See
also Geology
British geology, earthquakes
etc (British Geological Survey), http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/hazards/earthquakes/UK.html#timeline
Also, https://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html?mode=earthquakes
UK vertical change map, https://mangomap.com/geomatic-ventures-limited/maps/72883/united-kingdom-relative-deformation-map#
Global maps now back to 750
million years ago,
https://dinosaurpictures.org/ancient-earth#750
3) Future supercontinent Earth, 250
million years from now
See Cartography for geological maps
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Iceland
14/4/2010,
Mount
Eyjafjallajokul in Iceland erupted; volcanic ash caused major
disruption to European air travel.
23/1/1973.
5,000 evacuated from the island of Heimay in Iceland as a volcano erupted.
5/5/1970,
Hekla volcano in southern Iceland
erupted, causing the evacuation of the surrounding villages. Hekla had last erupted in 1948; since
1970, the eruptions have occurred every ten years.
14/11/1963. The
island of Surtsey, off Iceland, was
born as an undersea volcano erupted.
14(-16)/8/1783, Severe
earthquake hit Iceland, destroying 92 farms and badly damaging another 372
farms and 11 churches.
8/6/1783, The Laki Volcano in Iceland erupted; the world�s largest
volcanic eruption. One fifth of Iceland�s inhabitants, over 10,000 people, died
as a 28km long fissure opened up, from which lava covered an area of 570 square
kilometres. Some 12-15 cubic kilometres of lava were ejected. Deaths were from
poisonous gases then from famine and disease as 11,500 cattle (53%of total),
28,000 horses (77% of total) and 190,500 sheep (82% of total) also perished. England
faced very cold weather
from June to December.
939, Major volcanic eruption in
Iceland, affected climate and crops worldwide.
Earthquakes � United Kingdom
17/2/2018,
A magnitude 4.4 earthquake occurred near Swansea. It was felt across England
from the Isle of Wight to the Lake District.
11/7/2014,
A magnitude 4.6 earthquake hit Jersey, Channel Islands; the largest quake in the
area since a 5.6 magnitude tremor hit Guernsey in 1926.
4/2008, A 4.3
magnitude earthquake hit Kent, England.
28/4/2007, A magnitude 4.3 earthquake hit
Folkestone, Kent, damaging around 200 houses.
19/10/2002. A series of minor but noticeable
earthquakes hit Manchester, causing some damage to roofs and chimneys.
2/4/1990. An earthquake measuring 5.2 on
the Richter Scale hit the UK.
7/6/1931, Earthquake felt across Britain.
22/4/1884, A great earthquake hit Colchester
and parts of East Anglia. 1,200 buildings were damaged, and 4 people killed.
18/11/1795, Significant earthquake in
Derbyshre, England, chimneys fell and walls were cracked.
23/8/1750, An earth
tremor was felt in Spalding. On
2/3/1750 an earth tremor had been felt in London, and on 2/4/1750 another tremor was felt in
Warrington.
6/4/1580, An earth tremor damaged several
old London churches, including the old St Paul�s Cathedral.
19/9/1119, Severe earthquake in
Gloucestershire & Warwickshire, England.
11/8/1089, A powerful earthquake was
recorded in Britain.
964,
Earliest recorded earthquake in Britain.
103,
According to local tradition, a major earthquake occurred in Somerset, England,
causing an entire town (name unknown) to be swallowed up.
Earthquakes � rest of western Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands,
Switzerland)
13/4/1992, An earthquake rocked Roermond in
The Netherlands, along the Peel fault.
3/4/1960, Earthquake at Havre, Belgium.
11/6/1909. Earthquake killed 60 in Provence,
France.
2/11/1570. A tidal wave in the North Sea
destroyed sea walls from Holland to Jutland; over a thousand were killed.
18/10/1356, Basel, Switzerland, was badly
damaged by an earthquake.
Earthquakes � rest of eastern Europe (Romania, former Yugoslavia)
4/3/1977, Earthquake in Bucharest,
magnitude 7.2,� killed 1,500 people and
injured 7,600.
26/7/1963. Big earthquake hit Skopje,
Yugoslavia, killing 1,100. 150,000 were left homeless.
Earthquakes � former USSR
6/10/2008, A
magnitude 6.6 earthquake killed 65 in Kyrgzystan.
28/5/1995,
Neftegorsk, Russia, was hit by a 7.6
magnitude earthquake that killed 2,000 people, 2/3 of the town�s population.
10/12/1988. Severe earthquake, 6.9 on the
Richter scale, hit Armenia. 100,000 were reported to have died as the cities of
Spitak and Leninakan were flattened. However the death toll was later reduced
to 25,000. 15,000 were injured and 400,000 left homeless.
30/3/1956, Mount Bezymianny, Kamchatka,
USSR, erupted, destroying the top 180m of the volcano and sending a volcanic
plume 40km high. There was no recorded loss of life.
1948, Earthquake in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan; 100,000
died.
16/12/1902, An earthquake in Turkestan killed 4,000.
25/11/1667, Earthquake at Samakhi,
Azerbaijan.
Earthquakes � Portugal, Spain
1829,
Severe earthquake hit Murcia, Spain.
