20 May 2010, Craig Venter announced the creation of the
world�s first synthetic
organism.
3 February 2005, Ernst Mayr, evolutionary
biologist, died (born 5 July 1904)
World�s
oldest mother
29 December 2006, Maria del
Carmen Bousada Lara, 67, gave birth to twins in a Barcelona
hospital, becoming the world�s oldest mother.
7 July 2006, In the Royal Sussex County
Hospital, Brighton, UK, 62 year old Dr Patricia Rashbrook became Britain�s oldest
mother, giving birth to a 6lb 10 oz son after IVF treatment.
16 January 2005, Adriana Iliescu, aged 66, became
the oldest woman in the world to give birth.
25 January 2004, The fossil of the oldest
known land creature, a centipede dated at 428 million years old, was found.
20 April 2003, Easter Sunday. Bernard Katz,
biophysicist, died.
14 April 2003, The Human Genome Project, to completely map the human genome,
was completed.
15 February 2001, An initial
version of the Human
Genome Sequence was released.�������
Cloning
2013, Scientists cloned a cell
from a human baby with a rare genetic disorder. This created a source of
embryonic stem cells that could be used in treatment.
11 August 2004, The first licences for the cloning of human embryos
were granted in Britain.
28 May 2003, The first horse
cloned by Italian scientists, Prometea, was born
14 February 2003,
Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, died.
9 August 2001, US President
George W Bush announced there would be Federal funding for limited
research into human embryonic stem cells.
9 March 2001,
Italian gynaecologist Severino Antinori announced his intention to
clone a human. This led to calls for an international ban on such research.
23 July 1998,
A team of scientists at the University of Hawaii, led by Ryuzo Yanagimachi,
announced they had produced three generations of cloned mice.
12
January 1998, 19 European nations agreed to
forbid human cloning after an announcement by Richard Seed that he
would use techniques from Dolly the Sheep to clone humans.
24 February
1997. The cloned sheep, Dolly, was presented to the
public. She had been cloned from a single cell of her mother at the Royal
Institute in Edinburgh. There was moral panic about the possibility of cloning
humans, but some saw it as a useful way
to create organs for transplant. Lamb 6LL3 was named after Dolly Parton. The animal died prematurely
in February 2003.
1987, Two calves, called Fusion
and Copy, were successfully cloned from embryonic cells.
1984, An egg cell emptied of its
nucleus was fused with a cell from a lamb embryo, resulting in the birth of
three live cloned lambs.
1952, A tadpole was cloned using the new technique of transfer of cellular
nuclearnaterial to a new cell.
1902, A salamander became the first vertebrate to be �cloned� using the
technique of splitting a two-celled embryo.
30 January 1995, Gerald
Durrell, naturalist, died.
7 October 1994, Neils
Kaj Jerne, immunologist.
30 May 1988, Ernst
August Freidrich Ruska, inventor of the electron microscope, died in West
Berlin.
18 March 1988, Percy Thrower, horticulturalist, died.
24 January 1988,
Biochemist Charles Glen
King, who first isolated vitamin C, died in Westchester,
Pennsylvania.
21 May 1987, Archie
Carr, US marine biologist, died in
Florida.
23 October 1986, Edward Adelbert
Doisy, biochemist, died.
20 October 1984, Carl Ferdinand
Cori, biochemist, died.
18 April 1984, Kenneth S Cole,
US biophysicist, died.
22 May 1983, Albert Claude,
Belgian biologist, died.
10 March 1983, Ulf von Euler,
Swedish biochemist, died.
15 August 1982, Hugo Theorell,
Swedish biochemist, died.
22 November 1981, Hans Krebs, British biochemist, died aged 81.
9 March 1980, Max Delbruck, German-US microbiologist, died
in Pasadena, California.
6 August 1979, Feodor Lynen, German biochemist, died in
Munich.
11 December 1978, Vincent du Vigneaud, US biochemist, dies in
Scarsdale, New York, USA.
20 November 1976, Trofim Denisovich Lysenko, Soviet biologist,
died in Kiev, Ukraine.
31 May 1976, J L Monod, French biochemist, died aged 66.
24 April 1976, Henrik Dam, Danish biochemist, died aged 81.
1975, The technique of cellular transfer of nuclear material was used to
succesfuly transfer material in mammalian cells.
5 November 1975, Edward Lawrie
Tatum, US biochemist, died in New York City, USA.
DNA
5 January 1987, Genetic fingerprinting was first
used to catch a murderer, Colin Pitchfork. Police asked all men in
Narborough, Leicestershire, to take DNA tests after two 15 year old girls were
killed.
1977, Genetech began
to synthesis medicines by use of recombinant DNA.
1973, Stanley
Cohen (Stanford University) and Herbert Boyer (University of California)
inserted recombinant DNA into a bacteria which then cloned this new DNA. This was the start of genetic engineering.
1970, At John Hopkins University, Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans discovered
restriction enzymes, chemical scissors that snipped RNA molecules.
1965, RNA synthesis of protein was achieved in a test tube; the code of
three bases for each amino acid was discovered.
