Chronography of the USA-Indigenous American Nations

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Indigenous American Nations (see also Alaska, Florida)

21 September 2004, The National Museum of the American Indian opened in Washington DC.

30 June 1980, In the US, the Sioux nation won US$ 122.5 million in compensation and interest for illegal government seizure of their land in 1871.

20 September 1974, 67 Kootenai indigenous Americans �declared war� on the USA to draw attention to the loss of their lands and the terrible conditions they lived in. There was no violence, just a 10 cent toll levied on motorists passing thro0ugh their lands. After global media attention, they were granted extra territory and Government funding.

28 May 1973, Actor Marlon Brando refused an Oscar in protest at the USA�s treatment of indigenous Americans.

2 June 1924, The US now allowed indigenous Indians to become full citizens. Indigenous Indian, Learned Hand, became the first Native American judge of the US Court of Appeals, serving until 1956.

1923, The Navajos set uo a Tribal Council, intitally to approve an oil and gas lease.

9 January 1918, U.S troops engaged Yaqui indigenous Americans warriors in the Battle of Bear Valley in Arizona, a minor skirmish and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and indigenous Americans.

10 January 1917, William �Buffalo Bill� Cody died, aged 71. He was a pony express rider before the Civil War, in which he fought; after, he supplied meat to the workers of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, hence his name. As chief of scouts for the US military he fought in several battles against the Indians, which made him famous.

29 August 1911, A man believed to be the last indigenous American to make contact with White Americans, called Ishi, last of the Yahi people, was discovered in north-eastern California.

23 February 1911, Quanah Parker, 65, Principal Chief of the Comanche Nation, died.

29 January 1907, Charles Curtis became U.S. Senator for Kansas, the first Indigenous American to become a Senator.

16 September 1893, Some 2.4 million hectares of land in North Oklahoma, formerly owned by the Cherokee People, were declared open to White settlement.

16 September 1891, The Sioux national finally formally surrendered to the USA.

29 December 1890. The Battle of Wounded Knee in South Dakota. This was the last major conflict between indigenous Americans, the Sioux, and US troops.

15 December 1890. Chief Sitting Bull, Sioux leader (born ca.1831), was shot dead in a scuffle with police in South Dakota whilst resisting arrest. He had fled to Canada after his victory over General Custer at Little Bighorn in 1876. He returned to the USA in 1881 and was jailed for 2 years. He performed for several years with Buffalo Bill�s travelling Wild West Show, but the suffering of his people led him to join the new Ghost Dance Movement, dedicated to destroying the Whites and restoring the lost Indian world. The US Government sent troops to suppress the Ghost Dance Movement and arrest its leaders; Sitting Bull was shot in the skirmish.

2 May 1890. The Federal Territory of Oklahoma was created; it was formerly known as the Indian Territory. On 22 April 1889 the US government, via a single shot fired at noon, had signalled the start of a great race for land by white settlers. An estimated 200,000 people crossed into the land once home to 75,000 Indians, who had to move on. By nightfall 22 April 1889 almost all of Oklahoma�s 2 million acres had been claimed.

8 February 1887. The USA passed the Dawes Act. This granted US citizenship to Indigenous Americans living outside the reservations, but also allowed the President to overrule Indian governments and sell traditional communally-owned tribal lands to private owners.

 

Geromimo�s last days, surrender to the US

17 February 1909. Geronimo, the last Apache chief to surrender, died at his ranch on an Oklahoma reservation, aged 90.

4 September 1886. The Apache chief Geronimo surrendered to General Nelson Miles of the US army. He was born in what is now New Mexico in 1829.After returning home to find his wife and three children murdered by Spanish troops from Mexico he terrorized European settlements. He was the leader of the last American Indian force to surrender, and had outwitted the US army with its superior numbers for 10 years. His ten years of guerrilla action was intended to deter white settlers from New Mexico and Arizona. He died a prisoner in 1909, unable to return to his homeland, and was buried in the Apache cemetery at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

1883, An Apache traitor led US forces under Generals George Crook and Nelson A Miles to Geronimo�s headquarters. Taken by surprise, the Apache surrendered and agreed tp live on the White Mountain reservation. In 1885 the Apoache again began raiding, but in 1886 they were finally overcome by US forces. Geronimo and other Apache were sent to a Federal prison in Florida, but later allowed to return to the West, where he li8ved the rest of his life near Fort Siull, Oklahoma.