1/11/1755, An earthquake reduced two thirds
of Lisbon to rubble, killing 60,000 people. Lisbon had been a great city with a
population of about a quarter of a million. The quake has been estimated at
Richter 9, and caused cracks as wide as 5 metres in the ground to open. Further
destruction was caused when a 6 metre high tsunami struck, drowning many who
had sought refuge on ships in the harbour. Fire then destroyed many more
buildings. Striking on All Saints Day, the
quake caused many to be sceptical of God�s existence, and the event spurred
research into natural causes for disasters rather than Acts of God, laying the
foundations for the Enlightenment.
25/2/1531. A severe earthquake killed an
estimated 20,000 people in Lisbon.
Earthquakes, volcanoes � Italy
18/1/2017,
Four further earthquakes of magnitudes 5.3, 5.7, 5.3 and 5.1 hit central Italy, close to the site of
last year�s quakes. The epicentre was about 130 km NE of Rome, where the
tremors were felt. The earthquake was blamed for a snow avalanche that killed
30 tourists at a hotel in eastern-central Italy.
30/10/2016,
A magnitude 6.6 shallow (10km) earthquake hit central Italy; this was the 4th significant quake there
in four months. Further damage was done to historic buildings but no fatalities
were reported.
24/8/2016,
A shallow magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck the Umbria region of central
Italy.247 people were killed.
29/5/2012, A magnitude 5.9 earthquake killed
24 people near Bologna, Italy.
6/4/2009, Magnitude
6.3 earthquake hit L�Aquila, Italy. 300 were killed and 1,500 injured.
20/10/1991,
Magnitude 7.0 earthquake in northern Italy, killed 2,000 people.
4/9/1983,
Earthquake at Pozzuoli, Naples, caused major panic, as people feared another
eruption of nearby Vesuvius.
23/11/1980, A
series of earthquakes in southern Italy killed 4,800 people, and left 300,000
homeless.people.
6/5/1976. Major
earthquake in northern Italy killed 2,000.
5/4/1971, A
70-day eruption
of Mount Etna, lasting until 14/6/1971, began.
23/7/1930,
Earthquake in southern Italy; 1,700 killed.
5/11/1928. Mount Etna erupted.
27/11/1926. Vesuvius erupted.
13/1/1915. An
earthquake killed 20,000 in central Italy.
9/5/1914.
Earthquake killed over 150 in Catania, Italy.
27/3/1910. Mount Etna in Italy
erupted.
28/12/1908. An
earthquake killed more than 75,000 people in Messina, Sicily, over half the
population. This was the most violent earthquake ever recorded in Europe.
24/10/1907, Severe
earthquake hit Calabria, southern Italy.
7/4/1906. Mount Vesuvius
erupted, destroying the town of Ottaiano. Hundreds died. Over 105
were killed when the church of San Guiseppe collapsed in Naples.� The weight of ash killed many more as roofs
collapsed.
9/9/1905. Severe
earthquake killed thousands in Calabria, Italy.
23/2/1887, The
town of Bussana Vecchia, Liguria, Italy, was abandoned after an earthquake
which killed 2,000 people. 80 years later the town was repopulated as an
artist�s colony.
1883, Earthquake hit Ischia Italy,
2,000 died.
4/1872, Mount Vesuvius erupted.
12/1857, Large area east of Naples,
Italy, devastated by an earthquake.
1783, Earthquake in Calabria, 60,000
dead.
1757, Earthquake in Calabria, 10,000
killed.
3/11/1706, A
severe earthquake hit Abruzzi, Italy, destroying the town and killing 15,000 of
its inhabitants.
14/2/1703, An
earthquake hit Norcia, Italy.
2/2/1703, An
earthquake hit the town of L�Aquila, Italy.
11/1693, Earthquake in Catania, Italy,
killed 40,000.
11/1/1693, Mount Etna erupted;
a large earthquake affected Sicily and Malta; with 60,000 dead.
11/3/1669, Mount Etna, Sicily,
erupted, killing 20,000.
16/12/1631, Major eruption of
Vesuvius killed 18,000 people.
1538, At Tripergole, a town near
Pozzouli and Vesuvius, in the previous few years the ground having risen seven
metres, exposing ancient� Roman ruins
from the Pompeii era; a new offshore volcano called Monte Nuovo appeared,
reaching a height of 140 metres.
4/2/1169, An
earthquake with an estimated magnitude of around 7 struck the eastern coast of
Sicily, causing an estimated 15,000 deaths.
472, Vesuvius erupted.
25/8/79, Pliny
the Elder, naturalist, died, in the eruption of Vesuvius.
24/8/79. Vesuvius erupted,
destroying the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum and killing 2,000 people.
3/44 BCE,
Mount Etna began a series of eruptions, lasting
from March until May. Dust emitted by the volcano hung in the atmosphere,
causing three years of crop failures in China.
Earthquakes � Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey
30/10/2020,
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake hit Izmir, western Turkey, killing 12, also 2 died
in nearby Samos, Greece.
26/11/2019,
A magnitude 6.4 quake hit Albania, killing at least 21 and injuring 600. There
had been an earlier magnitude 5.6 quake in Albania in September.
21/7/2017, A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck
Bodrum, SW Turkey.
23/10/2011, A
magnitude 7.2 earthquake hit the city of Van, eastern Turkey.
14/8/2003, A
magnitude 6.4 earthquake hit the Greek Ionian island of Lefkada, injuring 24.
12/11/1999, A 7.2
magnitude earthquake hit Duzce, north-west Turkey, killing 845 and injuring
4,948.