25 April 1953, James
Watson and Francis Crick described the double-helix
structure of DNA in Nature magazine.
20 September 1952, Hervey-Chase�s paper demonstrating that genetic material is made from
DNA was published in the Journal of General Physiology.
19 October 1946, Genetic recombination in bacteria was first described.
1944, O A T Overy of Rockerfeller
University, working with the pneumonia bacterium, established that genes were made from DNA.
23 August 1931, Hamilton
Othaniel Smith was born in New York City, USA. In 1970 he discovered the first �restriction enzyme�, one that cuts DNA
at a specific base juncture.
8 June 1918, Francis
H Crick was born in Northampton, UK. In 1953, along with James Dewey
Watson (born Chicago, USA, 6 April 1928) he developed the
double-helix model for DNA.
11 August 1905, Austrian-American biochemist Erwin Chargaff was born in Czernowitz. He
demonstrated in the 1940s that for DNA the number of adenine and thymine bases,
and the number of cytosine and guanine bases, were equal. This was an important clue to the structure of DNA.
1972, Paul
Berg, st Stanford University, combined the DNA from two different
viruses.
1 August 1970, Otto Heinrich
Warburg, German biochemist, died in Berlin-Dahlem.
5 April 1970, Alfred Henry
Sturtevant, US geneticist, died in Pasadena, California.
16 February 1970, Francis Peyton
Rous, who discovered that viruses can cause cancer, died in New York
City, USA.
19 May 1965,
The world�s oldest tortoise, Tui Malila, born 1773, died.
4 June 1962, Charles William
Beebe, US naturalist, died at Simla Research Station, Trinidad.
9 August 1960, Bernard Ogilvie
Dodge, US� botanist, died aged
88.
23 January 1959, Wilhelm Ludwig,
zoologist and geneticist, died in Leipzig (born 20 October 1901).
26 October 1957, Gerty Theresa
Radnitz Cori, Czech-US biochemist, died in St Louis, Missouri.
7 October 1955, Henry Clapp
Sherman, US biochemist, died in Rensselaer, New York, USA.
8 January 1955, Sir Arthur
Keith, British anthropologist, died.
16 November 1954, Albert Francis
Blakeslee, US botanist, died in Northampton, Massachusetts.
16 May 1947, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, English
biochemist, died in Cambridge.
17 April 1946, George Kohler, German biologist, was born
(died 1995).
26 January 1943, Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov, Russian botanist,
died as a result of mistreatment by Soviet prison guards. He had been
imprisoned for opposing the views of Trofim Lysenko, who held that acquired traits
could be inherited.
7 March 1938, David Baltimore,
US biologist, was born.
19 July 1936, Herbert Boyer, biotechnologist, was born.
27 February 1936, Death of Ivan Pavlov (born 14 September 1849 in Ryazan,
Russia). He is famous for his work on conditioned reflexes in dogs.
20 August 1935, In the US, H McLean announced the isolation of Vitamin E.
15 March 1934, Davidson Black, Canadian anthropologist, died
in Beijing, China.
19 May 1933,� Edward de Bono,
who developed the concept of lateral thinking, was born.
1932, In Germany the biochemist Hans Krebs
described the citric acid cycle in cells,
where sugars, fats and proteins are converted into carbon dioxide, water and
energy.
16 January 1932, Dian Fossey, zoologoist, was born.
20 March 1931, Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov, Russian biologist, died
in Alma Ata, USSR.
29 April 1928, Professor Heinz Wolff, bioengineer, was born.
24 January 1928, Desmond Morris, zoologist, was born.
11 August 1926, Sir Aaron Klug, biochemist, was born.
30 June 1926, Paul Berg was born in New York City, USA. In
1974 he recommended a halt to genetic engineering experiments.
11 April 1926, Luther Burbank, botanist, died.
26 July 1925, William Jennings Bryan, US Democratic Party
orator and prosecutor in the Scopes �Monkey Trial�, born 19 March 1860 in
Salem, Illinois, died in Dayton, Tennessee.
10 July 1925, The Scopes trial began in Dayton Tennessee.� Mr Scopes, a science teacher, was accused of
teaching evolution and so breaching State laws against teaching ideas
contradicting the Bible.� The real issue
was the role of the State in determining the religious nature of school
education.� The outcome was
inconclusive.� Scopes was found guilty on
21 July 1925 but the US$100 penalty was set aside on a technicality.
5 May 1925, John Scopes was arrested. His trial began on
10 July 1925.
7 April 1925, Charles Yanofsky was born in New York City,
USA. In 1967 he helped crack the DNA code for proteins.
7 January 1925, Gerald Durrell, naturalist, was born.
11 November 1923, Robert C. Murdoch, Australian zoologist and
mollusc expert, died aged 72,
27 June 1923, Beth Chatto, horticulturalist, was born
1921, The first polygraph (lie detector) was built, by John Larson
of the Berkely Police Department, California.