 

Impossibility of reservation life; suppression of Indigenous American culture

1885, Numbers of bison in the US were down to 2,000, from 15 million in 1860. Many were killed to provide meat for the railway construction gangs. More sinisterly, the bison were killed to remove the Indigenous American basis of livelihood; they depended on the bison for food, clothing, shelter and fuel. Indigenous American nations were forced onto reservations and expected to grow crops. However they were accustomed to hunting and saw farming as a lowly occupation; many nations all but died out.

10 April 1883, On the instructions of the US Secretary for the Interior (Henry M Teller), the Commissioner for Indian Affairs distributed instructions to eradicate �demoralising and barbarous� traditions. The document defined �Indian Offenses� that included having more than one wife, holding religious feasts and dances such as the Sun Dance, and practising traditional medicine. Other indigenous traditions such as purchasing a wife by leaving property at her father�s house and showing grief by destroying property were also outlawed.

11/1877, General Carleton ordered Apache Indians in Arizona off their Chiricahua Reservation at Warm Springs and on to San Carlos. Here, summer temperatures reached 40 C, and there was no game or other food. Any Indian found leaving San Carlos would be shot.

 

20 July 1881, Chief Sitting Bull surrendered the Sioux nation to US troops.

15 October 1880, Victorio, Apache leader, died.

4 October 1877, The Indigenous American leader of the Nez Pierce tribe, Chief Joseph, surrendered to the US Army. His people were cold and exhausted after a long march from the tribe�s lands in Oregon after gold was discovered on their lands. Joseph and his people were sent to live on the non Nez Pierce reservation of Colville, eastern Washington, where Joseph died in 1904.

5 September 1877, Crazy Horse, Sioux Chief, one of the leaders at the victory of Little Big Horn in 1876, died.

17 June 1877, Nez Perce indigenous Americans, led by Chief Joseph, succefully resisted US soldiers at White Bird Canyon, where conflict had begun between the Nez Perce and White prospectors seeking gold along the Salmon River. However see 4 October 1877.

6 May 1877. Chief Crazy Horse and his Sioux indigenous Americans gave themselves up to US troops, abandoning claims to Nebraska.

25 June 1876. Custer�s Last Stand took place at Little Bighorn, Montana. Custer died with all 264 men of his 7th cavalry. The killing was done by Sioux Indians led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Gall. The Battle was the result of a confused policy by the US government towards the Indians. The Indians, Eastern Sioux, and Northern Cheyennes, had been guaranteed exclusive possession of the Dakota territory west of the Missouri River, but white miners were settling in the Black Hills area searching for gold; this was an area the Sioux considered sacred. The US government refused to move the miners and so conflict became inevitable. The Indians were asked to leave or be considered hostile and in June 1876 US soldiers moved in. However Custer, with his 650 men, was unaware that the Indians had 1,500 warriors close by. After the disaster of Little Bighorn, the US army flooded the area with soldiers, forcing the Indians to surrender.

31 January 1876, All American Indians were ordered to move to reservations. Many of the Sioux did not comply.

2 July 1874, The US Government ordered General George A Custer to lead a reconnaissance expedition into the Black Hills territory of the Sioux Indians.

9 June 1874, Cochise, Apache chief and war leader against White settlers, died.

3 October 1873, Indigenous American Modoc Chief Kintpuash (Captain Jack) was hanged at Fort Klamath, after leading an insurrection against forced location on the Klamath Reseervation.

4/1873, Geronimo and other Chiefs, worn down by lack of food and ammunition and continually harried by US troops, gavfe up the fight and agreed to live on reservations. However after a few years, unable tpo bear the restrictions of reservation life and facing continued agreement-breaking by White settlers, some Indigenous Americans resumed raiding. Game and other food was scarce on these reservations. Soime Indigenous Americans would flee across the border to Mexico when US troops closed in, where they could not follow.

1872, Cochise, Apache Chief, finally signed a peace treaty with the European settlers and agreed to his people living on a reservation. Other Chiefs siuch as Geronimo fought on.