7/9/1999, A
magnitude 5.9 earthquake hit Athens, killing 143 people and injuring over
2,000.
17/8/1999. 17,800
killed as an earthquake hit the Turkish cities of Izmit and Istanbul. The quake
measured 7.4 on the Richter Scale.�
17,000 were killed and 44,000 injured.
13/5/1995, A
magnitude 6.6 earthquake hit the Greek Macedonian city of Kozani; nobody was
injured.
13/3/1992. A major
quake in eastern Turkey, 6.8 on the Richter scale, killed an estimated 1,000
people.
24/2/1981, Just
before 11am local time, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake hit Athens. 16 people died,
mainly due to heart attacks. The epicentre was in the eastern Corinthian Gulf,
near the Alkyonides Islands, 60 km west of Athens. A further aftershock, magnitude
6.4, hit that afternoon, causing further damage in nearby towns.
20/6/1978, A
magnitude 6.5 earthquake hit Thessaloniki, Greece�s second-largest city. An
apartment block in the central district of Ippodrome collapsed, killing over 40
people.
24/11/1976. The
Turkish province of Van was devastated by an earthquake, and 3,700 people were
killed.
6/9/1975. A major
earthquake in Lice, Turkey, killed nearly 3,000 people.
4/4/1970, A
series of earthquakes in western Turkey killed 1,000 and left 90,000 homless,
mainly around the town of Gediz.
19/8/1966,
Earthquake in eastern Turkey killed 2,000.
1956, Earthquake struck Thira,
killing over 40 and leaving thousands homeless.
26/12/1939, 40,000
killed in Erzincan, Turkey, by a magnitude 8.0 quake.
22/4/1928.
Earthquake in Corinth left 50,000 homeless.
9/8/1912.
Earthquake in Constantinople, Turkey, killed 6,000.
28/5/1903.
Earthquake in Constantinople killed 2,000 people.
29/4/1903.
Earthquake in Van, Turkey, killed 860.
10/3/1902,
Earthquake in Turkey destroyed the town of Tochangri.
21/2/1858,
Corinth, Greece, was destroyed by an earthquake.
10/9/1509,
Istanbul earthquake destroyed 109 mosques and killed an estimated 10,000
people.
1273, Durazzo, Albania, was destroyed
by an earthquake.
1268, Earthquake in Cilicia, southern
Turkey, killed an estimated 60,000.
11/5/1222,
Earthquake in Cyprus.
7/1201, Severe
earthquake hit the eastern Mediterranean, killing an estimated 1.1 million
people.
26/10/740, An
earthquake struck Constantinople.
7/5/558, In
Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapsed due to an earthquake.
Emperor Justinian I ordered the dome to be rebuilt.
551, Major earthquake in Beirut;
250,000 dead.
29/11/539, Antioch
was struck by an earthquake.
6/11/447, The
walls of Constantinople were severely damaged by an earthquake, destroying
large parts of the wall, including 57 towers. The population was threatened by
a plaque. Emperor Theodosius II ordered Constantine, praetorian prefect of the
East, to supervise the repairs. He employed the city's demoi ("Circus
factions") in the work and rebuilt the walls within 60 days.
21/7/365, An
earthquake and tsunami devastated Crete and Alexandria and affected Italy,
Greece, and Palestine.
358, Large earthquake in Asia Minor.
Earthquakes - Syria, :Lebanon,
Israel, Egypt
22/11/1995, A magnitude
7.2 quake hit Israel, Egypt, and was felt over much of the
Mediterranean and North Africa.
12/10/1992.
Earthquake hit Cairo. It was 5.9 on
the Richter scale, with an epicentre 19 miles from Cairo, tremors were felt in
Jerusalem 250 miles away. There was panic as at least 160 buildings collapsed
and many were trampled to death in the ensuing chaos. Fortunately the Aswan Dam
was not breached.
1822,
Earthquake at Aleppo, Syria, 22,000 dead.
8/8/1303, An
earthquake destroyed the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the seven
wonders of the world.
20/5/1202, An
earthquake in Syria.
11/10/1138, An
earthquake in Aleppo, Syria, killed about 230,000 people.
9/3/757, A major
earthquake struck Palestine and Syria.
18/1/749, A
severe earthquake hit Palestine.
24/12/717, An
earthquake shook many places in northern Syria, and destroyed the Old Church of
Edessa.
28/2/714, An
earthquake struck Syria.
Earthquakes � North Africa
(Algeria, Morocco)
19/9/2021, A
volcanic eruption began on La Palma, Canary Islands.
24/2/2004, A
magnitude 6.5 earthquake hit the Rif Mountains in northern Morocco, near the
city of Al Hoceima, killing over 400 there. A further 500 were killed in Ait
Kamara.
21/5/2003, A major
earthquake hit Algeria, killing over 2,000.
11/10/1980,� The Algerian city of El Asnam (formerly
Orleansville) was hit by a major earthquake; 80% of the city was destroyed and
20,000 died. The magnitude 7.5 quake was felt as far away as Spain, where it
cracked houses in Valencia. The last previous quake here was in 1954.
28/2/1960. Agadir,
Morocco, was devastated by an earthquake, killing 12,000.
9/9/1954.
Earthquake in Algeria killed 1,500 in the city of Orleansville.�
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions �
Sub-Saharan Africa
17/1/2002, Mount Nyiragongo in
the Congo erupted, displacing some 400,000 people.
