events-Ethiopia & Eritrea

4/11/2020, Insurrection broke out in Tigray Province. The TPLF (Tigray People�s :Liberation Front) accused Eritrea of assisting Ethiopian forces in the conflict; Eritrea fought a border war with Ethiopia when the TPLF dominated the Ethiopian Govermment. From 2018 President Abiy had reduced TPLF influence over central Government, and the flashpoint for this was was the postponement of regional elections by Addis Ababa, on the grounds of the Covid pandemic.

11/2018, UN Sanctions against Eritrea ended (see 12/2009).

10/2018, Ethiopia and the separatist Ogaden National Liberation Front reached an agreement. This ended a 34-year struggle.

7/2018, Ethioipia and Eritrea formally ended their State of War.

4/2018, Abiy Ahmed, ethnic Oromo, became leader of the rulimng EPRDF (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front), and began reforms. In 5/2018 thousands of Ethiopian political prisoners were released, and the State of Emergency was lifted.

2017, Mounting anti-Government protests in Ethiopia; State of Emergency proclaimed.

6/2010, Eritrea and Djibouti settled their border dispute.

12/2009, UN sanctions imposed on Eritrea for its support of Islamic rebels in Somalia. See 11/2018.

6/2008, Border clash between Eritrea and Djibouti over the disputed Ras Doumeira area.

2007, Ethiopia sent troops into Somalia to fight Islamist forces there. Eritrea pulled out of IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development) as IGAD backed the Ethiopian intervention in Somalia.

2006, The UN accused Eritrea of sending arms to a rival� Islamist administration in Somalia, whose interim government was meanwhile being sent arms by Ethiopia.

25/4/2005, The last piece of the Obelisk of Axum, looted by the Italian Army in 1937, was returned to Ethiopia.

3/2004, Ethiopia began resettling people away from the over-farmed and drought-stricken Highlands.

2003, A UN boundary commission awarded the Badme region to Eritrea; Ethiopia refused to accept this.

2001, Ethiopia withdrew its forces from Eritrea, but refused to accept the boundary commission�s decision on the Ethiopia-Eritrea frontier.

6/1/1999, Four days of border fighting began between Ethiopia and Eritrea.

11/6/1998, The UN officially declared a famine in Ethiopia, as one million faced starvation.

6/5/1998, Tensions between Eritrea and Ethiopia escalated into a border war. The issue was sovereignty over a small area around the border towns of Badame and Sheraro; 70,000 died in the conflict across both sides.

1994, A new Ethiopian Constitution divided the country into ethnically-based regions.

24/5/1993, Eritrea became independent. from Ethiopia, after 32 years of war between them. In 1961, to gain Ethiopia as an ally against the Soviets, Western powers had insisted on a federation of Ethiopia with Eritrea, although Eritrea was supposed to retain its own government, Shortly afterwards, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie annexed Eritrea as a mere province. However in 1974 Haile Selassie was deposed and the country became pro-Soviet. In 1991,with Soviet support ended, Eritrean rebels were making headway and they managed to capture the Eritrean capital, Asmara, in 5/1991. A referendum on independence in Eritrea produced a majority of 99.81% in favour.

27/4/1993. The Ethiopian province of Eritrea voted overwhelmingly for independence.

1991, The EPLF (Eritrean Popular Liberation Front) took the Eritrean capital, Asmara.

Communism and rule of Colonel Mengistu

22/5/1991, Ethiopian President Mengistu Haile Mariam escaped to Zimbabwe as rebel forces closed in on the capital, Addis Ababa. The EPLF took the Eritrean capital, Asmara. With massive spending on Soviet armaments to put down rebellions in Eritrea, Tigray and Oromo provinces, agriculture was starved of cash and the country went from being 40% forested to almost tree-less and desertified.

22/3/1991. Millions of people were threatened by starvation and civil war in Ethiopia.

1990, The EPLF took the port of Massawa.

3/4/1988. Ethiopia and Somalia concluded a peace agreement, ending 11 years of border conflict.

1987, The EPLF refused an offer of autonomy for Eritrea, and fighting intensified.

1987, Mengistu was re-elected President under a new Constitution.

Ethiopian Famine

31/5/1985. 500,000 tons of food had been delivered to alleviate a severe famine in Ethiopia, as millions starved.

14/12/1984, A group of rock stars led by Bob Geldof formed �Band Aid� to raise money for Ethiopian famine victims.