30 April 1871, Around 150 White men and Papago Indigenous Americans, who had traditionally hated the Apache, raided camp Grant in southern Arizona and attacked the Arivaipa Apache tribe. 108 were killed but most of the victims were women and children, because the men were mostly away hunting. Only 8 of the victims were men. N29 children were taken hostage and later sold as slaves in Mexico. The leaders of the raid were arrested but soon acquitted, and the massacre precipitated the Apache Wars of 1871-73, as US President Ulysses S Grant stepped up measures to confine the Apache to reservations, where they could be forcibly �civilised�.

3 March 1871, US Congress passed the Indian Appropriation Act. Many Indigenous Americans had already ceded their lands by treaty and then been moved to reservations. However this Act now made all tribes wards of the US Government and voided all previous treaties recognising each tribe�s reservation status as a separate nation.

27/11/1868, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and his 7th cavalry attacked the village of Cheyenne Indian chief Black Kettle. The Indians had been resisting the building of a railway in their territory.

6/11/1868. Oglala Sioux Indians, led by Chief Red Cloud, signed a peace treaty with General William Sherman, representing the US Government, at Fort Laramie. This ended 2 years of fighting between Indians and gold miners.

12 August 1868, Under duress, Navajo Chiefs signed a Treaty with the US Government agreeing to live on a 3.5 million reservation which was only a small portion of the former Navajo domain. The reservation later grew to 14.5 million acres, but was mostly desert and semi-desert, with just 68,000 acres of farmland. Meanwhile during a 5-year period of Navajo internment their population had fallen from 10,000 to 8,000 and of their former 200,000 sheep, just 940 were left.

21 May 1867, Frances Theresa Densmore was born in Red Wing, Minnesota. She recorded and documented the songs and music of over 30 Indigenous American tribes before her death at age 87.

21 December 1866, The Bozeman Trail, built by the US Government to enable miners to export their product to the east coast, was encroaching on Sioux hunting grounds and Chief Red Cloud (1822-1909) warned that this was unacceptable. The US built Fort Phil Kearney to guard the trail in northern Wyoming, but was then attacked by the Sioux. An 82-strong force under William Judd Fetterman was sent to rescue the fort but was lured into a trap and massacred by some 1,500 Sioux under Chief High Backbone this day. Parts of the Bozeman trail were subsequently closed.

 

Apache aned Navajo War 1860-65

1865, End of the Apache and Navajo War 1860-65. Conflict between the Indigenous Americans and White settlers grew as the latter encroached on Indian lands, backed up by US military forts erected in the 1850s. In 1861 Cochise, anApache Chief, was wrongly accused with 6 others of kidnap and cattle rustling. The othe r5 were executed but Cochise escaoed, with US Federal forces drawn away from the area by the US civil wat, was able to create considerable trouble for the Europeans. However in 1863 and 1864 Colonel Christopher �Kit� Carson (1809-69) led the Forst New Mexico Volunteers ina determined foght against the Indigenous Americans. Thye men were to be killed and the women and children taken prisoner.In 1865 the Navajo surrendered and were resettled on a reservation on the Pecos River, new Mexico. The Apache under Cochise, however, retreated to the mountains and made continued guerrilla raids on the White settlers.

30 April 1860, Fort Defiance, New Mexico, was attacked by 1,000 Navajo Indians, angered by the shooting of their sheep and goats by the fort�s soldiers. The Navajo, with bows and arrows, almost succeeded in capturing the fort. |However they retreated when the fort fired cannon on them.

 

29/11/1864, The Sand Creek massacre; Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians were waiting to surrender to US forces when soldiers under the command of Colonel Chivington slaughtered them.

28 July 1864, US General Alfred Sully (1821-79) heavily defeated the Sioux at Killdeer Mountain.

3 March 1863. Congress provided for the forcible removal of all Indians from the state of Kansas.

26 December 1862, 38 Sioux Indigenous Americans were hanged; 345 had been sentenced to death but most had their sentences commuted. This was the largest ever mass execution in the US.

23 September 1862, US troops under the Governor of Minnesota, Henry H Sibley (1811-91) decisively defeated the Sioux under Chief Little Crow at Wood Lake (now in North Dakota).

24 August 1862, The Sioux under Chief Little Crow attacked Fort Ridgeley, on the Upper Minnesota River.

17 August 1862, A Sioux uprising in Minnesota led by Chief Little Crow was suppressed. White settlers had occupied the best hunting grounds, leaving the Sioux short of food.