28/5/2000. The volcano Mount
Cameroon erupted.
21/8/1986, Volcanic activity
around Lake Nyos, Africa, caused nearly 2,000 people to die from CO2
poisoning.
Earthquakes � Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan
12/11/2017, A
magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck just after midnight close to Halabja near the
Iran-Iraq border. At least 530 people were killed and 8,000 injured.
26/10/2015, A
magnitude 7.5 earthquake hit eastern Afghanistan, killing over 200 people.
11/8/2013, Two
magnitude 6.4 earthquakes hit Tabriz and Ahar, Iran, killing 153 people.
16/4/2013,
Earthquake in Khash province, Iran, magnitude 7.8, killed 38.
9/4/2013,
Magnitude 6.1 earthquake hit Iran, killing 37 people.
22/2/2005, A
magnitude 6.4 earthquake hit the Zarand region of Kermand Province, southern
Iran, killing 50 and injuring 1,000.
26/12/2003.
Earthquake measuring 6.7 on the Richter scale hit Bam, SE Iran. Over 25,000
killed and 30,000 injured.
25/3/2002, A major
earthquake hit Afghanistan, killing 1,800.
30/5/1998, A
magnitude 6.6 earthquake hit northern Afghanistan, killing 5,000 people.
14/3/1998, A
magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit south eastern Iran.
4/2/1998, A 6.1
magnitude earthquake hit north-east Afghanistan, killing over 5,000 people.
10/5/1997, An
earthquake near Ardekul, north east Iran, killed over 2,400 people.
28/2/1997, Major
earthquake in NW Iran, close to the Azerbaijan border.
21/6/1990.
Earthquake hit Iran, 7.7 on the Richter scale, destroyed towns across 100
square miles of Gilan Province, NW Iran. Over 40,000 died and 100,000 were
injured.
16/9/1978. 25,000
died in a quake in Iran measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale around the town of
Tabas.
10/4/1972.
Earthquakes in Iran killed over 3,000 people.
31/8/1968. A major
earthquake in Iran killed over 20,000 people.
1/9/1962, Severe
earthquake hit Iran, killing 20,000.
15/6/1923.
Earthquake in Iran killed 20,000.
7/7/1855, Earthquake in Shiraz, northern
Iran killed 40,000 people.
1824,
Earthquake in Shiraz, Iran, killede 4,000 people.
1812,
Much of Shiraz, Iran, was destroyed by an earthquake.
7/6/1755, Earthquake hit northern Persia,
killing 40,000.
15/2/1549, Major earthquake hit Qayin, Iran,
killing 3,000.
22/12/856, Earthquake in Danghan, Iran,
killed 200,000.
Earthquakes �India, Nepal, Pakistan
12/5/2015, A second powerful earthquake hit
Nepal. The 7.3 magnitude tremor struck 80 kilometres north east of Kathmandu,
inuring over 1,000 people.
25/4/2015, Earthquake in Nepal killed 7,500
and injured 14,000. The magnitude 7.9 quake struck 80 kilometres north west of
Kathmandu.
29/10/2008, A 6.4 magnitude earthquake hit
Quetta, Pakistan
4/11/2005, Severe aftershocks, up to 6.3 on
the Richter Scale, hit northern Pakistan.
8/10/2005, A 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit
Kashmir, killing around 74,000.
26/1/2001, 25,000 were killed and one
million left homeless by a magnitude 6.7 earthquake in the western Indian city
of Gujerat.
30/9/1993. Earthquake in southwest India
killed 10,000.
1/2/1991. An earthquake in Pakistan killed
1,500 people.
28/12/1974, An earthquake in northern
Pakistan killed over 5,000 people.
30/5/1935. More than 50,000 died in a
magnitude 7.6 quake in Quetta (then India, now Pakistan).
4/4/1905. An earthquake in Lahore, India,
killed 12,000 people.
12/6/1897, A magnitude 8.8 earthquake hit
Assam, NE India. 1,542 were killed as a plateau in Shillong district suddenly
rose 15 metres, throwing boulders, gravestones and even people into the air.
10/1/1869, Severe
earthquake at Cachar, Assam, India.
11/10/1737, An earthquake killed 300,000 in
Calcutta.
1505, The
last recorded earthquake before modern times in western Nepal.
Earthquakes � China, Taiwan
8/8/2017, A magnitude 7.0 earthquake hit
Sichuan province, China, killing 19 and injuring 247.
6/2/2016, A shallow magnitude 6.4 quake hit
Taiwan; 38 people died.
13/4/2010, A 6.9 magnitude earthquake in
Qinghai, China, killed over 2,000.
12/5/2008, A magnitude 7.9 earthquake hit
Sichuan Province, central China, killing 156,000 people, and injuring
290,000.� 5 million were made homeless.
10/1/1998, An earthquake in China killed 50
and injured 10,000.
24/1/1981, A 6.8 magnitude earthquake in
Sichuan, China, killed 150 people and injured 300.
28/7/1976. One of the greatest natural
disasters of the 20th century occurred when an earthquake, magnitude 7.8, hit
Tangshan in China, killing 255,000 � 750,000 people. At least 164,000 were
injured.
11/5/1974. Big earthquake killed 20,000 in
Sichuan, China.
26/12/1932, Earthquake in China killed
70,000.
