events-Egypt

24 November 2017, Extremist Muslims bombed a Sufi mosque in al-Rawdah, Egypt, then shot dead many of those fleeing the scene. 305 worshippers lost their lives.

11� December 2016, 28 were killed and 49 injured in an ISIS bomb attack on St Mark�s Cathedral, Cairo.

28 May 2014, Abdel Fattah al Sisi was elected President of Egypt.

3 July 2013, After massive street protests across Egypt, President Morsi was deposed by the military; his regime accused of sending the country towards bankruptcy.

24 June 2012, Mohammed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood became President of Egypt.

9 October 2011, In Egypt, 24 protestors were killed and 200 injured in a crackdown by security forces.

7.0, Mubarak era 1981-2011. Terminated by Arab Spring

13 April 2011, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was arrested, along with his sons, in Cairo.

11 February 2011, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigned after widespread protests against him, leaving Egypt governed by the military. This was during the �Arab Spring�.

4 February 2011, Large crowds gathered in Cairo calling for the resignation of President Mubarak.

25 January 2011, �Arab Spring� protests in Egypt and Lebanon.

1 January 2011, 23 were killed and 70 injured in a bomb attack on a church in Alexandria, Egypt.

3 February 2006, An Egyptian ferry sank in the Red Sea, killing 1,300.

2005, Mubarak was elected for a 5^th term as President.

21 July 2005, 64 were killed by suicide bombers at the seaside resort of Sharm El Sheikh, on the Red Sea.

7 October 2004, Three bombs exploded in the Egyptian resorts of Taba, Nuwelba and Raas al Sultan; the victims were� mainly Israeli tourists. The bombings were timed to coincide with an Israeli military campaign in the Gaza Strip.

20 February 2002, In Egypt, a fire on a train at Reqa al Gharbiya killed 370, and injured a further 65.

27� December 1989, Egypt and Syria resumed full diplomatic relations.

17 November 1997, The terrorist group Jamaat al Islamiyah massacred 58 foreugn tourists and 4 Egyptians at Luxor.

27� December 1993. In Cairo, Muslim militants opened fire on a tourist bus, wounding 16, including 8 Australians.

28 February 1993. In Cairo, a caf� used by foreigners was bombed by Muslim extremists. 4 were killed and 16 injured. Americans, Swedes, and Germans were amongst the injured.

25 January 1993. President Mubarak of Egypt vowed to end Muslim fundamentalism.

4 January 1993. Muslim fundamentalists killed two Coptic Christians in Egypt.

12 October 1992. Earthquake hit Cairo. It was 5.9 on the Richter scale, with an epicentre 19 miles from Cairo, tremors were felt in Jerusalem 250 miles away. There was panic as at least 160 buildings collapsed and many were trampled to death in the ensuing chaos. Fortunately the Aswan Dam was not breached.

15� December 1991. More than 470 drowned when a ferry carrying returning Egyptian pilgrims and overseas workers sank in the Red Sea.

1986, President Hosni Mubarak met Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres to discuss Middle East Peace.

9 October 1984, Jordan mended relations with Egypt when Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak visited Amman. Egypt had been despised by the Arab world since the late President Anwar Sadat signed a peace treaty with |Israel at Camp David in 1979. Now King Hussein of Jordan met with Arab hostility for mending relation with Egypt, a move sparked by problems in the Jordanian economy arising from a downturn in trade resulting form the Iran-Iraq war.

1982, The last Israeli troops left the Sinai.

15 April 1982. The 5 men who killed Sadat in Egypt were executed. They were Muslim fundamentalists who disagreed with Sadat�s negotiating with Israel.

10 November 1981. Hosni Mubarak became President of Egypt.

6.0, Sadat era 1970-81; peace agreement with Israel, see also Israeli history

6 October 1981. President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, 62, was assassinated in Cairo, whilst attending a military parade celebrating Egyptian successes in the Yom Kippur war of 1973. ��Vice President Hosni Mubarak became President.� Army members who were part of Islamic Jihad organisation killed Sadat, opposing his negotiations with Israel, which led to the historic Camp David Agreement of 1979.

3 September 1981, President Sadat began a crackdown against dissidents, arresting 1,536 of them on a single night.

15 September 1981. Sadat expelled 1,500 Soviets from Egypt.

27� December 1980, Egypt and Syria resumed diplomatic relations after a 10-year break.

19 April 1979, Voters in Egypt overwhelmingly approved the creation of a bicameral parliament, multi-party elections, and the new peace treaty with Israel.

26 March 1979. In Washington, USA, Mr Begin of Israel and President Sadat of Egypt signed a peace treaty. President Carter oversaw the signing.

1977, Sadat visited Jerusalem for a first ever meeting with the Israeli Prime Minister.

5 June 1975. President Sadat opened the Suez Canal reopened to all international maritime traffic except Israeli shipping, after eight years of total closure since the Six-Day War.

28 February 1974. The USA and Egypt resumed diplomatic relations after a break of 7 years.

10 January 1974, Dr Henry Kissinger, US Head of State, held talks with President Sadat to discuss an Arab-Israeli peace plan.

For Yom Kippur war see Israeli history.

6 November 1972, A Coptic Christian church was set alight during sectarian violence in the northern Cairo suburb of Khanka.

18 July 1972, Sadat expelled 20,000 Soviet advisers after the USSR failed to supply promised armaments.

2 September 1971, Egypt discontinued its use of the title United Arab Republic and reverted to its old name.� See 29 September 1961.

15 January 1971, The Aswan High Dam on the Nile, built with Soviet finance and expertise, was officially opened by President Sadat, and Podgorny.

14 October 1970, Nasser�s associate, Anwar Sadat, aged 51, was elected President of Egypt.

28 September 1970. President Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt since 1954, died of a heart attack aged 52, after mediating in the Jordan civil war.

5.0. Hostilities with Israel, 6-Day War and aftermath, 1967-70

7 August 1970, Egypt and Israel, both exhausted by their War of Attrition throughout 1970, agreed a ceasefire. Israel remained in occupation of Sinai up to the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egypt retained the west bank of the Canal, and agreed not to site any missiles within 20 miles of it. After a few months Egypt reneged o the missile agreement and sited missiles close to the Canal. Israel protested but took no further action. The strategic depth of the Sinai itself made Israel feel secure.