1858, Only about 150 Seminole Indians remained in the remoter areas of Florida after a war on them (Second Seminole War) by Federal soldiers. Between 1835 and 1842, some 3,000 soldiers were killed, and only some 300 Seminoles escaped death or deportation. The Army returned again in 1855 in the Third Seminole War.

11 September 1858, The Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah. 135 migrants on the Fancher wagon train were ambushed, and nearly all killed, by Pahute Indians; however the Indians were acting under instructions from the Mormon leader, Brigham Young.

8 March 1857, In revenge for the killing of several Sioux by a White trader, a band of Sioux under Chief Inkpaduta this day raided a newly built White settlement near Spirit Lake, northwestern Iowa. They killed 32 people and took 4 mpore captive. The Sioux were pursued by troops from Fort Ridgeley, Minnesota, but they failed to catch them.

27 May 1856, At Fort Lane, where the Oregon indigenous Americans were supposed to formally surrender to the US Army (after attacks by White settlers on their villages in the Red River area of Oregon through 1855, to seize their lands), the Indians instead attacked the soldiers. The next day (28/5) US reinforcements arrived and the Indians fled. However within a month they had surrendered and were herded into Pacific Coast Reservations.

23 July 1851, Sioux Chieftains ceded all their land in Iowa, as well as some in Minnesota, to the US Government.

3 June 1850, Five Cayuse Indigenous Americans were executed in the USA by the military following raids by the Cayeuse on White settlements.

27/11/1847, Cayeuse Indigenous Americans killed 14 White settlers in the Oregon area, whom they blamed for the measles epidemic that had killed many of the Cayeuse.

5 December 1839, Birth of George Armstrong Custer, US cavalry commander famous for �Custer�s Last Stand� against the Cheyenne and Sioux Indians.

1838, Indian title to the lands of Minnesota was extinguished by the US Government.

23 May 1838, General Winfield-Scott ordered the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from their original lands into reservations 800 miles west in what is now Oklahoma. About 4,000 of the 14,000 Cherokees died along the �Trail of Tears�.

25 December 1837, Seminole Indians were defeated at US forces under 53-year-old Colonel ZacharyTaylor. Meanwhile Seminole leader Osceola was tricked into emerging from hiding to sign a truce, and arrested and taken to Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, where he died in 1838. Most of the Seminole in Florida were killed over the next few years. See 1858.

21 October 1837, Osceola, leader of the Seminole Indians, was tricked by the US military; they seized him during negotiations under a flag of truce. His followers were defeated on 25 December 1837 and Osceola himself died in prison in 1838.

1835, A Second Seminole War (see 1819) began after a 31-year-old Seminole man killed a chief who had signed the 1832 Treaty, also a US agent at Fort King. A 2-year guerrilla war now began against US forces led by General Thomas S Jesup

29 December 1835, The Treaty of New Echota was signed between the US Government and the Indigenous American Cherokee Nation, after which the Cherokees were moved to the Oklahoma Territory along the �Trail of Tears�.

28 December 1835. Over 100 US troops were killed by Seminole Indians resisting attempts to drive them out of Florida.

28 October 1834, Florida Seminole Indians were ordered to move to an Indian Territory set up west of the Mississippi (see 9 May 1832).

30 June 1834, US Congress set up a Department of Indian Affairs.

14 October 1832, The Chicasaw Indians ceded their land east of the Mississippi to the United States.

21 September 1832, The Sauk and Fox Indigenous American tribes agreed to remain west of the Mississippi.

2 August 1832, Illinois militiamen massacred Indian warriors at Bad Axe River in Wisconsi Territory, during the Black Hawk War.

9 May 1832, Seminole Indians in Florida ceded their land to the United States and agreed to move west of the Mississippi. See 28 October 1834.

6 April 1832, Indigenous American Sauk warrior Black Hawk declared war on the USA after being tricked into signoing away ownership of his lands. 500 Sauk fought in the ensuing battle but only 150 survived.

24 March 1832, The Creek Indians ceded all their land east of the Mississippi to the United States.

3 March 1832, The US Supreme Court ruled, in the case of Worcester v. Georgia, that the US Government had exclusive authority over tribal Indians and their lands in any State.

27 May 1831, Comanche Indians on the Cimarron killed Jeremiah Smith.

18 March 1831, The US Supreme Court ruled that indigenous Indigenous American tribes could not sue for their rights in a Federal Court�because they weren�t full citizens, and their reservations weren�t foreign nations�.