22/5/1927, Earthquake in China killed
200,000.
16/12/1920. Earthquake in Kamsu, China,
killed 180,000.
12/2/1906,
Earthquake in Taiwan, 1,228 killed.
23/1/1556. An earthquake in China�s Shanxi
province killed an estimated 830,000 people.
27/9/1290, An earthquake in the Gulf of
Chili, province of Hebei, China, killed an estimated 100,000.
Earthquakes � Korea
5/12/2012, A magnitude 5.8 earthquake in
South Korea killed 6.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Japan
16/4/2016, The second of two earthquakes hit
Japan; the first was on 14/4/2016, magnitude 6.2, on the southern island of
Kyushu; 44 died. The second quake was magnitude 7.0.
11/3/2011, Japan was hit by a magnitude 9.1
earthquake and tsunami.� 15,340 people
were killed, and a further 3,926 were missing.�
The nuclear plant at Fukushima
was badly damaged.
14/6/2008, A 6.9 magnitude earthquake in
Iwate, Japan, killed 12 and injured 400.
20/4/2005, A magnitude 5.8 earthquake hit
Fukuoka and Kasuga, in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan�� 56 people were injured.
20/3/2005, A magnitude 7 earthquake struck
west of Kyushu Island, Japan. 250 were injured and at least one died.
22/10/2004, Major earthquake hit NW Japan.
21/9/1999, Central Japan was hit by an
earthquake; 2,400 were killed.
17/1/1995. 5.46 am, local time, earthquake
in Kobe, southern Japan, killed 6,433, and injured 27,000. The quake measured
7.2 on the Richter Scale and made 300,000 homeless. Cost of damage was
estimated at �63 billion. It was the worst quake to hit Japan since Tokyo,
1923.
12/7/1993, A magnitude 7.8 earthquake off
Hokkaido caused a major tsunami to hit Okushuri island, killing 202 people.
1/9/1923. An earthquake magnitude 7.9 in
Japan left the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama in ruins and killed over 300,000
people. The epicentre was just outside Tokyo. Half of Tokyo�s houses were
destroyed, a million of its people made homeless, and 132,807 killed in Tokyo
alone. Altogether 143,000 died and 2.5 million were made homeless.
31/8/1896, Earthquake in Ugo and Rikuchu
areas of Japan, 209 killed.
15/6/1896, A tsunami created a 100 foot wave
that struck Sanriku, Japan, killing 26,000 along 170 miles of coastline.
Earthquake in Sanriku, Japan, killed 27,100.
22/10/1894, Earthquake in Shonai, Japan,
killed 726.
28/10/1891, A severe earthquake hit Osaka,
Japan; 10,000 were killed.
21/3/1857, Earthquake in Japan killed
107,000.
11/11/1855, Earthquake hit Edo (now Tokyo),
Japan. 6,700 were killed.
23/12/1854, Earthquake in Shikoku, Japan,
3,000 killed.
6/7/1854, Earthquake in Yamato, Iga, Ise,
area of Japan killed 2,400.
8/5/1844, Earthquake hit Echigo, Japan,
12,000 killed.
28/12/1828, Earthquake at Echigo, Japan,
killed 30,000.
18/2/1828, Earthquake hit Echigo, Japan,
1,400 killed.
10/2/1792,
Earthquake in Hizen and Higo, Japan, 15,000 killed.
3/8/1783, Mount Asama erupted in Japan, killing 35,000 people.
8/3/1766,
Earthquake in Hirosaki, Japan, 1,300 killed.
8/3/1751,
Earthquake in Echigo, Japan, 1,700 killed.
16/12/1707,
Mount Fuji,
Japan, underwent its last eruption before 2000. This was also its
biggest recorded eruption, and continued for 16 days, emitting 850 million
cubic metres of material.
28/10/1707,
Earthquake hit coastal areas of Kyushu and Shikoku, Japan, 4,900 killed.
30/12/1703, In Japan, an earthquake and the
resultant fires killed 200,000 people in Edo.
19/2/1694, Earthquake in Ugo,Japan,390
killed.
2/2/1666,
Earthquake in Echigo, Japan, 1,500 killed.
16/6/1662,
Earthquake in Kyoto, Japan, 500 killed.
2/12/1614,
Earthquake in NE Japan, 1,700 killed.
27/9/1611,
Earthquake in Aizu,Japan, killed 3,700.
31/1/1605,
Earthquake on Pacific coast of Japan killed 5,000.
1596, Earthquake in Kyoto,Japan,
killed 2,000.
1569, Earthquake in Bungo, Japan,
killed 700.
1498,
Earthquake in Tokaido, Japan, formed Hamana lagoon.
1361,
Earthquake in Kyoto,Japan.
26/5/1293, An earthquake in Kamakura, Japan
killed an estimated 30,000.
26/5/869, An earthquake and tsunami
devastated a large part of the Sanriku�
coast near Sendai, Japan.
26/11/684, A great earthquake struck Japan.
5,000 square kilometres of land were reputedly swallowed up by the sea at this
event.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Indo-China, Indonesia,
Philipines
28/9/2018, An earthquake and tsunami in
Sulawesi, Indonesia, killed over 1,640 people.
5/8/2018, A magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit
Lombok Island, Philippines. 321 people were killed, 1,033 seriously injured and
270,000 left homeless. Earlier, on 29/7/2018, a magnitude 6.4 quake had also
hit Lombok.