8 April 1970, Israeli bombs fell on a primary school in the Nile delta, killing 30 children. The bombs were intended for a military base but fell off-target; it was a further reprisal for the sinking on 3 February 1970 of an Israeli ship near Eilat.

12 February 1970, Israeli raid on factories near Cairo; 70 civilians died. This was a further Israeli reprisal for the sinking on 3 February 1970 of an Israeli ship near Eilat.

3 February 1970, Egyptian frogmen sank an Israeli supply ship off the Israeli port of Eilat. In reprisal Israeli aircraft sank several Egyptian minesweepers in the Gulf of Suez.

4 November 1967, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser told former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Robert B Anderson that he was willing to agree to many of the requests of Israel to end the state of belligerence between the two nations following the recent Six-Day War but to do so officially would be suicide for any Arab leader.

1967, Six Day War with Israel; Egypt lost the Sinai. See Israel for more details

4,0, Aswan Dam Project, Soviet backing, 1956-70

21 July 1970. The Aswan Dam in Egypt was completed. The annual Nile flooding could now be controlled, and hydro-electric power produced; the 111 metre high dam also created a significant fishing industry.

14 May 1964. Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev and Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser opened the first stage of the Aswan Dam in Egypt. The Nile had been diverted four years earlier to build the dam, which created a lake 6 miles wide and 350 miles long, displacing 100,000 people but irrigating a million acres of desert for farmland. Many of Egypt�s historic sites were also flooded, but the buildings were moved to safe locations.

9 January 1960. Work began on the Aswan High Dam, Egypt.

24 October 1958, The USSR loaned Egypt 400 million roubles to build the Aswan Dam.

23 August 1958, The Egyptian Government approved the Aswan Dam project.

19 July 1956. Britain and the USA withdrew financial support for Egypt and the Aswan Dam Project under its new leader, Nasser, who was seen as too pro-Soviet.

24 March 1965. Farouk I, King of Egypt from 1936 to 1952, died in exile in Italy.

7 August 1962, Egypt agreed terms with the UK for compensating British subjects whose property was seized after the Suez Crisis of 1956.

21 September 1961, In Egypt, Nasser confiscated the assets of wealthier Egyptians.

1 February 1958. Egypt and Syria joined to form the United Arab Republic.� See 29 September 1961.

3.0, Suez Crisi 1956, �See also Britain, France, Israel

30 April 1957 Egypt reopened the Suez Canal.

8 March 1957, The Suez Canal reopened for smaller ships.

4 January 1957. In the wake of the Suez Crisis, a UN sponsored force of German tugs and salvage vessels began to clear the Suez Canal. 13 ships of various nationalities had been stranded in the Canal and could now resume sailing towards the Mediterranean. On 1 January 1957 President Colonel Gamal Nasser of Egypt had abrogated a 1954 treaty that had preciously guaranteed the UK full access to the Canal during international conflicts.

27� December 1956, Clearance work on the Suez Canal began.

22� December 1956. Britain and France withdrew their forces from Egypt, under intense pressure from the USA. The Suez Crisis had caused a run on Sterling, and the US would not halt this without a withdrawal.

22 November 1956. The withdrawal of Anglo-French troops from Port Said was completed, UN forces moved in.

15 November 1956. UN emergency forces arrived in Suez, and began to clear the Canal of wrecked ships on 27� December 1956. UN forces began taking over from the British, under strong pressure from the USA. The British PM, Anthony Eden, was suffering from psychological strain caused by the unanticipated world hostility to his Suez adventure, and flew to Jamaica on 23 November 1957 to rest.

7 November 1956. Britain and France reluctantly agreed to UN demands for a ceasefire in the Suez Crisis.

6 November 1956. Israeli forces reached Sharm El Sheikh.

2 November 1956, Gaza fell to British troops.

31 October 1956. France and Britain bombed Egyptian airfields in the Suez Crisis. The speed of events � Egypt was only given 12 hours to withdraw from the Canal � suggested to US President Eisenhower that the whole operation was staged to maintain Anglo-French influence in Suez.

29 October 1956. 5.pm. Israeli troops invaded the Sinai Peninsula and troops pushed on towards the Suez Canal, ostensibly to destroy guerrilla strongholds, coming within 20 miles of the Canal. 30,000 tank-supported Israeli troops invaded Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, in retaliation �for Egyptian attacks on land and sea communications near Gaza�. Israeli forces wanted to reach the gun batteries at Sharm El Sheikh at the tip of the Sinai peninsula which were closing the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. These batteries were destroyed on 5 November 1956.

This was part of the Suez Crisis in which President Nasser nationalised the canal. See 16 November 1869, 26 July 1956, and 23 June 1956. On 30 October 1956 Britain and France issued an ultimatum to Egypt and Israel to stop fighting and on 31 October 1956 France and Britain invaded the Suez area �to stop the Israeli-Egyptian fighting. Nasser closed the canal by sinking 47 old ships full of concrete in it. In fact this move had been pre-planned with Israel�s co-operation. On 25 October 1956 the� British, French, and Israeli PMs, Anthony Eden, Guy Mollet, and David Ben Gurion, had met in secret at Sevres. On 6 November 1956 Anglo-French forces, 600 British and 487 French paratroopers, seized the Canal itself, having landed at Port Said. The UN ordered a ceasefire on 8 November 1956. The US condemned the invasion and the UN saw the rare sight of US and USSR delegates voting together. The US had threatened not to defend Sterling against a run on international markets against it unless the UK pulled out of Suez.

Because of the fighting, backed by Britain and France, and ended by a UN ceasefire, the Canal was closed for more than six months, blocked by sunken ships. UK petrol rationing began on 23 November 1956, see this date. The Canal closed again during the Arab-Israeli war of 1967 and did not reopen until 1975. However by then very large oil tankers had been developed that were too deep to pass through the canal. It is hoped that plans to deepen the Canal and reduce fees will revive the enterprise (2001).

16 October 1956, British Prime Minister Anthony Eden and Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd visited Paris and met with French Minister Guy Mollet and Foreign Minister Christian Pineau to discuss joint action against Egypt.

23 September 1956, Britain and France took the Suez issue to the UN Security Council.

29 August 1956, Major build up of British and French forces in the eastern Mediterranean, to intimidate Egypt.

1 August 1956, The US, Britain, and France met to talk about the Suez problem. On 8 August 1956 Eden said Nasser could not be trusted.

