Magnus Eriksson was elected king of Sweden, thus
uniting it with Norway. His mother Ingeborg of Norway was given a place in the
regency in both Sweden and Norway.
26 June 1319, Tuesday
(-228,585) A Spanish Castillian invasion of the Moorish Kingdom of Granada
failed.
8 April 1319, Sunday
(-228,664) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1319, Monday
(-228,761)
===================================================================================
14 October 1318, Monday
(-228,838) Edward Bruce was killed at Dundalk, Ireland, 3 years after being
proclaimed King of Ireland. He was the younger brother of Scotland�s Robert the
Bruce. Edward had failed to subdue the country south of Ulster.
12 August 1318, Monday
(-228,901)
19 July 1318, Friday
(-228,925) Duke Leopold of Austria made peace with the Swiss Forest
Cantons.
23 April 1318, Sunday
(-229,014) Easter Sunday.
1 April 1318, Saturday
(-229,036) Berwick-upon-Tweed was retaken by the Scottish from the English.
1 January 1318, Sunday
(-229,126)
=================================================================================
25 December 1317,
Sunday (-229,133)
24 December 1317, Saturday
(-229,134) Jean de Joinville, Crusader and historian, died.
3 April 1317, Sunday
(-229,399) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1317, Saturday
(-229,491)
=================================================================================
25 December 1316, Saturday
(-229,498)
19 November 1316, Friday
(-229,534) Philip V, brother of the late Louis X of france, proclaimed
himself King.
10 August 1316, Tuesday
(-229,635) Second Battle of Athenry ended with over 5,000 dead, and Norman
rule retained in Ireland.
7 August 1316, Saturday
(-229,638) Pope John
XXII (196th Pope) acceded (died 1334).
5 June 1316, Saturday
(-229,701) King Louis X of France died.
14 May 1316, Friday
(-229,723) Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV was born.
2 May 1316, Sunday
(-229,735) In an attempt to foment rebellion in Ireland against English
rule, Edward Bruce, brother of King Robert of Scotland, was crowned King of
Ireland.
11 April 1316, Sunday (-229,756) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1316, Thursday (-229,857)
====================================================================================
15 November 1315. Saturday (-229,904) A small army of Swiss foot soldiers routed a Hapsburg army sent to
bring the valleys of central Switzerland under Hapsburg rule at the Battle of
Morgarten. The
Hapsburgs had for long had manorial rights in these valleys but not political
control. The Swiss had begun to assert their political independence, fortifying
the entrances of the valleys. This conflict was precipitated by a dispute over
grazing rights; the men of Schwyz attacked an abbey and took some of the monks
hostage.
20 September 1315, Saturday
(-229,960) Catalan poet Ramon Llull died.
13 September 1315, Saturday
(-229,967)
29 August 1315, Friday
(-229,982) In Italy, Uguccione, Despot of Pisa, defeated the armies of
Florence and Naples at Montecatini.
1 July 1315, Tuesday
(-230,041) Food prices rose sharply as a famine hit England. A quarter of wheat cost 20 shillings, compared
to five shillings in 1313.
30 April 1315, Wednesday
(-230,103) Enguerrand de Marigny, French minister to King Philip IV, was
executed on trumped up charges of sorcery, having raised taxes for a war
against Flanders then disappointed the French nobility by negotiating a peace.
23 March 1315, Sunday (-230,141) Easter Sunday.
17 March 1315, Monday (-230,147) Ludwig of Bavaria recognised the Swiss
Confederation.
1 January 1315, Wednesday (-230,222)
===================================================================================
29 November 1314, Friday
(-230,255) Philip IV, King of France, died aged 69. He was succeeded by his
25-year-old son who ruled as Louis X but died in 1316.
13 November 1314, Wednesday
(-230,271) (Germany) Albert, Landgrave of
Thuringia, died.
25 October 1314, Friday
(-230,290) Frederick III was crowned King of Germany by the Archbishop of
Cologns, and war started between him and Louis.
19 October 1314, Saturday
(-230,296) Frederick III was chosen as King by a minority of electors; the
majority chose Louis of Bavaria.
30 September 1314, Monday,
(-230,315)
31 August 1314, Saturday
(-230,345) King Hakon V Magnusson moved the capital of Norway from Bergen
to Oslo, where he built Akershus Fortress. Norway was ruled from this fortress
the next 500 years.
31 July 1314, Wednesday
(-230,376)
30 June 1314, Monday
(-230,406)
24 June 1314. Tuesday (-230,412) English forces under Edward II suffered a major defeat at
Bannockburn by the Scots. Robert The Bruce was confirmed in power in Scotland. See 21 September 1327. By the
time the Battle of Bannockburn was fought, Scotland had been almost cleared of
English troops, with the exception of Stirling Castle. Here the governor,
Alexander Mowbray, had promised to surrender if not relieved by St John the
Baptist�s Day.� Edward II collected a huge army for the relief of Stirling, and
Robert the Bruce assembled his smaller force at Torwood, 4 miles north-west of
Falkirk. At the Battle, on the Bannock Burn, the superior numbers of the
English cavalry were hampered by the cramped site of the battle; the rear ranks
of the English could not reach the fighting, but hampered the retreat of those
in front under Robert�s attacks. Robert then led his reserves in to complete
the rout of the English. Many English, uninjured in the battle, perished in the
Bannock Burn and the marshes beyond. Edward
II, seeking refuge in Stirling Castle, was refused on account of its
imminent surrender; he escaped by a roundabout route via Dunbar back to England.