15 July 1921, Bruce Merrifield, biochemist, was born (died
14 May 2006)
20 June 1920, Dmitri Iosifovich, Russian botanist, died.
17 June 1920, Francois Jacob was born in Nancy, France. In
1960, along with Jacques Monod (born 9 February 1910, Paris, France), he
proved in 1960 that messenger RNA exists.
31 January 1920, Wilhelm Pfeffer, German botanist, died in Kassel,
Hesse.
28 August 1919, Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, who invented the EMI
scanner and winner of the Nobel prize for psychology in 1979, was born.
2 October 1917, Rene de Duve, cytologist, was born in Thames
Ditton, England. In 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for electron microscopy
and cell structure studies.
24 March 1917, John Cowdery Kendrew was born in Oxford,
England. In 1960 he determined the molecular structure of myoglobain, similar
to haemoglobin.
1915, The enzyme thyroxine was
first isolated from thyroid gland tissue.
1913, Richard Willstatter discovered the composition
of chlorophyll. In the US, E McCollum isolated vitamin A.
1912, Casimir Funk of the Pasteur Institute, Paris,
noticed that people who ate unpolished rice were less susceptible to beri-beri.
He found that the substance responsible for preventing beri-beri was an amine,
a chemical that contained nitrogen, so he called this a vital amine, or vitamine. It was later known as vitamin B1, or
thiamine. He went on to doscover other such �vital amines�, including B3
(niacin). Later it was discovered that niot all such vital amines contained
nitrogen, for example vitamin C, so the final �e� was dropped to lessen the
link to amines.
19 November 1912,
Rumanian-US physiologist George Emil Palade was born in Iasi, Rumania.
In 1956 he discovered the that the small bodies within cells now known as
ribosomes, are mostly RNA. It was soon afterwards found that this was where the
cell manufactures proteins.
24 March 1912,
Biochemist Sidney
Walter Fox was born in Los Angeles, California.
8 April 1911, Melvin Calvin
was born in St Paul, Minnesota, USA. In 1945 he investigated photosynthesis in
plants using carbon-14.
6 April 1911, Feodor Lynen,
medical researcher, was born in Munich., Germany.
28 March 1911, Herve de
Toulgoet, French entomologist, was born (died 14 September 2009)
9 February 1910, J L Monod, French biochemist, was born (died
1976).
13 January 1908, German physician Wilhelm Weinberg described the
mathematical basis of population genetics.
18 August 1908, English plant pathologist Frederick
Charles Bawden was born in North Tawton.
3 October 1905, US zoologist Edmund Wilson described the XX
and XY system of sex chromosomes.
24 March 1903, Adolf Friedrich Butenandt was born in
Bremerhaven, Germany. In 1929 he isolated estrone,
a female sex hormone.
19 July 1901, Eleanor Ormerod, English entomologist, died in
St Albans (born 11 May 1828)
18 May 1901, Vincent du Vigneaud, US biochemist, was born.
28 February 1901, Dr Linus Pauling, American biochemist and
twice winner of the Nobel Prize, was born in Portland, Oregon.
18 January 1901, US zoologist Thomas Montgomery described
chromosome pairing in meiosis (cell division).
30 October 1900, Physiologist Ragnar Arthur Granit was born in
Helsinki.
25 January 1900, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Russian-American
biologist who studied population genetics, was born in Nemtrov, Russia.
1899, The �lock and key�
mechanism was proposed as to how enzymes work.
3 September 1899, Frank MacFarlane, biologist, was born,
6 March 1899, The painkiller Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was patented by Felix Hoffman. The
active ingredient is derived from willow.
24 November 1898, George James Allman, British biologist, died
in Parkstone, Dorset (born 1812).
25 September 1898, Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet, French
anthropologist, died at St Germain en Laye.
25 June 1898, German botanist Ferdinand Julius Cohn died in
Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland).
19 April 1898, Biologist Charles Naudin died.
20 July 1897, Tadeusz Reichstein� was born in Wloclawek, Poland. In 1933 he succeeded in
synthesising ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
5 December 1896, Carl Cori, US biochemist, was born in Prague.
8 September 1894, Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz died (born
31/8.1821) He researched the relationship between nerve cells and nerve fibres.
18 December 1892, Sir Richard Owen, English biologist, died in
Richmond (born 20 July 1804 in Lancaster)
5 November 1892, John Haldane, pioneer in genetic research, was born.
16 February 1892, Henry Bates, English naturalist, died 16
February 1892 (born in Leicester 8 February 1825).
12 January 1892, Jean Quatrefages de Breau, French naturalist,
died in Paris (born 10 February 1810 near Vallerauge, Gard
20 January 1890, Boris Mikhailovich Kozo-Polyansky, Russian
biologist, was born (died 21 April 1957).
21 October 1889, John Ball, Irish politician and naturalist,
died in London
(born in Dublin
20 August 1818).
30 July 1889, Miles Berkeley, English botanist, died in
Sibbertoft (born in Northamptonshire 1 April 1803).
19 January 1888, Heinrich DeBary, German botanist, died (born
26 January 1831).
25 November 1887, Russian botanist Nikolay Vavilov was born in
Moscow.