25/11/1984, Bob Geldof and other rock stars recorded �Do They Know It�s Christmas� for the Band Aid famine relief initiative in Ethiopia. All proceeds from sales of the songs would go towards famine relief. The famine killed one million Ethiopians.

4/11/1984, British Air Force began food airlift to famine-struck province of Tigre, Ethiopia.

24/10/1984, The Ethiopian Government appealed for Western food aid to save an estimated 6.4 million from starvation.

1982, Major campaign by Ethiopia against Eritrean secessionists, the �Red Star Campaign�; however Ethiopian forces suffered severe casualties.

30/6/1978, Ethiopia began a major offensive in Eritrea.

9/3/1978, Somalia left Ethiopian territory, so ending the Ogaden War.

5/3/1978. Ethiopian forces, backed by Russia and Cuba, completely retook the region of Ogaden seized by Somalia in September 1977.

21/1/1978, Ethiopian forces began expelling Somali forces from the Ogaden, see 23/7/1977 and 5/3/1978.

1977, Colonel Mengistu�s �Red Terror� campaign began. Thousands of po;litical dissidents died, and agriculture was forcibly collectivised. Tigray began fighting for independence, led by the TPLF (Tigrayan People�s Liberation Front).

3/2/1977, Colonel Mengistu Haile Maram became leader of Ethiopia after killing 8 other members of the ruling council.

27/8/1975. Haile Selassie, deposed Emperor of Ethiopia, nicknamed �the Lion of Judah�, died in exile. He was the claimed 225^th descendant of the legendary son born to King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, said to be the forst pof the Royal line of Ethiopia. In 1916 he had become Ras (Prince) Tafari, and in 1930 became Emperor of Ethiopia. He was seen as the Messiah� by Rastafarians, who saw Ethiopia as the Promised Land. He was exiled to England during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, 1935-39, but returned to Ethiopia in 1941. He helped found the Organisation for African Unity (OAU) but faced considerable opposition within Ethiopia and was deposed in 1974.

21/3/1975, Ethiopia abolished the monarchy, and became a Socialist State.

20/12/1974, The new Ethioipian regime declared its ssocialist principles.

23/11/1974, In Ethiopia, 60 Government officials were executed.

12/9/1974. In Ethiopia, President Haile Selassie was deposed by leaders of the armed forces. He was taken to prison where he died in 1975. A famine in 1972 in which 200,000 Ethiopians died had exposed the organisational inadequacies of the Ethiopian Government. From early 1974 Ethiopia saw strikes, army mutinies, demonstrations by students and peasants revolts. In June 1974 a committee of junior army officers was formed, known as the Derg (Amhharic for �committee�), and it was this body who overthrew the President. Unfortunately rule by the Derg proved more autocratic and oppressive than under Haile Selassie.

17/8/1974, The Commander of Haile Selassie�s bodyguard was arrested by the Ethiopian Army.

2/7/1974, In Ethiopia, Prince Eskinder Desta, grandson of Haile Selassie, was arrested by the Army.

7/3/1974, Following a strike by Ethiopian Trades Unions for better pay and conditions, Emperor Haile Selassie drove to Addis Ababa market place and personally handed out money to the poor. However this did not halt political pressure building against him.

1973, A severe famine began in Wallo Province, Ethiopia; 200,000 people died.

1970, The ELF split on ideological grounds, and the EPLF (Eritrean Popular Liberation Front) was formed, and aimed at creating a �social revolution�.

UN incorporates Eritrea with Ethiopia; start of independence struggle by Eritrea

1967, Full scale guerrilla warfare in Eritrea waged by ELF.

1962, Emperor Haile Selassie, disliking the autonomous status of Eritrea, fully incorporated the region into Ethiopia as merely another province, This provoked a fierce struggle for Eritrean independence, led by the ELF.

1958, The ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front) was formed, to gain independence for Eritrea.

15/9/1952. Eritrea, having previously been under British rule since the defeat of the Italians there in 1940, was transferred as an autonomous region to the rule of Ethiopia. This Federation was consequrnt upon a Unted Nations General Assembly vote.

2/12/1950, The UN voted for the unification of Eritrea with Ethiopia.

1945, Post World War Two, Britain now administered Eritrea as a UN Trust Territory.

1943, Rebellion in Tigre (the Woyane, or uprising). Tigre resented having lost influence to the South. The Woyane was suppressed with the help of the British RAF bombing the rebels.