15 September 1830. The Choctaw Indians ceded their lands east of the Mississippi River.

28 May 1830. The USA passed the Indian Removal Act, giving the Indians perpetual title to western lands. The Indians were wary, aware of valuable mineral deposits beneath these western lands.

16 June 1829, Geronimo, Apache indigenous American Chief, was born.

20 December 1828. Cherokee Indians ceded their traditional lands in Arkansas territory to the USA and agreed to migrate to lands west of the Mississippi River.

12 February 1825, The Cree People repudiated the treaty by which their leaders had ceded their lands in Georgia to the USA after conflict in 1813.

11 March 1824, The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by US Secretary of War, John C Calhoun.

1823, The Arikara War. The Arikara Indigenous Americans began attacking White trappers who were encroaching on their landsUS troops under Colonel Henry H Leavenworth (1783-1834) now mounted a punitive expedition agaoinst the SArikara, who were eventually resettled on a reservation at Fort Berthold, North Dakota, in the 1860s.

14 October 1823, Chicksaw Indian tribal chiefs ceded land east of the Mississippi River to the United States Government.

1819, First Seminole War; The US army under Major General Andrew Jackson, having taken Florida from Spain, now set about evicting the local Seminole Indians from the best farmland. The four thousand Seminoles refused to move, and the First Seminole War lasted until 1826. See 1835.

29 September 1817, Under the Fort Meigs Treaty, 6,000 square miles of land previously belonging to the Ohio Indians was ceded to the US Government. In return the Indians received 144 square miles, the �Grand Reserve, on the Upper Sandusky.

9 August 1814. By the Treaty of Fort Jackson the Creek Indians ceded their claims to about half of present day Alabama, and by a further series of treaties in 1830 and 1835 the Indians were transferred further west.

22 July 1814. Five Indian tribes in Ohio made peace with the USA and declared war on the British.

27 March 1814, US General Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) attacked and defeated the Creek Indigenous Americans at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, on the Tallapoosa River, eastern Alabama. Over 800 Creek warriors were killed sand their power eliminated. See 9 August 1914.

9/11/1813, In the USA, General Andrew Jackson defeated Cree Indians at Taledega in a retaliatory attack following a Cree attack in August 1813 in which 500 White settlers were massacred.

30 August 1813, A band of Creek Indians, the Red Sticks, wanted to avenge a recent ambush of them by White settlers, also to recover Creek lands taken by the settlers. This day the Red Sticks under Chief Red Eagle (William Weatherford, died 1824) made s surprise raid on Fort Mims, at the confluence of the Alabama and Tombighee Rivers, and massacred some 500 Whites. This provoked a campaign by US militia,men to crush the Creek nation.

7/11/1811, The Battle of Tippecanoe. The Shawnee Indians were heavily defeated by US General Harrison.

30 September 1809, The Treaty of Fort Wayne was signed by Governor Harrison and Chiefs of the Delaware, Miami and Potawatomi Indian tribes, ceding 5,500 square miles of territory to the Federal Government. Two tribal leaders, Tecumseh and Tensquatawa, refused to sign.

24/11/1807, Joseph Brant, American Indian chief of the Mohawks, died (born 1742).

1796, Amelia Simmons wrote American Cookery, the first cookbook to contain indigenous American recipes.

4/11/1791, Indigenous Americans under Chief Little Turtle (1752-1812) ,made a surprise attack on Arthur St C;lair�s forces (see 3 October 1791), killing over half of them and forcing the survivors to make a humiliating retreat. An investigation by Congress blamed the inexperience of the soldiers.

3 October 1791, Arthur St Clair, (1736-1818) set out to subdue the indigenous Americans of the Northwest territory, an earlier mission by Josaih Harmar (1753-1813) having failed to accomplish this. See 4/11/1791.

3 October 1790, John Ross, Cherokee Chief, was born.

7 August 1790, Alexander McGillivray, chief of the Muskogian Indians, signed a treaty of peace and friendship with President Washington.