30 July 1956, Eden tells Nasser he cannot have the Suez Canal and imposed an arms embargo on Egypt.

28 July 1956, Britain froze Egyptian assets in London in retaliation for Nasser�s� nationalisation of the Suez canal.

26 July 1956. Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal a month after taking power. Nasser wanted the tolls from the Canal to pay for the Aswan Dam construction. On 28 July 1956 the Cabinet met in London and agreed that as a last resort military means would be used if the Canal was not kept open for free passage of ships in perpetuity, not just until the Suez Canal Company�s concession ran out in November 1968. On 9 September 1956 Nasser rejected US plans for international control over the Canal.

4 June 1956, Egypt announced that it would not renew the Suez Canal Company�s concession when it expired in 1968.

2.0, Colonel Nasser takes power, 1954-56

23 June 1956. General Gamal Adbel Nasser was elected Egypt�s first president. However voting was compulsory and he was the only candidate. Nasser graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo in 1938, aged 20, and was wounded in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Appointed Prime Minister of Egypt in 1954, he enjoyed popular support.

13 June 1956, The last British troops left the Suez Canal Zone.

31 March 1956, The last British soldiers left Egypt, and 74 years of British military presence in Egypt ended, as the Grenadier Guards and Life Guards embarked at Port Said, Suez.

2 March 1955. Egypt and Syria signed a defensive pact.

17 November 1954, Nasser became official head of state in Egypt, see 17 April 1954.

26 October 1954, An assassination attempt on Egyptian Prime Minister Gamal Abdel Nasser failed.

19 October 1954, Colonel Nasser of Egypt agreed with Britain a timetable for the withdrawal of Britain from the Canal Zone within two years.

27 July 1954, The UK Government agreed to Colonel Nasser�s request to pull British troops out of Suez. They were to leave by 1956.

21 July 1954. Britain, America and the World Bank turned down a request for aid from President Nasser of Egypt to build the Aswan Dam.

17 April 1954. Colonel Nasser took power in Egypt from President Neguib and became Prime Minister.

13 January 1954, Muslim Fundamentalists arrested in Egypt.

1.0, Growth of Egyptian Wafd Nationalism. King Farouk abdicates Neguib. British leave, 1950-53

18 June 1953, Egypt declared itself a republic.

24 May 1953, The Foreign Office advised British families to leave Egypt.

10 February 1953, In Egypt, General Neguib was granted dictatorial powers for three years.

16 January 1953, Egypt dissolved all political parties.

13 October 1952, Egypt signed an agreement with Sudan on use of the water from the Nile.

26 July 1952. King Farouk abdicated as King of Egypt.� General Neguib was the first president.This ended the 148-year-old Egyptian monarchy which had begun in 1805 with Ottoman Viceroy Mohammed Ali. Farouk was the 10^th generation of Ali�s descendants. General Gamel Abdel Nasser had orchestrated the coup behind the scenes, organising the revolutionary secret Free Officers group that had ousted Farouk. In 1954 Nasser overthrew Neguib as ruler of Egypt. Nasser then held �elections� in which his was the only name on the ballot paper; Nasser got 99.95% of the vote.

23 July 1952, General Neguib (born 1913) marched on Cairo, to overthrow King Farouk I. Farouk fled to France and then Monaco; Egypt became a dictatorial Republic under Neguib and Britain lost its influence in the country.

2 March 1952, The Egyptian Parliament was suspended.

27 January 1952, Anti-British rioters in Egypt burnt down the Shepheard Hotel, killing 17.

26 January 1952, In response to the incident of 25 January 1952 mobs in Cairo led by the Muslim Brotherhood attacked British buildings, killing 10 Britons. Cairo police declined to intervene until the evening.

25 January 1952, British troops captured the police headquarters in Ismalia, Egypt; 46 Egyptians were killed This followed guerrilla attacks on British bases in Egypt, in which the British suspected police complicity.

12 January 1952, The first violence by Egyptian nationalists against the British began in the village of Tel el Kebir.

4� December 1951, British forces attacked in Egypt during anti-British riots.

20 November 1951, Evacuation of British Army families from Egypt began.

22 October 1951, Britain stopped arms exports to Egypt.

21 October 1951, Four British warships arrived at Port Said, at the northern end of the Suez Canal.

19 October 1951. British troops seized the Suez Canal Zone after Egypt abrogated the 1936 Treaty.

10 September 1951, Anti-British riots in Egypt.

5 April 1951, The UK Government approved, in principle, of withdrawing troops from the Suez Canal.

16 November 1950, King Farook of Egypt demanded immediate evacuation of British troops from the Suez Canal.

0.0, Start of Wafd Nationalism, 1907-50

3 January 1950, In Egypt, the Wafd Nationalist Party won overwhelmingly in general elections.

17 March 1948. King Farouk of Egypt laid the foundation stone of the Aswan Dam.

23 September 1945, Egypt demanded that Britain end its,military occupation, return the Sudan to Egyptian control, and end the priveliges of Britian in Egypt specified in the 1936 Treaty.

8 January 1945, A general election in Egypt, boycotted by the Wafd Nationalists, was won by Ahmed Pasha.

8 October 1944, In Egypt, King Farouk dismissed the Wafd Government of Nahas Pasha.

21 November 1943, Churchill arrived in Cairo for an Allied leaders Conference. Also there were Roosevelt and Chiang Kai Shek.

6 February 1942, A new Wafd (Nationalist) Egyptian government was formed, under British influence.

4 February 1942, King Farouk was, despite British appeals, unwilling to declare war on Germany; he was perhaps keener to see a total end to British influence over his country. The British, however, were determined to stop Axis forces approaching eastwards from Libya from acquiring Egypt (see World War Two) and so denying the Suez Canal to Britain and the Allies. On this day British tanks approached the Abdeen Palace and despite a short defence by palace guards forced a capitulation by Farouk. Egyptian Nationalists felt humiliated.

26 August 1936. A treaty (The Anglo-Egyptian Alliance) ended the British protectorate over Egypt and gave Britain control over the Suez Canal for the next 20 years.