5/5/1941, British forces expelled the Italians and restored Haile Selassie. Selassie set up a constitution, Parliament and Cabinet, but in practice ruled as an absolute feudal monarch.

Second Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

25/2/1937, In Abyssinia, Italy executed \Ras Desta Demti, son in law of exiled leader Haile Selassie.

19/2/1937, Italian forces pillaged Addis Ababa, capital of Ethiopia.

3/6/1936, Emperor Haile Selassie arrived in London in exile, after the Italian invasion.

9/5/1936. Italy annexed Abyssinia (now Ethiopia), having completed the invasion begun on 3/10/1935.

6/5/1936, Marshal Pietro Badoglio nominated Giuseppe Bottai as the first Italian Governor of Addis Ababa.

5/5/1936. The Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa fell to Italian troops under General Badoglio.� The League of Nations had signally failed in its efforts to prevent the war.

2/5/1936, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie fled Addis Ababa as Italian troops closed in, bombing Ethiopian villages with mustard gas. 100,000 Italian troops under Mussolini began an invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935, in revenge for an Ethiopian defeat of Italian forces at Adawa in 1896. Ethiopia has asked the League of Nations to apply sanctions to Italy but the UK and France wavered on denying oil to Italy; the League of Nations lost all credibility.

31/3/1936, Haile Selassie, Ethiopian Emperor, made a determined last attack against the invading Italians at the Battle of Mai Ceu. However the Italian lines held and Abyssinian forces were forced to retreat, under fire from Italian aircraft.

10/2/1936, Major offensive by the Italians in Ethiopia. Up to this point the mountainous terrain had favoured the Ethiopian defenders against the superior Italian military equipment, and monopoly of tanks and aircraft, and Italian use of mustard gas. However the Italians now shattered the Ethiopian Army and by mid-March 1936 held all of northern Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

18/11/1935. The League of Nations imposed sanctions on Italy, because of its invasion of Ethiopia.� The sanctions ended on 15/7/1936.

8/11/1935. The Italians completed the invasion of Tigre Province, Ethiopia, occupying the capital, Makale. Both France and Britain could have opposed the invasion by closing the Suez Canal. However France was bound by treaty to Italy not to oppose the invasion, and Britain did not wish to drive Mussolini into the arms of Hitler. Events in Ethiopia seemed largely irrelevant to many Britons, although some saw ominous warnings in the invasion of a poor African country by a well-armed European state.

19/10/1935. Sanctions were imposed on Italy by the League of Nations.

7/10/1935, Adowa, Ethiopia, fell to the Italians after minimal resistance.

2/10/1935. The Italian army invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) after Mussolini�s forces pounded border towns. See 9/5/1936, and 5/12/1934.

25/8/1935. Ethiopia was put on a war footing in anticipation of an Italian invasion. Mussolini did invade Ethiopia on 2/10/1935.

26/6/1935, A 3-day meeting in Rome between British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Mussolini ended. Britain was now concerned that Italy should not invade Ethiopia. Eden proposed that in exchange for Ethiopia ceding the Ogaden region to Italy, Italy would hand over the Gulf of Aden port of Zeila to Ethiopia, and a corridor of land connecting it to Ethiopia. Mussolini completely rejected this suggestion.

17/3/1935, Abyssinia appealed to the League of Nations a second time for mediation over the threat to it from Italy. However by now the League was more preoccupied with the threat from Germany.

23/2/1935. Italian troops set sail for Ethiopia as the border dispute over the Italian post at Wal-Wal inside Ethiopia escalated.

15/1/1935. Mussolini united Eritrea and Somaliland as Italian East Africa.

3/1/1935, Abyssinia demanded international arbitration between itself and Italy, and appealed to the League of Nations. Italy appeared to agree to this arbitration but meanwhile strengthened its garrison in Eritrea.

30/12/1934, Mussolini ordered his forces to prepare for a full attack on Abyssinia, scheduled to begin in autumn 1935 after the rainy season had ended.��

5/12/1934. Italy and Ethiopia clashed on the Somaliland border.� At the oasis of Walwal, 100 Ethiopians were killed by an Italian Expeditionary Force, which had penetrated some 50 miles beyond the borders of Italian Somaliland; the Italians suffered some 50 casualties.� Mussolini wanted to establish an Italian east African Empire, consisting of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia, and to avenge the defeat of the Italians by the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in March 1896.� See 2/10/1935.