26/11/1789. Thanksgiving was celebrated across America for the first time.In 1621 the indigenous Americans had taught early Plymouth settlers how to tap the maple trees for sap and how to plant the Indian corn. The harvest was very successful and the Pilgrims found they had enough food to see them through the winter. The Pilgrim Governor William Bradford proclaimed a Day of Thanksgiving to be shared by all colonists and invited the Indians to join them for three days. During the American Revolution of the late 1770s, a Day of National Thanksgiving was suggested by the Continental Congress and was celebrated nationwide in 1789. Since then each President has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, usually designating the fourth Thursday in November as the holiday.

8 March 1782, The Gnadenhutten Massacre in Delaware. 160 volunteers under Colonel David Williamson attacked the Moravian mission town of Gnadenhutten. 90 Christian indigenous American Indian men women and children were slaughtered, and the mission church burnt down. A few survivors managed to flee to Canada.

20 April 1777, The Cherokee Nation ceded all their land in South Carolina to the US federal government by the De Witts Corner Treaty.

30 April 1774, In Ohio, the Yellow Creek (or, Baker�s Cabin) Massacre took place. The settler-friendly Tahgah-Jute family of Shawnee Indigenous Americans, and some Mingo Indigenous Americans, were slaughtered by Whites led by Daniel Greathouse.

20 April 1769, Pontiac, indigenous American leader, died.

5/11/1768. William Johnson, the Northern Indian Commissioner, signed a treaty with the Iriquois Indians to acquire much of the land between the Tennessee and Ohio rivers for future settlement.

14 October 1768, The Treaty of Hard Labour confirmed the cession of Cherokee lands in Virginia and Carolina to the British Crown. Meanwhile the Treaty of Fort Stanwix confirmed the cession of Iriquois lands between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers.

15 February 1764, The city of St Louis, Missouri, was founded as a trading post between Europeans and Indigenous Americans.

14 December 1763, The Paxton Massacre. Indigenous Americans in Pennsylvania were slaughtered by Europeans from the town of Paxton. They then marched on Pennsylvania to massacre more Indigenous Americans, but were deterred by US troops.

6 August 1763, Indigenous American attacks on British forts and outposts had destroyed many (see 31 July 1763) but Forts Niagara, Pitt and Detroit had not fallen. This day a British relief force under Colonel Henry Boquet (1719-65) reached Fort Pitt and defeated the indigenous Americans attacking it. From Spring 1764 the Briitsh gradually overcame all indigenous American unrest, although Pontiac himself did not sue for peace until 1766, whenh he signed a peace treaty and was pardoned by the British.

31 July 1763, Battle of Bloody Run. Pontiac (1720-69), Chief of the Ottowaindigenous Americans, was emragred at British appropriation of the fertile plains of the Ohio River (given to them under the 1763 Treaty of Paris) and in 5/1763 led a surprise attack on Fort Detroit, but failed to capture it. However a British attack on Pontiac�s army was heavily defeated this day, see 6 August 1763.

7 May 1763. Four Indian tribes united to lay siege to the British stronghold of Fort Detroit. However the British had forewarning of the plan by the Delaware, Chippawa, Shawnee, and Ottawa tribes and had strengthened their fortifications. The Indians were concerned at the loss of their fur trade to the British, and wanted a return to the old Indian customs. In November 1763 the Indians lifted the siege after failing to gain French support.

9 August 1757, French General Louis de Montcalm (1712-59) attacked the British held Fort William Henry, gateway to northern Canada. Outnumbered, the fort�s commender, Colonel Munro laid down his arms and honourably surrendered, having been promised safe passage by Montcalm. However theIndigenous Americans allied to the French then turned on the British, to the horror of Montcalm.Risking his own life he managed to restore order, however many Biritsh were killed. The survivors reached safety at Fort Edward.

28/11/1729, In Louisiana, Natchez Indians massacred over 200 White settlers after the colonists tried to appropriate the Indians traditional burial grounds.

1725, End of the Third Abnaki War, 1722-25. Engtlish settlers had encroached on Abnaki lands, and the French Jesuit missionary Sebastien Rasles encourage dthem to resist. The English attempted to seize rasles, and the Abnakiintensified their raids on Englisah settlements at Brunswick, Arrowsick and Merry Meeting Bay. The English then also fought back harder, killing Rasles at the battle of Norridgewock (1724), also Fryburg (1725). The War was ended by peace conferences at Boston and Casco Bay.