2 May 1936, General election in Egypt, victory for the Wafd Nationalists. Nahas Pasha formed a Wafd Government.

28 April 1936, Farouk, aged 16, became King of Egypt on the death of his father, King Fuad (68). Fuad had become monarch in 1922 when Britain granted limited independence to Egypt.

12 December 1935, Egyptian Nationalists succeeded in getting the more democratic Constitution of 1923 restored.

May 1932, The Egyptian Air Force was founded, and acquired its first 5 planes, from England.

20 July 1930, Anti-British riots in Egypt.

1 January 1930, In Egypt, Nahas Pasha formed a Wafd Nationalist Government.

21 October 1929, In Egypt, the Wafd Nationalist Party won the elections.

6 August 1929, Britain and Egypt agreed a draft treaty for the withdrawal of British troops from Egypt, except from the Canal Zone. British troops were no longer a common sight on Egyptian streets and the country felt more independent.

1928, The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in Egypt by the Sunni Islamic scholar, Hassan al-Banna.

16 March 1928, In Egypt, the Nationalist leader Nahas Pasha became Prime Minister.

1/1924, Saad Zaghlul returned to Egypt from exile to lead the Wafd Party to a landslide victory, winning over 90% of the vote. Zaghlul died in 1927.

10 March 1919, After Nationalist riots in Egypt, the British deported the Nationalist leader, Saad Zaghlul.

20 February 1910, Egypt�s Christian PM, Butros Ghali, was assassinated by a Nationalist.

25 March 1909, Egypt imposed press censorship, to control the Nationalists.

10 November 1908, The Khedive of Egypt appointed Boutros Ghali, a Coptic Christian, as the country�s first indigenous Prime Minister, Muslim rioting ensued.

7� December 1907, The first congress of the Egyptian Nationalist movement, under Mustafa Kamil.

2 January 1939, Howard Carter, British Egyptologist who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, died.

26 May 1937. Egypt joined the League of Nations.

4 May 1928, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was born.

21 January 1926, Sennar Dam, on the Nile, was completed.

24 November 1924, The Egyptian Government resigned under pressure from Britain, following the assassination of Major General Sir Lee Stack on 19 November.

19 November 1924, The British Governor-General of Sudan was assassinated in Cairo. Egypt was claiming the right to rule the territory.

15 March 1924. The first Egyptian Parliament opened.

15 March 1923, Fuad I was proclaimed King of Egypt.

-1.0, Tutenkhamen�s tomb discovered, 1922-23

17 February 1923. Tutenkhamen�s tomb opened by the Egyptologist Howard Carter. Carter was born in Swaffham, Norfolk, on 9 May 1873, and joined the British � sponsored archaeological survey of Egypt at the age of 17. He died in London in 1939.

26 November 1922. The tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen was discovered by Howard Carter and his patron, Lord Carnarvon.

23 November 1922, Lord Carnarvon arrived in Egypt to see the archaeological excavations he was funding..

4 November 1922, Archaeologist Howard Carter discovered a stairway near the tomb of Ramses II. Excavations now halted until Howard�s financial backer, Lord Carnarvon, arrived.

-1.5, British Protectorate over Egypt, 1914-22

15 March 1922, Britain abolished its protectorate over Egypt and �recognised its independence�. Ahmed Fuad became King of Egypt. However a British military presence remained in Egypt, both on the Suze Canal and in the major cities,

23 May 1921. British troops entered Alexandria, Egypt, to quell nationalist rioting.

18 November 1920, Mustafa Khalil, 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (1978-80), was born in Al Qalyubiyah Governorate, Egypt (died 2008).

11 February 1920, King Farouk, last King of Egypt, was born in Cairo, son of King Fuad I.

21 March 1919, Edmund Allenby became British High Commissioner in Egypt.

25� December 1918, Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, was born in Talah Minufiya.

15 January 1918, Gamal Nasser, the first President of Egypt, was born in Alexandria.

20� December 1914, The British Protectorate of Egypt was established, with Hussein Kamil as Sultan.

19� December 1914. Britain declared Egypt to be a British Protectorate, deposing the ruler, Khedive Abbas II, who had sided with Germany�s ally, Turkey. Abbas II, born 14 July 1874, who succeeded his father on 8 January 1892, died in Geneva on 21� December 1944.

22 October 1914. Britain ordered all foreign ships out of the Suez Canal.

6� December 1912, Archaeologists found a bust of Nefertiti near the River Nile.

10 February 1908, Mustapha Kamal of Egypt died.

3 May 1906, Britain demanded that Ottoman Turkey recognise the Sinai Peninsula as belonging to Egypt, not Turkey. Turkey conceded this on 14 May 1906.

10� December 1902. The large dam at Aswan, Egypt, was completed. At 130 foot high, with a 114 mile long lake, it had taken four years to build.

7� December 1894, Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and engineer who promoted the Suez Canal, died aged 89.

9 September 1894, Heinrich Brugsch, German Egyptologist, died (born 18 February 1827).

7 January 1892, Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, died. Abbas II (born 1874) became the Khedive of Egypt (ruled to 1914).

10 January 1890, Cleopatra�s tomb was discovered.

-2.0, Anti-European mood sweeps Egypt; Britain and France take over the country, 1881-88

29 October 1888, Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Italy, The Netherlands, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire signed an agreement that the Suez Canal was neutral and open in wartime as well as peacetime to all ships.

22 May 1887, By the Drummond-Wolff Convention, Britain agreed to pull out of Egypt within three years, but retained the right to reoccupy if warranted by conditions of instability. Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, refused to ratify it.

27� December 1885, Samuel Birch, Egyptologist, died (born in Woolwich, London 3 November 1813).

14 September 1882, British troops occupied Cairo.

13 September 1882, A British Expeditionary Force under Lieutenant-General Sir Garnet Wolseley routed the Egyptian forces under Arabi Pasha at Tel el Kebir. Britain feared for the safety of the Suez Canal.

3 August 1882, Suez was occupied by British marines.

24 July 1882, Arabi Pasha declared a Holy War in Egypt.

11 July 1882, A British fleet bombarded Alexandria in retaliation for nationalist violence in which 50 Europeans died.

11 June 1882, (see 31 August 1801). After a mutiny of soldiers in Alexandria in 1881, an Anglo-French fleet arrived off the town in May 1882. This provoked a massacre of Europeans in Alexandria on 11 June 1882. The ruler of Egypt, Arabi Pasha, was strengthening the system of forts in Egypt and failed to respond to an ultimatum issued on 10 July 1882 by the British Admiral, Sir Beauchamp Seymour (Lord Alcester). Hence the British invaded and occupied the whole of Egypt.