2/11/1930. Ras (Duke) Tafari was crowned Haile Selassie (Might of the Trinity), Emperor of Ethiopia. At this time, the only African countries with Black rulers were Ethiopia and Liberia.

3/4/1930. Ras Tafari became Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. He ruled the country for 44 years.

2/4/1930, Zauditu, Empress of Ethiopia, died.

2/8/1928, Italy signed a 20 year treaty of friendship with Ethiopia.

28/9/1923. Ethiopia joined the League of Nations.

27/7/1914, Amha Selassie, last Emperor of Ethiopia, was born in Harar, Ethiopia (died 1997)

11/12/1913, Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, died. His son, Lij Iyasu, was deposed for converting to Islam, also for attempting an alliance with Turkey. Menelik�s daughter, Zauditu, became Empress with Ras Tafari as Regent.

4/7/1906, Ethiopia, although nominally independent, was divided up into British, French and Italian zones of influence.

4/6/1906, Britain, France and Italy guaranteed the independence of Ethiopia.

15/5/1902, Britain and Abyssinia signed a Treaty defining the frontier between Abyssinia and Sudan. Abyssinia also agreed to allow Britain to construct a railway through its territory connecting Sudan and Uganda.

6/2/1902, France agreed with Ethiopia to finance a railway from Djibouti to Addis Ababa. Britain and Italy both protested.

26/11/1901, Britain and Italy agreed a frontier between Eritrea and the Sudan.

13//12/1900, Britain, France and Italy signed an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia.

24/1/1900, A French-Italian convention formally settled the border between French Somaliland and the Italian colonies at Raheita, Eritrea.

15/5/1897, Britain and Abyssinia concluded a Treaty of Friendship.

First Italian invasion

6/10/1896, The Treaty of Addis Ababa ended the Ethiopian War. Italy agreed to withdraw its plans for an Italian Protectorate.

1/3/1896. An Italian force invading Tigre in Ethiopia was crushed by British and Ethiopian forces under Menelik at the Battle of Adowa. 100,00 Ethiopians slaughtered 7,000 Italians. The war was essentially unnecessary for Italy; facing economic depression and anarchy at home, Crispi, the Italian Prime Minister, decided on a �cheap foreign war�. General Baratieri took command of an army of 16,000, and recklessly provoked Ethiopia by occupying northern Tigre. He then lingered there for a year giving the Ethiopians time to muster a large army. Menelik finally lured the Italians into a fight, but the battle was chaotic. Italian orders were misunderstood and brigades became separated, allowing the Ethiopians to cut them down one by one. This defeat ensured that Ethiopia remained independent for another forty years, until avenged by Mussolini.

15/1/1895, Italian forces defeated the Ethiopians at Senafe, following an Italian victory (13/1/1895) at Koatit. However later in the year the Italian Army pushed too far south,and, lacking support, was defeated at Amba Alagi (7/12/1895) and then at Macalle (23/1/1896).

17/7/1894, Italian forces under Colonel Baratieri captured Kassala.

21/12/1893, Italian forces under Colonel Arimondi captured Agordat.

23/7/1892. Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, was born in Harar Province, as Tafari Makonnen. When the Italians invaded in 1936 he went into exile but resumed full authority after Ethiopia was liberated in 1941.

1/1/1890, The Kingdom of Italy officially proclaimed the colony of �Eritrea� in Africa. It was named after the Roman Erythraeum Mare.

1889, Addia Ababa was designated as the capital of Ethiopia

2/5/1889, Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, signed what he saw as a treaty of friendship with Italy (Italy saw it as Ethiopia accepting a protectorate), giving Italy full control over the territory of Eritrea.

4/1888, Italy sent 20,000 troops to what they now called their colony of Eritrea. Fighting with the Ethiopian Army was averted by negotiations, and Italy retired, leaving 5,000 troops stationed in the region.

25/1/1887, War broke out between Ethiopia and Italy. The Ethiopians routed an Italian army at Dogali.

5/2/1885, An Italian force occupied the former Egyptian garrison at Massawa, the Egyptians having withdrawn in 1884 due to the Mahdi Rebellion. Britain signalled its concent to this move.

6/1/1885, Italian forces, with British support, consolidated their positions around Massawa, Eritrea, and began to penetrate into the Abyssinian Highlands.

29/4/1876, Empress Zauditu of Ethiopia was born.

12/1/1872, Yohannas IV (Tigrayan chieftain)� was crowned King of Ethiopia. The Tigrayan region briefly regained its cultural dominance (see 1770s). Under Yohannas IV�s successor, Menelik II, from 1889, the south became supreme once more.