15 April 1715, Yamasee indigenous Americans attacked English White fur traders after White settlers had encroached on their lands. The Whites counterattacked but the Yamasee fled south to Florida and allied with the Spanish, enemies of the English. The English attacked again in 1727 and the Yamasee were wiped out in a war with the Creek Indians in 1733.

3/1713, White settlers counterattacked the Tuscarora Indigenous Americans, after the raid of 22/11/1711. The Tuscarora surrendered, and were forced to trek northwards to join the Iriquois Confederacy.

1712, End of Second Abnaki War, 1702-12. Allied French and Abnaki forces attacked English settlers, but when the English and French started to make peace, in 1712, the Abnaki, now alone, were forced to sue for peace with the English. See also First Abnaki War 1678, and Third Abnaki War 1725,

22/11/1711, Tuscarora indigenous Americans launched a surprise attack on 200 White settlers on the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers. See 3/1713.

23 June 1683, William Penn signed a treaty of peace and friendship with chiefs of the Lenapi Indian tribe, at Shakamaxon.

1680, Revolt by the Arizona Indigenous Americans against the Spanish.

1678, End of the First Abnaki War (1675-78). The Abnaki People, living in what is now Maine, new Hampshire and Vermont, had allied with the French against the English, harrying them for much of the 1600s. In 1675 hostilities intensified, and the English were forced to conclude a peace treaty in 1687, paying an annual tribute to the Abnaki. See also 1712, Second Abnaki War.

29 May 1677, The Treaty of Middle Plantation established peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.

12 August 1676, King Philip, American Indian Chief, was killed.The Indian War in New England ended.

19 December 1675, A White colonist army, 1,000 strong, attacked an indigenous American Narraganset fort near what is now Kingston, Rhode island. The colonists were repulsed but succeeded in enytering the fort by the rear. The Narraganset along with their Wampanoag allies foled, but their Chief, Canonchet,was killed in the following year.

26 May 1673, John Mason, Goveronr-General of the Connecticut Colony, led spoldiers to massacre Pequot indigenous Americans. His forces killed over 400, mainly women and children.

1659, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, was bought from the American Indians by Thomas Macy for �30 and two beaver hats.

1641, The Algonquian-Dutch War, 1641-45. Algonquian Indians, angered by Dutch settlers 9on Staten Island taking theor lands, attacked the Europeans. A truce was arranged in 1642 but in 2/1643 thye Dutch enlisted the Mohawk as allies, armed them and attacked the Algonquians. The Dutch imposed a final peace settlement in 8/1645.

26 May 1637, The English massacred women and children of the Pequot Indians, in revenge for the murder of a slave trader, John Oldham, in July 1636. The Pequot men were away from their villages, tending the fields, so the English massacre was a very one-sided affair. Other Indigenous American tribes were either enemies of the Pequot, or intimidated into not assisting them, and a guerrilla war by the Pequot finally ended when these other tribes captured and killed the Pequot leader, Sassacus.

13 December 1636, The Massachusetts Bay Colony organised three militia regiments to defend against the Pequot Indians.This was the founding of the United States National Guard.

22 March 1622, The Jamestown Massacre.Algonquin Indians killed 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia, a third of the colony�s population, and burnt the Henricus settlement.

21 March 1617, Algonquin Indian princess Pocohontas, born ca.1595,died.

5 April 1614. An Indian Princess, Pocahontas, was married to John Rolfe, a Jamestown settler, in an effort to bring peace to the settlement between the Powhatan Indians and the British.

1598, The Spanish led by Don Juan de Onate marched into what is now Arizona from Zapateca in Mexico, bringing thousands of sheep, cattle and goats, They subjugated the local Indigenous Americans into acting as herders, looking after these animals.

1513, The Spanish landed in Florida under Ponce de Leon. They were unable to subjugate the local Indigenous Americans, whom they termed cimarrones, or �wild ones�. They are now known as the Seminole.

1397, Physician and mapmaker Paolo Toscanelli was born in Florence, Italy. It was his incorrect map, showing Asia just 3,000 miles west of Europe, that persuaded Columbus to sail west from Europe.

2,000 BCE, Squashes, maize and beans were being cultivated across the south west of the present-dasy USA. Long distance trade routes were now established.

7,500 BCE, Earliest known cemetery in North America; the Sloan burial site.

11,500 BCE, Earliest date associated with the Clovis Culture of North America.

36,000 BCE, First humans reached North America,, across the Bering Strait.

 

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