19 November 1887, James Batcheller Sumner was born in Canton,
Massachusetts, USA. In 1926 he crystallised urea, the first enzyme to be
crystallised, and established that is was a protein.
19 August 1887, Spencer Baird, US naturalist, died in
Massachusetts (born in Reading, Pennsylvania 3 February 1823).
11 May 1887, Jean Baptiste Dieudonne Boussingault died in
Paris. In 1840 he proved that plants obtain their nitrogen from nitrates in the
soil.
10 August 1886, George Busk, zoologist, died (born 12 August 1807)
20 March 1886, Thomas Cobbold, helminthologist, died (born
1828)
1885,
Two-celled seas urchins were split into single cells, which developed into the
first pair of genetically-identical �cloned� organisms.
19 November 1885, William
Benjamin Carpenter, English naturalist, died (born 29 November 1813).
10 September 1884, George Bentham,
English
botanist, died (born near Portsmouth 22 September 1800).
12 April 1884, Otto Fritz Meyerhof,
German
biochemist, was born in Hanover. He studied the conversion of glycogen to
lactic acid during muscular exertion.
29 July 1882, Andrew Adams, Scottish naturalist and
palaeontologist, died (born 21 March 1827).
19 July 1882, Embryologist Francis Balfour died in Switzerland (born in
Edinburgh 10 November 1851).
Mendel,
Heredity
6 January 1884, Gregor Mendel, Augustine monk
and botanist who pioneered the study of genetics, died in Brunn, Austria, aged 62.
1869, Gregor Mendel�s experiments with
pea plants helped establish the mechanisms of heredity.
22 July 1822, Gregor Mendel, Austrian monk and
botanist who discovered the principles of modern genetics, was born at Heinzendorf
near Odrau, in Austrian Silesia.
Charles
Darwin
19 April 1882. Charles Darwin, who developed his theory of evolution,
died aged 73 near Orpington, Kent. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
24 November 1859, Charles Darwin, born 12 February
1809, published The Origin of the Species.
1 July 1858, Charles
Darwin first presented his theory of evolution, to the Linnean Society.
18 June 1858, Charles Darwin received a letter
from Alfred
Russell Wallace, who had formulated a theory of evolution through survival of the
fittest. This was close to Darwin�s ideas in his as yet unpublished Origin of the Species.
1 July 1838, Charles Darwin presented a paper on his evolutionary theory.
2 October 1836, Charles Darwin arrived back in
England nearly five years after he left on HMS Beagle.
15 September 1835, Charles Darwin arrived on the
Galapagos Islands (Ecuador).
27 December 1831, The Admiralty survey ship The
Beagle left Plymouth with Charles Darwin
on board on a scientific voyage around the world. This led to Darwin�s
controversial book, The Origin of the Species. Darwin was inspired by Professor
Henslow (1796-1861), a renowned mineralogist at Cambridge, 13 years
older than Darwin, who was elected unopposed to the Chair of Botany at
Cambridge when that position fell vacant. Henslow supported �evolutionary� theories,
although retaining a strong religious faith.
8 February 1825, Henry Walter Bates was born in
Leicester, England.
His theory of insect mimicry, developed during an 11-year stay in South America,
contributed to the acceptance of Darwin�s Theory of Evolution.
16 February 1822, Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin,
founder of a new science called eugenics,
was born in Birmingham, England. Among his ideas was the systematic creation of
a superior race of human beings, an idea later adopted by Hitler.
12 February 1809, Charles Darwin was born.� His father, Robert Darwin, was a doctor and
financier, and his mother, Susannah Darwin, was the daughter of pottery
magnate Josiah
Wedgewood.
10 March 1882, Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, Scottish
naturalist, died in Linlithgowshire (born 5 March 1830 in Linlithgowshire)
11 January 1882, Theodore Schwann, German physiologist, died in
Liege.
23 June 1881, Matthias Jakob�
Schleiden, German botanist, died in Frankfort on Main (born 5
April 1804 in Hamburg)
19 December 1880, Francis Buckland, zoologist, died (born 17
December 1826)
28 November 1876, Karl Baer, embryologist, died in Dorpat (born
29 February 1719 in Piep, Estonia)
27 June 1876, Christian Ehrenberg, German naturalist, was
born (died 27 June 1876)
10 May 1875, Gustave Adolphe Thuret, French botanist,
died� in Nice (born 23 May 1817 in Paris)
21 February 1875, Jean Calment was born, going on to live for
122 years 164 days, the longest
confirmed human lifespan.
4 July 1873, Johann Kaup, German naturalist, died (born 10
April 1803)
10 March 1873, John Torrey, US botanist, died in New York
(born 15 August 1876 in New York)
19 February 1873, John Reed Swanton, anthropologist and
ethnologist, was born.
15 February 1873, Hans von Euler Chelpin, Swedish, was born in
Augsburg, Germany. In 1929 he, along with Sir Arthur Harden, were awarded the Nobel
Prize for their research into sugar fermentation.