20 April 1314, Saturday
(-230,478) Pope Clement V died.
13 April 1314, Saturday
(-230,485) The Lord Mayor of London banned �hustling over large balls�
within the city because of the noise and riots it caused.
7 April 1314, Sunday (-230,491) Easter
Sunday.
18 March 1314, Monday
(-230,511) Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and the last Grand Master of the
Knights Templar, was burned at the stake.
1 January 1314, Tuesday
(-230,587) week 32,941
==================================================================================
9 November 1313, Friday
(-230,640) Louis IV, Duke of Bavaria, defeated Frederick III, King of
Germany, at the Battle of Gamelsdorf.
23 October 1313, Tuesday
(-230,657)
23 September 1313,
Sunday (-230,687)
24 August 1313, Friday
(-230,717) King Henry VII of Germany was poisoned, whilst leading an army
against Naples.
16 June 1313, Saturday
(-230,786) Giovanni Boccacio, writer, was born.
13 June 1313, Wednesday
(-230,789) Pope Clement V declared Naples to be under Papal protection.
5 May 1313, Saturday
(-230,828) (Christian) Pope Celestine V was canonised.
15 April 1313, Sunday (-230,848) Easter Sunday.
13 January 1313, Saturday (-230,940) The Scots expelled the English garrison
from Perth.
1 January 1313, Monday (-230,952)
==================================================================================
13 November 1312. Monday
(-231,001) Edward III, King of England from 1327, was born in Windsor
Castle, son of Edward II.
31 October 1312, Tuesday
(-231,014) Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII abandoned hos campaign against
Florence.
23 October 1312, Monday
(-231,022)
23 September 1312,
Saturday (-231,052)
7 September 1312, Thursday
(-231,068) Ferdinand IV, King of Castile and Leon, died.
29 June 1312, Thursday
(-231,138) Henry VII was� crowned
Holy Roman Emperor in the Lateran Palace, Italy, as St Peters was occupied by
Romans hostile to him.
19 June 1312, Monday (-231,148) Piers Gaveston (see 19 May 1312)
was beheaded at Deddington by order of the Duke of Warwick.
19 May 1312, Friday (-23,179) After a 2-week siege of
Scarborough Castle, Piers Gaveston, close associate of King Edward II, was
taken prisoner, See 19 June 1312.
26 April 1312, Wednesday
(-231,202)
26 March 1312, Sunday (-231,233) Easter Sunday.
22 March 1312, Wednesday
(-231,237) The Pope abolished the Order of the Templars.
1 January 1312, Saturday
(-231,318)
==================================================================================
25 December 1311, Saturday
(-231,325)
15 August 1311, Sunday
(-321,457)
13 August 1311. Friday
(-321,459) Pietro Gradenigo, Doge of Venice, died.
13 June 1311, Sunday
(-321,520)
11 April 1311, Sunday (-231,583) Easter Sunday.
1 January 1311, Friday
(-231,683)
===================================================================================
1 October 1310, Thursday
(-231,775) Beatrice of Burgiundy died.
30 August 1310, Sunday
(-231,807) Bohemia rebelled against the rule of Henry of Carinthia.
15 June 1310, Monday
(-231,883) By 1300 the Governing Council of Venice had become an autocratic
oligarchy. In 1300 a popular rebellion against the Council failed, its leader
being hanged. In 1310 Bajamonte Tiepolo (died 1328) was preparing a further
rebellion, conspiring with the patrician Querini family to take over the
administration of Venice. However the plot was leaked out compelling the
conspirators to act before they were ready, and this day they seized the public
square of Venice. Forces loyal to the Venetian Doge (Chief Magistrate), Pietro
Gradenigo (1249-1311) soon arrested the rebels, although Tiepolo himself
managed to escape. The Venetian oligarchy then established a secret tribunal,
the Council of Ten, ostensibly to �protect� Venice from further insurrections
by tracking down rebels. By 1335 this body had become entrenched and took over
many Governmental functions, especially in finance and the military.
11 May 1310, Monday (-231,918) In France, 54 members of the
Knights Templar were burned at the stake for heresy.
8 May 1310, Friday (-231,921)
30 April 1310, Thursday
(-231,929) King Casimir III of
Poland was born.
19 April 1310, Sunday (-231,940) Easter Sunday.
5 March 1310, Friday (-231,885) Malik al Nasir was reinstated as Sultan of
Cairo.
1 January 1310, Thursday (-231,048)
==================================================================================
23 October 1309, Thursday (-231,118)
21 August 1309, Thursday (-231,018)
15 August 1309, Friday
(-232,187) The city of Rhodes surrendered to the forces of the Knights of
St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights established their
headquarters on the island, and renamed themselves as the Knights of Rhodes.
5 April 1309, Saturday
(-232,319) Bibars
Jashengir was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt.
30 March 1309, Sunday
(-232,325) Easter Sunday.
27 March 1309, Thursday
(-232,338) Pope Clement V declared Venice was no longer a Christian State,
because it supported Falco d�Este, ruler of Ferrara, whoch the Pope claimed as
a Papal fief. Papal forces defeated the Venetians in 8/1309.
9 March 1309. Sunday (-232,346) Pope Clement arrived at Avignon to set up court there.
1 January 1309, Wednesday
(-232,413)
=================================================================================
25 December 1308, Wednesday
(-232,420)
27 November 1308, Wednesday
(-232,448) Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg, was elected King of the Romans.
12 November 1308, Tuesday
(-232,463) The Teutonic Knights seized Danzig (Gdansk), massacring its
inhabitants.