1 February 1881, Popular unrest in Cairo after the arrest of three Egyptian colonels who were accused ossedition, The three were released and then Ahmad Bey Urubi, an Egyptian army officer, mounted a revolution against Tewfik, demanding that more indigenous Egyptians be given control of the government and senior army posts.

-3.0, Egypt bankrupt; Khedive Ismail deposed, 1875-79

25 June 1879, Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan under pressure from European powers. He was replaced by his son, Tewfik. Tewfik (1852-92) was a weak ruler, a mere puppet of the Ottomans.

4/1879, Khedive Ismail dismissed the European �advisors� who had been overseeing Egyptian financial affairs. Ismail, had purchased the title of Khedive (a Persian title, meaning �great prince�) from the Ottomans on 8 June 1867 in return for a promised annual tribute of �350,000 to Istanbul. Ismail had then embarked on an ambitious plan to modernise Egypt, installing railways, and canals to irrigate previously-uncultivable land. Cairo was rebult with new buildings, boulevards and parks. All this was funded on cheap credit, which precipitated a collapse of Ottoman and Egyptian securities on the London Stock Exchange in 1875. With these dismissals, Ismail had gone too far for the European financiers to accept and they began to pressure Ottoman Turkey for his removal.

12 September 1878. Cleopatra�s Needle, an ancient red granite Egyptian obelisk 68.5 feet high, originally made for Thothmes III in 1460 BC, was presented to Britain and re-erected on the Thames Embankment.

1876, Egypt was bankrupt. One factor had been the rise in the price of cotton, cause dby the American Civil War. This had caused Khedive Ismail to undertake a spending spree, but when the price of cotton returned to normal levels, the Egyptian National Debt rocketed so as to require UK� 5 million a year just to pay the interest.

27 November 1875. Britain bought Suez Canal shares. Britain bought nearly half the shares for �4million from the Khedive, or ruler, of Egypt. Disraeli, the British Prime Minister, was relieved to have prevented total French control of the Canal. When the Canal was built six years ago with French money and French expertise the British, under Gladstone, took no interest; now Britain accounts for 80% of the Canal traffic. On 15 November 1875 Disraeli learned that the Khedive owned 177,000 of the 400,000 shares but was on the verge of bankruptcy and wanted to sell, or at least mortgage the shares to a French syndicate. The British put pressure on the French syndicate who, without government help, pulled out, whilst Baron Lionel de Rothschild provided finance for the British to buy the shares for UK� 4 million.

14 July 1874, Abbas II (Abbas Hilmi Pasha), the last Khedive of Egypt, was born in Cairo (died 21� December 1944).

26 May 1871, Ismailia was annexed to Egypt.

26 March 1868, King Fuad I of Egypt was born.

-4.0, Suez Canal built, 1854-69

17 November 1869. The Suez Canal was opened after 10 years of construction. The 100-mile canal, from Port Said to Port Tewfik, 26 feet deep, with bays and use of lakes to provide passing places for ships and avoid the need for locks, was designed by Ferdinand De Lesseps. The distance from London to Bombay by sea was reduced from 11,220 to 6,332 miles. The Canal concession was granted to de Lesseps by Said Pasha, after whom Port Said is named. The cost was 400 million francs, ten times the original estimate. See 25 April 1859. By 1875 Britain was the largest shareholder in the Canal. In 1870 there were 486 transits, and in 1966/67, 20,326 transits. President Nasser nationalised the Canal in 1956, see 29 October 1956.

However the canal was too shallow right from the beginning and one in three ships grounded in the first year. In 1875 is was expanded from a width of 177 feet on the surface and 72 feet on the bottom to 500 feet and 197 feet respectively. Its depth was increased from 22 feet in 1870 to 35 feet by 1955.

25 April 1859. Construction of the 100 mile Suez Canal began. Constructed by both Egyptian and French companies, under the direction of Ferdinand de Lesseps, it opened on 17 November 1869. It was 163 km long and had a minimum width of 60 metres. In 2000, some 25,000 ships used this canal.

30 November 1854. Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained, from the Egyptian ruler Said Pasha, a 99-year concession to build a canal between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.

17 November 1854, The Suez Canal Company was formed in Egypt.

13 July 1863, Margaret Murray, British Egyptologist, was born

31 October 1854, Johann Erman, Egyptologist, was born.

13 July 1854, Abbas I, Khedive of Egypt, born 1813, was murdered, aged 41. He was succeeded by his uncle, 32-year old Said Pasha.

15 November 1852, Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, was born (died 7 January 1892 near Cairo. Succeeded by his eldest son, Abbas II.

2 August 1849. Mohammed Ali, ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, died. Apart from his military successes (see also Turkey), he laid the foundations of a modern educational and administrative system, and revolutionised the Egyptian economy.

27 November 1840, Under the Convention of Alexandria, drawn up by Napier, Mohammed Ali of Egypt agreed to return the Ottoman fleet and renounce claims over Syria, in return for hereditary rule over Egypt.

10 October 1840, Beirut fell to British forces. The French decided not to support Mohammed Ali of Egypt.

9 September 1840, British gunboats bombarded Beirut and landed troops there.

15 July 1840, The Treaty of London. Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia agreed to form a military alliance against Egypt, which was being pressured to give up the Ottoman fleet it held, and abandon claims on northern Syria, Medina, Mecca and Crete.

2 July 1839, Mahmud II, Sultan of Turkey, died, aged 54. He had been poisoned, after his fleet surrendered to Egypt at Alexandria.� He was succeeded by his 16-year-old son, Adbul Mejid I.

24 June 1839. The Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, launched another offensive against Mohammed Ali, the pasha of Egypt. However this day at the Battle of Nezib Egyptian forces under Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Ottomans. The battle took place near the present day Turkish-Syrian border.

31� December 1830, Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, was born.

18 February 1827, Heinrich Brugsch, German Egyptologist, was born (died 9 September 1894).

3� December 1823, Giovanni Belzoni, Egyptologist, died in Egypt (born in Padua 1778).