11/11/2012, A magnitude 6.8 earthquake killed
12 people in Myanmar.
11/4/2012, A magnitude 8.6 earthquake struck
off the coast of Indonesia.
6/2/2012, A magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit
the Philippines, killing 43 people.
26/10/2010, Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia
began erupting.
25/10/2010, Earthquake off Sumatra killed 400
and caused a tsunami.
27/5/2006, A magnitude 6.3 earthquake hit
central Java, killing over 6,000, injuring 36,000, leaving 1.5 million
homeless.
28/3/2005, A magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit
Sumatra, 3 months after the 2004 Indian Ocean quake.� It was the second largest quake since 1965.
26/12/2004, A very large earthquake struck the floor of the Indian Ocean just off
Aceh Province, Indonesia. It was estimated as magnitude 9.3 on the Richter
Scale, and shifted parts of the sea bed vertically by ten metres. It caused
a very large tsunami to sweep across the Indian Ocean, causing at least 165,000
casualties. In January 2005 the Indonesian government raised its death toll to
166,320, bringing the total estimated number of casualties to 232,010. The
confirmed death toll on 18/1/05 stood at 162,705, including 115,229 from
Indonesia, 30,920 from Sri Lanka, 10,714 from India, 5,291 from Thailand, 298
from Somalia, 82 from the Maldives, 68 from Malaysia, 10 from Tanzania, 2 from
Bangladesh, and 1 from Kenya. The secretive military regime in Burma reported
just 90 deaths, a suspiciously low figure. Many tourists from Europe, who had
been on winter holidays, died, including at least 400 Britons (possibly 2,000
Britons).
12/12/1993, An earthquake hit Flores,
Indonesia, killing 2,200.
12/12/1992. An earthquake measuring 6.8 on
the Richter scale hit just offshore from Flores Island, Indonesia. At least
1,500 were killed as 80% of the buildings in the island�s capital, Maumere,
were destroyed.
17/6/1991. Mount Pinatubo continued to erupt.
On 24/6/1991 Mount Didicas, 280 miles north-east of Mount Pinatubo, also
erupted, killing 343 people.
9/6/1991. Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted.
500,000 people had to be evacuated as the USA�s biggest overseas air base,
Clark Naval Base, was threatened. Manila was covered 30 cm deep in volcanic
ash.
16/7/1990. A major earthquake hit the
Philippines. Measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale, it was the worst for 14 years.
It hit 60 miles north of the capital, Manila. 1,600 people were killed.
20/2/1979, Poisoning by a high concentration
of carbon dioxide killed 175 people in the Indonesian village of Pucukan on
Java, built on a plateau near the Mount Sinila crater of the Dieng Volcanic
Complex. Rescuers evacuated 9,000 people in Pucukan and a neighbouring village.
A small eruption from Kawah Simla and neighbouring Sigluduk released the gas
that had been trapped underground.
19/8/1977, Earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia.
17/8/1976. In the Philippines a severe
earthquake followed by tidal waves killed over 3,000 people.
17/3/1963. A volcano erupted in Bali,
killing 11,000.
27/8/1883. Krakatoa,
a volcanic island in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java, erupted.
Thousands were killed by the resulting tsunamis. In all over 50,000 died as
noon turned to darkness and a tidal wave flooded 120 feet high. The eruption
was allegedly heard 2,200 miles away in Australia. The eruption caused
spectacular red sunsets in Britain for several weeks afterwards.
1880,
Earthquake hit Manila, Philippines, 3,000 died.
3/2/1864, Severe earthquake in Mindanao,
Philippines.
10/4/1815, After five days of volcanic eruptions, Mount
Tambora exploded. The top 500 metres of the mountain vanished, and a
6 kilometre wide crater appeared. By July 1815 60,000 had died from the effects
of the eruption, and summer 1816 was very cool, bringing starvation, riots and
disease.
1/2/1814, Mount Mayon volcano, Philippines, erupted,
killing 1200 and destroying the town of Cagsaua, now replaced by Albay.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Oceania and Pacific
Islands,
15/1/2022, The eruption of the
Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha�apai volcano near Tonga killed 3 people and left thousands
without homes, supplies and internet.
3/5/2018, Hawaii�s Kilauea volcano began an intensive
eruption, which continued throughout May.
17/4/2016, A magnitude 6.1 earthquake hit
Tonga.
22/2/2011, Christchurch, New Zealand, was
hit by a magnitude 6.3 earthquake; 185 people died.
4/9/2010, Magnitude 7.1 earthquake near
Christchurch, New Zealand.
29/9/2009, An 8.3 magnitude earthquake hit
Samoa.
2/4/2007, An 8.1 magnitude earthquake hit
the Solomon Islands.� 52 died and 6,000
were left homeless.
25/3/1998, A magnitude 8.1 earthquake was
recorded in Antarctica, near Balleny Island. This was not attributable to fault
activity and may have been caused by glacial rebound.
28/12/1989, A magnitude 5.6 earthquake hit
Newcastle, New South Wales, killing 13 people and injuring 100.
21/1/1951, Mount Lamington, Papua New
Guinea, erupted; at the time it was not realised that it was an extinct
volcano. 3,000 died as hot ash clouds smothered the area.