3/1870, An Italian company bought the port of Assab (now Eritrea) from Sultan Berehan of Raheita for �1,880. This port was then bought out by the Italian Government in 1882, after the port company had acquired more land in 1879-80.� Italy then occupied the port of Beilul to the north in 1885 and in the same year took over Massawa from Egypt.� This expansionist policy, and free imports of Italian goods, caused a deterioration in relations between Italy and Ethiopia. Egypt, Turkey and India were also concerned about the new Italian presence in Assab, although Britain was willing to tolerate an Italian commercial (but not political) presence there.

13/4/1868, Magdala, Abyssinia, was finally taken by the British. Theodore� Kassai (1816-68), Emperor of Abyssinia from 1855, was shot and killed.

10/4/1868, Britian took military action against Abyssinia following mistreatment and detention of British missionaries and traders. Tewoderos II, Emperor of Ethiopia, committed suicide before the British reached his capital at Magdala, and freed thye British captives. The Ethioipian State now collapsed.

11/2/1855, Kassa Hailu (1816-68) crowned as Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia. He was a local chieftain who had grown powerful through conquests. He rule was benevolent and capable at first but he became erratic and iunstable in later years. His nemesis came when he failed to recoieve a reply from Queen Victoria of Britain to a request he had sent for aid. He the n imprisoned several british Consular officials at his capital, Magdala. This provoked an attack by a 32,000 strong Anglo-Indian force under Robert C Napier (1810-90) in 1867.

17/8/1844, Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, was born.

1770s � 1850s, Era of the Princes (Zemene Mesafint); a period of civil war with various regions of Ethiopia vying for supremacy.� At this time the previously culturally dominant Tigray area, Axum heartland and origin of Ethiopia�s National Epic Kebre Negast, The Chronicle of the Glory of Kings, written by Tigratan monks, began to lose out to the southern Shoa Amharic region. See 1872.

1753, End of the reign of Iyasu II.

1730, End of the reign of Bakaffa (acceded 1682).

1730, Emperor Bacaffa of Ethiopia died; he had reigned since 1721.

1682, Accession of King Iyasu I of Ethiopia.

1667, Emperor Fasilades of Ethiopia died; he had reigned since 1627.

1636, King Fasilides founded the Ethiopian capital of Giondar.

1632, Accession of King Fasilidas of Abyssinia; ruled until 1637. He expelled the Jesuits. End of the reign of Sysenius (acceded 1606).

1/2/1563, Sarsa Dengel succeeded his father Menas (acceded 1559) as Emperor of Ethiopia.

1559, Galawdewos, Emperor of Ethiopia 1540-59, died.

2/9/1540, Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia, died.

1540, End of the reign of Lebna Dengel (acceded 1508).

7/3/1529, At the Battle of Shimbra Kure, Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi defeated the forces of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. This Islamic invasion of Ethiopia was repelled in 1543 with Portuguese assistance.

28/8/1468, Death of Ethiopian Emperor Zara Yaqub.

1434, Zara Yaqub (1399-1468) became King of Ethiopia.

18/2/1332, Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia began his campaigns in the southern Muslim province.

1270, Overthrow of the Zagwe Dynasty by Amhara Princes, and start of the Solomonid Dynasty. Accession of King Yekuno Amlak of Abyssinia; ruled until 1285.

600 Islam brought to the coast of Eritrea by Arab traders.

Rise of Kingdom of Axum

525, King Kaleb of Axum conquered southern Yemen, and built churches there.

Ca. 350, Death of King Ezana of Axum, reigned ca. 320-350.Axum was a Greek-influenced Semitic trading state founded ca. 1 AD. From its port at Adulis it traded across the Red Sea and by the 3^rd C AD controlled Yemen. King Ezana converted to Christianity; Axum later became the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia.

350, Axum invaded the Kingdom of Kush.

328, Axum adopted Christianity.

320, Accession of Aksum King Ezana.

500 BCE, Foundation of the Kingdom of Axum, which later became Ethiopia. End of the reign of King Nastasen (acceded 525).

525 BCE, End of the reign of King Harsiotf (ascceded 560).

560 BCE, End of the reign of King Pankharer (acceded 600)

600 BCE, End of the reign of King Asperta (acceded 630).

650 BCE, End of the reign of King Tandamane, son of Tirhaka (acceded 667)

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