15 March 1872, Francois Jules Pictet de la Rive, Swiss zoologist,
died in Geneva (born in Geneva 27 September 1809)
31 May 1870, Jean Claparede, Swiss naturalist, died (born
24 April 1832).
2 August 1869, John William Salter, English naturalist, died
(born 15 December 1820)
13 December 1868, Carl Martius, German botanist, died (born 17
April 1794).
25 June 1866, Thomas Hunt Morgan was born in Lexington,
Kentucky. In 1907 he began his work
with fruit flies, drosophila melanogaster, to establish the laws of heredity.
5 June 1865, Sir John Richardson, British naturalist, died
in Grasmere (born 5 November 1787 in Dumfries)
9 November 1864, Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky was born in
Gdov. In 1892 he proved the existence of viruses.
13 May 1864, Rudolph Wagner, German zoologist, died in
Gottingen (born 30 June 1805 in Bayreuth
24 November 1863, Edwin Conklin, US biologist, was born in Ohio
(died 20 November 1952).
1862, Haemoglobin
was first crystallised.
10 September 1859, Thomas Nuttall,
English botanist, died� in St Helens,
Lancashire (born in Settle, Yorkshire, 5 January 1786)
9 July 1858, Framz Boaz, anthropologist, was
born,
10 June 1858, Robert Brown, botanist, died (born 21 December
1773).
4 May 1858, Aime Bonpland, botanist, died (born in La
Rochelle 22 August 1773)
2 January 1858, John Forbes Royle, British botanist, died in
Acton, London (born 1799 in Cawnpore)
1856, Claude Bernard discovered that
the liver stores glucose as glycogen, to be converted back to glucose when the
body needs energy.
3 November 1854, Jokichi Takamine was born in Takaoka, Japan. In 1901 he artificially synthesised
adrenaline.
29 June 1853, Adrien de Jussieu, natiuralist, died (born 23
December 1797).
15 October 1852, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, founder of the
gymnastic movement (Turnverein) in Germany, died at Freyburg aged 74.
10 November 1851, Embryologist Francis Balfour was born in
Edinburgh (died in Switzerland 19 July 1882).
11 August 1851, Lorenz Oken, German naturalist, died (born 1
august 1779 in Swabia).
27 January 1851, John James Audubon, US naturalist, died in New
York.
20 May 1848, George John Romanes, British biologist, was
born in Kingston, Canada (died 23 May 1894 in Oxford, England)
4 February 1847, Rene Dutrochet, physiologist, died (born 14
November 1776)
23 December 1846, Jean Boiry, French naturalist, died.
9 September 1842, Elliott Coues, naturalist, was born (died 25
December 1899).
9 September 1841, Augustin Candolle, Swiss botanist (born 4 February 1778)
died.
22 January 1840, Anthropologist Johann Blumenbach died in
Gottingen, Saxony, Germany.
1837, The significance of chlorophyll to plant photosynthesis was
realised by the French scientist Rene Joachim Henri Dutrochet, 61.
16 February 1837, Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, German
naturalist, died in Bremen (born 4 February in Bremen)
1 February 1837, Edward Donovan, English naturalist, died (born
1768).
17 September 1836, Antoine de Jussieu, naturalist, died (born 12
April 1748).
1833, Anselme Payen discovered the
first enzyme,
diastase. It speeds the conversion of starch to sugar.
1833, In Britain the passing of
the Anatomy Act meant cadavers for
dissection could be legally obtained and stored, and no longer need to be
stolen.
16 November 1833, Rene Desfontaines, French botanist, died (born
14 February 1750)
15 March 1833, Kurt Sprengel, German botanist, died in Halle
(born 3 August 1766 in Pomerania)
19 December 1832, Sir John Kirk, British naturalist, was born,
2 October 1832, Julius von Sachs, German botanist, was born
oin Breslau (died 29 May 1897)
13 May 1832, Georges Cuvier, French naturalist, died (born 23
August 1769).
24 April 1832, Jean Claparede, Swiss naturalist, was born
(died 31 May 1870).
26 January 1831, Heinrich DeBary, German botanist, was born
(died 19 January 1888)
5 March 1830, Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, Scottish
naturalist, was born in Linlithgowshire (died 10 March 1882 in Linlithgowshire)
18 December 1829, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamarck,
French scientist, died aged 75. He believed that extra usage of� some feature of an animal strengthened it,
and this enhancement could be passed down the generations.
10 July 1828, Louis Bosc, French naturalist, died in Paris
(born in Paris 29 January 1759).
11 May 1828, Eleanor Ormerod, English entomologist, was
born (died 19 July 1901 in St Albans)
24 January 1828, German botanist Ferdinand Julius Cohn was born
in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland). In 1850 he showed that plant and animal
cytoplasm were essentially the same.
21 March 1827, Andrew Adams, Scottish naturalist and
palaeontologist, was born (died 29 July 1882).
17 December 1826, Francis Buckland, zoologist, was born (died19
December 1880).