3 November 1813, Samuel Birch, Egyptologist, was born in Woolwich, London (died 27� December 1885).

1 March 1811, The Egyptian Malelukes were massacred by Mohammed Ali, (born 1769 in Macedonia, died 1849) after he had invited them to a banquet. 470 of them were killed in Cairo and some 1,200 across the whole of Egypt. He then went on to fight the Wahabi tribe in Arabia, on the instructions of the Ottoman Porte, a campaign which secured him the Hejaz region. This campaign was successfully concluded by Ali�s son, Ibrahim, who also subdued the Sudan.

19 November 1805, Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and engineer, builder of the Suez Canal, was born in Versailles.

British victory over French in Egypt, 1801

31 August 1801. The British captured Alexandria, Egypt, from the French under Napoleon. Alexandria had, despite its classical prominence, become by 1801 an insignificant town. The French occupied the town on 2 July 1798, and captured Cairo on 3/ August 1801. The French surrendered and were offered free passage home, ending Napoleon�s hopes of oriental conquest.

27 June 1801, British troops captured Cairo, Egypt, from the French.

21 March 1801, At the Battle of Alexandria, The French made a surprise attack on the British near Alexandria, Egypt. The British under General Abercrombie defeated the French, but Abercrombie himself was mortally wounded.

8 March 1801, The British Army captured Aboukir, Egypt.

Napoleonic French conquest of Egypt, 1798-1800

20 March 1800, The French under General Kleber routed the Turks at Heliopolis in Egypt under Ibrahim Bey. The French now advanced towards Cairo.

19 July 1799. The Rosetta Stone was found near the town of Rosetta on the Nile, bearing Greek, Hieroglyphic, and Demotic (ancient Egyptian) scripts.

1 August 1798. At the Battle of the Nile, at Aboukir Bay, Admiral Nelson, on the ship Vanguard, destroyed 11 out of 13 French battleships which were the convoy that took Napoleon to Egypt.� The French commander was Brueys, aboard the ship L�Orient.� The crew were mostly ashore getting water, leaving no one to man the 120 French guns. This effectively trapped the French Army in Egypt.� Five French ships with 5,000 men were sunk, 2 ships were captured, and 2 ships managed to escape from Nelson.� On 10 February 1799 Napoleon left Egypt for Syria, occupying Gaza on 24 February 1799. On 7 March 1799 Napoleon captured Jaffa, where his soldiers massacred over 2,0000 Albanian prisoners. On 17 May 1799 Napoleon lifted the siege of Acre after failing to capture it.

23 July 1798. An uprising by the people of Cairo against the French occupiers was brutally repressed on 22 October 1798. The French captured Suez on 7� December 1798. However a British expeditionary force arrived in Egypt on 6 March 1801. The battle of Alexandria was fought on 11 March 1801, just outside the actual town. After this British victory the British advanced on the town which surrendered on 31/8. See 11 June 1882.

21 July 1798, At the Battle of the Pyramids, Napoleon, soon after his invasion of Egypt, defeated an army of some 60,000 Mamelukes. Napoleon now intended to establish a French base in Egypt from where he could harass British-India sea traffic. He could also attack the Ottoman Empire form here via Syria. He sought to assure the ulema, the Egyptian intelligentsia, that he was no modern Crusader but had come to empower them and facilitate Egyptian self-rule independent of the Ottomans. However the Egyptians were not yet ready for such self-determination, and failed to follow the French initiatives.

23� December 1790, Jean Champollion, French Egyptologist, was born (died 1832).

8 May 1773, Ali Bey, ruler of Egypt, died after being wounded in fighting with Turkish rebels.

Ottoman conquest of Mamelukes in Egypt

1524, Revolt in Egypt crushed by the Ottomans.

20 January 1517, The Ottomans conquered Cairo, Egypt.

16 January 1517, Ottoman ruler Selim I crossed the Gaza desert via Salihia, on his way to attack the Malelukes in Cairo.

15 March 1377, The Sultan of Egypt was murdered by the Mamelukes over a large unpaid debt.

11 December 1366, Yelbogha of Egypt was attacked and killed by the Sultan.

8 October 1365, A Frankish fleet under Peter I of Cyprus landed at Alexandria, Egypt and raided it but was forced to leave again.

29 May 1363, Sultan Malik al Mansur of Egypt was dethroned on the grounds of incompetence and replaced by Shaban, son of Hosain.

16 March 1361, Hasan of Egypt was deposed and assassinated by Amir Yelbogha.

20 October 1354, Sultan Salih of Egypt was deposed and his brother Hasan reinstated.

7 June 1341, Malik al Nasir, Sultan of Egypt, died.

5 March 1310, Malik al Nasir was reinstated as Sultan of Cairo

5 April 1309, Bibars Jashengir was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt.

7 February 1299, Malik al Nasir was reinstated as Sultan of Cairo.

13� December 1293, Al Ashraf, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, was murdered.

10 November 1290, Qalawun, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, died. He was succeeded by his son al Ashraf Khalil.

1 July 1277, Bibars, tuler of Egypt, died.

4 July 1261, Babyars I became Sultan of Egypt.

1260, Egypt saved from a Mongol invasion at the Battle of Ain Jalut.

10 April 1257, Aybak, Sultan of Egypt, was murdered on the orders of his wife Shajar. His son Nur ad Din Ali succeeded him.

1254, The first Mameluke Sultan acceded. The Mamelukes (Arabic = �slaves�) were horse mounted soldiers, originally Circassian slaves, but became powerful enough to install their own ruler this year. The Mameluke Dynasty was overthrown by Selim I in 1517 but continued to run the country behind the scenes. They were heavily defeated by the French in the late 1700s, and massacred by Mehmet Ali in 1811.

2 May 1250, The last Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, Turan Shah, was murdered by his Mamluk bodyguards. They then elected their commander, Aybak, as Regent; he founded the Mamluk Dynasty.

Start of the Mamluk Dynasty

Seventh Crusade, fails

6 April 1250, Battle of Fariskur. Louis IX surrendered to the Mamluks, after a failed breakout and thwarted retreat to Damietta. The Crusaders were weakened by scurvy. Louis IX and his forces were allowed to depart on payment of a ransom of 800,000 gold livres.Louis� surviving soldiers returned to France. Louis himself sailed for Acre, but his further negotiations, including an attempted alliance with the Mongols,came to nothing.