3/2/1932. A severe earthquake hit New
Zealand killing 256 people around Hawke�s Bay. Napier�s Bluff Hill, a substantial
suburban peninsula, crumbled into the sea. A wide stretch of seabed, Ahuriri
Lagoon, was raised in the quake and became 9,000 acres of dry land in a day.
3/2/1931, An earthquake devastated the
Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand killing at least 256.
13/3/1888, Volcanic eruption on Ritter
Island (New Guinea), causing a large tsunami and obliterating most of the
island itself.
10/6/1886, Mount Tarawera Volcano, New
Zealand, erupted, killing 153 people and destroying the famous Pink and White
terraces.
1855,
Earthquake hit New Zealand.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Alaska, Aleutians
27/3/1964, Powerful earthquake, magnitude
9.2, hit southern Alaska, 300 died.
1/4/1946, Major earthquake in the Aleutian
Islands.
6/6/1912, A huge volcanic eruption began at Mount Katmai,
Alaska, creating the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Two cubic miles
of rock was turned into dust and ash, and the volcvano�s height was reduced by
1,500 feet.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Canada, USA
5/7/2019, A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit
California, the day after a magnitude 6.4 tremor in the same area.
23/8/2011, A 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck
central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral. The earthquake was
reportedly felt as far away as Toronto, Canada, Atlanta, Georgia and Florida.
17/6/2005, A magnitude 6.7 earthquake,
following on from a 5.3 quake the previous day, became the fourth quake since
12/6/2005 in California.
28/2/2001, A magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit
the Nisqually Valley area of Washington State. One elderly person died of a
heart attack.
25/1/1999, A magnitude 6.0 earthquake hit
western California, killing over 1,000 people.
17/1/1994. A magnitude 6.7 earthquake hit
Northridge in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles.
28/6/1992. California had its strongest earthquake
for 40 years. Measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale, the epicentre was in a
sparsely-populated area of the Mojave Desert, 100 miles from Los Angeles, and
the only casualty was a child killed by a falling chimney.
18/10/1989. San Francisco was hit by the Loma
Prieta earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale. At least 273 people were
killed and 650 injured. Many of the deaths occurred when the top deck of the
Nimitz Freeway collapsed onto a lower road deck, crushing motorists.
1/10/1987, A 20-second earthquake hit Los
Angeles, killing 7 and injuring 100. The 6.1 magnitude quake hit the morning
rush hour at 7.40 am, and was the strongest in the area since 1971.
18/5/1980. Mount St Helens volcano erupted in
the USA state of Washington, killing 100 people and causing US$ 3 billion in
damage. A cloud of ash 2,500 miles long and 1,000 miles wide was created.
10/2/1971, An earthquake, 6.6 on the Richter
Scale, hit Los Angeles, killing 64 people.
17/8/1959, Hebgen Lake earthquake,
Yellowstone National Park, USA, 7.2 magnitude; 28 died in landslides.
22/3/1957. San Francisco was hit by the
worst earthquake since the 1906 disaster.
2/10/1934, A magnitude 6 earthquake hit San
Francisco, USA.
11/10/1911. Earthquake in California killed
700.
18/4/1906. Major earthquake hit San
Francisco. Over 1,000 people were killed and large fires threatened upmarket
homes on Nob Hill, after the water mains were destroyed in the quake. Overall,
3,000 acres of the city were devastated. The fire did more damage than the
quake, it took 3 days to bring the blaze under control and 490 blocks were
destroyed.
31/8/1886, Earthquake hit Charleston, USA.
.27 were killed and 90% of the city�s buildings were damaged, with US$5 million
incurred. However the city soon recovered.
21/10/1868, San Francisco was devastated by
an earthquake, causing US$3million damage.
6/12/1811, A
severe earthquake hit the Mississippi
Valley. This was a geological animaly,being far from any known plate boundary.
26/1/1700, The
Cascadia Earthquake, North America.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Mexico
19/9/2017, A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit
central Mexico, killing 248.
7/9/2017, The most powerful earthquake for
more than a century struck Tapachula, southern Mexico. The magnitude 8.2 quake
killed at least 96 people.
19/9/1985, Major earthquake in Mexico
resulted in 4,700 dead and 30,000 injured.�
The quake measured 8.1 on the Richter Scale, killing 9,000 people and
injuring a further 30,000. 95,000 were made homeless. A second quake the following
day hampered rescue operations.
24/10/1980, A magnitude 6.4 earthqquake in
Oaxaca, Mexico, killed 300.
28/8/1973. 500 killed in Mexican earthquake
magnitude 6.2.
6/7/1964, Magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck
Guerrero, Mexico, killing 78.
28/7/1957, Magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck
Guerrero, Mexico, killing 65.
2/1943, A new volcano
appeared at Paracutin, Mexico, erupting through cornfields and
growing to a height of 820 feet.
3/6/1932, Magnitude 8.1 earthquake in
Jalisco, Mexico, killed 400.
3/1/1920, Earthquake magnitude 7.8 in Vera
Cruz, Mexico, killed 648.
7/6/1911. A severe earthquake shook Mexico
City, killing over 100.
30/7/1909, Earthquake in Mexico; Acapulco
destroyed.
17/1/1902. Earthquake in Mexico City killed
300.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Guatemala to Panama
3/6/2018,
The Fuego
volcano in Guatemala began erupting. After two days, mudslides had
killed 25 and injured 250.