4 May 1825, Thomas Huxley, English biologist, was born
(died 29 June 1895)
25 March 1825, Max Johann Sigismund Schultze, German
microscopic anatomist, was born in Freiburg (died 16 January 1874 in Bonn)
1824, English physician Peter Mark
Roger discovered that the human eye can retain an image for a fraction of a second
after it has seen it. This became the basis for converting a rapid
series of still images into an apparently animated film which the brain sees as
continuous motion.
30 November 1823, Nathaniel Pringsheim, German botanist, was
born in Wziesko, Silesia (died 6 October 1894 in Berlin)
3 February 1823, Spencer Baird, US naturalist, was born in
Reading, Pennsylvania (died in Massachusetts 19 August 1887)
8 January 1823, Alfred Russell Wallace, English naturalist,
was born in Usk, Monmouthshire.
31 August 1821, Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz was born in
Potsdam, Prussia. He researched the relationship between nerve cells and nerve
fibres.
29 August 1821, Anthropologist Louis Laurent Mortillet was born
in Meylan, Isere, France. He subdivided the Palaeolithic (older Stone Age) into
separate periods, based on the tools in use at the time.
19 June 1820, Sir Joseph Banks, English botanist who accompanied Cook on his voyage round the world in The
Endeavour, died aged 77.
1819, Naturalist Henri Braconnot,
born in Commercy, France, on 29 May 1781, obtained glucose from
sawdust, linen and bark. This proved that plant materials such as cellulose
were made up from this sugar.
13.8/1819, Erik Acharius, Swedish botanist (born 28 April
1753) died 13 August 1819 in Wadstena.
7 November 1818, Emil Dobois-Reymond, physiologist, was born
(died 26 November 1896).
20 August 1818, John Ball, Irish politician and naturalist,
was born in Dublin (died in London 21 October 1889).
1817, Chlorophyll was discovered by Pierre Pelletier (born in Paris 22
March 178, and Joseph Benaime Caventou (born St Omer, 30 June 1795).
6 July 1817, Rudolf Albert von Kolliker was born in Zurich,
Switzerland. In 1844 he showed that the egg is a cell and all cells in the
organism originate by divisions from the egg cell.
30 June 1817,� Sir Joseph
Hooker, English botanist, was born.
23 May 1817, Gustave Adolphe Thuret, French botanist, was
born in Paris (died 10 May 1875 in Nice)
19 December 1815, Benjamin Barton, US naturalist, died in
Philadelphia (born 1766).
5 March 1815, Friedrich Mesmer, German doctor who developed
the theory of animal
magnetism, or mesmerism, for curing diseases, died aged 80.
29 October 1813, William Benjamin Carpenter, English
naturalist, was born (died 19 November 1885).
12 July 1813, Claude Bernard, French physiologist, was born
near Villefranche (died in Paris 10 February 1878)
7 December 1810, Theodor Schwann, German physiologist, was born
in Prussia (died 11 January 1882 in Liege)
18 November 1810, Botanist Asa Gray was born in Sauquoit, New
York, USA.
8 July 1810, Gabriel Gustav Valentin, Swiss-German
physiologist, was born in Breslau (Wroclaw, now Poland). Along with Jan
Purkinje, he discovered, in 1834, the role of the cilia in moving the ovum
along the oviduct.
10 February 1810, Jean Quatrefages de Breau, French naturalist,
was born near Vallerauge, Gard (died 12 January 1892 in Paris)
27 September 1809, Francois Jules Pictet de la Rive, Swiss
zoologist, was born in Geneva (died 15 March 1872 in Geneva)
22 July 1809, Jean Senebier, researcher on plant physiology,
died in Geneva (born 6 May 1742 in Geneva)
12 August 1807, George Busk, zoologist, was born (died 10
August 1886).
17 January 1807, Pierre Broussonet, French naturalist, died
(born 28 February 1761).
3 August 1806, Michel Adanson, French naturalist, died in
Paris (born 7 April 1727 in Aix en Provence).
23 June 1806, Mathurin Brisson, French zoologist, died (born
30 April 1723)
30 June 1805, Rudolph Wagner, German zoologist, was born in
Bayreuth (died 13 May 1864 in Gottingen)
1804, The Royal Horticultural Society was founded in London, UK.
1 April 1803, Miles Berkeley, English botanist, was born in
Northamptonshire (died in Sibbertoft 30 July 1889).
10 April 1803, Easter Sunday; Johann Kaup, German naturalist, was
born (died 4 July 1873)
10 August 1802, Franz Aepinus, German natural philosopher, died
10 August 1802 in Dorpat (born 13 December 1724 in Rostock).
22 July 1802, Marie Bichat, French anatomist, died (born in
Jura 14 November 1771).
2 February 1802, Jean Baptiste Dieudonne Boussingault was born
in Paris. In 1840 he proved that plants obtain their nitrogen from nitrates in
the soil.
14 July 1801, German physiologist Johannes Peter Muller was born
in Koblenz. He researched the action of the nerves.
14 January 1801, Adolphe Brongniart, French botanist, was born
(died 18 February 1876).
22 September 1800, George Bentham, English botanist, was born
near Portsmouth (died 10 September 1884).