11 February 1250, The Muslims counterattacked the exhausted Crusaders, who only just hung on by their use of Greek Fire.

8 February 1250, Louis IX�s invading forces dosvovered a ford across the Ashmoun Canal 4 miles from the main battlefield and surprised the Muslim forces with an attack on Damietta on the way to Cairo. However Louis IX�s brother, Robert of Artois, disobeyed orders, he was supposed to hold the opposite bank of the Canal until further French reinforcements joined him, but he rashly attacked into the town of Mansura prematurely. In the streets, Robert�s cavalry were of limited effectiveness; the Miuslims rallied and halted his advance.

1/1250, Crusader forces tried to build a causeway across the Ashmoun Canal, but the Muslims harassed them with war engines, also widened the canal by excavating on the side they held.

22 November 1249, Sultan As-Salih died, leaving his inexperienced son Turanshah as ruler. This was good news for the invading King Louis IX of France. However initially hois death was kept secret and one of his wives, Shajah ud Durr, ruled in his name.

20 November 1249, The Seventh Crudaders in Egypt had only advanced 50 miles in 4 weeks as they moved towards Cairo. They were halted at Mansura, where the Fifth Crusade had been stopped, as Muslim forces under Emir Fakr ed Din, held tham at the Ashmoun Canal.

6 June 1249, In the Seventh Crusade, King Louis IX of France landed at Damietta, Egypt. Opposaition was light, as the garrison defending the city fled in panic. Mindful of the issues faced by the Fifth Crusade in advancing on Cairo in the midsummer heat, Louis IX delayed until Autumn. However this gave the Egyptian Sultan Malik al Salih, then seriously ill,� time to restore morale in his forces

6/1249, King Louis IX of France landed in Egypt to fight the Ayyubid Sultan, As-Salih, and force him to surrender Jerusalem to make peace.

8 March 1238, Al Kamil, Sultan of Egypt and Damascus, died. Civil war within the Ayyubid dynasty ensued.

1221, The city of Mansurah, in the Nile delta, was founded.

31 August 1221, The Franks agreed to evacuate Egypt.

25 January 1200, Battle of Blibeis, Egypt.

4 March 1193. Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, died at Damascus \aged 52.

18 June 1183, Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, took Aleppo, |Syria, and on 24 August 1179 made Damascus his capital.

15 May 1174, The Syrian Atabeg, Nur ad Din, died. Saladin, ruling in Egypt, declared independence and seized Damascus.

13 September 1171, The last Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, al Adid, died. Egypt was now nominally subject to the Caliph of Baghdad, and Saladin was effective ruler.

23 March 1169, Shirguh died of a stomach illness, and Saladin was appointed by the Caliph as� his successor.

6 January 1169, Shirguh, who had hastened to Egypt again to counter the new threat from Almaric, now seized Shawar and executed him some ten days later.

1168, Ongoing local hostility to the garrison in Cairo precipitated another invasion of Egypt by King Almaric.

11 April 1167, Battle of Babain. Shirguh and his nephew Saladin defeated an alliance of the Franks and Shawar. The Franks and Shawar then made another attack on Saladin, besieging him in Alexandria, but after 75 days were compelled to raise this siege. This was because Shirguh�s forces were threatening Cairo, where a Frankish garrison had been admitted by Shawar. The Franks and Syrians now agreed to leave Egypt, although they retained a garrison in Cairo.

4 October 1125, Fatik al Bataihi was seized and imprisdoned on the orders of Caliph Amir, who now became ruler of Egypt. Fatik Al Bataihi had also suffered defeats by the Franks, losing Tyre to them, and losing his fleet to the Venetians.

8/1121, Al Afdal was assassinated in Cairo; he had suffered defeat by the Crusaders at Ascalon. Al Afdal was succeeded by Fatik al Bataihi.

13 February 1021, Al Hakim, Caliph of Egypt, was murdered and su cceeded by his son, al Zahir.

1118, Egypt was invaded by Baldwin I, Crusader. He advanced as fat as Tinnis, but then illness forced him to retreat.

29� December 1094, Al Munstansir, Caliph of Egypt died; his North African empire collapsed.

14 June 994, The Caliph of Egypt defeated a Byzantine army near Antioch.

990, Construction began on the Al-Hakim Mosque, Cairo.

6 July 969, Fatimid Caliph al-Mu�izz conquered Egypt, making Cairo his capital, and the centre of a Shiite Empire. See Islam year 908. (Tunisia).

879, Ibn Tulun, the oldest mosque in Cairo, was built.

17 September 642. Alexandria, Egypt, surrendered to the Arabs led by Amr Ibn Al-As. Amr invaded Syria in 633 and attacked Egypt in 639, taking Pelusium in January 640 and Heliopolis in June 640. In 646 Amr defeated a Greek attempt to retake Alexandria. Amr died, as governor of Egypt, on 6 January 664. The Arabs moved on south to conquer Nubia, also conquering Cyrenicia and Tripolitania in 643.

616, Persia �invaded Egypt.

543, Nubia, now in southern Egypt, adopted Christianity.

See Roman Empire for Roman occupation of Egypt

List of Egyptian Pharaoahs from Afropedia,

http://www.afropedea.org/list-of-pharaohs-of-ancient-egypt

Ptolemaic Period, 305 � 50 BCE

30 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy XV Caesarion (acceded 36 BCE)

50 BCE, end of reign of Cleopatra (acceded 51 BCE)

51 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy XII (Nios Dionysus) (acceded 80 BCE)

55 BCE, Ptolemy XII was restored to the throne of Egypt.

116 BCE, end of reign of Euergrtrd II (acceded 145 BCE)

145 BCE, Ptolemy VIII Neos Philopater ruled Egypt under the Regency of his mother Cleopatra II.

165 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy VIII (acceded 170 BCE)

145 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy VII (Neos Philipater) (acceded 145 BCE)

145 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy VI (acceded 180 BCE)

180 BCE, Ptolemy VI became ruler of Egypt.

181 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy V (Epiphanes) (acceded 204 BCE)

205 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy IV (Philapator) (acceded 221 BCE)

22 June 217 BCE, Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crushed the Seleucid army under Antiochus III at Raphia near Gaza.

222 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy III (Euergetes) (acceded 246 BCE). He was aged 61. He was succeeded by his 23 year old son, Ptolemy IV, who co-ruled with his sister and wife Arsinoe III.