14/10/2014, A magnitude 7.3 earthquake hit El
Salvador and Nicaragua.
7/11/2012, Magnitude 7.3 earthquake in
Guatemala killed 48 people.
13/2/2001, A magnitude 6.6 earthquake hit El
Salvador, killing at least 400.
13/1/2001, A magnitude 7.6 earthquake hit El
Salvador.
10/10/1986, An earthquake measuring 7.5 on
the Richter Scale hit San Salvador, killing some 1,500 people.
4/2/1976. A major earthquake devastated
parts of Guatemala and Honduras, killing over 23,000 people.
25/12/1972. In Managua, Nicaragua, over
10,000 people were killed in an earthquake.
3/5/1965, Major earthquake hit San Salvador
City, El Salvador.
29/12/1917, Earthquake in Guatemala City made
125,000 homeless.
5/5/1910. Earthquake in Nicaragua killed
500.
24/10/1902, The Santa Maria volcano in Guatemala began a
2-day eruption.
7/6/1773, Guatemala City was destroyed by
an earthquake.
23/2/1770, Izalco Volcano, El Salvador,
began an eruption that lasted for several decades.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � Caribbean islands
14/8/2021, Haiti was struck by a ,magnitude
7.2 earthquake.
12/1/2010, A 7.0 magnitude earthquake, the
most severe in 200 years, hit Haiti, killing over 316,000 and destroying the
capital, Port au Prince. Over 1,000,000 were left homeless.
8/7/1995, Volcanic eruption began on the island of
Montserrat.
11/10/1918, In Puerto Rico a major earthquake
had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale.
14/1/1907. Major quake hit Kingston,
Jamaica. Most of the city was destroyed and over 1,000 died. On 22/1/1907 the
islands British Governor rejected an offer of food and medical aid from the US
navy.
8/5/1902. Mount Pelee on Martinique
erupted, destroying the city of St Pierre and killing 30,000 people in just
three minutes.
25/4/1902, A heavy fall of ash from Mont
Pelee, Martinique, occurred.� This was a
prelude to the major eruption of 8/5/1902.
1843, Earthquake hit Guadeloupe.
7/6/1692, Earthquake in Jamaica. 3,000
killed, as Port Royal subsided into the sea.
Volcanic eruptions � Atlantic islands
10/10/1961, A volcanic eruption on the
southern Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha forced the evacuation of the
entire population to Britain.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions � South America (Colombia
to Tierra del Fuego)
21/8/2018, A magnitude 7.3 earthquake hit
northern Venezuela.
4/2016, 400
dead and 2,500 injured in a 7.8 magnitude earthquake affecting the coastal
region of Ecuador.
16/4/2016, The most powerful quake for 70
years hit Ecuador, magnitude 7.8, killing over 500 and injuring 4,000.
2/4/2014, A magnitude 8.2 earthquake hit
just off the coast of northern Chile. Casualties were few as the resultant
tsunami was small.
4/6/2011, Puyehue Volcano in Chile erupted,
causing major flight chaos as far as Australia.
27/2/2010, A magnitude 8.8 earthquake hit
Chile, killing 525.
14/11/2007, A magnitude 8.2 earthquake hit
Tocopilla, northern Chile
15/8/2007, A magnitude 8.0 earthquake hit
Peru, killing 512 and injuring over 1,500.
7/6/1994, SW Colombia was hit by an
earthquake that set off an avalanche. 1,000 died and many more were left
homeless.
13/11/1985. Nevado del Ruiz, a volcano in Colombia,
dormant since 1845, erupted, sending mudflows down into the town of Armero,
killing almost all the population of 25,000.
31/5/1970. A major earthquake, magnitude
7.5, at Mount Huascaran in Peru, killed 70,000 people.
29/7/1967,An earthquake in Caracas,
Venezuela killed 240.
28/3/1965. Major earthquake in Chile.
21/5/1960, Conception, Chile, was hit by an
earthquake that killed 1,000 people and damaged 145,000 buildings,
15/1/1944, Major earthquake hit San Juan
province, Argentina.
24/1/1939. In Chile, a major earthquake
killed 30,000 in two cities.
20/5/1918, Severe earthquake in Chile.
16/8/1906. Severe earthquake killed 3,000 in
Valparaiso, Chile. 100,000 were left homeless.
31/1/1906, Magnitude 8.9 earthquake hit the
Colombia and Ecuador coasts.
16/5/1875, Earthquake affected Colombia and
Venezuela; 16,000 killed.
13/8/1868, A major earthquake killed over
25,000 people and devastated four cities in Peru and Ecuador.
20/3/1861, The city of Mendoza, Argentina,
was destroyed in an earthquake; 12,000 died.
22/3/1859. Major earthquake at Quito,5,000
killed.
20/2/1835, Earthquake destroyed Conception,
Chile.
26/12/1812, A
severe earthquake hit Barquismeto, a city in western Venezuela.
12/3/1812, A
severe earthquake hit Caracas, capital of Venezuela.
4/2/1797, Major earthquake hit Riobamba,
Ecuador, 41,000 dead.
28/10/1746, An earthquake destroyed the towns
of Lima and Callao in Peru.
1724, Earthquake at Lima, 18,000 dead.
19/2/1600, The volcano Huaynaputina in South
America underwent a violent eruption, the most severe recorded in South
America.
16/12/1575, A large earthquake at Valdivia,
Chile.