1 January 1800, Louis Jean Marie Daubenton, French naturalist
and palaeontologist, died in Paris aged 83.
4 October 1799, Augustin Saint Hilaire, French botanist, was
born in Orleans (died 30 September 1853 in Orleans)
6 August 1799, Mark Bloch, German naturalist, died
16 December 1798, Thomas Pennant, British naturalist, died in
Flintshire (born 14 June 1726 in Flintshire)
4 December 1798. Luigi
Galvani, Italian
scientist who researched animal electricity, died.
23 December 1797, Adrien de Jussieu, natiuralist, was born (died
29 June 1853).
27 April 1797, Jean Audouin, naturalist, was born in Paris
(died in Paris 9 November 1841).
19 April 1795, Christian Ehrenberg, German naturalist, was
born (died 27 June 1876).
24 July 1794, Russian zoologist Christian Pander was born in
Riga. He studied the development of the chick embryo.
17 April 1794, Carl Martius, German botanist, was born (died
13 December 1868).
22 February 1794, German physiologist Kaspar Wolff died in St
Petersburg, Russia.
10 June 1793, The Museum of Natural History was founded in
Paris.
20 May 1793, Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist, died near
Geneva (born in Geneva 13 March 1720).
2 February 1793, William Aiton,
Scottish botanist, born 1731, died.
28 February 1792, Russian
biologist Karl
Ernst von Baer was born in Peip, Estonia, In 1827 he reported his
discovery that humans and other mammals developed from internal eggs.
4 September 1789, Charles
Gaudichaud, French botanist, was born (died 16 January 1854).
15 April 1788, George
Buffon, French naturalist, died (born 7 September 1707).
22 March 1788, Pierre Pelletier was born in Paris. In 1817 he
jointly discovered chlorophyll with Joseph Bienaime Caventou (born 30 June 1795 in
Saint Omer, France)
5 November 1787, Sir John Richardson, British naturalist, was
born in Dumfries (died 5 June 1865 in Grasmere)
5 January 1786, Thomas Nuttall, English botanist, was born in
Settle, Yorkshire (died 10 September 1859 in St Helens, Lancashire)
8 July 1784, Torbern Bergman, Swedish naturalist, died in
Medevi (born in Katrineberg 20 March 1735).
13 August 1782, Henri Duhamel, French botanist, died (born
1700)
23 August 1781, Friedrich Tuedemann, German anatomist, was
born in Cassel (died 22 Janaury 1861 in Munich)
5 May 1780, John James Audubon, US naturalist, was born
(died 27 January 1851).
1779,
Lazzaro
Spallanzani studied animal reproduction, proving that for
fertilisation to take place the sperm must make physical contact with the egg,
1779,
Jan
Ingenhousz, in Experiments on
vegetables, concluded that sunlight is essential for production of oxygen
by leaves. He discovered two separate respiratory cycles in plants; in the day,
carbon disoxide is absorbed and oxygen released; at night the process reverses.
The exact nature of the gases involved was clear with Lavoisier�s discoveries.
11 April 1779, Joseph
de Jussieu, naturalist, died (born 3 September 1704)).
4 February 1778, Augustin Candolle,
Swiss
botanist (died 9 September 1841) was born.
10 January 1778, Carl Linnaeus,
the Swedish
botanist who devised the modern
system of naming and classifying plants, died in
Uppsala.
12 September 1777, Henri Blainville,
French naturalist, was born near Dieppe (died in Paris 1 May 1850).
14 November 1776, Rene Dutrochet,
physiologist, was born (died 4 February 1847)
4 February 1776, Gottfried
Reinhold Treviranus, German naturalist, was born
in Bremen (died 16 February 1837 in Bremen)
21 December 1773, Robert Brown,
botanist, was born (died 10 June 1858).
22 August 1773, Aime Bonpland,
botanist, was born in La Rochelle (died 4 May 1858).
14 November 1771, Marie Bichat,
French anatomist, was born in Jura (died 22 July 1802).
17 August 1771, The Birmingham scientist Joseph Priestley discovered that oxygen is released
from growing plants.
14 September 1769, Birth of Baron von Humboldt, German
scientist who explored Central and South America, and founded the science of ecology.
23 August 1769, Georges Cuvier, French naturalist, was born
(died 13 May 1832).
29 January 1768, John Martyn, English botanist, died (born 12
September 1699)
14 September 1767, Nicolas Saussure, botanical writer, was born
(died 18 April 1845)
3 August 1766, Kurt Sprengel, German botanist, was born in
Pomerania (died 15 March 1833 in Halle)
1761, The first vetinary school
opened, in Lyons, France.
28 February 1761, Pierre Broussonet, French naturalist, was born
(died 17 January 1807).
29 January 1759, Louis Bosc, French naturalist, was born in
Paris (died in Paris 10 July 1828)
28 October 1758, John Sibthope, English botanist, was born in
Oxford (died 8 February 1796 in Bath)
1 January 1758, The formal starting date for standardised
species names across the animal kingdom, based on Carl Linnaeus� work, Systema Naturae.