243 BCE, Revolt in Egypt forced Ptolemy III to return from military adventures in Syria.

245 BCE, Ptolemy III conquered Babylon and Susa.

246 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy II (Philadelius) (acceded 283 BCE). He died aged 63. He was succeeded by his son who ruled as Ptolemy III until 222 BCE.

283 BCE, end of reign of Ptolemy I (Soter) (acceded 305 ?? BCE)

?? 323 BCE, On the death of Alexander, Ptolemy became ruler of Egypt.

End of Late Period (ca. 525 � 332 BCE

332 BCE, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and founded the port of Alexandria. He was welcomed as a liberator from the Persians. Alexander the Great envisaged Alexandria, with its great library (destroyed in riots in the 3^rd century CE) as a cultural link between Europe and Africa.

Ptolemaic Period, 305 � 50 BCE

Dynasty 30 The last indigenous Egyptian Dynasty, the 30^th Dynasty. Nectanabo I was the first Pharoah of this dynasty.

342 BCE, Persian invasion of Egypt.

343 BCE, end of reign of Nectanebo II (acceded 360 BCE)

360 BCE, end of reign of Djedhbor (acceded 362 BCE)

362 BCE, end of reign of Nectanebo I (acceded 380 BCE)

373 BCE, Nectanabo successfully repulsed a Greek�Persian invasion force.

Dynasty 29

380 BCE, end of reign of Hakor (acceded 393 BCE)

393 BCE, end of reign of Nefaarud I (acceded 399 BCE)

399 BCE, Egyptian rebellion against Persian rule; start of the 29^th Dynasty.

Dynasty 28

399 BCE, end of reign of Amyrtaeus (acceded 404 BCE)

486 BCE, Egypt rebelled against Persian rule.

522 BCE, Death of King Cambyses II, som of King Cyrus, King of Persia 529 � 522 BCE. Cambyses II conquered Egypt in 525 BCE.

Persian conquest of Egypt

Dynasty 27

525 BCE, end of reign of Psammethicus III (acceded 526 BCE)

526 BCE, end of reign of Ahmose II (acceded 570 BCE)

Babylonian conquest of Egypt

Ca. 568 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Egypt.

570 BCE, end of reign of Wahibre / Aspelte /Haaibre / Hophra (acceded 589 BCE) After military defeats in Palestine in which he was defeated by the Babylonians, General Amasis / Ahmose II, with popular support, declared jhimself Pharaoh.

589 BCE, end of reign of Psammethicus� /Psamtik II (acceded 595 BCE). 589 BCE, His son Apries (4^th ruler, 26^th Dynasty) became Pharoah of Egypt. He was also known as 'Wahibre Haaibre' and was identified in the Bible Book of Jeremiah as 'Hophra.' He ruled until 570 BCE.

595 BCE, end of reign of Necho / Nekau (acceded 610 BCE)

605 BCE, Pharaoh Necho II was defeated at Carchemish by the son of Nabopalassar of the Chadeans.

Rule of Psammetiuchus. Rebellion against Assyria

610 BCE, end of reign of Psammethicus I (acceded 664 BCE)

645 BCE, Egyptian ruler Psammetichus I renounced his allegiance to Assyria.

662 BCE, The Assyrians returned to Egypt and sacked Thebes. This was the zenith of Assyrian power.

663 BCE, Egypt�s 26^th Dynasty began, when the vassal King of Salis, Psammetichus I, (664-610 BCE) rebelled against Assyrian rule. This Dynasty endured until 525 BCE. Egypt regained independence from Assyria.

Dynasty 26

Dynasty 25 (Nubian)

Ca. 664 BCE, Accession of Tanutamun.

666 BCE, The Egyptian city of Thebes was captures by the Assyrians.

668 BCE, Memphis, Egyptian capital,was again captured by the Assyrians under King Ashurbanipal. Egypt had supported Syrian rebels against Assyria.

670 BCE, Iron-working introduced to Egypt.

671 BCE, Assyrian King Esarhaddon captured Memphis, the capital of Egypt. However Tiharqa recaptured Memphis in 669 BCE. But see 668 BCE.

681 BCE, Sennacherib was assassinated by his two sons, Adrammalech and Sharezer; they in turn were defeated by their brother Esar-Haddon, who then became King of Assyria. Esar-Haddon subsequently conquered Egypt, driving out its Nubian ruler, Tirhakah. Egypt, however, proved to be an over-extension of Assyrian power and they withdrew in the 660s.

689 BCE, Accession of the Nubian King Tiharqa as Pharaoh of Egypt.

Ca. 702 BCE, Accession of Shebitku.

711 BCE, End of the reign of Phraaoh Bocchoris (717-711 BCE)

717 BCE, Death of Cushite ruler Piye (acceded 728 BCE) who had conquered Lower and Upper Egypt and united them under his rule.

Ca. 747 BCE, Egypt conquered by Ethiopians, under the Cushite King Napata. First of five Kushite monarchs, he founded the 25^th Dynasty.

750 BCE, Kushite rulers sent armies into Egypt, conquering it by 747 BCE.

Dynasty 25 (Nubian)

Dynasty 24

Bakenrenef

Tafnakt

Dynasty 23

Iuput

Rudamon

Takelot III

Osorkon IV

Sheshonk V

Pedibastet

Dynasty 22 Dates all uncertain

804 BCE, Egypt began to fragment again. It now split onto three kingdoms, and by 770 comprised a dozen virtually independent principalities. This fragmentation paved the way for the Kushite invasion from the south.

850 BCE, Egypt began to disintegrate as civil war took hold.

Osorkon III

Sheshonk IV

Pami

Sheshonk III

853 BCE, Osorkon II of Egypt joined a coalition with Syria, also Israel and Judah, against the growing power of Assyria; The Assyrians, however, won at the Battle of Qarqar. (fought in the Orontes Valley., modern NW Syria)

Ca.. 874 � 850 BCE, Osorkon II

Takelot I

Sheshonk II

Osorkon I

926 BCE, Sheshonk I of Egypt attempted an invasion of Israel and Judah, but failed.

Ca. 945 � 924 BCE, Sheshonk I The Egyptian throne was usurped by the Libyan, ruler Sheshonk I. He founded the 22^nd (Bubastite) Dynasty