10 October 1757, Erik Acharius, Swedish botanist (died 13 August 1819
in Wadstena) was born.
1 May 1753, Carl Linnaeus� Species Plantarum was published. This is regarded as the formal
starting date of plant taxonomy.
11 May 1752, Johann Blumenbach, German physiologist, was born in
Gotha (died in Gottingen 22 January 1840).
2 July 1750, Francois Huber, naturalist, was born (died
1831).
14 February 1750, Rene Desfontaines, French botanist, was born
(died 16 November 1833).
12 April 1748, Antoine de Jussieu, naturalist, was born (died
17 September 1836).
2 April 1747, Johann Dillen, English botanist, died (born
1684).
1 August 1744, The Chevalier de Lamarck, naturalist, was born.
13 February 1743, Sir Joseph Banks, naturalist, was born in
Argyle Street, London
(died in Isleworth, 19 June 1820)
6 May 1742, Jean Senebier, researcher on plant physiology,
was born in Geneva (died 22 July 1809 in Geneva)
22 September 1741, Simon Peter Pallas, German naturalist, was
born in Berlin (died 8 September 1811 in Berlin)
9 September 1737, Luigi Galvani, Italian scientist and anatomist, was
born in Bologna.
1736, Linnaeus
classified the plant species.
27 September 1735, Peter Artedi, Swedish naturalist, died in Amsterdam
(born 22 February 1705 in Angermania, Sweden).
20 March 1735, Torbern Bergman, Swedish naturalist, was born
in Katrineberg (died in Medevi 8 July 1784).
23 May 1734, Franz Anton Mesmer, Austrian doctor and
founder of Mesmerism, was born near
Constance. He was the son of a gamekeeper.
7 April 1727, Michel Adanson, French naturalist, was born in
Aix en Provence (died 3 August 1806 in Paris).
14 June 1726, Thomas Pennant, British
naturalist, was born in Flintshire (died 16 December 1798 in Flintshire)
12 October 1725, Etienne Louis Geoffroy,
entomologist, was born.
13 December 1724, Franz Aepinus,
German natural philosopher, was born in Rostock (died 10 August 1802 in
Dorpat).
26 August 1723, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek,
naturalist, died.
30 April 1723, Mathurin Brisson, French zoologist, was born
(died 23 June 1806).
11 September 1721, Rudolf Camerarius, botanist, died (born 12
February 1665).
13 March 1720, Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist, was born in
Geneva (died near Geneva 20 May 1793).
29 May 1716, Louis Daubenton, French naturalist, was born (died 1
January 1800).
3 April 1715, William Watson, physician, died.
28 December 1708, Joseph
Tournefort, French botanist, died (born 5 June 1656 in Aix en
Provence)
7 September 1707, George Buffon, French naturalist, was born
(died 15 April 1788).
23 May 1707, Carl Linnaeus, Swedish
botanist who established principles for classifying living organisms, was
born as Carl
Linne, the son of the parish clergyman of Rashult.
22 February 1705, Peter Artedi, Swedish naturalist, was born in
Angermania, Sweden (died 17 September 1735 in Amsterdam).
17 January 1705, John Ray, naturalist, died near
Braintree, Essex (born 29 November 1628 near Braintree)
3 September 1704, Joseph de
Jussieu, naturalist, was born (died 11 April 1779).
12 September 1699, John Martyn,
English botanist, was born (died 29 January 1768).
3 April 1693, George Edwards, British naturalist, was born
(died 23 July 1773).
17 September 1683, Dutch
scientist Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek wrote to the Royal Society to report his discovery
of bacteria.
See also Medical.
15 February 1680, Jan Swammerdam,
naturalist, died in Amsterdam (born 12 February 1637 in Amsterdam)
12 February 1665, Rudolf
Camerarius, botanist, was born (died 11 September 1721)
5 June 1656, Joseph
Tournefort, French botanist, was born in Aix en Provence (died 28 December
1708)
15 October 1564, Flemish
anatomist Vesalius died (born 1514)
1648, Jan Baptista von Hellmont proved by
experimentation that the increase in weight of a growing willow tree did not
come from the soil in which it was planted. This result was published after his
death in Ortus Medicinae (�On the
development of medicine�).
22 November 1635,
Naturalist Francis
Willoughby was born in Middleton, England. His systematic work on
birds and fish helped pave the way for Linnaeus� classification.
29 November 1628, John Ray,
naturalist, was born near Braintree, Essex (died 17 January 1705 near
Braintree)
4 April 1609, Charles de
l�Ecluse, botanist, died.
10 May 1605, Ulissi
Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist, died in Bologna (born 11 September 1522
in Bologna).
11 October 1598, Joachim
Camerarius, botanist, died (born 6 November 1534).
6 November 1534, Joachim
Camerarius, botanist, was born (died 11 October 1598).
11 September 1522, Ulissi
Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist, was born in Bologna (died 10 May 1605
in Bologna).
345 BCE, Aristotle produced the first
animal classification system, dividing some 500 known species into 8 classes.